gerenal knowlege pakistan

Profile of Pakistan · Official Name Islamic Republic of Pakistan · Father of the Nation Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) · National Poet Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) · Head of the State General Pervez Musharraf, President · Head of Government Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, Prime Minister · Capital Islamabad · Area Total 796,095 Sq. km. Punjab 205,344 Sq. km. Sindh 140,914 Sq. km. North WestFrontierProvince 74,521 Sq. km. Balochistan 347,190 Sq. km. Federally Administered Tribal Areas 27,220 Sq. km. Islamabad (Capital) 906 Sq. km. · Population 149.03 million · Administrative Setup Pakistan is divided into four provinces viz., North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. The tribal belt adjoining NWFP is managed by the Federal Government and is named FATA i.e., Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have their own respective political and administrative machinery, yet certain of their subjects are taken care of by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas. Provinces of Pakistan are further divided into Divisions and Districts Divisions Districts NWFP

7 24 Punjab 8 34 Sindh 5 21 Balochistan 6 22 While FATA consist of 13 Areas/Agencies and Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have 7 and 5 Districts respectively. · Religion 95% Muslims, 5% others. · Annual Per capita income Rs. 28,933 (US $ 492 approximately) · GDP 5.1% · Currency Pak. Rupee. · Imports Industrial equipment, chemicals, vehicles, steel, iron ore, petroleum, edible oil, pulses, tea. · Exports Cotton, textile goods, rice, leather items carpets, sports goods, handi-crafts, fish and fish prep. and fruit · Languages Urdu (National) and English (Official) · Literacy rate 51.6% · Government Parliamentary form · Parliament Parliament consists of two Houses i.e., the Senate (Upper House) and the National Assembly (Lower House). The Senate is a permanent legislative body and symbolises a process of continuity in the national affairs. It consists of 100 members. The four Provincial Assemblies, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Federal Capital form its electoral college. The National Assembly has a total membership of 342 elected through adult suffrage (272 general seats, 60 women seats and 10 non-Muslim seats). · Pakistan National Flag Dark green with a white vertical bar, a white crescent and a five-pointed star in the middle. The Flag symbolises Pakistan's profound commitment to Islam, the Islamic world and the rights of religious miniorities. · National Anthem Approved in June, 1954

Verses Composed by: Abdul Asar Hafeez Jullundhri Tune Composed by: Ahmed G. Chagla Duration: 80 seconds · State Emblem The State Emblem consists of: 1. The crescent and star which are symbols of Islam 2. The shield in the centre shows four major crops 3. Wreath surrounding the shield represents cultural heritage and 4. Scroll contains Quaid's motto: Unity Faith, Discipline · Pakistan's Official Map Drawn by Mian Mahmood Alam Suhrawardy (1920-1999) · National Flower Jasmine. · National Tree Deodar (Cedrus Deodara). · National Animal Markhor. · National Bird Chakor (Red-legged partridge) · Flora Pine, Oak, Poplar, Deodar, Maple, Mulberry · Fauna The Pheasant, Leopard, Deer, Ibex, Chinkara, Black buck, Neelgai, Markhor, Marco-Polo sheep, Green turtles, River & Sea fish, Crocodile, Waterfowls · Popular games Cricket, Hockey, Football, Squash. · Tourist's resorts Murree, Quetta, Hunza, Ziarat, Swat, Kaghan, Chitral and Gilgit · Archaeological sites Moenjo Daro, Harappa, Taxila, Kot Diji, Mehr Garh, Takht Bhai. · Major Cities Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Multan and Sialkot · Major Crops Cotton, Wheat, Rice and Sugarcane · Agricultural Growth Rate 4.15% in 2002-03 · Total cropped area 22.0 million hectares · Industry Textiles, Cement, Fertilizer, Steel, Sugar, Electric Goods, Shipbuilding · Energy Major sources Electricity (Hydel, Thermal, Nuclear) Oil, Coal, and Liquid Petroleum Gas Power Generating Capacity 18,062 MW

· Health Hospitals 947 Dispensaries 4,800 Basic Health Units (BHUs) 4,820 Maternity & Child Health Centres 1,084 Rural Health Centres (RHCs) 581 Tuberculosis (TB) Centres 357 Hospital Beds 82,844 Doctors (registered) 101,635 Dentists (registered) 5,068 Nurses (registered 44,520 Paramedics 22,714 Lady Health Workers 6,397 · Education Primary Schools 164,200 Middle Schools 19,100 High Schools 12,900 Arts & Science Colleges 925 Professional Colleges 374 Universities Public Sector (including one WomenUniversity) 29 Private Sector 10 · Transport & Communication Total length of roads

251,845 km Pakistan Railway network 7,791 km Railway stations 781 Pakistan International Airlines Covers 33 international and 21 domestic stations with a fleet of 44 planes. Major Airports 8 (Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Peshawar, Multan, Faisalabad and Gwadar) · Seaports International 2 (Karachi and Bin Qasim.) Fish Harbours-Cum-Mini Ports 3 (Minora, Gawadar, and Keti Bandar) · Communications Post Offices 12,267 Telephone connections 4,589,000 Public Call Offices 1,14,527 Telegraph offices 328 Internet Connections 1.9 million · Employment Total Labour force 42.38 million Employed Labour Force 39.41 million Agriculture Sector 18.91 million Manufacturing & Mining sector 4.51 million Construction 2.25 million Trade 5.27 million Transport 1.97 million Finance, Community & Social Services 5.90 million

Others 5.87 million · Media Print Media (In accordance with Central Media List) Dailies 414 Weeklies 392 Fortnightlies 50 Monthlies 259 Annually 01 Quarterly 03 News Agencies Official APP Private PPI, NNI, On Line and Sana. Electronic Media TV Centres Five TV centres at Islamabad, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta and Karachi covering 88.58% population and 29 re-broadcasting stations. Pakistan Television 4 channels (PTV-I, PTV-II (PTV World), PTV-III & PTV-IV) Registered TV sets 3,604,000 Radio Stations Public: Total 25, Home services in 19 languages. External Services cover 81 countries in 15 languages Private: Radio stations 3, TV transmitter channels 3

Cable Operators 900 · Banks Central Bank State Bank of Pakistan Other Banks National Bank of Pakistan Habib Bank Ltd. United Bankn Ltd. Muslim Commercial Bank Ltd. Allied Bank of Pakistan Ltd. First Woman Bank Mehran Bank The Bank of Punjab Bank of Khyber Specialized Banks Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan Federal Bank for Co-operatives Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan The Punjab Provincial Co-operative Bank · Famous MountainPeaks K-2 (Mt. Godwin Austin) 28,250 ft./8611 m (2nd in World) Nanga Parbat 26,660 ft./8126 m (8th in World) Gasherbrum-I 26,470 ft./8068 m (11th in World) · Famous Mountain Passes The Khyber Pass NWFP The KurramPass FATA The TochiPass FATA The GomalPass NWFP The Bolan Pass Balochistan The LowariPass Chitral (NWFP) The KhunjrabPass Northern Areas

· Rivers The Indus 2,896 km Jhelum 825 km Chenab 1,242 km Ravi 901 km Sutlej 1,551 km Beas (tributary of Sutlej) 398 km · Famous Glaciers Siachin 75 km Batura 55 km Baltoro 65 km · Deserts Thar Sindh Cholistan Punjab Thal Punjab · Lakes Manchar Sindh Keenjar Sindh Hanna Balochistan Saif-ul-Maluk NWFP

Satpara Northern Areas Kachura Northern Areas · Major Dams Mangla Dam Punjab Tarbela Dam NWFP Warsak Dam NWFP

NATIONAL

Public institutions College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi Private institutions National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, formerly FAST Institute of Computer Science

AZAD KASHMIR Public institutions University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad Private institutions Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif Al-Khair University AJK, Mir Pur Azad Kashmir Computer Science College (NIIT Blue area ), Islamabad

BALOCHISTAN Public institutions Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology, Khuzdar Balochistan University of Information Technology and Management Sciences, Quetta Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University, Quetta University of Balochistan, Quetta University of Agriculture Uthal,Bela

FATA Islamabad Capital Territory

Public institutions Allama Iqbal Open University International Islamic University Bahria University COMSATS Institute of Information Technology AIR University, a project of Pakistan Air Force National University of Modern Languages Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Nilore Quaid-e-Azam University Institute of Space Technology Shifa College of Medicine Private institutions Al-Khair University Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering Foundation University, Islamabad, a project by Fauji Foundation Riphah International University Iqra University Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology SS-CARE School Of Engineering Prism Institute of Information Technology

NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE Public institutions Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar The University of Science & Tecnology BannuBannu University of Engineering and Technology (NWFP), Peshawar University of Hazara, Hazara University of Malakand, Chakdara University of Peshawar, Peshawar

Institute of Management Sciences(IMSciences), Hayatabad Private institutions CECOS University, Peshawar City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar Gandhara University, Peshawar Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Swabi Northern University, Nowshera Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar

NORTHERN AREAS Public institutions Karakorum International University, Gilgit

COLLEGES IN GILGIT F.G.Degree College, Jutiyal, Gilgit boys F.G.Degree College,Danyore, Gilgit boys F.G.Degree College,for Girls, Gilgit

PUNJAB Public institutions Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi Government College University, Lahore Government College University ,Faisalabad Islamia University, Bahawalpur Lahore College for Women University, Lahore COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Minhaj University, Lahore National College of Arts, Lahore National Textile University, Faisalabad The Islamia University of Bahawalpur University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi University of Education, Lahore University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Lahore University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Taxila University of Health Sciences, Lahore University of the Punjab, Lahore University of Sargodha, Sargodha University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore

Private institutions GIFT University, Gujranwala Imperial College of Business Studies Lahore Lahore School of Economics, Lahore Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore University Of Management and Technology, Lahore IMS, Institute of Management Sciences Lahore (Pak-AIMS). Minhaj University , Lahore Syed Ali Hajvery Institute of Technology and Management Sciences, Lahore University of Central Punjab, Lahore University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad University of South Asia University of Lahore, Lahore Beaconhouse National University, Lahore Pakistan College of Law Supeior University , Lahore Private Colleges Chenab College, Jhang Divisional Model College, Fasailabad Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt FMH College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad Cybernetics Institute of Management Sciences, Lahore Chenab Group Collages, Gujrat

SINDH Public institutions Karachi University Business School Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi Bahria University, Karachi Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi Institute of Business Administration, Karachi Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro Mehran University of Enginnering and Technology, Jamshoro Minhaj University , Lahore NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University, Khairpur Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam University of Karachi, Karachi University of Sindh, Jamshoro Dawood College of Engineering and Technology , Karachi

Virtual University of Pakistan , Karachi Private institutions Fusion University, Rawalpindi. Aga Khan University, Karachi Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi Baqai Medical University, Karachi Dadabhoy Institutes of Higher Education, Karachi Fatima Jinnah Dental College, Karachi Hamdard University, Karachi Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture, Karachi Institute of Business Management, Karachi Institute of Business & Technology, Karachi Iqra University, Karachi Isra University, Hyderabad Jinnah University for Women, Karachi KASB Institute of Information Technology, Karachi Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi Newports Institute of Communications and Economics, Karachi PAF-Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology, Karachi Preston Institute of Management Sciences and Technology, Karachi Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi Usman Institute of Technology Textile Institute of Pakistan, Karachi Yousaf Intitute Of Information Technology, Tando Allahyar Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences - FAST-NU, Karachi,Lahore,Islamabad,Peshawar Bahria University, Karachi, Islamabad, 2001

__________________ The Me you have always known, the Me that's a stranger still.

People on the postage stamps of Pakistan

Aga Khan III Spiritual Leader of Ismailies (1977) Kemal Atatürk, Turkish president (1973, 1976, 2005) Alexander Graham Bell, inventor (1976)

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, president, Prime Minister (1975, 198) Abu Raihan Mohammad Ibn-Ahmad, al-Biruni, astronomer (1973) Copernicus, astronomer (1973) Farah, Iranian empress (1967) Mirza Ghalib, poet (1969) Armauer Hansen, medical researcher (1973) King Hussein of Jordan (1971) Mohammad Iqbal, poet and philosopher (1967, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1997, 2005) Mohammad Ali Jinnah, 1st governor general (1966, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1997, 1998,

2006) Liaqat Ali Khan, prime minister 1947-51 (1974) Mohammad Ayub Khan, president (1966) Hazrat Amir Khusrau, musician and inventor (1975) Maria Montessori, educator (1970) Henri Dunant, (1978) Kazi Nazrul Islam, poet and composer (1968) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iranian shah (1967, 1976) Albert Schweitzer, doctor (1975) Abdus Salam, physicist (1997) Mohammad Ali Jauhar, (1978) Mihai Eminescu , Romanian Poet (2005) Professor Ahmed Ali , Writer (2005) Sadat Hasan Manto, Writer (2005) Akhtar Shairani, Poet (2005) Rehman Baba , Poet (2005) Khwaja Sarwar Hasan, Writer (2005) Justice Shaykh Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari, (2004) Maulvi Abdul Haq, Writer (2004) Prof A. B. A. Haleem, Vice-Chancellor, University of Karachi (2003) Rashid Minhas (Shaheed), Recipient, Nishan-e-Haider (2003) Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah, (2003) Samandar Khan Samandar, Poet (2002) Mohammad Aly Rangoonwala, Philantrophist(2002) Hakim Muhammad Hasan Qarshi, Hakim and Founder of Qarshi Dawakhana(2002) Noor us Sabah Begum of Sherpur,Tehreek-e-Pakistan Key Mujahid (2002) Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar,Prime Minister in 1957 (2002) Habib lbrahim Rahimtoola, Tehreek-e-Pakistan Key Mujahid(2002) Qazi Mureed Ahmed ,Tehreek-e-Pakistan Key Mujahid (2002) Sir Adamjee Haji Dawood, Philantrophist/Industrialist (1997) Begum Raana Liaquat Ali Khan, Wife of 1st PM, founder of APWA (2006)


Research Institutes in Pakistan

Agriculture Research Institute, Quetta Agricultural Census Organization Agriculture Training Institute Applied Economic Research Center, Hyderabad Applied Economics Research Centre, Karachi Asian Management Institute Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan Central Cotton Research Institute, Nawabshah Centre Of Excellence In Analytical Chemistry, Jamschoro Centre of Excellence In Geology, Peshawar Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies Civil Aviation Training Institute Commecs Institute of Faculty Training Computer Training Centre Directorate of Research and Training Directorate of Manpower and Training, Sindh Directorate Of Veterinary Research Institute Directorate Of Staff Development, Punjab Environmental Protection Agency, Punjab Farm Guide Agricultural Consultancy Services Geological Survey Of Pakistan H. E. J. Research Institute Of Chemistry Hydrocarbon Development Institute Of Pakistan In-service Agricultural Training Institute Rahim Yar Khan Industrial Relations Institute Lahore Inspectorate of Mines, Government of Punjab Lahore Institute of Education and Research, Karachi Institute of Meteorology & Geophysics Institute of Marine Engineers Pakistan (IMarE) Institute of Policy Studies (IPS) Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad (ISSI) Institute Of Cost And Management Accountants Of Pakistan Integrated Health Services, Islamabad (IHS Pakistan) International Institute of Islamic Studies and Research IISAR Karachi Local Govt. and Rural Development Training Institute, Lalamusa Margala Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad Marine Fisheries Department NDFC- Pakistan Development Banking Institute National Centre Of Excellence In Analytical Chemistry, Jamschoro National Centre of Excellence In Geoloy, Peshawar National Centre Of Excellence In Physical Chemistry, Peshawar National Fertilizer Development Centre (NFDC) National Fertilizer Corporation (Nfc) Technical Training Centre National Institute of Electronics National Institute of Historical and Culural Research National Institute Of Labour Administration Training National Institute Of Malaria Research And Training National Transport Research Centre PARC-IIBC Station, International Institute Of Biological Control Pakistan Administrative Staff College, Lahore

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad Pakistan Forest Research Institute, Peshawar Pakistan Industrial Technical Assistance Centre (PITAC) Pakistan Institute for Air Defence Studies Pakistan Institute Of Cotton Research And Technology Pakistan Design Institute of Historical Perspective Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Research (PILER) Pakistan Institute of Management Karachi Pakistan Institute of National Development (PIND) Pakistan Marine Academy Pakistan Manpower Institute Pakistan Space And Upper Atmosphere Research Commission Pakistan Scientific & Technological Information Centre Perac Research & Development Foundation. Petroman PIA, Training Centre, Karachi Airport, Pakistan Sindh Bureau of Statistics Sindh Development Studies Centre Sindh Regional Plan Organization Soil Survey of Pakistan Technical Training Centre, Peshawar Textiles Industry Research & Development Centre The Family Planning Association of Pakistan The Institute Of Bankers In Pakistan Training and Management Development Dept. of the Agricultural Development Bank Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore Water Management Training Institute, Punjab


Pakistani family names

Tribal Names

Baloch tribal names

Baloch Bhutani Bizenjo Bugti Buzdar Domki Gabol

Gichki Gorshani Hasni Hooth Jam Jamali Khetran Khosa Lashari Lasi Mazari Magsi Marri Mengal Nothazai Rind Sanjrani Talpur

Kashmiri tribal names

Bhat Butt Dar Dogar Lone

Pashtun tribal names

Afridi Burki Chamkanni Daulat Khel Daulatzai Davi Durrani Edo-Khel Gandapur Ghilzai Jadoon Jahangiri Kakakhel Kakar Kakazai Khan Kharoti Khattak Khudiadadzai Khulozai Kuchelai Kuchis

Kundi Lodhi Maghdud Khel Mahmud Khel Mahsud Khel Sultan Mamund Marwat Mashwanis Miankhel Mohamedzai Mohmand Niazi Noorzai Popalzai Sadozai Salarzai Sarbans Shilmani Shirani Suri Swati Tanoli Tareen Tarkani Umar Khel Umarzai Wur Yousafzai Yusaf Khel Zaimukhes

Punjabi tribal names

Mughal Arain Awan Bajwa Bhalli Bhatti Chadhar Chatha Chaudhry Chauhan Cheema Gakhar Ghuman Gill Gujjar JatRahan Janjua

Jatyal Jatkang Johiya Khokhar Langah Malik Meghwar Minhas Mir Rajput Noon Rajar Rathore Sahni Sial Sipra Sheikh (Punjabi) Tarkhan Thind Tiwana Virk Wattu

Sindhi tribal names

Abro Chachar Channa Hakro Joyo Junejo Kalhora Khaskheli Khokhar Manjhi Mehri Palijo Panhwar Rajar Sirki Soomro Pechuho Amersy

Ancestral Names Arab ancestral names

Arain Abbāsi Alavi

Arby Farooqi Hāshmi Hassāni Hussaini Jāfari Kāzmi Khālili Khāwāja Kirmani Makhdoom Malik Mian Naqvi Osmāni Qāsimi Quraishi Sajjadi Sazwari Shaikh Siddiqui Suhrawardi Taqi Tirmirzi Zaidi Āwān

Iranian ancestral names

Agha Alamdar Ansari Chishti Firdausi Gardezi Ghazali Hamadani Isfahani Jamshed Jamshedipur Kiani Kashani Kermani Khanum Khorasani Mir Montazeri Nishapuri Noorani Qizilbash Reza

Razavi Rizvi Saadi Sabzvari Shirazi Sistani Yazdani Zahedi Zand

Turkish ancestral names

Baig Barlas Khan Mirza Mughal Pasha Piracha


Schools & Colleges administrated by Pakistan Military

Pakistan Army APS&CD look after these schools

Army Public School & College, Attock Cantt. Army Public School & College, Sialkot. Army Public School & College, Gujranwala Cantt. Army Public School & College, Sargodha Cantt. Army Public School & College, 208 humayun Road, Rawalpindi. Army Public School & College,(Qasim Aviation Base), Dhamial camp Rawalpindi. Army Public School & College, Jhelum Cantt. Army Public School & College, Ordnance Road, Rawalpindi. Army Public School & College, Bahawalpur Cantt. Army Public School & College, Rahimyarkhan. Army Public degree College, Sher shah Road, Multan Cantt. Army Public School & College, Chunian Cantt. Askari College (girls campus) 122-a market Road, Saddar, Rawalpindi Cantt. Army Public School & College, manser camp: Attock.

