ng dng tin hc trong thit kS dng Exel trong cc bi ton chuyn ngnhCHNG 2. S DNG EXCEL TRONG GII CC B.TON CHUYN NGNHTi liu tham kho:1. Tin hc ng dng vn phng TS. Phng Vn n NXB XD.2. Tnh ton k thut xy dng trn EXCEL - TS. Nguyn Vit Trung NXB XD.3. EXCEL ton tp Sch dch NXB Tr..2.1. CC KIN THC C BN2.1.1. Gii thiu chng trnhMS EXCEL l mt phn mm ca hng Microsoft, dng x l s liu, c trnh by di dng cc bng tnh. EXCEL khng nhng p ng c cc cng vic thuc v qun l hnh chnh vn phng m cn l mt cng c h tr c lc cho cc nh k thut, trong c cc k s xy dng. c bit EXCEL kt hp vi b ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic for Aplication (VBA) cho php gii nhiu bi ton k thut hc ba.2.1.2. Cu trc ca mt bng tnh EXCEL- Sheet:MtfileEXCEL(Book)gmti a255bngtnh(Sheet1,Sheet2,.Sheet255), mun lm vic vi sheet no ch vic nhn chut vo tn ca n. Gia cc sheet c th trao i thng tin, lin kt thng tin ln nhau. - Rows andColumns: Mi sheet c65536hng(rows) nhst1 65536; 255ct (columns) c k hiu bng cc ch ci t A IV.- Cells: Giao ca 1 Row v 1 Column c gi l 1 cell, mi cell c 1 a ch c k hiu bng ch s . V d: A1, W100, Sheet2!B5,. Ti mt thi im lun c mt (hoc mt s) cell c chn, di chuyn sang cell khc c th dng chut chn trc tip hoc dng cc phm di chuyn trn bn phm.2.1.3. Li trong ExcelExcel s thng bo v 7 trng hp li nh sau: # DIV/0! - Chia cho s 0 #NAME? - cha nh ngha tn bin trong #N/A -khng c tr s no sn cho tnh hung ang xt #NULL! - kt qu chng c g c #NUM! - trn nh hoc dng tham s v ngha, v d: SQRT(-1) #REF! - tham chiu khng c gi tr, hoc khng c trong bng tnh Cells Merged ng dng tin hc trong thit kS dng Exel trong cc bi ton chuyn ngnh #VALUE! - kiu i s khng ng, v d cng tr cc dng k t2.1.4. Khi nim v tham chiu trong bng tnh EXCELCc trong bng tnh c th cha con s hoc k t hoc cng thc. Khi bn mun ly ni dung trong mt th bn thc hin vic tham chiu ti . - Tham chiu trong cng Sheet: V d ang A1, mun tham chiu gi tr ca D4:=D4- Tham chiu khc Sheet: ang A1 ca Sheet1, mun ly gi tr ca B2 thuc Sheet2:=Sheet2!B2- Tham chiu khc File: mun tham chiu ti D13 thuc Sheet1 ca File Solieu.xls:=[Solieu]Sheet1!$D$13Cch n gin v chnh xc nht tham chiu n mt l di chuyn n bng tnh cha , ri dng chut nhp vo m bn cn tham chiu.- Tham chiu tng i: l tham chiu m khi di chuyn hoc copy sang khc th cc a ch tham chiu trong s thay i (a ch tng i).- Tham chiu tuyt i: l tham chiu m khi di chuyn sang khc nhng cc a ch tham chiu trong vn gi nguyn (a ch tuyt i).- C th tham chiu c mt vng d liu. V d: =MAX(A1:D10)2.1.5. a ch tng i, a ch tuyt i: Tuyt i c hng v ct: $$. V d: $B$5 Tng i ct, tng i hng: . V d: B5 Tuyt i ct, tng i hng: $. V d: $B5 Tng i ct, tuyt i hng: $. V d: B$5 ngha ca cc loi a ch ny c th hin trong phn sao chp, di chuyn d liu (mc k).2.1.6. nh dng bng tnhVo Format/Cells (Ctrl+1), ca s Format Cells hin ra, trong cc mc sau:a. nh dng k t (Font) format kiu font, kch c ch, mu sc,b. nh dng s, ngy thng, thi gian (Number) Format s: Trong Category chn Number. Decimal