Army Public School & College, Malir Cantt.Karachi. Army Public School & Inter College, Pano Akil Cantt. Army Inter College, Badin. Army Public School & College, Chhor Cantt. Army Public Higher Secondary School, Hyderabad Cantt. Army Burn Hall College for boys Abbottabad. Army Public School & College (Armour) Nowshera Cantt. Army Public School & College, Kohat Cantt. Army Public School & College, Peshawar Cantt. Army Burn Hall College for girls Abbottabad. Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Army School & College, Mardan Cantt. Army Public School & College, D I. khan. Army Public School & College, Shinkiari Camp.Mansehra. Army Public School & girls College, Peshawar. Army Public School & College, Bannu Cantt. Army Public College (ASC) Centre Nowshera Cantt. Army Public School & College Cherat Cantt, NWFP Army Public School & College, Thal Cantt, Hangu (NWFP). Army Public School & College, (Zamzama), Nowshera Cantt. Army Public School & Intermediate College, Khar (Bajaur Agency) Army Public School & College, seven streams, Quetta Cantt. Army Public School & College, Bhimber (A.K). Army Public School & College, Bagh (A.K) Army Public School & College, Jutial, Gilgit. Army Public School & College, Muzaffarabad (A.K). Army Public School & College, Rawalakot. Army Public science College, Sir Syed Road, Okara Cantt. Armed Forces Institute of pathology Rawalpindi Cantt. Army Public College, Westridge-iii, Rawalpindi Cantt. Army Public School & College, Mangla Cantt Army Public School & College, Sadar, Karachi. Army Public School & College, Faisal,Karachi Hamza Army Public School & College, Shah-Rah-e-stadium, RWP. Iqra Army Public School & College, Command & Staff College Quetta. Joint services Public School & College,Chaklala Rawalpindi. Nisar Shaheed College Risalpur. Sir Syed Science College for boys, Tipu Road, Rawalpindi. Sir Syed Science College for girls, Tipu Road, Rawalpindi. Sir Syed Higher Secondary School, POF, Havelian Cantt: Garrison Science degree College for boys, Lahore Cantt. Garrison post graduate College for women, Lahore Cantt. Garrison Academy, Kharian Cantt. Garrison Academy, Quetta Cantt. Garrison Academy, Gujranwala Cantt. Army public school jalal pu jattan Army Public School And College Kharian Cantt. ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL FAISAL KARACHI.

Federal Government Looked by FGEID under Ministry of Defence

F.G. Post Graduate College for Men H-8, Islamabad. F.G. College for Men, H-9, Islamabad. F.G. College for Women, F-7/2, Islamabad. F.G. Margalah College for Women, f-7/4, Islamabad. F.G. Neelum Public School and College Muzaffarabad F.G. Girls Higher Sec: School g-9/2, Islamabad. F.G. Girls Model Higher Sec School g-8/4, Islamabad. F.G. College of Commerce, H-8/4, Islamabad. F.G. Boys Higher Sec. School, Sihala, (F.A.), Islamabad. F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School, Nilore,(F.A.),Islamabad. F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School, Mughal, (F.A.), Islamabad. F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School Rewat, (F.A.) Islamabad. F.G. Girls Higher Secondary School, Herdoghar (F.A.), Islamabad. F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School, chak shahzad (F.A) Islamabad F.G. Public School Shorkot Cantt. F.G. Public School Abdul Hakim Cantt. F.G. Public School Bahawalpur. F.G Public School Multan Cantt. F.G. Girls Higher Secondary School, Rewat (F.A.), Islamabad. F.G. Boys Higher Secondarys School, i-10/1, Islamabad. F.G. (Late)Begum Salim Kiyani Higher Sec. School for Boys Bhara kau (F.A)

Islamabad. F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School, g-6/2, Islamabad. F.G. Model Higher Sec. School, for Girls, I-9/1, Islamabad F.G. College for Men, f-10/4, Islamabad. F.G. Girls Higher Sec: School, G-6/1-4, Islamabad. F.G. College for Women, g-10/4, Islamabad. F.G. Girls Higher Secondary School, humak (F.A) Islamabad. F.G. Boys Higher Secondary School Tarnaul, Federal Area, Islamabad. F.G. Sir Syed College, the mall Rawalpindi Cantt. F.G. College for Women, Kashmir Road Rawalpindi Cantt. F.G. Degree College for Boys Wah Cantt. F.G. Degree College for Women, Wah Cantt. F.G. Degree College for Men, kharian Cantt. F.G. Degree College for Women, Kharian Cantt. F.G. Inter College Mangla Cantt F.G. Degree College, Gujranwala Cantt. F.G. Degree College, Okara Cantt. F.G. Degree College for Women, Multan Cantt. F.G. Science Degree College Wah Cantt. F.G. Degree College, Aziz Bhatti Road, Lahore Cantt. F.G. College for Women, Abid Majid Road, Rawalpindi Cantt. F.G. Inter College Zafar Ali Road, sialkot Cantt. F.G. Quaid-e-Azam College, Chaklala-iii Rawalpindi Cantt. F.G. Inter College, Bilal Colony, bahawalpur. F.G. Inter College Jhelum Cantt. F.G. College, Daud Pota Road Karachi Cantt F.G. Inter Girls College,Askari Road, Karachi Cantt. F.G Public School Manora Karachi Cantt F.G. Degree College for Men, Peshawar Cantt. F.G. Degree College for Women, Peshawar Cantt.

F.G. Degree College for Women, Bannu Cantt. F.G. Degree College for Women, Kohat Cantt. F.G. Girls Inter College Narian Road, Abbottabad. F.G. Inter College, Batkhela. F.G. Degree College, Quetta Cantt. F.G. Degree College Gilgit. F.G. Inter College for Women, Gilgit. F.G. Inter College for Boys, chilas. F.G. Degree College, Skardu. F.G. Inter College for Boys, Ali Abad (Hunza), N.A.. F.G. Inter College for Boys & Girls, gahkuch, Ghizer (N.A.) F.G. Inter College for Boys& Girls, Astore, Diamer (N.A.) F.G. Inter College for Boys, Chalt, Nagar. Gilgit. F.G. Boys Inter College Khalpudist. Ghanche, baltistan (N.A.) F.G. Girls Inter College Karimabad Hunza Gilgit. F.G. Inter College, Kotli (A.K.) F.G. Inter College for Women, Skardu (N.A.). F.G. Inter College, Hyderabad Cantt.

PAF

PAF Public School,Lower Topa,Murree. Fazaia Inter College Sakesar (boring) Khushab. Fazaia Inter College, Samungli, Quetta. Fazaia Inter College, Kohat. Fazaia Degree College, MRF ,kamra. Fazaia Inter College, Chaklala, Rawalpindi. Fazaia Intermediate College, e-9, Islamabad. Fazaia Inter College, Shaheen Camp, Peshawar Cantt. Fazaia Degree College, Peshawar. Fazaia Degree College, Risalpur. Fazaia Inter College, Korangi kreek, Karachi. Fazaia Inter College, Malir, Karachi. Fazaia Degree College, Faisal, Karachi. Fazaia Inter College, Jinnah Camp, Khana Road, Rawalpindi. Fazaia Model Inter College, Mushaf Sargodha. Fazaia Inter College, Minhas (Kamra). Fazaia Inter College Kallarkahar, Chakwal. Fazaia Inter College,(paf) Lahore Cantt. Fazaia Degree College, Rafiqui, Shorkot Cantt. Fazaia Inter College, Lower Topa, Murree. Fazaia Degree College, F-6RF PAC kamra, Attock. Fazaia Inter College, Mushaf Sargodha.

Pakistan Navy

Bahria College, Naval Complex, E-8, Islamabad. Bahria College Karsaz Habib Rahmathullah Road, Karsaz Karachi. Bahria College, NORE-I, Karachi.

__________________

The Me you have always known, the Me that's a stranger still.

Pakistani Companies

PUBLICALY TRADED COMPANIES

This is a list of companies that are traded on Pakistani stock exchanges. Automobile Assembler

Adam Motor Company Al-Ghazi Tractors Atlas Honda Dewan Farooque Motors Ghandhara Industries Ghandhara Nissan Ghani Automobile Industries Hinopak Motors Honda Atlas Cars Pakistan Indus Motors Company Millat Tractors Pak Suzuki Motor Company Suzuki Motorcycles Pakistan Saif Nadeem Kawasaki Motor Agriauto Industries Allwin Engineering Industries Atlas Battery Automotive Battery Baluchistan Wheels Bela Automotive Bela Engineering Dewan Automotive Engineering Exide Pakistan General Tyre & Rubber Company Pakistan Taga Pakistan Transmission Engineering Industries Casspak Industries Climax Engineering Company Johnson and Phillips Pakistan Myfip Video Industries Pak Elektron Pakistan Cables Pakistan Telephone Cables Siemens Pakistan Engineering Company

Singer Pakistan

Cement

Al-Abbas Cement Industries Attock Cement Pakistan Bestway Cement Chakwal Cement Company Cherat Cement Company Dadabhoy Cement Industries Dandot Cement Company Dera Ghazi Khan Cement Company Dewan Cement Dewan Hattar Cement Fauji Cement Company Fecto Cement Gharibwal Cement Javedan Cement Kohat Cement Company Lucky Cement Maple Leaf Cement Factory Mustehkam Cement Pakistan Cement Company Pakistan Slag Cement Industries Pioneer Cement Zeal Pak Cement Factory

Chemical

Bawany Air Products Berger Paints Pakistan Biafo Industries BOC Pakistan Buxly Paints Clariant Pakistan Colgate-Palmolive Pakistan Data Agro Dynea Pakistan ICI Pakistan Ittehad Chemicals Kausar Paints Leiner Pak Gelatine Nimir Industrial Chemicals Nimir Resins Pakistan Gum & Chemicals Pakistan PTA Pakistan PVC Sardar Chemical Industries Shaffi Chemical Industries Sind Alkalis Sitara Chemical Industry

Wah Noble Chemicals

Commercial Bank

Allied Bank of Pakistan Askari Commercial Bank Atlas Bank Bank Alfalah Bank AL Habib BankIslami Pakistan Bank of Khyber Bank of Punjab Crescent Commercial Bank Faysal Bank KASB Bank Meezan Bank Metropolitan Bank Muslim Commercial Bank MyBank National Bank of Pakistan NIB Bank PICIC Commercial Bank Prime Commercial Bank Saudi Pak Commercial Bank Soneri Bank Union Bank United Bank

Engineering

ADOS Pakistan Bolan Castings Crescent Steel and Allied Products Dadex Eternit Gauhar Engineering Huffaz Seamless Pipe Industries International Industries KSB Pumps Company Metropolitan Steel Corporation Pakistan Engineering Company Quality Steel Works Sazgar Engineering Works Taxila Engineering

Fertilizer

Dawood Hercules Chemicals Engro Chemical Pakistan Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim

Fauji Fertilizer Company

Food and Personal Care-Products

Ahmed Foods (Pvt) Ltd. Clover Pakistan Good Luck Industries Gillette Pakistan Haleeb Foods Pvt limited Indus Fruit Products Ismail Industries Mitchell's Fruit Farms Mubarik Dairies Murree Brewery Company National Foods Limited Nestle Milkpack Noon Pakistan Pakistan Dairies Quice Food Industries Rafhan Bestfoods Rafhan Maize Products Company Shezan International Shield Corporation Treet Corporation Unilever Pakistan Uqab Breeding Farms Zulfeqar Industries

Glass and Ceramics

Balochistan Glass EMCO Industries Frontier Ceramics Ghani Glass Ghulam Mohammad Dadabhoy Karam Ceramics Medi Glass Regal Ceramics Shabbir Tiles & Ceramics Tariq Glass Industries

Insurance

Adamjee Insurance Company American Life Insurance Company of Pakistan Asia Insurance Company Askari General Insurance Company Atlas Insurance Beema-Pakistan Company Business & Industrial Insurance Company

Central Insurance Company Century Insurance Company Crescent Star Insurance Company Ltd Dadabhoy Insurance Company Delta Insurance Company East West Insurance Company EFU General Insurance Company EFU Life Assurance Habib Insurance Company International General Insurance Company of Pakistan Ittefaq General Insurance Company Metropolitan Life Assurance Company of Pakistan New Jubilee Insurance Company New Jubilee Life Insurance Company Pakistan General Insurance Company Pakistan Guarantee Insurance Company Pakistan Northen Insurance Pakistan Reinsurance Company PICIC Insurance Platinum Insurance Company Premier Insurance Company of Pakistan Progressive Insurance Company Raja Insurance Company Reliance Insurance Company Shaheen Insurance Company Silver Star Insurance Company Standard Insurance Company Sterling Insurance Company Union Insurance Company of Pakistan United Insurance Company of Pakistan Universal Insurance Company

Investment Bank / Investment Companies

Al-Mal Security & Services Arif Habib Securities Asset Investment Bank AMZ Ventures BMA Capital Management Crescent Standard Investment Bank Dawood Capital Management Escorts Investment Bank First Capital Securities Corporation First Dawood Investment Bank First International Investment Bank First National Equities International Housing Finance Islamic Investment Bank Investec Securities Jahangir Siddiqui Capital Markets Jahangir Siddiqui & Company

Jahangir Siddiqui Investment Bank Javed Omer Vohra & Company Network Micro Finance Bank ORIX Investment Bank Pakistan PICIC Assets Management Company Prudential Discount & Guarantee House Prudential Investment Bank Security Investment Bank Trust Securities & Brokerage Mohsin Traders

Jute

Amin Fabrics Crescent Jute Products Latif Jute Mehran Jute Mills Suhail Jute Mills Thal Limited

Leasing

Asian Leasing Corporation Askari Leasing Capital Assets Leasing Corporation Crescent Leasing Corporation Dadabhoy Leasing Company English Leasing Grays Leasing InterAsia Leasing Company International Multi Leasing Corporation National Assets Leasing Corporation Natover Lease and Refinance Network Leasing Corporation Orix Leasing Pakistan Pak-Gulf Leasing Company Pakistan Industrial & Commercial Leasing Saudi Pak Leasing Company Security Leasing Corporation Sigma Leasing Corporation Trust Leasing and Investment Bank Union Leasing Universal Leasing

Leather and Tanneries

Bata Pakistan Fateh Industries Leather Up Pak Leather Crafts

Service Industries Shafi Tanneries

Carpets and Rugs

Abbas Corporation Jamal Rugs Usman Carpet House Pak Persian Carpets Asiatic Hilltop Carpets

Modarabas

Al-Zamin Leasing Modaraba B.R.R. International Modaraba B.F. Modaraba Crescent Standard Modaraba Fayzan Manufacturing Modaraba First Allied Bank Modaraba First Al-Noor Modaraba First Constellation Modaraba First Dadabhoy Modaraba First Elite Capital Modaraba First Equity Modaraba First Fid Leasing Modaraba First Habib Bank Modaraba First Habib Modaraba First I.B.L. Modaraba First Interfund Modaraba First Investec Modaraba First Islamic Modaraba First Mehran Modaraba First National Bank Modaraba First National Bank Modaraba First Pak Modaraba First Paramount Modaraba First Prudential Modaraba First Punjab Modaraba First Schon Modaraba First Tawakkal Modaraba First Tri-Star Modaraba First UDL Modaraba Guardian Modaraba Imrooz Modaraba Long Term Venture Capital Modaraba Modaraba Al-Mali Modaraba Al-Tijarah Standard Chartered Modaraba Trust Modaraba Unicap Modaraba

Unity Modaraba

Oil and Gas Exploration

BHP Billiton Mari Gas Company Oil and Gas Development Company Pakistan Oilfields Pakistan Petroleum Hycarbex-American Energy Inc.

Oil and Gas Marketing

Attock Petroleum Haroon Oils Pakistan State Oil Shell Pakistan Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Sui Southern Gas Company

Oil Refineries

Attock Refinery Bosicor Pakistan National Refinery Pakistan Refinery

Paper and Board

Abson Industries Balochistan Particle Board Central Forest Products Century Paper & Board Mills Cherat Papersack Dadabhoy Sack Merit Packaging Packages Limited Pakistan Paper Products Security Papers

Pharmaceuticals

Abbott Laboratories Pakistan Ferozsons Laboratories Glaxo Smith Kline Pakistan Highnoon Laboratories Otsuka Pakistan Sanofi-Aventis Pakistan Searle Pakistan

Wyeth Pakistan

Power Generation and Power Distribution

Altern Energy Genertech Pakistan Hub Power Company Ideal Energy Japan Power Generation Kot Addu Power Company Karachi Electric Supply Corporation Kohinoor Energy Kohinoor Power Company Sitara Energy Southern Electric Power Company S.G. Power Tri-Star Power

Rice Exporters

Raza Trading Corporation

Sugar and Allied Industries

Adam Sugar Mills Al-Abbas Sugar Mills Al-Asif Sugar Mills Al-Noor Sugar Mills Ansari Sugar Mills Baba Farid Sugar Mills Bawany Sugar Mills Chashma Sugar Mills Crescent Sugar Mills & Distillery Dewan Sugar Mills Faran Sugar Mills Fecto Sugar Mills Frontier Sugar Mills & Disitillery Company Habib Sugar Mills Habib-ADM Haseeb Waqas Sugar Mills Hussein Sugar Mills JDW Sugar Mills Khairpur Sugar Mills Kohinoor Sugar Mills Mehran Sugar Mills Mian Mohammad Sugar Mills Mirpurkhas Sugar Mills Mirza Sugar Mills Noon Sugar Mills Pangrio Sugar Mills

Premier Sugar Mills & Disitillery Company Sakrand Sugar Mills Saleem Sugar Mills Sanghar Sugar Mills Shahmurad Sugar Mills Shahtaj Sugar Mills Shakarganj Mills Sindh Abadgar's Sugar Mills Tandlianwala Sugar Mills Thal Industries United Sugar Mills

Synthetic and Rayon

Adil Polypropylene Products Al-Abid Silk Mills Dewan Salman Fibre Gatron Industries Ibrahim Fibres Indus Polyester Company Karim Silk Mills Kashmir Polytex Liberty Mills National Fibers National Silk & Ryon Mills Noor Silk Mills Pak Fiber Industries Pakistan Synthetics Polyron Limited Rupali Polyester S.G. Fibre Tawakkal Polyester Industeries Tri-Star Polyester Basa water tank

Technology and Communication

Apollo Telecom Private Limited AutoSoft Dynamics Private Limited Callmate Telips Telecom Ovex Technologies Eye Television Network Naseeb Networks NetSol Technologies Pak Datacom Intel Pakistan Pakistan Telecommunication Company Southern Networks TeleCard Telecomm Group The Resource Group Pakistan

Worldcall Telecom Royal Cyber Warid Telecom Wateen Telecom

Textile Composite

Artistic Denim Mills Ahmed Hassan Alif Textile Azgard Nine Aruj Garments Bhawalpur Textile Bhanero Textile Blessed Textile Caravan Fabrics Chenab Limited Colony Mills Crescent Textile Dawood Lawrencepur Faisal Spinning Fateh Sports Fateh Textile Gul Ahmed Textile Mills Limited Ghazi Fabrics Hafiz Textile Hamid Textile Hala Enterpries Hussain Industries International Knitwear Ishaq Textile Jubilee Spinning Kaiser Art and Kr Khyber Textile Kohinoor Textile Mills Kohinoor Industries Libaas Textile Mehmood Textile Mohammad Farooq Textile Mills Modern Textile Masood Textile Mian Textile Mubarak Textile Nishat (Chunian) Nishat Mills Nina Industries Parmount Spinning Quetta Textile Rashid Textile Redco Textile Reliance Weaving

Sapphire Textile Schon Textile Safa Textile Sapphire Fiber Shams Textile Suraj Cotton Tawakkal Enterprises Tawakkal Garments Taj Textile Towellers Usman Textile Zahoor Cotton Zahoor Textile

Textile Spinning

Accord Textile Adil Textile Ahmed Spining Ali Asghar Textile Allawasaya AL-Azhar Textile AL-Qadir Textile Al-Qaim Textile Amin Spinning Annoor Textile Apollo Textile Asim Textile Awan Textile Ayesha Textile Azam Textile Azmat Textile Babri Cotton Baig Spinning Bilal Fibres Brothers Textile Chakwal Spinning Chaudhry Textile Chenab Textile Crescent Fibres Crescent Spinning Dar Es Salam Textile Mills Data Textile Dawood Fibre Mills Dewan Farooque Spinning Dewan Khalid Textile Dewan Mushtaq Textile Dewan Textile Din Textile D.M. Textile D.S. Industries

Elahi Cotton Ellcot Spinning Fatima Enterprises Fawad Textile Fazal Cloth Fazal Textile Gadoon Textile Glamour Textile Globe Textile Gulshan Spinning Gulistan Spinning Gulistan Textile Hajra Textile Hala Spinning H.M. Ismail Harum Textile Mills Idrees Textile Ideal Spinning Indus Dyeing Island Textile Ishtiaq Textile Ittefaq Textile J.A. Textile Janana D Mal J.K. Spinning Junaid Cotton Karim Cotton Khurshid Spinning Kohat Textile Kohinoor Spinning Khalid Siraj Lafayette Industries Land Mark Spinning Mehr Dastgir Maqbool Textile Mukhtar Textile Nagina Cotton Nadeem Textile Nazir Cotton Noon Textile Norrie Textile N.P. Spinning Olympia Spinning Olympia Textile Premium Textile Qayyum Spinning Quality Textile Ravi Textile Reliance Cotton Regent Textile Resham Textile Ruby Textile

Saif Textile Salfi Textile Salman Noman Textile Saitex Spinning Shaheen Cotton Service Textile Siftaq International Sind Fine Textile Shadman Cotton Shadab Textile Shahpur Textile Sajjad Textile Sally Textile Sana Industries Sargoda Spinning Sahrish Textile Saritow Spinning Sunshine Cotton Sunrays Textile Shahzad Textile Tanveer Cotton Tanveer Spinning & Weaving Tata Textile Taha Spinning Tariq Cotton ZahidJee Textile

Textile Weaving

Al-Jadeed Textile Amazai Textile Apex Fabrics Ashfaq Textile Ayaz Textile Combined Industries Dyed Fabrics Hakkim Textile I.C.C. Textile Itti Textile Kohinoor Looms Kohinoor Weaving Mills Mohib Exports Nakshbandi Industries Prosperity Saleem Denim Sadoon Textile Service Fabrics Samin Textile Shahtaj Textile Yousuf Weaving Zephyr Textile

R.N Textile

Tobacco

Khyber Tobacco Company Lakson Tobacco Company Pakistan Tobacco Company Sarhad Cigarette Industries

Transport

Pakistan International Airlines Corporation Pakistan International Container Terminal Pakistan National Shipping Corporation Pan Islamic Steam Ship Company Tri-Star Shipping Lines Marine Express Agencies

Vanaspati and Allied Industries

Associated Industries Extraction Pakistan Fazal Vegetable Ghee Mills Kakakhel Pakistan Kashmir Edible Morafco Industries Muslim Ghee Mills Pak Ghee Industries Punjab Oil Mills S.S. Oil Mills Suraj Ghee Industries Universal Oil & Vegetable Ghee Mills Wazir Ali Industries

Woollen

Bannu Woollen Mills Colony Woollen Mills Harnai Woollen Mills Moonlite Pakistan Valika Woollen Mills

Ghauri

AKD Capital Al-Khair Gadoon Arpak International Investments Dadabhoy Construction Technology Diamond Industries Dreamworld Limited

ECOPACK Limited Gammon Pakistan Grays of Cambridge Pakistan Haji Dossa Limited Hashimi Can Company Haydery Constructions Company MacDonald Lyton & Company MACPAC Films Mandviwalla Mauser Plastic Industries Mineral Grinding Mills Pakistan Hotels Developers Pakistan House International Pakistan Services Shifa International Hospitals Siddiquesons Tin Plate Syed Match Company Tawakkal Limited Tri-Pack Films Turbo Tec Limited United Brands United Distributors Pakistan

PRIVATELY HELD COMPANIES

This is a list of major Pakistani companies that are privately held. This list is highly incomplete – a full list that included companies of all sizes would necessarily have to be very much larger. Industrial Machinery Suppliers

Munir Associates Sonutech Gandharar Associates

Software Companies

Akilix InfiniLogic Askari Information Systems Ltd Avanza Solutions Bramerz Digital Processing Systems Dynabyte Solution eDev Technologies Electronic Solutions Pakistan ITIM Associates KalSoft LMK Resources

TPS Pakistan NetSolIR DesCon Ovex Tech NCR Etilize TechLogix Softech World Wide Softflux Pvt. LTd. National Logistics & Technology Abacus Consulting Abacus Consulting Systems Private Limited Uraan Software Solutions

Woodworking machinery and plywood manufacturers

Zeemko Group of Companies Lahore Zeemko International Lahore Pakistan Panel Products Lahore Woods

Zipper manufacturers

Zeemko Group of Companies Lahore

Other

A.J Containers Burhan Printers & Packages Fecto Belarus Tractors Crescsoft Vohra Chemical Coproration Vohra International Vohra Agencies Mughal Agencies Sheikh Sons NEWAGE Nutraceutical Source Systems Supremes Engineering Works MARKCOM International Munir Brothers East West Infiniti Yousaf Food Industries Descon Chemicals DESCON Engineering Descon IT24 Digital Prodigy Gadoon Textile Mills Nasim & Brothers

Nishat Shuaiba Paper Products Company PEACE International Network Sammi Daewoo Express Sonutech True Light Sports Micro-Inn (Pvt) Ltd Petrosin Ravi Industries Ltd

Major Pakistani Business Groups / Alliances

Al-Karam Group of Companies Atlas Group Attock Group of Companies Bajwa Group Chapal Group Chenab Group Cowasjee Group Crescent Group Dawood Group of Companies First Dawood Group The Dawood Group Dewan Mushtaq Group Fecto Group of Industries Ghani Group of Companies Gul Ahmed Group Jahangir Siddiqui Group Lakson Group Nagina Group Saigol Group Servis Group Shahnawaz Group of Companies Petrosin Group

Defunct

Zelin Al Azam Ltd Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI)


Wildlife sanctuaries in Pakistan

Astor Wildlife Sanctuary: Kaghan Valley, Northern Areas Baltistan Wildlife Sanctuary: Baltistan, Northern Areas Cholistan Wildlife Sanctuary: Multan, Punjab Hub Dam Wildlife Sanctuary: Hub District, Balochistan Naltar Wildlife Sanctuary: Hunza, Northern Areas Nara Desert Wildlife Santuary: Mirpurkhas District, Sindh Chashma and Taunsa Barrage Dolphin Santuary: Mianwali District, Punjab Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary: Badin District, Sindh Ras Koh Wildlife Sanctuary Sukkur and Guddu Barrage Dolphin Reserve Tooshi Game Reserve Kilik/Mintaka Game Reserve


Hospitals in Pakistan

AZAD KASHMIR

Riaz Hospital, Mirpur Jinnah Hospital, Mirpur

BALOCHISTAN

Public institutions

Akram Hospital, Quetta Children Hospital Quetta, Quetta Sardar Bahadur Khan TB Sanatorium, Quetta

FATA

DHQ Hospital – FATA

ISLAMABAD CAPITAL TERRITORY

Public institutions

Dar-ul-Shifa Hospital, Islamabad

Federal Government Services Hospital, Islamabad Glora Welfare Hospital (Ghosia-Mahria Trust), Islamabad Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad PAEC Hospital, Islamabad Nescom Hospital, Islamabad KRL Hospital, Islamabad {Aslam Memorial Medicare Hospital (ISLAMABAD)

Private institutions

Islamic International Medical Complex, Islamabad Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad

NWFP

Public institutions

Lady Reading Hospital Khyber Teaching Hospital Hayatabad Medical Complex Ayub Medical Complex Mardan Medical Complex Saidu Group Hospitals, Swat Tank Christian Hospital, Tank, Dera Ismail Khan


Al-Khidmat Hospital, Peshawar Naseer Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Gandhara University Al Ishaq Hospital, Abbottabad Gulshanara Maternity Clinic, Kohat Health Care Centre, Peshawar Captain Ali Children Hospital, Saidu Sharif, Swat Hira General Hospital, Abbottabad Khattak Medical Centre And Hospital, Peshawar Mardan Surgical Hospital, Mardan Medicare Hospital And Maternity Home, Kohat Orthopedics & Surgical Hosp, Peshawar Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar Rang Mahal Welfare Hospital & Education Center, Swat salim Medical centre Dherai swat

NORTHERN AREAS

Dherai Welfare centre

PUNJAB Public institutions(government owned and operated)

The Children's Hospital, Lahore Data Darbar Hospital, Lahore District Headquarters Hospital, Rawalpindi Lahore General Hospital, Lahore Gulaab Devi Hospital, Lahore Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi HOPE Rehabilitation Center for disabled, Lahore Jinnah Hospital, Lahore Lady Aitchison Hospital, Lahore Lady Willingdon Hospital, Lahore Mayo Hospital, Lahore Nisthar Hospital, Multan Punjab Institute of Cardiology(PICS), Lahore Psychiatric hospital, Lahore Railway Cairns Hospital, Lahore Rawalpindi General Hospital, Rawalpindi Services Hospital, Lahore Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore

Private institutions(privately owned and operated)

Note: most private 'hospitals' are little more than small houses/shops with little or no furniture/equipment and a few self-employed doctors that pay fees to the owners of the property to practice there. There is no regulation of private health care services in Punjab.

Nanotech Neurology Center, 56-e WAPDA TOWN Lahore Malik Surgical Hospital & Shazia Maternity Home, Lahore Bakhtawar Amin Memorial Trust Hospital, Multan Muazzam Shaheed Welfare Hospital, Jhelum Mumtaz Bakhtawar Memorial Trust Hospital,Wahdat road, Lahore National Hospital, Lahore Ihsan Mumtaz Hospital,Shaukat Ali Road, Jahor Town Lahore Iqraa Medical Complex, Lahore Ittefaq Hospital (Trust), Lahore Jaanki Devi Hospital, Lahore Shalimar Hospital, Lahore Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Lahore Margalla Welfare Hospital, Rawalpindi Masood Hospital,Gardentown, Lahore Memorial Christian Hospital, Paris Road, Sialkot [[{Heart and city ScanHospital]] Thokkar Niaz Baig Road Surgimed Hospital, Zafar Ali Road, Lahore United Christian Hospital, Lahore Umer Hospital, Wah

Gulberg Hospital, Lahore Doctor's Hospital, Lahore Family Hospital, Lahore Fatima Memorial, Lahore Aadil Hospital, Lahore Ali Hospital, Lahore Ammar Medical Complex, Lahore Cardex Clinic Jail Road, Lahore Masood Children's Clinic, Lahore Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi Aziz Bhatti Hospital, Gujrat Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur Fatima Medical Centre, Multan Fazal Hospital, Jhelum Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi Hameed Latif Hospital, Lahore Healers Centre (Pvt.) Ltd., Rawalpindi Maryam Memorial Hospital, Rawalpindi Medicare Hospital , Multan Mian Muhammad Trust Hospital, Faisalabad National Hospital, Faisalabad Rasheed Hospital , Lahore Razzaq Hospital, Lahore Saahil Hospital, Faisalabad Sadiq Hospital, Sargodha Salamat Hospital, Gujranwala Sharif Meidcal City Hospital, Lahore Valley Clinic (Pvt) Limited, Rawalpindi WAPDA hosital, Lahore Mubarik Nursing Home,Rawalpindi Mekki Hospital,Faisalabad Bait-ul-Shifa Trust, Township, Lahore

SINDH

Public institutions

Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi Civil Hospital, Karachi Civil Hospital, Sukkur Civil Hospital - Burns Centre, Karachi Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases, Karachi Kunri Christian Hospital, Umarkot Lady Dufferin Hospital, Karachi Leprosy Hospital, Karachi Liaqat University of Health Sciences, Hyderabad Lyari General Hospital, Karachi National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi National Institute of Child Health, Karachi

PNS Shifa, Karachi Police Hospital, Karachi Sindh Government Qatar Hospital, Karachi Sindh Government Hospital New Karachi, Karachi Sindh Institute of Skin Diseases, Karachi Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi Sindh Institute of Skin Diseases, Karachi Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Institute of Psychiatry, Hyderabad Sobhraj Maternity Home, Karachi Spencer Eye Hospital, Karachi


ABM Hospital, Hyderabad Aga Khan Hospital, Hyderabad Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi Bismillah Taqee Institute of Health Sciences & Blood Diseases Centre, Karachi Bantwa Memon Hospital, Karachi Burhani Hospital, Karachi Children Cancer Hospital, Karachi CityCare Hospital, Hyderabad Dar-ul-Sehat Hospital, (Liaquat Medical & Dental College) Karachi Hamdard University Hospital, Karachi Health Care Hospital, Karachi Hilal-e-Ahmar Hospital, Hyderabad Holy Family Hospital, Karachi Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Karachi Ibne-Sina (Avicenna) Hospital, Karachi Imam Clinic and General Hospital, Karachi Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad Jinnah Medical College Hospital, Karachi Karachi Adventist Hospital, Karachi Kharadar General Hospital, Karachi Kidney Centre Post Graduate Training Institute, Karachi Kiran Hospital for Nuclear Medicine, Karachi Kutiana Memon Hospital, Karachi Layton Rahmatulla Benevolent Trust Eye Hospital, (LRBT) Karachi Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi Majee Hospital, Hyderabad Marie Adelaide Leprosy Centre (MALC), Karachi Al-Mehrab Tibbi Imdad, Karachi Masoomeen Hospital, Karachi MidEast Hospital, Karachi Murshid Hospital and Health Care Center, Karachi OMI Hospital, Karachi Patel Hospital, Karachi PIMS Hospital, Rawalpindi Safee Hospital, Karachi Shilokh Mission Hospital, Jalapur Jattan, Gujrat South City Hospital, Karachi Tabba Heart Institute, Karachi

Usman Memorial Hospital, Karachi Wapda Hospital, Hyderabad Zainab Punjwani Memorial Hospital, Karachi Dr Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi


Lakes of Pakistan

MAJOR LAKES

Ansoo Lake

Ansoo Lake is a high-altitude lake (elevation 16,490 feet or 5027 metres) in the Kaghan Valley near Malika Parbat in the Himalayan range. It can be reached by a difficult trek from Saiful Mulook Lake. The name comes from its tear-like shape. The lake is said to have been discovered in 1993 by Pakistan Air Force pilots who were flying low above the area. Earlier, the lake was not even known to the locals.

Borith Lake Borith Lake is a lake in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Borith is a hamlet in the surroundings of the Borith Lake to the northwest of Hussaini, a village near Gulmit, Gojal, in the upper Hunza. The altitude of Borith is roughly 8500 feet above sea level. It lies approximately 2 km to the north of Ghulkin, a saline body of water occupying a small hollow at an elevation of 2500 meters. The lake can be reached via a 2 km unpaved jeep route from Hussaini village, which lies adjacent to Ghulkin village. It is also accessible by a 2-3 hour trekking route directly from Ghuylkin, across the end of the Ghulkin glacier. The site is an important sanctuary for migrating wildfowl and is a must to be included in the itinerary of bird-watchers and nature lovers. To witness the large number of ducks arriving from the warmer parts of southernPakistan, one should visit between the months of March and June. The birds rest here on their way northwards to the cooler waters of central Asia. Similarly, from September–November, the spectacle occurs in reverse with the onset of winter towards the north. A short trek of one hour each way will bring you to Ghulkin Glacier. Just follow the trekking route towards Borith Lake as far as the edge of the glacier, and return by the same route.