places: lm trn bao nhiu s sau du phy. Cc format khc: ngy (date), thi gian (time), k t (Text ), Cells Merged ng dng tin hc trong thit kS dng Exel trong cc bi ton chuyn ngnhc. iu chnh v tr ca d liu trong cell (Alignment) Horizontal: Cn v tr ca k t trong cell theo phng ngang . Vertical: Cn v tr ca k t trong cell theo phng ng. Orientation: Gc quay ca dng text.d. To ng vin (Border)To cc kiu ng vin, k ca 1 Cell hoc 1 vng chn.e. Merge Cell and Unmerge Cell Chn vng D2:D3, vo Format/Cell/Alignment, chn Merge Cells Cch 2: to biu tng trn thanh Tool Bar(Tool/Custumize/Command/Insert,.) Cells Merged Format CellMerge CellUnMerge CellBorder ng dng tin hc trong thit kS dng Exel trong cc bi ton chuyn ngnh2.1.7. Mt s hm v php ton n gin hay dnga. Cc php toncng, tr, nhn, chia Nhp vo B2 gi tr -2, C2 gi tr 5 ; Nhp vo E2 cng thc =B2+C2, sau khi Enter s c kt qu l 3. Tng t cho cc php ton - , * , /,b. Hm m (^)=5^2 25;=B2^3 -8; =4^0.5 2 c. Hm gi tr tuyt i ABSGi s cn gn vo E3 gi tr tuyt i ca s trong B2, nhn chut vo E3 v g cng thc sau: =ABS(B2), sau khi n enter s c kt qu l 2d. Hm tng SUM tnh tng ca cc s trong vng chn B2:C2, g cng thc sau: =SUM(B2:C2), sau khi n enter s c kt qu l 3.e. Hm trung bnh cng AVERAGE tnh trung bnh cng ca cc s trong vng chn B2:C2, g cng thc sau: =Average(B2:C2), sau khi n enter s c kt qu l 1.5.f. Hm gi tr ln nht MAX tnh gi tr ln nht ca cc s trong vng chn B2:C2, g cng thc sau: =Max(B2,C2), hoc =Max(B2:C2), sau khi n enter s c kt qu l 5. Max(2,5,10,20)=20g. Hm gi tr nh nht MIN (Tng t hm Max)h. Hm IF- Cu trc ca hm IF: =IF(,,)( ngha: nu tho mn th gn cho , ngc li gn ).- Hm IF lng: =IF(,,IF(,,))( ngha: Nu tho mn th nhn , ngc li xt tip , nu tho mn s nhn , nu khng s nhn )V d: xt bng d liu mc a. ng dng tin hc trong thit kS dng Exel trong cc bi ton chuyn ngnh =IF(10=0,Sai,ng), kt qu s l Sai =IF(B2=2,ketqua=2, IF(B2=-2,ketqua=-2,abc)), kt qu :ketqua=-2i. Hm OR, AND- Hm OR(,,...) cho gi tr TRUE nu mt trong cc iu kin l ng, ngc li s cho gi tr FALSE.V d: OR(B2=-2, C2=10) cho kt qu TRUE v B2=-2 l ng.- Hm AND(,,...) cho gi tr TRUE nu tt c cc iu kin u ng, ngc li s cho gi tr FALSE. V d: AND(B2=-2, C2=6) cho kt qu FALSE.j. Hm Round(,))Round(1.253,0) = 1; Round(1.253,1)=1.3; Round(1.253,2)=1.25,...k. Lnh Copyl. Copy a ch tng i:- Nhp cng thc =AVERAGE(B3:D3) vo E3, Enter- Chn li E3, chn lnh Copy (Ctrl+C, Edit/copy), chuyn chut xung E4, dng lnh Paste (Ctrl+V) , tng t cho cc cng thc pha di ta c nh sau:- Khi thc hin lnh Copy th cc a ch tham chiu tng i s thay i tng ng vi a ch paste.m. Copy a ch tuyt i:Thc hin lnh Copy cng thc E3 xung cc pha di th cc a ch tham chiu tuyt i $B$8, $C$8, $D$8 s khng thay i.2.1.8. BI TP THC HNH EXCEL-1 Bi1: To bng d liu c ni dung sau:ng dng tin hc trong thit kS dng Exel trong cc bi ton chuyn ngnh S dng hm Average() tnh im trung bnh chung ca tng ngi (ct I). S dng hm IF xp loi hc lc ca tng ngi (Ct J) theo tiu ch sau:im trung bnh Xp loi=7,H4