For the more adventurous, a longer walk to Passu Gar Glacier is another attraction, crossing both Ghulkin Glacier and Borith Lake. Having crossed Ghulkin Glacier by the same route, continue on the southern side of Borith Lake past the settlement of Borith Bala and the now deserted settlement of Shahabad. The lack of a continuous water supply led to the desertification of this village many years ago. On reaching Passu Gar, one finds a spectacular view of all the icy crenellations along its length. The walk takes about 4–5 hours form Ghulkin to Passu. From the glacier, a path leads down to the Karakorum Highway and the Shisper Hotel. Alternatively, transport can be obtained locally, enabling the exploration of many routes around this area from different starting points, such as Gulmit.

Dudipatsar Lake Dudiptsar lake or Dudipat Lake is a beautiful lake encircled by snow clad peaks. The lake lies in the extreme north of Kaghan Valley and is about a four hours drive from chief town Naran. The road is not entirely accessible for cars, even Jeeps and from a certain point the visitors have to trek to reach the lake. Its water is beautiful greenish blue and very cold too Dudipatsar is also close to another major Lake lulusar which is main contributory to Kunhar river that runs through Kaghan valley. At a distance from the lake lies the Babusar Top or the Babusar Pass which is the end of 150 km long Kaghan valley. The word "dudi" means white and "sar" means lake. This name has been given to the lake because of the white color of snow at surrounding peaks. In summer the water of lake reflects like a mirror. Its not easy to visit this lake as there is tough hike. Its gonna take you four to six hours for this lake after tough hiking and trekking. The word "sar" is used with the name of each lake in the area meaning lake. In the summer when the water of the lake reflects like a mirror a large number of visitors from different areas of the country come to watch the enchanting views of these lake. Dudipat Lake (Dudipat Sar in local language) is six or seven hours walking distance from Besal. Half of this distance is steady climbing on a clear path then the valley opens out to wide, flat pastureland. The deep blue Dudipat Sar, at 3,800 meters, is surrounded by green hills at about 4,800 meters, with snow patches in the shady hollows. This lake is very little visited by people and its natural beauty is still very much protected. October 8, 2005's earthquake in North Pakistan has made it more difficult to be accessed. However the government of Pakistan decided on March 14, 2006to take all steps to restore tourism of the Kaghan valley which includes building new tourism spots and rebuilding previously destroyed ones.

Haleji Lake Haleji Lake is located in Thatta District, Sindh, Pakistan. Originally haleji Lake was a very small lake. During World War II the then British

Government of Sind decided to increase the capacity of this lake by having a feeder canal from River Sindh. This lake supplies water to Karachi. During War time thousands of American and British Troops were stationed in Karachi. The lake work was taken on War Footing and was completed within 24 months. It is a huge lake-perhaps 2Kmx2Kmsx0.25Km..

Hanna Lake Hanna Lake is a lake near Quetta city and is one of the main attractions in the city. The lake is located a little short of the place where the Urak Valley begins and 10 km from Quetta. Golden fish in the lake comes swimming right up to the edge of the lake. There is a lakeside restaurant with picnic tables shaded by pine trees. At one end, the irrigation dam rises out of the depths like battlements of a fort. It is very attractive for holidaymakers, and is crowded with hikers and campers in holidays. The greenish-blue waters of the lake provide a rich contrast to the sandy brown of the hills in the background. One can promenade on the terraces or hire a boat and paddle on the lake and round the island in the middle. Wagon service operates from city bus station at Circular Road. The transport can be hired through the PTDC Tourist Information Centre, Muslim Hotel, Jinnah Road Quetta.

Kachura Lake Kachura Lakes are two of the lakes in Skardu (nearly 2500 m or 8,200 feet); the Upper Kachura Lake and Lower Kachura Lake. The latter is also known as Shangrila Lake and is inside a tourist resort called Shangrila Resort.

Kallar Kahar Kallar Kahar is a subdivision of Chakwal District in Punjab, Pakistan. It is known as a tourist destination. located 25 killometer southwest of chakwal along the motorway. It is famous for its natural gardens, peacocks and a salt water lake.

Kalri or Keenjhar Lake Kalri Lake is located in Thatta District, Sindh, Pakistan. Around 10000 people have drowned in this lake. The biggest incident took place on June 1st 2003, when a boat with 26 people on board sunk and they all died. They were all from the same family. The Sindhi legend of Noori Jam Tamachi took place around the lake, and to this day there is a shrine in the middle of the lake marking Noor's grave. Everyday hundreds of devotees visit the shrine. It also goes by the name "Keenjhar lake"

Lulusar Lake Lulusar lake is 48 kilometers away from Naran, on Naran-Babusar road. The word "sar" is used with the name of lake meaning "lake".

It is wreathed in blue and gold wild flowers, and is the main source of river Kunhar. The river then flows through the entire Kaghan Valley through Jalkhand, Naran, Kaghan, Jared, Paras andBalakot. Near Gittidas is the 3,353m (11,000) feet high Lulusar Lake out of which river Kunhar issues anew with redoubled strength to flow down the valley first as placid blue stream and then a roaring torrent until it joins the Jhelum river. Lulusar is the Reminiscent of those 55 participants of 1857 war of independence who had been arrested near Lulusar.

Tourist attraction Lulusar has very enchanting beauty and its view remains in the mind of tourist for a long time. This lake is much bigger in size as compared to other lakes around the valley. It is surrounded by snowcapped hills whose purple and white forms are reflected in the green-blue waters of the silent lake, making it one of the most beautiful spots in the valley. Lake Lalusar offers a splendid opportunity for fishing in dark blue waters surrounded by high mountains. The serene beauty and peace, which permeates the Kaghan Valley, makes this an ideal spot for relaxation and reflection.From Gittidas the road goes on through the Babusar Pass into Gilgit. This road is one of the highest roads in the world. In the summer when the water of lakes reflects like a mirror, a large number of visitors from different areas of the country come to enjoy the enchanting views. Getting to Lulusar A jeep can be hired from Naran to visit Lake Lulusar. From Naran, Lulusar lake can be reached at in about four and a half hours. The average jeep rent for this return-trip is about Rs. 3,000 (US$30 appox.). Jeeps leave Naran in the morning so that tourists can reach the lake at afternoon and spend about an hour at lake before returning so that the return journey is completed in daylight.

Manchar Lake Lake Manchar is the largest freshwater lake in Pakistan and one of Asia's largest. It is located west of the Indus River in Sindh. The area of the lake fluctuates with the seasons from as little as 350 km² to as much as 520 km². The lake collects water from numerous small streams in the Kirthar Mountains and empties into the Indus River. History The lake was created in the 1930's when the Sukkur Barrage was constructed on the river Indus. The lake is fed by two canals , the Aral Wah Canal and the Danister Canal from the river Indus. Until recently the lake supported thousands of fisherfolk who depended on the freshwater fish they caught in the lake. However, the lake is now undergoing environmental degradation resulting in the water becoming saline killing off the fish and forcing the fisherfolk to look elsewhere for employment. The degradation has been occurring for a long time but only recently have the effects been felt. The diversion of water from the Indus and a diminished storm runoff from the Kirthar mountains have contributed to the reduction in fresh water supplies. At the same time,

saline drainage water from agricultural fields in surrounding areas has started to flow into Lake Manchar. The lake was a stop-off on the Indus flyway for Siberian migratory birds, but recently the numbers have fallen from 25,000 birds counted in 1988 to just 2800 bird counted in 2002, because the lake no longer provides the birds' main food, the lake fish. In the place of the birds, the lake now hosts a saline water reed. The lake also provided large volumes of water for irrigation but this has also been reduced and has resulted in a great reduction in the area irrigated by the lake. Population Nowadays, Lake Manchar is populated by the houseboat people of Mohana.

Namal Lake Namal Lake is located in one corner of the Namal valley in Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan. This lake was created when Namal Dam was constructed in 1913. Namal Dam is situated some 32 km from Mianwali city. Namal Lake spread over 5.5 sq km, in Namal valley. There are mountains on its western and southern sides. On the other two sides are agricultural areas. Namal Lake is an ideal abode for the migratory birds in winter season when thousands of water fowls, including Russian ducks and Siberian cranes, land in the lake water.

Rama Lake Rama Lake is a lake near Astore in Northern Areas, Pakistan. It is on the top of the beautiful Astore Valley, covered with oaktrees and greenery. Location On the way to Rama Lake, from AstoreValley, there are three small lakes called Sarot in the local Shinalanguage. Before 2005, Astore was a Tehsil of District Diamir, the 5th District of Northern Areas. Now Astore has been upgraded to a District. There are more than 50 small beautiful villages in Astore. Some of which are Chilm, Bubin, Gorikot, Eid Ghah, Fina, Bulen, Chongra and Pari Shing. Chilm is the most beautiful village among all the villages of Astore, because it is the starting point of Deosai, the world's second highest plane. People The people of Chilm are called Mirmats or Mirs, who are the descendants of Mirmat, Gyalday and then Akhon Muhammad.

Saiful Muluk Lake Saiful Muluk is a lake located at the northern end of the Kaghan Valley (34°52'37.34" N, 73°41'37.71" E) near Naran. It is in the north east of Mansehra district of North West

Frontier Province, Pakistan. At an altitude of 3,224 m (10,578 feet) above sea level it is amongst one of the highest lakes in Pakistan. The lake is accessible by a 14km jeep road from Naran (which is accessible by a metalled road from Mansehra via Balakot and Kaghan) during the summer months. On foot, the trek from Naran to the lake takes about 4-6 hours. The water is spectacularly clear with a slight green tone. The clarity of the water comes from the multiple glaciers all around the high basin feeding the lake which provides a spectacular scenery. Malka Parbat that is shining in the lake is the biggest source. A fairy tale called Saiful Muluk, written by the famous Panjabisufi poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh,is associated with the lake .

Satpara Lake Satpara Lake is an important lake in Skardu Valley which supplies water for the town of Skardu, which is located at 2286 meters (7500 ft). It is one of the most picturesque lakes in Pakistan. In 2002, the Government of Pakistan decided to build a dam on the Satpara Lake. The Government allocated Rs. 600 million ($10 million) for Satpara Dam project in 2004's financial year. The progress on the project, however, has been slow.

Shangrila Lake Shangrila Lake or Lower Kachura Lake is a part of the Shangrila resort located at a drive of about 20 minutes from Skardu (nearly 2500 m or 8,200 feet) town. It is a popular tourist destination, and has a unique restaurant that is built on the fuselage of an aircraft that had crashed nearby.

Snow Lake Snow Lake, or Lukpe Lawo, is a high-altitude glacial basin in the Karakoram mountain range in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Characteristics Snow Lake is located 16,000 feet above sea level, and is approximately 10 miles wide. The basin lies at the head of the Biafo and Hispar glaciers, which spread down from the Hispar Pass in opposite directions, forming a 75-mile river of ice that is among the world's longest continuous glacier systems outside of the polar regions. Famous visitors Martin Conway, the first foreign visitor, gave Snow Lake the name in 1892. Conway described Snow Lake as "beyond all comparison the finest view of mountains it has ever been my lot to behold, nor do I believe the world can hold a finer." Snow Lake is very difficult to reach, however, and only about 200 people manage to reach it per year. In 1899, the husband-wife team ofWilliam Hunter Workman and Fanny Bullock Workman came and speculated that Snow Lake might be an ice-cap like those in the polar

regions, from which glacier flowed out in all directions, and estimated its total size at 300 square miles. Getting there The journey to Snow Lake typically begins in Skardu, which can be reached by plane or jeep from Islamabad. From Skardu, a jeep may escort travellers through the Braldu Gorge to the village ofAskole. The trek from Askole initially proceeds towards K2, then turns northwest up the Biafo Glacier to Snow Lake. The descent differs from the ascent, going through the Hunza Valley and ending in Gilgit, from where a return to Islamabad can be arranged by plane or jeep.

OTHER LAKES Attar Lake Ishkoman and Yasin Valleys Northern Areas . Chachor Lake: Chachor Pass, Northern Areas Dudibach Lake: Kaghan Valley, North-West Frontier Province Karambar Lake: Ghizer, Northern Areas Kutwal Lake: Haramosh Valley, Northern Areas Naltar Lake: Naltar Valley, Northern Areas Rawal Lake: Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory Rush Phari Lake: Barpu and Hispar Valleys, Northern Areas Saral Lake: Kaghan Valley, North-West Frontier Province Siranda Lake: Las Bela, Balochistan Marav Lake: Dera Bugti, Balochistan Mahodand Lake: Swat Valley, North-West Frontier Province Subri Lake: Jhelum River, Muzaffarabad


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saim n babar (Tuesday, July 06, 2010)

Magazines in Pakistan

ENGLSIH

Cricket Herald (Monthly Cricket Magazin), Karachi. Weekly Cutting Edge (Weekly Magazine).

Fashion Mag Karachi. Good Food (Monthly Diet Magazine), Karachi. Herald (Newsmagazine), Karachi. Internet (Monthly Internet Magazine), Karachi. Mag (Weekly News Magazine), Karachi. Moorad Shipping News (Weekly News Magazine), Karachi. Newsline She (Monthly Magazine|Women), Karachi. Spider (Monthly Magazine|Computer), Karachi. The Cricketer (Monthly Cricket Magazine), Karachi. Wajood (Weekly Magazine), Karachi.

SINDHI

Affair Magazine

URDU

Aadaab Arz Karachi, Aanchal Karachi, Adventure Karachi, Aina-e-Qismat Karachi, Akhbar-e-Cricket Karachi, Akhbar-e-Jahan Karachi, Akhbar-e-Khawateen Karachi, Akhbar-e-Watan Karachi, Ambar Bail Digest Karachi, Anchal Karachi, Asia Lahore, Ataa e Rasool Karachi, Aurat Digest Karachi, Audio Video Satellite Karachi, Bachoon Ki Dunya Karachi, Batool Karachi, Brides & You Karachi, Chand Karachi, Computing Karachi, Cricketer Karachi, Dalda ka Dastarkhan Karachi, Dilkash Karachi, Diva Karachi, Dosheeza Karachi, EN Style Karachi, FAATEH International Urdu Magazine Karachi, Family Karachi, Fashion Collection Karachi, Fashion Mag, Karachi, Fasla Karachi, Friday Special Karachi, Global Science Karachi, Good Food Karachi,

Hikayat Karachi, Hina Karachi, Imran Digest Karachi, Ibtada.com, Online Magazine Lahore, Intikhab Karachi, Jasosi Digest Karachi, Javeda Karachi, Jawab Arz Karachi, Jehad e Kashmir Karachi, Khauf Nakk Karachi, Khawateen Digest Karachi, Kiran Karachi, Kitchen Karachi, Koomal Karachi, Libas Karachi, Link Own Karachi, Maah e Nau Karachi, Me & My Wedding Karachi, Motherhood Karachi, Mystery Magazine Karachi, Nida e Millat Karachi, Naya Uffaq Karachi, Nigar Karachi, Pakeeza Karachi, Phool Lahore, Prime Fashion Karachi, Qomi Digest Karachi, Raabta Karachi, Rohani Digest Karachi, Rohani Duniya Karachi, Sabrang Karachi, Sachi Kahaniyan Karachi, Sarguzsht Karachi, Sathi Karachi, Sayarah Digest Karachi, Shabash Karachi, Shama Karachi, She, Karachi, Shoa Karachi, Shuaa Karachi, Shugoofa Karachi, Star & Style, Karachi, Super Star Dust Karachi, Suspense Digest Karachi, Taleem-o-Tarbiat Lahore, Tarjuman-ul-quran Lahore Urdu Digest Lahore, Visage Karachi, Women's Own Karachi, Zaiqa Karachi,

URDU MAGAZINES FOR CHILDREN

Anokhi Kahaniyan Karachi, Shabash Karachi, Naunehal Karachi, Saathi Karachi, Taleem-o-Tarbiat Lahore, Paighaam Lahore-Rawalpindi, Phool Lahore, Ankh Macholi Lahore Chanda Hyder Abad, Nat Khat Hyder Abad, Bhai Jan Hyder Adad, Bachoon Ki Dunia Lahore, Noor Lahore, Masoom Rawalpindi, Zauq-o-Shauq Karachi, Bzm-e-Quran Lahore, Karachi, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Muzaffarabad, Kausar Lahore,

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Electric Supply companies in Pakistan

FAISALABAD ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY

Faisalabad Electric Supply Company (FESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.

GUJRANWALA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY Gujranwala Electric Power Company (GEPCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan.

HUB POWER COMPANY LIMITED Hub Power Company Limited (HUBCO) is located at Hub, Lasbela

District, Balochistan, Pakistan. The Hub Power Company is a large, private-sector power company and its 1,200 MW plant is located 60 km from Karachi in Hub. The electricity at HUBCO is generated by four 323 megawatt oil-fired units that are supplied by a 78km long pipeline from Pakistan State Oil (HUBCO, 1999b). In simple terms, the electricity is produced when oil is heated with steam.

HYDERABAD ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY Hyderabad Electric Supply Company or HESCO is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to all the districts of Sindh in Pakistan, excluding Karachi. Hyderabad had an Area Electricity Board (AEB) as one of the eight AEBs constituted through amendments in WAPDA Act during 1981. Later on as the Government of Pakistan approved the revamping of the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) power sector in April 1998, the Hyderabad Electric Supply Company took over responsibilities of the Hyderabad Area Electricity Board. Hyderabad Electric Supply Company is owned and operated by WAPDA though. The company was incorporated on 23rd April 1998 and certificate for commencement of business was obtained on 1st July 1998 from NEPRA under section 146(2) of Companies Ordinance 1984.

ISLAMABAD ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY Islamabad Electric Supply Company(IESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Islamabad, Pakistan Head Office in Islamabad and Head Office includes many Directorates Planning & Engineering Directorate is one of it. Mr. Muhammad Yousaf Awan is the Manager P&E and Mr. Sarbuland Khan is Deputy Manager (Planning)

KARACHI ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC) is a privately owned public utility company. It was incorporated on 13th September 1913. The Corporation was originally in private hands, but theGovernment of Pakistan took control of the Corporation by acquiring majority share holdings in 1952. It is principally engaged in generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy to industrial, commercial, agricultural and residential consumers in Karachi. KESC is the sole supplier of electricity to Karachi and its suburbs up to Dhabeji and Gharo in Sindh and over Hub, Uthal, Vindhar and Bela in Baluchistan. Recently, KESC was sold to a Saudi Arabian company in December 2005 via an open bid organised by the Privatisation Commission of Pakistan. Since then its operation management is under control of Siemens Pakistan.

KOT ADDU POWER COMPANY The Kot Addu Power Company Limited (KAPCO), was incorporated in 1996, location in Kot Addu, District Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan. Kot Addu Power Plant was built

by the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA). In April, 1996, Kot Addu Power Company was incorporated as a public limited company. On April 18, 2005 Kot Addu Power Company was formally listed on all three Stock Exchanges of Pakistan.

LAHORE ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

MULTAN ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY Multan Electric Power Company (MEPCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.

PESHAWAR ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY Peshawar Electric Power Company' (PESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Peshawar, NWFP, Pakistan.

QUETTA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY Quetta Electric Supply Company (QESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan.

TRIBAL ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY Tribal Electric Supply Company (TESCO) is an electric distribution company which supplies electricity to FATA, Pakistan.

WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Water And Power Development Authority (WAPDA) is the acronym for the government owned firm known to produce electricity across Pakistan, to maintain energy creating plants and supply water to public. It services many grid stations through the country and looks over large dams such as Tarbela and Mangla.


Last edited by Last Island; Thursday, March 22, 2007 at 12:48 AM.

Mobile phone companies in Pakistan

WARID TELECOM

Warid Telecom International is an Abu Dhabi based mobile telecommunication firm providing telephony services in Bangladesh (launching soon), Congo(launching soon), Pakistan and in Uganda (launching soon). Warid Telecom is backed by The Abu Dhabi Group, one of the largest groups in the Middle East. The group is led by HH Shaikh Nahyan Mabarak Al Nahayan who is also Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research United Arab Emirates. In 2004, Warid Telecom International LLC, purchased a lisence for operating a nationwide mobile telephony network, (WLL) and long distance international (LDI) for $291 million US dollars and was the first venture of Warid Telecom International LLC. Warid Pakistan launched its services in May 2005. Within 80 days of launch Warid Pakistan attracted more then 1 million users. Currently the network has around 7.6 million subscribers.

MOBILINK Pakistan Mobile Communications Limited, better known as Mobilink GSM, is a telecommunication service provider in Pakistan. According to Mobilink's official statistics, Mobilink had over 22 million customers at the end of December 2006. Mobilink's Head office is located in Kulsum Plaza, Blue Area Islamabad Mobilink started operations in 1994 as the first GSM cellular Mobile service in Pakistan by MOTOROLA Inc., later it was sold to ORASCOM, an Egypt-based multi-national company. Mobilink's corporate postpaid package is sold under the brand name "Indigo" and prepaid by the name of "Jazz".

UFONE Ufone GSM is a Pakistani GSM cellular service provider, Its one of five GSM Mobile companies in Pakistan, and is a subsidiary of Pakistan Telecommunication Company. The company commenced its operations, under the brand name of Ufone, from Islamabad on January 29, 2001. Ufone expanded its coverage and has added new cities and highways to its coverage network. After the privatization of PTCL, Ufone is now owned by Etisalat.

TELENOR Telenor (OSE: TEL, NASDAQ: TELN) is the incumbent telecommunications company in Norway, with headquarters located at Fornebu, close to Oslo. Today, Telenor is mostly an internationalwireless carrier with operations in Scandinavia, Eastern Europe and Asia. In addition, it has extensive broadband and TV distribution operations in four Nordic Countries.

Telenor Pakistan is a wholly owned subsidiary that started operations on the 15th of March 2005 and holds one of six mobile licences in Pakistan. Its also the fastest growing cellular network of Pakistan. Currently telenor holds the second largest GSM and the largest GPRS and EDGE coverage in Pakistan. It has also achieved the second largest retailer network in Pakistan with in the 2 years of its operations.

PAKTEL Paktel is a mobile telecommunication company in Pakistan. It was the first ever company granted license to carry out cellular phone services in Pakistan. It carried out AMPS services until 2004,when the company launched GSM services as well. Its main competitor emerged in late 1990s as Instaphone and soon began to dominate the market. However after the launch and rapid success of Mobilink in 1998, both services lost market share. In2003, Millicom Corporation, owners of Instaphone, bought Paktel as well.


Pakistani Architects

HABIB FIDA ALI British Deputy High Commission (Karachi), Lahore University of Management Sciences (Lahore), Commercial Union Assurance Building (Karachi) AHMED MUKHTAR SHAAHDIN MANZIL RENOVATION (LAHORE) ARSHAD SHAHID ABDULLAH (Pvt) Ltd. MCB Tower (Karachi), CDC House (Karachi), Unilever Office(Karachi) KAUSAR BASHIR AHMED Bureau of Statistics (Karachi) ABDUL ADIR MIRZA BAIG Caltex Terminal Mosque (Karachi) AMJAD MUKHTAR CHOHAN The Punjab School (Lahore), Bab-e-Pakistan (Lahore)

ANJAD ALI Leaders Inn Hotel (Lahore), Cadet College Sialkot (Sialkot) NAYYAR ALI DADA Al-Hamra Theatre Complex (Lahore), Gaddafi Stadium (Lahore), Habib Bank (Lahore), Saudi-Pak Tower (Islamabad) M.A.FAOOQI AND COMPANY Bait-ul Mukarram Mosque (Karachi) ARIF HASAN Hasan Square (Karachi), Sports Complex and Stadium (Cairo) MUKHTAR HUSSAIN Karachi International Airport - Jinnah Terminal (Karachi) KASHIRF A. RASHEED Arabian Sea Country Club (Karachi) MUHAMMAD WALI ULLAH KHAN Minar-e-Pakistan (Lahore) YASMEEN LARI Naval Officer's Housing (Karachi) KAMIL KHAN MUMATAZ Lawrence College Library (Murree) NAVEED AZHAR SHEIKH Shaheen Complex (Karachi) ANJUM PERVAIZ QURESHI Nacon House (Karachi) ANWAR SAEED Ahle Hadith Mosque (Islamabad), Grindlays Bank (Islamabad) THAIANI AND COMPANY Habib Bank (Quetta) AMJAD ALI Leaders Inn Hotel (Lahore), Cadet College Sialkot (Sialkot) YAWAR ABBAS JILANI

Pearl Continental Hotel Bhurban (Murree)


National highways and motorways

National highways and motorways link all major cities in Pakistan and are undergoing rapid expansion to cater to the fast growing surface transportation needs of this rapidly emerging economy.

National Highway Authority National Highway Authority is responsible for building and maintaining highways and motorways in Pakistan. The National Highway Authority (NHA) was established in 1991, through an Act of the Pakistani Parliament. The NHA plans, develops, operates, repairs and maintains national highways and strategic roads specially entrusted to it by the Federal Government, by a Provincial Government or by another authority. The total length of federalized roads under NHA now stands at 5487.5 miles (8780km): this accounts for 3% of the Pakistani road network and 75% of the commercial road traffic in Pakistan. N5 - Karachi-Thatta-Hyderabad-Moro-Multan-Sahiwal-Lahore-Jhelum-Rawalpindi-Peshawar-Torkham (Grand Trunk Road) 1819 KM N10 - Lyari-Gwadar-Gabd (Makran Coastal Highway) 653 KM N15 - Mansehra-Naran-Jhalkhand 240 KM N25 - Karachi-Bela-Khuzdar-Kalat-Quetta-Chaman (RCD Highway) 813 KM N35 - Hasan Abdal-Abbottabad-Thakot-Gilgit-Khunjerab (Karakoram Highway, KKH) 806 KM N40 - Lakpass-Naukundi-Taftan 610 KM N45 - Nowshera-Dir-Chitral 309 KM N50 - Kuchlack-Zhob-Dera Ismail Khan 531 KM N55 - Kotri-Shikarpur-Dera Ghazi Khan-Kohat-Peshawar (Indus Highway) 1264 KM N65 - Sukkur-Sibi-Saryab 385 KM N70 - Qila Saifullah-Loralai-Dera Ghazi Khan-Multan 447 KM N75 - Islamabad-Satra Mile-Lower Topa (Murree)-Kohala (Murree Expressway) 90 KM N80 - Tarnol-Kohat 144 KM

S1 - Gilgit-Skardu 167 KM S2 - Kohala-Muzaffarabad 40 KM

MOTORWAYS IN PAKISTAN There are ten motorways in Pakistan, out of which only the M2 and M3 have been completed. The M1 and part of the M8 and M10 are under construction and are scheduled to be completed in 2007. M1 - Islamabad to Peshawar M2 - Lahore to Islamabad M3 - Pindi Bhattian to Faisalabad M4 - Faisalabad to Multan M5 - Multan to Dera Ghazi Khan M6 - Dera Ghazi Khan to Ratodero M7 - Kakkar via Dureji to Karachi M8 - Gwadar to Ratodero M9 - Karachi to Hyderabad M10 - Karachi Northern Bypass M2 - Lahore to Sialkot

Karakoram Highway The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is the highest paved international road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 metres (15,397 feet), by far the highest paved international border crossing in the world. It connects China's Xinjiang region with Pakistan's Northern Areas and also serves as a popular tourist attraction.

Makran Coastal Highway The Makran Coastal Highway is located primarily in Balochistan, Pakistan. It follows the Arabian Sea coast from Karachi to Gwadar.


Central Superior Services Of Pakistan

Central Superior Services of Pakistan (commonly known as CSS) is the name given to a group of highly prestigious and powerful Pakistani Federal Government Departments. Recruitment to the officer’s cadre (Basic Pay Scale 17) of these services is extremely competitive and it usually takes a year to complete the written

examination and the subsequent psychological tests as well as interviews. Federal Public Service Commission of Pakistan or FPSC (http://www.fpsc.gov.pk/) is entrusted with this task and it is a general perception that it conducts the task of Competitive Examinations with full honesty. The minimum age and educational qualification for appearance in this examination is 21 years and a Bachelors (14 years of education) respectively while the maximum age limit is 28 years. According to the estimates of FPSC a total of 8,000 – 10,000 candidates apply for an appearance in its annual Competitive Examination. On an average 5,000 – 6,000 actually appear and approximately 250-500 candidates qualify the written portion of CSS Examination. Out of these successful candidates a total of 100-150 (roughly 2% of the actual applicants) make it to this sacred corps of bureaucrats. Currently CSS includes the following Occupational Groups.

Pakistan Audit and Accounts Service Police Service of Pakistan (PSP) District Management Group (DMG) Income Tax Group (ITG) Customs and Excise Group (CEG) Foreign Service of Pakistan (FSP) Postal Group (PG) Commerce & Trade Group (CTG) Railways Group (RG) Information Group (IG)

History of Civil Services in Pakistan

Civil Bureaucracy is a colonial legacy in this part of the world. British used to rule the native population through Indian Civil Service (ICS) and most of the officers in ICS were British themselves. It was in the early 20th Century that the Indians also started competing against the British and many Indians eventually made it to the ICS. With the partition of India in 1947, the term 'Central Superior Services' was used in Pakistan and the concept of All-Pakistan Services continued. The latter consisted of the Civil Service of Pakistan and the Police Service of Pakistan, whereas the Central Services included the Pakistan Foreign Service and a broad category of Finance and other services. The Finance category included the Pakistan Audit and Accounts Service, Pakistan Railway Accounts Service, Pakistan Military Accounts Service, Pakistan Taxation Service, and the Pakistan Customs and Excise Service. The Central Services other than these included the Pakistan Postal Service, Pakistan Military Land and Cantonment Service, Central Secretariat Service, and Central Information Service. Each of these services had its own cadre and composition rules, specifying the total cadre strength in terms of its number of positions. With the Civil Services Reforms of 1973 a new system of Common Training Program or CTP was introduced and all of these occupational groups (12 at that time) were

required to go through a mandatory combined training at Civil Services Academy (CSA), Lahore. The batch of officers who attended CSA in 1973 is recognized as “1st Common”. Up till 5th Common the allocation of occupational groups was done after the culmination of Common Training Program but from 6th Common onwards this task has also been assumed by FPSC. Even till this day it is an official procedure that once the Probationary Officers successfully complete their CTP then they undergo some further Specialized Training Program (STP) in their own professional academies.

Armed Forces and Civil Services of Pakistan Commissioned officers of Pakistan Army, Pakistan Air Force, and Pakistan Navy have their own quota of 10% in District Management Group (DMG), Foreign Service of Pakistan (FSP), and Police Service of Pakistan (PSP). Usually officers of Captain Rank are short listed by General Head Quarters (GHQ) and selected against this quota after the permission directly by Chief of Army Staffbefore interview process.




Air Bases of Pakistan Air Force

PAF Bhagtanwala sat PAF Chaklala Rawalpindi MOB No.35 (Composite Air Transport) Wing

No. 6 Sqn C-130 14 No.12 Sqn B707, Falcon, F-27 6 No.41 Sqn Cessna, Aero, Beach 3 No.455 Sqn Crotale SAM No.??? Sqn HQ-2B SAM

PAF Chander sat PAF Chuk Jhumra sat PAF Faisal Karachi MOB Southern Air Commander HQ PAF Gwadar sat PAF Kamra [Minhas] Kamra MOB Northern No.33 (Fighter/Multi-Role) Wing

No. 14 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 15 Sqn F-6, FT-6 ~24

PAF Kohat sat PAF Lahore Lahore FOB PAF Masroor Karachi MOB Southern No 32 (Fighter Ground Attack) Wing

No. 2 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 7 Sqn Mirage 5PA, III 24+45 No. 8 Sqn Mirage 5PA, III 24+45 No. 22 Sqn Mirage 5PA, IIIDP 14 + 2 No. 84 Sqn Alouette III 2 No. 453 Sqn Crotale SAM No.??? Sqn HQ-2B SAM

PAF Mianwali Mianwali MOB No. 37 (Combat Training) Wing

No. 1 Sqn FT-5 25 No. 19 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 25 Sqn F-7 & FT-7 ~24 No. 86 Sqn Alouette III 2

PAF Mirpur Khas FOB PAF Multan Multan FOB PAF Murid FOB PAF Nawabshah FOB PAF Ormara sat PAF Pasni FOB PAF Peshawar Peshawar MOB Northern Air Command HQ

No. 36 (Tactical Attack) Wing No. 16 Sqn A-5 25 No. 26 Sqn A-5 24 No. 81 Sqn Alouette III 2

PAF Rafiqui Shorkot MOB Central No. 34 (Fighter) Wing

No. 5 Sqn Mirage IIIEP/RP 30 No. 18 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 20 Sqn F-7P ~24 No. 83 Sqn Alouette III 2

PAF Rahim Yar Khan sat PAF Rajanpur sat PAF Risalewala Faisalabad FOB PAF Risalpur Risalpur MOB PAF Samungli Quetta 30°14'N 66°55'E MOB Southern No. 31 (Fighter) Wing

No. 17 Sqn F-6, F-7P, FT-6 ~24 No. 23 Sqn F-6 ~24 No. 85 Sqn Alouette III 2

PAF Sargodha Sargodha 32°03'N 72°39'E MOB Central Air Command, HQ

No. 38 (Multi-Role) Wing No. 9 Sqn F-16A 16 No. 11 Sqn F-16 A/B 16 No. 24 Sqn Falcon 20 F/G 2 No. 82 Sqn Alouette III 2 Combat School F-7 ~24 Combat School Mirage 5PA

PAF Shahbaz Jacobabad FOB PAF Sindhri sat PAF Sukkur FOB

PAF Talhar FOB PAF Vihari FOB


Last edited by Last Island; Thursday, March 22, 2007 at 06:54 PM.



Schools of pharmacy in Pakistan

Bahauddin Zakariya University - Faculty of Pharmacy Gomal University - Faculty of Pharmacy Hamdard University - Faculty of Pharmacy Karachi University - Faculty of Pharmacy University of the Punjab - Faculty of Pharmacy


Airlines of Pakistan

The Pakistani aviation market has seen many airlines come and go. However, due largely to the economic sanctions placed on Pakistan during the 1990s the industry growth eventually leveled off due to the increase in oil prices. The Pakistan aviation industry was started up when Orient Airways merged with Pakistan International Airlines Corporation (PIAC) to become the national flag carrier of Pakistan called Pakistan International Airlines or PIA for short. PIA remained the only operator for many years after its creation, but soon private airlines arrived at

the scene to compete with the national flag carrier.

CURRENT AIRLINES

AERO ASIA INTERNATIONAL

Aero Asia International is a private Pakistani airline based at Jinnah International Airport Karachi in the province of Sindh. The airline was owned and operated by the Tabani Group, however, following the temporary suspension of its flights in the summer of 2006 the ownership of the airline was bought by the UK based Regal Group. It is the first low cost airline to start services inPakistan and operates to destinations in Pakistan and the Gulf states. Its main bases are the Jinnah International Airport, Karachi and Dubai International Airport, Dubai. International Flights Aero Asia has already covered the Middle East and has been granted permission to fly to the United Kingdom and United States from the end of the year 2005 by the CAA of Pakistan. However, because of the airline's restructuring process, it is expected that the international flights will commence by 2007. It will fly to Manchester and Nottingham in the initial phase whilst gradually including New York, Singapore, Copenhagen, Oslo and Bahrain to its international destinations. Specific Flights

Abu Dhabi to Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar Doha to Lahore and Peshawar Dubai to Faisalabad, Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Multan, and Peshawar Faisalabad to Dubai, Multan and Karachi Islamabad to Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Karachi Karachi to Abu

Dhabi, Dubai, Faisalabad, Islamabad, Lahore, Multan, Muscat, Sukkur, and Peshawar

Lahore to Abu Dhabi, Doha, Dubai, Karachi, and Muscat Multan to Dubai, Faisalabad and Karachi Muscat to Karachi and Lahore Peshawar to Abu Dhabi, Doha, Dubai, and Karachi

AIRBLUE

Airblue is a private Pakistani airline based at Jinnah International Airport Karachi. It was the first private carrier of Pakistan to operate the Airbus A320 when it initially started. Airblue has been expanding rapidly despite experiencing competition from the other three airline operators in Pakistan. The airline mainly flies on domestic routes plus internationally to Dubai International Airportand also has plans to fly to the UK and USA.

PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES

Pakistan International Airlines (also referred to as PIA), is the national flag carrier of Pakistan and the national airline operating passenger and cargo services around the world. Its main hubs areJinnah International Airport, Karachi, the Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore and the Islamabad International Airport, Islamabad/Rawalpindi. It also serves regional airports, including Peshawar International Airport, Peshawar, Faisalabad International Airport, Faisalabad and Multan International Airport, Multan that connect to the main hubs and have flights to the Middle East.

SHAHEEN AIR INTERNATIONAL

Shaheen Air International second national airline after PIA; Shaheen Air International (SAI) is a Pakistani private airline based in Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. It mainly operates scheduled services between the main cities of Pakistan and to the Gulf. Its main base is Jinnah International Airport (KHI), Karachi, with a hub at Islamabad International Airport (ISB), Islamabad.

CARGO AIRLINES

DHL CARGO PAKISTAN

PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL CARGO

PIA Cargo freighter operations ended in late 1990s when both 707-300C aircraft were grounded, but two A300 freighters leased from Turkey's MNG Airlines fly for PIA Cargo to London Luton Airport.

ROYAL AIRLINES CARGO

Royal Airlines is a charter and cargo airline based at Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The airline was established on 6 November 1998 and started operations in 1999. It was granted a license to operate scheduled passenger services in 2003 and expected to launch these in 2005. It has 90 employees. Royal Airlines was the first international cargo airline in Pakistan. Royal Airlines is launching its domestic passenger service on a Karachi - Gwadar route from May 17, 2006. The airline is starting the service by operating on socio-economic routes such as Gwadar, Pasni and other small cities. Royal airline would operate 19-passenger Metro III aircraft for the cities. The airline has already acquired two aircraft and both

of them are registered in Pakistan. Royal Airlines operates charter cargo flights daily to and from Karachi, Sukkur, Multan, Lahore and Islamabad.

STAR AIR

Star Air is a cargo airline based in Karachi, Pakistan. It operates to many cities in Pakistan including Lahore, Islamabad and Peshawar. Star Air Aviation is a family owned Airline. It was founded by a family having aviation experience of more than 40 years.

TCS COURIERS

TCS is a Pakistan based courier service. The company was started in 1983 and now it serves five continents and has over 2,000 locations in Pakistan. The company also has an airline for cargo purposes only which it uses at many of the airports in Pakistan.

CHARTER AIRLINES

Askari Aviation

Askari Aviation is based in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Askari Aviation was established in 1995, to maintain, operate and market aircraft / helicopter compatible to international standards. Askari Aviation also offers to co-ordinate and generates necessary financial resources or enters into joint venture satisfying specific requirements of its client. The flying and maintenance crew is based on highly qualified, experienced professionals from the Armed Forces of Pakistan. This offers highest quality of service and safety standards, ensuring commitment to professional excellence. Askari Aviation is today engaged in providing quality aviation services of helicopter for adventure, safaris, rescue, crop dusting, cargo transportation and policing. In addition to its integral fleet of helicopters and aircraft ultra lights we also enjoy the backing of Pakistan Army Aviation, having over 30 years of operational experience in the area with routine landings at and above 20,000 ft. Askari Aviation have also started flying international charter both passengers and cargo, particularly to Afghanistan.

AST Pakistan Airways

Jahangir Siddiqui Charter

Jahangir Siddiqui Charter (JS Charter) is charter operation of JS Air is based Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

JS Air (Private) Limited

Jahangir Siddiqui Air (JS Air) is a recently-launched charter aircraft company by the Jahangir Siddiqui Group that operates in diversified fields. JS Air is based Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan JS Air and Airblue’s collaborated first flight would take off on June 17. Destination: Gwadar. At a press briefing held jointly by JS Air and Airblue on Thursday, Air Commodore (retd) Munawar Alam Siddiqui, Chairman of JS Air, said the event would mark a milestone in the history of aviation in Pakistan, since it was the first-ever joint venture between any two airline operators in Pakistan. JS Air, a JS Group company is providing executive charter services to the leading businesses. Built over four decades, JS Group is one of Pakistan’s most diversified and progressive financial services groups. The group has grown from its roots in Pakistan’s financial services industry. JS Financial operates market-leading companies in asset management, investment banking, securities brokerage, commercial banking, insurance and trade finance. Also includes five vertical businesses: The group has offices throughout the major cities in Pakistan and manages its international operations from its London office. The group comprises businesses with over 10,000 employees and revenues of over US$700 million. At JS, we continually challenge ourselves to dynamically grow our businesses, both internally and through world-class partnerships, while setting ever higher standards of excellence and governance.

Royal Airlines

Royal Airlines is a charter and cargo airline based at Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The airline was established on 6 November 1998 and and started operations in 1999. It was granted a licence to operate scheduled passenger services in 2003 and expected to launch these in2005. It has 90 employees. Royal Airlines was the first international cargo airline in Pakistan. Royal Airlines is launching its domestic passenger service on a Karachi - Gwadar route from May 17,2006. The airline is starting the service by operating on socio-economic routes such

as Gwadar, Pasni and other small cities. Royal airline would operate 19-passenger Metro III aircraft for the cities. The airline has already acquired two aircraft and both of them are registered in Pakistan. Royal Airlines operates charter cargo flights daily to and from Karachi, Sukkur, Multan, Lahore and Islamabad.

Schon Air

Schön Air is located at Jinnah International Airport Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. All of Schön Air's offices and training facilities located at the airport and it is one of the largest flight training centers & charter companies in Pakistan. Schön Air has its own hangar where facilities like engine and propeller overhaul shops, paint shop and metal repair shop are available. Schön Air Limited was established in 1986 with a strong backing of Schon Group businessmens' Nasir Schon & H.E. Tahir Schon, along with their father Chairman Capt. S. H. Ather, who himself was an airline pilot of very high standards with an experience of over 20,000 flying hours. He held an FAA and CAA Airline Transport Pilots Licenses. In 1986 the Company started its aircraft service with a Cessna 402C and with round the clock hard work of its staff the number of aircraft has risen up to nine. Now Schön Air is a well-reputed Company serving its clients like Sui Southern Gas Company, Union Texas Pakistan and Pakistan Petroleum Limited. In 1990 Schön Air Flying Training Academy was also established making it the only company to excel in charters & flying training. The company was successful in expanding the aircraft fleet from two in 1990 to five to date. Schon Air is in the process of growing its flight training set-up into an 'aviation university' and getting more planes for its private charter operations.

Princely Jets

FUTURE AIRLINES

Saad Airlines

Taco Sucks Dick Airlines

Air Mashriq

Air Mashriq is based in London, United Kingdom. This airline is owned and operated

by Pakistanis and primarily provides charter services. However by early 2007, it will begin services to Pakistanfrom London to the cities of Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar and Quetta.

Deewan International Airlines

Pearl Air

Pearl Air is a private airline based at Jinnah International Airport, Sindh, Pakistan. Pearl Air is a part of Habib Alvi Group of Companies. Pearl Air has become the fourth airline operating in the private sector on domestic routes. A Boeing 737-200Adv was delivered to the airline in January 2004. However due to licensing and acquiring rights to start passenger transportation the airline never took off. On December 24, 2005 the airline was granted rights to fly in Pakistan by the CAA of Pakistan. The airline is now scheduled to start passenger operations soon.

Safe Air

Safe Airways International is a private airline based at Jinnah International Airport Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The Airline started in 1999 but was closed down due to unpaid taxes to the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). It plans to restart its operations in the near future. On January, 2006, Safe Airways International stated in a press release that it is under the process of leasing six A321-200 and four Airbus A310-300. The company is now backed by investors in UK and Pakistan plans to start services to Pakistan's biggest cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar and Islamabad by the end of 2006. The airline also plans to begin overseas flights by the start of 2007 including Oslo and Copenhagen in Europe and Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur and Manila in Southeast Asia. On February 19, 2006, the new management of Safe Air inked a deal to acquire four 737-200 aircraft worth $18 million. The aircraft will be acquired on dry lease with a purchase option after some time and will increase its fleet size to 15 aircraft by the end of 2006. The deal has been struck with Safair of South Africa which is based in Johannesburg.

DEFUNCT AIRLINES

Bhoja Air

Bhoja Air was an airline based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It operated a small domestic scheduled network and links domestic cities to destinations in the United

Arab Emirates. It has ceased operations in 2000 due to financial difficulties and succumbed to numerous debts. On 7 November 1993, Bhoja Air started operations. The airline started with services on domestic routes and inaugurating flights between Karachi, Lahore and Quetta, with a dry lease Boeing 737-200 aircraft. The aircraft was registered with Pakistani registration and was the first private airline in Pakistan to operate with a Western manufactured aircraft. Bhoja Air, a privately owned airline was owned by the Bhoja Group of Companies. Bhoja Air has its head office at Shahrah–e-Liaquat and corporate Offices at KDA society. Karachi was one of its prime locations as the airline believed it was the heart of the gateway to Southeast Asia. It also had its headquarters in Karachi. In 1996, it signed a deal with the globally acclaimed handling agent group called ‘OGDENS’ with complete Ground handling equipment at Karachi. Their equipment was capable to handle Boeing 747s. In the same year another Sister Company, Pakistan Aviators and Aviation located at Lahore International airport was purchased along with a hotel for passenger stop overs. During January 24, 1998, was another festive day for the company when it commenced its first International flight from Karachi to Dubai. Later, Bhoja Air operated flights to the U.A.E from all major cities of Pakistan including having a solid domestic network. However due to competition with the other private airlines and the national flag carrier (PIA), Bhoja Air was not able to keep up with finances and filed for bankruptcy in 2001.

Hajvairy Airlines

Hajvairy Airlines was based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Hajvairy Airlines started its operations in 1991. It operated leased Russian Ilyushin Il-86 jetliners. The airline suspended its operations in1993 due to bankruptcy. There are reports that might restart its operations.

Orient Airways (merged to form PIA)

Orient Airways Ltd., registered in Calcutta city of British India on 23rd October 1946. With Mirza Ahmad Ispahani the Chairman and Air Vice Marshal O.K. Carter as the General Manager of the new air carrier, an operating license was obtained in May 1947 with Calcutta as the base. Four Douglas DC-3s had been purchased from Tempo of Texas in February 1947 and operations first started on 4 June 1947. The

designated route was Calcutta-Akyab-Rangoon, which also happened to be the first post-war international operation to be flown by an airline registered in India. Within two months of Orient Airways' operational beginnings, Pakistan was born. The birth of a new nation generated one of the largest transfers of population in the history of Mankind. Orient Airways, along with the help of some BOAC aircraft which had been chartered by the Government of Pakistan, started relief operations and transportation of the population between Delhiand Karachi, the two capitals. Later, Orient Airways transferred its base to Pakistan and established the vital, link between Karachi and Dacca, the two capitals of the two wings of Pakistan. With a skeleton fleet of just two DC-3s, three crew and twelve mechanics, Orient Airways launched its scheduled operations in a fairy-tale fashion. The initial routes wereKarachi-Lahore-Peshawar, Karachi-Quetta-Lahore and Karachi-Delhi- Calcutta-Dacca. By the end of 1949, Orient Airways had acquired 10 DC-3s and 3 Convair 240s which it operated on these routes. In 1950, it had become increasingly apparent that additional capacity would have to be inducted in order to cater to the growing needs of the sub-continent. Orient Airways was a privately owned company, with limited capital and resources. It could not be expected to grow and expand on its own. It was then that the Government of Pakistandecided to form a state-owned airline and invited Orient Airways to merge with it. The outcome of the merger was the birth of a new airline, named Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) on 11 March, 1955.

Pak-Air

Raji Airlines

Super Airways




Political families of Pakistan

The Jinnah Family

Mohammad Ali Jinnah (Governor-General of Pakistan, 1947-1948) Fatima Jinnah (sister of Mohammad Ali Jinnah; presidential candidate)

The Bhutto Family

Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto,Feudal Lord Larkana, Sindh Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (President (1970-1973); Prime Minister (1973-1977) (son

of Sir Shahnawaz) Sardar Mumtaz Bhutto (chief of Bhutto tribe, former chief minister and

Governor of Sindh, Federal Minister of Pakistan) (cousin of Zulfikar) Nusrat Bhutto (former minister without portfolio) (wife of Zulfikar) Benazir Bhutto (Prime Minister, 1988-1990 and 1993-1996); daughter of

Zulfikar Ali Asif Ali Zardari (husband of Benazir, former Minister) Murtaza Bhutto(son of Zulfikar) Ghinwa Bhutto (widow of Murtaza) Fatima Bhutto (daughter of Murtaza) Sanam Bhutto (daughter of Zulfikar)

The Sharif Family

Nawaz Sharif (Prime Minister of Pakistan, 1990-1993 and 1997-1999) Shahbaz Sharif (brother of Nawaz Sharif; Chief Minister of Punjab, 1997-

1999)

The Zia-ul-Haq Family

Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (President of Pakistan, 1978-1988) Mohammad Ejaz-ul-Haq (son of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq; cabinet minister)

Badshah Khan's Family

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (Member of Pakistan's Constituent Assembly, NWFP Assembly, Freedom fighter)

Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan (Chief Minister of NWFP, Chief Minister of West Pakistan, Central Communication minister)

Khan Abdul Wali Khan (Twice Leader of the Opposition in National Assembly, democracy activist)

Nasim Wali Khan (First woman MNA elected to National Assembly, Leader of the House Provincial Assembly)

Asfandyar Wali Khan (elected, MPA, MNA, President of the Awami National Party and Senator)


List of Research Institutes in Pakistan The following is partial list Research Institutes in Pakistan. Agriculture Research Institute, Quetta Agricultural Census Organization Agriculture Training Institute Applied Economic Research Center, Hyderabad Applied Economics Research Centre, Karachi Asian Management Institute Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan Central Cotton Research Institute, Nawabshah Centre Of Excellence In Analytical Chemistry, Jamschoro Centre of Excellence In Geology, Peshawar Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies Civil Aviation Training Institute Commecs Institute of Faculty Training Computer Training Centre Directorate of Research and Training Directorate of Manpower and Training, Sindh Directorate Of Veterinary Research Institute Directorate Of Staff Development, Punjab Environmental Protection Agency, Punjab Farm Guide Agricultural Consultancy Services Geological Survey Of Pakistan H. E. J. Research Institute Of Chemistry Hydrocarbon Development Institute Of Pakistan In-service Agricultural Training Institute Rahim Yar Khan Industrial Relations Institute Lahore Inspectorate of Mines, Government of Punjab Lahore Institute of Education and Research, Karachi Institute of Meteorology & Geophysics Institute of Marine Engineers Pakistan (IMarE) Institute of Policy Studies (IPS) Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad (ISSI) Institute Of Cost And Management Accountants Of Pakistan Integrated Health Services, Islamabad (IHS Pakistan) International Institute of Islamic Studies and Research IISAR Karachi

Local Govt. and Rural Development Training Institute, Lalamusa Margala Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad Marine Fisheries Department NDFC- Pakistan Development Banking Institute National Centre Of Excellence In Analytical Chemistry, Jamschoro National Centre of Excellence In Geoloy, Peshawar National Centre Of Excellence In Physical Chemistry, Peshawar National Fertilizer Development Centre (NFDC) National Fertilizer Corporation (Nfc) Technical Training Centre National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering,Faisalabad. National Institute of Electronics National Institute of Historical and Culural Research National Institute Of Labour Administration Training National Institute Of Malaria Research And Training National Transport Research Centre PARC-IIBC Station, International Institute Of Biological Control Pakistan Administrative Staff College, Lahore Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad Pakistan Forest Research Institute, Peshawar Pakistan Industrial Technical Assistance Centre (PITAC) Pakistan Institute for Air Defence Studies Pakistan Institute Of Cotton Research And Technology Pakistan Design Institute of Historical Perspective Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Research (PILER) Pakistan Institute of Management Karachi Pakistan Institute of National Development (PIND) Pakistan Marine Academy Pakistan Manpower Institute Pakistan Space And Upper Atmosphere Research Commission Pakistan Scientific & Technological Information Centre Perac Research & Development Foundation. Petroman PIA, Training Centre, Karachi Airport, Pakistan Sindh Bureau of Statistics Sindh Development Studies Centre Sindh Regional Plan Organization Soil Survey of Pakistan Technical Training Centre, Peshawar Textiles Industry Research & Development Centre The Family Planning Association of Pakistan The Institute Of Bankers In Pakistan Training and Management Development Dept. of the Agricultural Development Bank Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore

Water Management Training Institute, Punjab

Museums Of Pakistan

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF PAKISTAN, KARACHI

The National Museum of Pakistan at Karachi, Pakistan. It was established in Frere Hall Building on April 17, 1950 replacing the defunct Victoria Museum. The historic building of Frere Hall itself was built in 1865 as tribute to Sir Bartle Frere, Commissioner of Sind in the last century. The basic objective of establishing National Museum was to collect, preserve, study, and exhibit the records of the cultural history of Pakistan and to promote a learned insight into the personality of its people. Once the Museum was inaugurated then the Government of Pakistan deemed it wise to constitute an Advisory Council in 1950 with a primary duty to counsel the Museum on the issues of enriching its collection through new acquisitions and purchase of antiquities and works of Arts. The Museum was shifted to the present premises (located in Burns Garden, Dr. Zia-ud-din Road) in 1970. At that time there were only four galleries in the Museum. However, at present there are a total of 11 Galleries in the Museum including an exquisite “Quran Gallery”. As a matter of fact National Museum has more than 300 copies of the Holy Quran, out of which around 52 rare manuscripts are on display in “Quran Gallery”. The Museum also contains an important collection of items relating to Pakistan's Cultural heritage. Some other galleries display Indus Civilizationartifacts, Gandhara Civilization Sculptures, Islamic Art, Miniature Paintings, Ancient Coins and Manuscripts documenting Pakistan's Political History. There is also an interesting Ethnological Gallery with life size statues of different ethnicities living in the four provinces of Pakistan. The Museum has a collection of 58,000 old coins (some dating from 74 Al-Hijra), and hundreds of well preserved sculptures. Some 70,000 publications, books and other

reading material of the Archeology and Museums Department were also shifted to the National Museum so that general public could see them. Every year National Museum holds around a dozen exhibitions on National Days and other occasions. The Museum premise also has an auditorium with 250 seating capacity.

PAF Museum, Karachi PAF Museum, Karachi is an Air Force museum and park situated between PAF Base Faisal and Awami Markaz on main Shahra-e-Faisal at Karachi, Pakistan. The museum is open throughout the year for seven days a week. Pakistan Air Force Museum is known for its well-organized displays, rides and greenery. The main museum is located inside the park and features all major fighter aircraft that have been used by the Pakistan Air Force are on display. The museum houses the aircraft used by Quaid-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan. Many aircraft are also on display outside in the park and some in the hangar as well, along with photo and weapon galleries. There is also a souvenir shop where miniature jet models, key chains, shirts and other Air Force related merchandise is available. A mosque and restaurant also cater the park.

Pakistan Maritime Museum, Karachi Pakistan Maritime Museum is a naval museum and park located in naval estate on Habib Ebrahim Rehmatallah Road, Karachi, Pakistan. The main museum building is located inside the park. It comprises of six galleries and an auditorium. The museum is based on modern concepts of presentation and interactive education. Different artifacts of maritime and naval heritage have been incorporated through attractive dioramas, relief sculpture, murals and miniature paintings, touch screen computers, taxidermy and ancient weapons. A computer based maritime information retrieval system has also been incorporated to facilitate the visitors and students for easy access. Pakistan Maritime Museum is known for its well-organized displays, rides and greenery. The museum is open throughout the year for seven days a week. There is also a souvenir shop.

MULTAN MUSEUM The Multan Museum located in Multan, Pakistan contains a fine collection of coins, medals, postage stamps of the former State of Bahawalpur, manuscripts, documented inscriptions, wood carvings, camel-skin paintings, historical models and stone carvings

of the Islamic and Pre-Islamic periods.

WAZIR MANSION Wazir Mansion is a building, located in Kharadar neighborhood of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Wazir Mansion is the birthplace of Quaid-e-Azam, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. It now serves as a museum and national archive. The house has been declared a protected national monument by the Government of Pakistan.

LOK VIRSA MUSEUM Lok Virsa Museum is situated in Islamabad Pakistan. It displays the cultural heritage of Pakistani people. The living style of the different areas of Pakistan is exhibited here in statues, pictures, pottery, music and textile work.

LAHORE MUSEUM Lahore Museum was established in 1894 in Lahore, Pakistan, and is one of the major museums of South Asia. Lahore Museum is also known as Central Museum, and is located on The Mall.Rudyard Kipling's father John Lockwood Kipling, was one of the famous curators of the museum and the novel Kim was set in the vicinity of the Lahore Museum. It is located opposite the old University Hall, a Mughal style building on the Shahrah-e-Quaid-e-Azam. The Museum contains some fine specimens of Mughal and Sikh door-ways and wood-work and contains a large collection of paintings dating back to Mughal, Sikh and British era. It has also a collection of musical instruments, ancient jewellery, textiles, pottery and armory. There are relics from the Graeco-Bactrian times as well as well as some Tibetan and Nepalesework. The museum has a number of objects of Greco-Buddhist sculptures, Mughal and Pahari paintings on display. The Fasting Buddha is one of the unique collections of the museum.

PESHAWAR MUSEUM Peshawar Museum situated in the historical city of Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Introduction Situated between Deans Hotel and the Old city, about five minutes walk from Jail Bridge and the Railway station. The museum currently has 14,101 items in the museum which range fromGandhara sculptures, coins, manuscripts and copies of the Holy Quran, inscriptions, weapons, dresses, jewellery, Kalash effigies, paintings of

the Mughal era and later periods, household objects and local and Persian handicrafts. Historical Background The main hall of the museum was built in 1906-07 in memory of Queen Victoria at a cost of Rs 60,000; Rs 45,000 was donated by the public and the rest by the Indian Director General of Archaeology. The Museum was originally called Victoria Memorial Hall. Layout The two-story building, an amalgamation of British and Mughal architectural styles, originally consisted of a main hall and two side aisles on the ground and first floor. The side aisles were surmounted by four elegant cupolas and small pinnacles on all corners. Another two halls were added in the eastern and western side of the building in 1969-70. Four years later, a second floor was added to the side halls. In 2004-2005 construction was completed of an Islamic Block with two galleries, a conservation laboratory, two halls for the reserve collection, offices for the provincial directorate of archaeology and a cafeteria. As well as a remodeling of the existing building by replacing the show cases, lighting, labeling and displays in all the galleries of the main building, as well as the revamping of the floor and ceiling. Gandhara art Peshawar Museum has the largest collection of Gandhara Greco-Buddhist art in the world. In total, there are 4247 Gandahara pieces including Buddhist stone sculptures and panels, stucco sculptures, terracotta figurines, relic caskets and toiletry objects. The subject matter of Gandhara Art in the main hall includes Buddha’s life stories, miracles, worship of symbols, relic caskets and individual standing Buddha sculptures. Islamic art The gallery exhibits wooden facades of mosques, Arabic and Persian inscriptions, Multani tiles and ceramics, and the dresses and weapons of Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barailvi. Some of the best works are the Islamic metal artefacts in bronze and silver and calligraphic specimens as well as scrolls from as far back as 1224 AD. Ethnological section This section exhibits the culture and life of the major tribes of the NWFP and the Kalasha of Chitral. It presently exhibits 348 items including twelve commemorative effigies of world famous Kalasha figures. Swords, daggers, spears, bows, arrows, shields, muzzle loaded guns, revolvers, pistols and gunpowder boxes are also exhibited.


First Bt Cotton Grown in Pakistan Cotton is an important cash crop for Pakistan known as “white gold”. It accounts for 8.2 percent of the value added in agriculture and about 3.2 percent to GDP; around two thirds of the country’s export earnings are from the cotton made-up and textiles which adds over $2.5 billion to the national economy; while hundreds of ginning factories and textile mills in the country heavily depends upon cotton. Life of millions of farmers is dependent on this crop, in addition to millions of people employed along the entire cotton value chain, from weaving to textile and garment exports The area under the cultivation of cotton crops has been increased significantly in the last 30 years - around 7.85 million acres in 2005-06 as compared to 7.2 million acres in 2002-03. Beside being the world’s fourth-largest cotton producer and the third largest exporter of raw cotton and a leading exporter of yarn in the world our yield per acres ranks 13th in the world; as a result Pakistan annually imports around 1.5-2.00 million bales of cotton to meet growing demand from local textile mills; therefore it has become vital for Pakistan to increase its yield per acre. Agriculture biotechnology is helping today to provide people with more and better crops, food and holds even greater promise for the future. Green revolution farming methods are coming to an end with declining yields due to environmental and soil degradation, loss of seedling varieties and high input costs. So, many farmers around the world are turning to genetic engineered varieties (GE) to confront with new challenges. Many Asian countries including China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan and Vietnam are giving high priority to plant biotechnology research in the hope of addressing the pressing challenges related to improving productivity, farmers livelihoods, driving rural development, and meeting food security demands. Many of these countries focus their biotechnology research on food crops and non food crops and crops of high commercial value in the hope of meeting increasing food requirements and reducing use of pesticides and poverty alleviation in rural area. Farmers, who cultivated these Bt cotton varieties at heart of cotton growing regions in Punjab - Bahawalpur, Multan, Muzaffer Garh and Karor Pakka; observed and evaluated independently its resistance and susceptibility to different pests including factors like abiotic stress and yield than compared it with non Bt cotton varieties grown in the same locations. A large number of farmers have visited these fields, and become aware of the benefits of the locally developed Bt cotton.

Today, all major cotton producing countries are benefiting from the cultivation of Bt Cotton. In the last season 54 percent of cotton crops grown in USA, 76 percent in China and 80 percent in Australia were with “single” or “double” Bt gene technology. India, the world’s third-largest cotton-grower has cultivated 1.36 million acres of Bt cotton crops. It is expected that within two years more than half the world’s cotton may be grown from genetically modified crops. Pakistan also realizes the significance of Bt Cotton, and the top political leadership including the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz himself has said to a delegation of farmers that government would allow farmers to grow Bt cotton soon, which confirms government’s policy of being open to genetically modified crops in the near future. Other ministers have also spoken in favor of adopting the Bt Cotton. In May 2005 PAEC provided 40,000.00 Kg basic seed of Bt cotton (insect resistant) varieties “IR-FH-901”, “IR-NIBGE-2”, “IR-CIM-448” and “IR-CIM-443”; which have been grown over 8,000 acres of land in season 2005-06. Its encouraging outcomes have surprised every one from seed companies to the farmers who cultivated these varieties. These early users of Bt cotton have been tightly screened and evaluated by PAEC on the bases of their capacity to follow Bio-safety rules.

Gates OF Walled City of Lahore

The Walled City of Lahore, also known as the "Old City", or "Anderoon Shehr", is the section of Lahore that was fortified by a city wall during the Mughal era. Much of the wall remains intact today and is a popular tourist spot in Lahore.

ORIGINS OF WALLED CITY OF LAHORE Our search for the origins of the original Lahore has immense twists and turns. It's time period can be anything starting 2,000 BC onwards... at least carbon dating evidence of archaeological findings in the Lahore Fort do suggest this time period. We learn from various sources that Lahore had many names, all of which changed over time. But the one name that does warrant research is 'kacha kot'. One of the two most probably sites of the 'original' Lahore is Mohallah Maulian. Let us explore this area in this brief piece. If we focus on Sootar Mandi - the yarn market - inside Lohari Gate, we can get a feel of what we are looking for. Sootar Mandi was once called Mohallah Chaileywala Hammam, and is located in what was once called Machli Hatta Gulzar, which is just off Chowk Chalka, Lahore's original red-light area.

As late as 1864, according to one source quoting Mufti Tajuddin, son of the well-known Mufti Imamuddin, the Lohari Mandi area was known among the old folk of the Walled City as 'kacha kot' - the mud fort. Why was this area called a 'mud fort' when we know that the original walls of the Lahore Fort, before Akbar the Great's days, were also made of mud? This is the question that must be explored. To determine this it is important that one visits the old Walled City, observe the gradient of the land, the water (nullah's act as excellent guides of gradient and direction) flow and observe how 'mohallahs' and 'kuchas' and 'kattrahs' are structured. Standing at Chowk Sootar Mandi, if you observe the curve of Gali Pir Bola as it merges with Waachowali Bazaar, and then also the Lohari Bazaar where it merges with Chowk Lohari Mandi, and, lastly, where Chowk Mati where it merges with Papar Mandi, you can well imagine. If you close your eyes and transport yourself 3,500 years back, a small mud fort with a small dwelling. The setting is perfect. Once you open your eyes, it is time to observe, or look for, some evidence of a mud fort. If you walk along Lohari Bazaar, just a short distance from Chowk Chakla (Imagine, this beautiful name has been changed to a pious Chowk Bokhari!) to the right you will see the street open a little, for on the right is a half-buried archway of 'pucca' bricks and mud. Could this be from the era when Lahore was a mud fort? The evidence certainly does suggest that this could be an archway, or gateway, of the small original 'kacha kot' way back in time, a place that was to grow one day to become Lahore. It is also possible, for we must not exclude any possibility, that this was the famous mud fort that was built by Malik Ayaz, the very first Muslim governor of Lahore. This is very probably because it is recorded history that Lohari Gate was the main entrance to Ayaz's mud fort. So no matter how you analyze recorded evidence, one thing is for sure, and that is that Chowk Sootar Mandi was one important centre of Kacha Kot. The lay of the streets also suggest the boundaries. In an earlier piece we had followed a similar theory, and come up with the proposition that during the times of Mughal Emperor Akbar, the original wall of the Walled City of Lahore was, on the western side, to the right of Bazaar Hakeeman in Bhati Gate, and on the eastern side to the left of Shahalam Gate, which then curved eastwards and formed a 'kidney shaped' city that depended on the flow of the curving River Ravi. Thus the Lahore of the 'kacha kot' era has continued to expand in three major leaps of expansion, each with an almost 400-year gap. The eras of Raja Jaipal of Akbar and of Maharajah Ranjit Singh mark the high points of this expansion. But the expanding bubble definitely has its origins in three factors, they being (a) the way the Ravi has flown and how and when it has been changing its course, (b) the existence of the Lahore Fort and how power has flowed from the rulers, and (c) the manner in which the population and economy of the old original Walled City has changed over time, grown, or even shrunk, depending of invasions, droughts and

famines in the countryside. The story of 'kacha kot' has been determined by these factors. When walking through these streets, it is not hard to make out that the oldest buildings in the entire Walled City exist in this area. As one passes the old exquisite mosque known even now as Masjid Kohana Hammam Chaileywala, one is reminded that the area was named similarly once. There must have been a huge 'hammam' here once. The tomb of Pir Bola exists after which is named the 'gali'. It is sad that we tend to change the names of streets and areas, and even cities, at the drop of a hat as if to stamp some sort of moral authority on time. All rulers love to block out history. It would be best to let history rest and emerge as times dictate. It would not be a bad idea to declare the entire Walled City as a protected area. Let us keep for the future the little that is left of 'kacha kot' - the mud fort that ultimately became the Walled City of Lahore.

THE AKBARI GATE The "Akbari Gate" is named after the great Mughal emperor Akbar who rebuilt the town and citadel. Close to this gate the Emperor also founded a market, which is named after him "Akbari Mandi" (Akbari Market). It is the biggest retail market of Lahore, in which food grains of all kinds are available.

THE BHATI GATE It is named after the Bhattis, an ancient Rajput tribe, which invaded the quarters in old times. The "Bhati Gate" entrance is located on the western wall of the old city. It is one of the two oldest entry points into the Walled City which controlled the only major north-south thoroughfare during Ghaznavid period. When the Emperor Akbar expanded the city eastward and divided it into nine districts or Guzars, Bhati Gate and its bazar marked the boundary between Guzar Mubarak Khan (east) and Guzar Talwarra (west). The area inside the gate is well known throughout the city for its food. Just outside of "Bhati Gate" is the Data Durbar, the mausoleum of the Sufi saint Ali Hajweri (also known as Data Sahib Ganjbaksh). Every Thursday evening musicians gather here to perform Qawwali music. The most popular market here is the Hakiman wali bazar as the name suggests there are a number of Hakim shops here. A museum is also located near Bhatti gate, where there are a number of ancient remains of different old times. Old house of famous poet and philosopher (Allama Mohammad Iqbal ) is also located in Bhatti gate. He used to live here when he was doing his graduation. An old school named Victorian school is also located here; it is given the name Victoria after the name of Queen Victoria. People of Bhatti gate are lively and they love to eat heavy and good food mainly Sri pai, halva puri and lasi. The favorite sport among the people here is wrestling. Famous wrestler Kala Maro also belongs to Bhatti gate.

THE DELHI GATE Delhi Gate was built during the Mughal period and is one of thirteen gates of the Inner City. The Delhi gate is named as Delhi gate because of its opening on the high road from Delhi to Lahore.The gate suffered many incidents during the riots during independence. However, the gate has been renovated and today is in its former glory. The area near the gate is a historical place, in which a number of old buildings, havelis and markets are located. The Wazir Khan Mosque can be accessed from this gate. A big cloth market is located around Delhi gate. It is a big retail market of clothes. A variety of other shops are also located near the Delhi gate, known as "Chota bazar".

THE KASHMIRI GATE The "Kashmiri Gate" faces the direction of Kashmir. Inside there is a shopping area called "Kashmiri Bazaar". A big retail market of children shoes is located in this gate. There is a big beautiful girl's college is also located here. This college is built in an old haveli of a shah which is a beautiful example of Mughal architecture.

THE LOHARI GATE The "Lohari Gate" is very close to "Bhati Gate" and it was built, like many other gates, to keep the enemies out. When Malik Ayaz rebuilt the city during the time of Mahmud, the quarter of the city first populated was about this gate, which together with Lahori mandi was named after the city. Lahori and the bazaar behind it comprise the oldest arterial route in the Walled City built by Akbar the great. Qutbuddin Aibak, the first muslim ruler of the Subcontinent is buried just outside this gate. Caravans & travelers coming from Multan used to enter the city from this gate. Behind Lohari Gate also, once stood a brick fort called Kacha Kot probably the first fortified city of Lahore founded by Malik Ayyaz. Among the few city gates, which British Government cared to reconstruct, only Lohari Gate retained its original form. During Mughal period, the two famous divisions of the Walled City, namely Guzar Bahar Khan and Guzar Machhi Hatta, were served by this Gate. During the anarchic rule of the 18th century, all the city gates, except Lohari Gate & two others were walled up. Now, it is surrounded by shops and has significance of great architecture. In Urdu "loha" means "iron" and the gate is named Lohari because many lohars (blacksmiths) had their workshops just outside this gate. A beautiful mosque named as Muslim Masjid is also located near this gate. Biggest optical market of Lahore is also located here. Many flower shops are situated here, in which flowers of every kind and specie are available. The people here are co-operative and lively. They love to eat heavy food

THE MASTI GATE Masti Gate is located within Walled City of Lahore in Lahore. The "Masti" name comes from the word "masjidi", relating to a mosque. The mosque of Mariam Makhani, the

mother of Akbar, is in its immediate vicinity. It is located on the east side of the fort. The area of the city named after it is known for its many wholesale shoe sellers. Wholesale shoe sellers, or both traditional and Western style shoes dominate this area. Further down the street is located one of the city's oldest mosques, the Mosque of Mariyam Zamani Begum, named after the mother of Jahangir,Mariyam Zamani. The people here love to eat heavy food and there are many shops of foodstuffs located here. Milk shops of this area are very famous and the milk available here is full of taste as they add many things to it, which make its taste a lot better then the original milk.

THE MOCHI GATE The "Mochi Gate" is a historical gate build during the Mughal period. It is located at the entrance of Mochi Bagh. There is also a bazaar around the Mochi gate. According to a legend it is named so after the name of Pandit Moti Ram, an officer of Akbar, a guard of the gate during the Mughal era, who guarded and looked after the gate all his life andwho resided here at that time. Later on, the name was distorted and became Mochi. Now the bazaar around the Mochi gate is renowned for its dry fruits, kites and fireworks. Mochi gate is also the entrance to the Mochi Bagh (Mochi garden). All renowned leaders of Pakistan and pre-independent era have delivered speeches here. The most popular place of Mochi gate is the Lal Haveli. Mochi gate is known to be the "Heart of the Lahore city". It is the biggest political place of Lahore and many political processions have taken place here. The people of this area love to fly kites. Among the foods available here "Kabab's“ of this area are a real specialty.

THE MORI GATE The "Mori Gate" is the smallest of the gates of the walled city. It was an outlet for the refused, waste and disposal material and sweepings of the city. It is known for its big fish market and surgical goods, that is the biggest surgical market of Lahore. Another specialty of this gate is furniture polish commonly known as "Lakh". It is the best polish for wooden furniture and the one produced here is known for its quality. People of this gate love to fly kites, and a big kite market is also located here. During the Basant season there is a tough competition among the shopkeepers about the quality and sale of kites.

THE ROSHNAI GATE The Roshnai Gate is located in North within Walled City of Lahore in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The "Roshnai Gate", also known as the "Gate of Lights", is located between the Lahore Fort and theBadshahi Mosque. As the gate was one of the main entrances into the city, Umarahs, courtiers, royal servants and retinues constantly visited it. In the evenings, the gate was lit up, hence its name. The

gate was also referred to as the "Gate of Splendour". It is the only gate which is in good condition and retains its original looks. The gate has extraordinary height and width because it was designed for the passage of the Emperor's caravan of elephants. There is a very famous gali / street commonly known as the shahi mahala. The name shahi has been given after the Shahi Qila. People living here are simple. There are various food shops located around the gate. Now-a-days people are making good use of gate as they have established a public call office under the gate.

THE SHAHALMI GATE The "Shahalmi Gate" is named after the one of the sons of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Shah Alam I. However, before his death, the gate was called the "Bherwala Gate". During independence, the gate was burnt and only the names exist today. Today one of the biggest commercial markets, named "Shah Alam Market", exists near the gate. This is the biggest electronic market in Lahore. This is the known to be the biggest retail market of electronic goods. Rang Mehal is situated in this gate and in Rang Mehal "Sua bazar" is located which is well known for its jewelry shops. The Sonheri Masjid is also located in this area, the name soneri has been given to the Mosque as the tombs of this beautiful mosque are Golden (sonehri) in color. Lal Masjid is also located in this area. The ‘Kulfis’ of this area are really delicious in taste and are very famous among the Lahoris. 'Pokoras' of this area are well known for their taste and quality.

THE SHERANWALA GATE The Khizri Gate or Sheranwala Gate, located within Walled City of Lahore, is one of the four gates which once opened on the riverfront north of the Walled City. The river in former times followed by the city walls and the ferry was near this part. It was named after Khawaja Khizr, the patron saint of running waters and rivers. The Gate & its neighbourhood were so named because there was a ferry on the River Ravi in front of it. This gate was made by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. It is also known as Sheranwala Darwaza or "gate of the lions" because Ranjit Singh is said to have kept two lions in cages in front of this gate as a symbolic gesture to warn any invader. The Italian traveler Niccola Mannuchi, who visited Lahore in 1667, has named it as Qadri Gate but gives no reason for this.

THE TAXALI GATE The "Taxali Gate", also known as the Taxal, or Royal mint, was built in its neighborhood during the period of the Mughals. There is a very famous shoe market located here known as Sheikupurian Bazar. There are a variety of foodstuffs available in and around this gate. In which most famous are Sri Pai of Fazal Dincommonly known as " Phaja". Among sweet stores Taj

Mehal and Shahbudin Halwi are famous.

THE YAKKI GATE The "Yakki Gate" was named after the martyr saint called "Zakki". The original name "Zaki," was a martyr that fell fighting against the Mughal invaders "Tataraies“ from the north, while defending his city. Zaki Pir fought them with great courage and bravery. During the fight his head was cut off from his body at the gate but his body kept on fighting for some time, and at last fell in the quarter of the city closed by. One tomb of this great saint is build where his head fell and the other tomb is where his body fell. There is school for blinds situated near Yakki Gate. There are a number of havelis located in and around the gate. A number of temples are also located in and around Yakki Gate.


BEACHEs

BOAT BASIN

Boat Basin is located in Karachi. Boat Basin has the trendiest restaurants and considered one of the main Food Street in Karachi. The Boat Basin is a section of Clifton beach.

CLIFTON BEACH Clifton Beach, on the Arabian Sea, is a beach in Clifton, Karachi. Clifton Beach is the most popular beach in Karachi is always a buzzing with various activities to keep the visitors to the beach busy. The beach has attractions for families and tourists, including beachside horse and camel rides, amusement parks, restaurants, and swimming in the Arabian Sea. Old and the young alike can have fun at this lovely beach.

HAWKE’S BAY BEACH Hawke's Bay or Hawkesbay is a beach in Pakistan situated a couple of kilometers away from Sandspit Beach near Karachi. Hawks Bay, a must see beach in Pakistan is a wonderfully sunny and sandy beach. The water is clean and if you need a tan, it is the beach to go to. The huts allow total privacy and the view is magnificent. It is a non

rocky area portion of the coast and it is the breeding ground for green turtles. Visitors here enjoy swimming and camel riding.Hawkesbay is one of the beaches in the world, where green marine turtles comes to lay eggs. It is one of the rare reptile species found at Hawkesbay.

MANORA Manora or Manoro is a small island (2.5 km²) located just south of the Port of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The island is connected to the mainland by a 12 kilometre long causeway called the Sandspit. Manora and neighbouring islands form a protective barrier between Karachi harbour to the north and the Arabian Sea to the south. The western bay of the harbour contains endangered mangrove forests which border the Sandspit and Manora island. To the east is Karachi Bay and the beach towns of Kiamari and Clifton. The island is located at 24°48′00″N, 66°58′00″E (24.800000, 66.970000). Manora is also a popular picnic spot because of the long sandy beaches along the southern edge of the island, which merge into the beaches of the Sandspit and then extend several kilometers to the beaches at Hawkesbay. At the southeastern end of Manora island is the tallest lighthouse (28 m or 91 feet high) in Pakistan. The island lies approximately 15-20 minutes by boat ride from mainland Karachi but there are no good hotels available for an overnight stay. For this and other reasons, the Government of Pakistan has been considering developing the island into a tourist destination. The island has been envisioned as an exotic location with natural landscapes such as the beaches and the mangrove forests, and secluded beauty with an upgrade for the lighthouse to add to the quaint feel of the island.

PARADISE POINT Paradise Point, on the Arabian Sea, is a beach in Karachi. Paradise Point is a sandstone rock promontory with a natural arch. The beach has attractions for families and tourists, including beachside horse and camel rides, amusement parks, restaurants, and swimming in the Arabian Sea.

SANDSPIT BEACH Sandspit Beach is situated north west of Karachi. It is a very famous tourist spot. The sea at Sandspit is very calm and quiet from October to March and very rough during the monsoon. Remarkable variety of marine life-algae, and crabs are found here. The shallow water here is ideal for swimming and sunbathing. It has an unusual rocky formation. Sandspit beach is quite a popular hangout and relaxation spot in Karachi. Facilities at the Sandspit Beach include boating and camel riding. The Sandspit Beach is also a nesting ground for Green and Olive Ridley Turtles, implemented by the Sindh Wildlife Department over the past two decades. In recent years the WWE-Pakistan has also become actively involved in turtle conservation activities by establishing a Wetland Centre at the Sandspit beach.

SEAVIEW, CLIFTON BEACH

Seaview is a beach in Karachi. The Seaview beach is a section of Clifton beach located in Clifton. It is one of the most popular entertainment sites in Karachi. The beach needs serious attention and consideration of city government. As water becomes populated many times, events like sinking of oil tank of a ship are toxicating the water. Lighting arrangements are only good thing of beach. Beach also has a number of restaurants. Clifton Beach, or Sea View is the only cheapest and easily accessible picnic point of Karachi. World's second largest Fountain is also built there. A little bit of more attention of government can make this beach as beautiful as the beaches of other developed countries.

THE FRENCH BEACH The French Beach, located half way between Hawks Bay and Paradise Point, is in fact a small fishing village known to the locals as Haji Abdullah Goth. Surrounded by a boundary wall, it has some 20 huts constructed by villagers for hire. There are no facilities of running water or electricity. But the visitors to this beach can just carry with them whatever is required for them as none could miss out this beach. French Beach is a fabulously beautiful beach where the water is clean and the air is crisp. There are gorgeous rocks embedded in the ocean. The waves splashing against them are quite a lovely sight.


Valleys of Pakistan

ALLAI VALLEY

Allai is a valley in District Batagram, NWFP, Pakistan. Allai valley is bounded by Kohistan on the north and east, by the Kaghan valley, Nandhiar and Deshi of Deshiwals on the south, and by theIndus on the west. The October 8th 2005 earthquake badly affected this valley as well. The valley of Allai is divided from Kohistan on the north by a range of mountains rising to over 15,000 feet, and from Nandhiar and Deshi by another range running from the Afghanistan border to the Indus above Thakot. The average breadth of the Allai Valley is about 15 miles, and the total area 200 square miles. Wheat, barley, corn and rice are grown, and the mountain slopes at the eastern end covered with forest. Cis-Indus Swatis are the dominating tribes of the Allai range. Khan culture is dominant in Allai valley.

BANDALA

Bandala is a valley in Jammu & Kashmir located about 26 kilometres from Bhimber. The valley is stretched from river Tawi in the east to the Samahni valley in the west. The Reech Pahari (bear mountain) runs parallel on the northern side and the Baghsar Mountain on the southern side. The valley is about 10 kilometers long and about 1.5 kilometers wide. It joins the valley of Samahni at Sara-e-Saadabad and Chitti Mitti. Many streams flow through the valley producing cascades, rapids, falls and natural swimming pools. These pools are very popular among the local youths not only for the swimming but also for fishing. The fertile land and mild climate can produce a variety of crops or trees but the valley contains many mango trees. Farming is still the major source of staple food for the area with two crops grown annually i.e. wheat and Corn. The high literacy rate has improved the overall living standards of the people. With most of the people working for the government or going overseas especially to the Middle East and Europe, dependence on farming for income has greatly reduced but people still cultivate the land for the food. Many birds and animals are found in the valley including Peacocks, Partridges, Quail, Birds of Paradise, Falcons and Eagles etc. The enclosing Reech Pahari serves as the sanctuary for many animal species like Tiger, Hyena, Wolf, Jackal, Foxes, Python, Monkey, Deer, Stag and Impala etc. The valley is home to many hamlets, of which Bandi, Piana, Parati, Ghawalian are more famous.

CHITRAL Chitral, or Chatrāl, 35°52′52″N, 71°47′53″E, is the name of a town, valley, river, district, and former princely state in the former Malakand Division of the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan. Chitral Town, capital of the Chitral District, is situated on the west bank of the Chitral (or Kunar) River. The town is at the foot of Tirich Mir, the highest peak of the Hindu Kush, 7,708 m or 25,289 ft high. It has a population of about 20,000, while the District (of 14,833 km² or 5,727 sq mi), has a population of about 300,000. The altitude of the valley is about 1,100 m or 3,700 ft.

Geography The easiest access to Chitral is in the southwest along the Chitral/Kunar valley towards Jalalabad. This route is open all year and provides direct access to Kabul. However the Pakistan-Afghanistan border prevents this being used as an internal route to Peshawar and the south. The other routes are over mountain passes. To the south, the Lowari Pass (3,200 m or 10,499 ft) leads 365 km (227 mi) to the region of Peshawar; this is now a road road. In the north, the easiest route during summer (it is closed by snow in the winter), and the only one which allows the use of pack animals, runs over the Broghol Pass (3,798

m or 12,460 ft) to Afghanistan'sWakhan Corridor. To the east, there is a 405 km (252 mi) route to Gilgit over the 3,719 m (12,201 ft) Shandur Pass. And in the west, the Dorah Pass provides an additional route to Afghanistan. The territory is home to rare falcons and the snow leopard, and is cut off by snow from the rest of the country for six months a year. Population The main tribe, the Khos, speak Khowar (or Chitrali), one of the Dardic languages, which is also spoken in parts of Yasin, Gilgit and Swat. Pashto is also spoken and understood by few in the city. Chitral is known for the famous Kalash tribe that resides in three remote valleys west of Ayun, which is ten miles down from Chitral town. The culture is Islamic. Women are nearly invisible except to their male relatives and other women. They do not walk the streets of town, so men or children do the shopping. Travel requires the company of a close male relative and sometimes the wearing of a burqa. Sports Polo is a popular sport in Chitral and an annual polo festival take place between Gilgit and Chitral at the highest polo ground in the world, at the Shandur Pass every year. History A British garrison, sent from Gilgit to oversee the smooth transition of power to the heir apparent after a ruler was murdered, was besieged in Chitral Fort for over a month in 1895.

HUNZA VALLEY Hunza Valley is a valley near Gilgit and Nagar vallies in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The Hunza valley is situated at an elevation of 2,438 metres (7,999 feet). The territory of Hunza is about 7,900 km² [3,050 sq, miles]. Karimabad is the main town which is a popular tourist attraction in Pakistan because of the spectacular scenery of the surrounding mountains like Rakaposhi 7,788 m (25,551 ft), Ultar Sar (7,388 m), Bojahagur Duanasir II (7,329 m), Ghenta Peak (7,090 m), Hunza Peak (6,270 m), Darmyani Peak (6,090 m) and Bublimating (Ladyfinger Peak) (6,000 m). History Hunza was formerly a princely state in the northernmost part of the Northern Areas of Pakistan, which existed until 1974. The state bordered the Gilgit Agency to the south, the former princely state of Nagar to the east, China to the north and Afghanistan to the northwest. The state capital was the town of Baltit (also known as Karimabad). The area of Hunza now forms the Aliabadtehsil of Gilgit District. Hunza was an independent principality for 900 years. The British gained control of Hunza and the neighbouring valley of Nagar between 1889 and 1892. The Tham (Chief) of Hunza escaped to China.

The British retained Hunza's status as a 'principality' until 1947. According to Habib R. Sulemani, the people of Hunza were ruled by a local Mir for more than 900 years, which came to an end in1974. Although never ruled directly by neighbouring Kashmir, Hunza was a vassal of Kashmir from the time of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir. The Mirs of Hunza sent an annual tribute to the Kashmir Durbar until 1947, and along with the ruler of Nagar, was considered to be among the most loyal vassals of the Maharaja of Kashmir. Geography The Hunza valley is situated at an elevation of 2,438 meters (7,999 feet). For many centuries, Hunza has provided the quickest access to Swat and Gandhara for a person traveling on foot. The route was impassable to baggage animals; only human porters could get through, and then only with permission from the locals. Hunza was easily defended as the paths were often less than half a meter (about 18") wide. The high mountain paths often crossed bare cliff faces on logs wedged into cracks in the cliff, with stones balanced on top. They were also constantly exposed to regular damage from weather and falling rocks. These were the much-feared "hanging passageways" of the early Chinese histories that terrified all, including several famous Chinese Buddhist monks. Climate The temperature in May is maximum 27 C (81 F) and minimum 14 C (57 F) and October maximum is 10 C (50 F) and 0 C (32 F). Hunza's tourist season is from May to October, because in winter the Karakoram Highway is often blocked by the snow. Transport Today, the famous Karakoram Highway crosses Hunza, connecting Pakistan to China via the Khunjerab Pass. Traveling up the valley from the south, Hunza is the land to the left, and the former state of Nagar to the right of the Hunza River. Regular bus and van services operate between Gilgit and Karimabad. PTDC Office at Gilgit and Islamabad arranges tours and transport for visitors. Spectacular scenery Hunza is one of the most exotic places in Pakistan. Several high peaks rise above 6,000 m in the surroundings of Hunza valley. The valley provides spectacular views of some of the most beautiful and magnificent mountains of the world which include Rakaposhi 7,788 m (25,551 ft), Ultar Sar (7,388 m), Ghenta Peak (7,090 m), Hunza Peak (6,270 m), Darmyani Peak (6,090 m) andBublimating (Ladyfinger Peak) (6,000 m). Hunza Valley is also host to the ancient Baltit Fort and Altit Fort. Baltit Fort stands on top of Karimabad whereas Altit Fort lies at the bottom of the valley. The valley is popularly believed to be the inspiration for the mythical valley of Shangri-

la in James Hilton's 1933 novel Lost Horizon. People of Hunza As much as the valley is famous for its beauty, the people of Hunza are noted for their friendliness and hospitality. The local language is Brushuski but most people understand Urdu and English. The literacy rate of the Hunza valley is believed to be above 90%, virtually every child of the new generation studies up to at least high school. Many pursue higher studies from prestigious colleges and Universities of Pakistan and abroad. Most of the people of Hunza are Ismaili Muslims, followers of His Highness the Aga Khan. The Hunza region is home to people of three ethnicities:

The Gojal area is mainly populated by Wakhi speakers; The Shinaki area is mainly inhabited by Shina speakers; The Kanjut area is mainly inhabited by Burushaski speakers.

The Burushaski language is understood throughout Hunza. It is a language isolate. In addition to Burushaski, there are also speakers of Wakhi, Shina and Domaaki. The people of Hunza are collectively termed Hunzakuts, while Burusho refers only to the speakers of Burushaski. The majority of the people are Ismaili Shia Muslims who are followers of the Aga Khan. The present Aga Khan has provided a lot of funding for the area to help with agriculture and the local economy.

HUSSAINI VALLEY Hussaini or Sisoni is a rockey valley in Gojal upper Hunza of the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Hussaini is 145 km north of Gilgit, the capital city. Hunza River flows in to the east while theKarakoram Highway (KKH) passes to its west. According to Ali Rehmat Musofer, a Geographer of the village, Hussaini is situated on 74*.54' and 03" East longitude to 36*.26' and 53" North latitude at an altitude of 2556 meters (Source-GPS) above sea level. South of Hussaini is Gulmit, Ghulkin is to the southwest, while Passu is in the north with famous Batura glacier. Hussaini glacier is located to the west with famous Shisper peak, 7611 meter. The newly irrigated land, called Zarabod is on the left bank. The total population is 545 persons, living in 75 households.

KAGHAN VALLEY

The Kaghan valley is a valley in the Mansehra District of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It has a reputation as a place of great natural beauty. This valley also suffered from theearthquake disaster on 8th of October 2005 last year. A vacation in the Kaghan Valley, the Himalayan hide-away, located northeast of the Hazara district of Pakistan's North West Frontier Province, is an unforgettable

experience. The Kaghan valley is named for the town of Kaghan rather than for the Kunhar River which flows to the length of the valley. The Valley extends for 155 km rising from an elevation of 2,134 metres to its highest point, the Babusar Pass, at 4,173 metres. The local population is friendly and easygoing and speaks Hindko (a language spoken by the hill people in Hazara), Pushto, and/or Urdu. The region is Alpine in geography and climate, with forests and meadows dominating the landscape below peaks that reach over 17,000 feet. Its mountains, dales, lakes, waterfalls, streams and glaciers are still in an unbelievable pristine state. It is indeed an unspoiled paradise! This is why it can be a deeply satisfying experience to spend a few days in Kaghan. Kaghan is at its best during summer (months ranging from May to September). In May the temperature is: maximum 11 C and minimum 3 C. From the middle of July up to the end of September the road beyond Naran is open right up to Babusar Pass. Movement is restricted during the monsoon and winter seasons. The Kaghan area can be reached by road via the towns of Balakot, Abbottabad and Mansehra. In Balakot, one may find buses and other transports to reach Kaghan or Naran. The road from Balakot ascends along the Kunhar River through lovely forests and the villages of Paras, Shinu, Jared and Mahandri. The valley is somewhat narrow along this stretch and the views are limited but as you ascend, the surrounding peaks come into view. One spot that is quite famous for its spectacular view and scenery is 'Shogran'. This village, sorrounded by peaks and forests, is east of the main Kunhar River. It hosts the famous Siri-Paya Mountain with breathtaking views at its top. Fishing Fishing is the chief sport in Kaghan. Brown Trout and Mahasheer are stocked in pure silvery waters between Kaghan and Naran. The Kunhar river trout is considered to be the best throughout the sub-continent. Fishing licenses are issued by the 'Fisheries Department at Naran' or by the 'Trout Hatchery' at Shinu. Naran Most visitors to Naran pay a visit to Saiful Muluk Lake (10,500 feet) 6 miles east of town. If the road is open you can arrange transportation by jeep. If the road is closed, it is an easy, gradual three-hour walk, and the lake is a lovely spot for a picnic. If you are walking directly up-valley from Naran to Babusar "Top" the loveliest spots to camp on this trail is at "Lulusar Lake". Located just before the final grade to Babusar Top and surrounded by tall peaks, Lulusar is just one many high elevation lakes that sit along the crest of the ridge. People One of the most interesting features of the Kaghan area is the Gujar (herder) families you'll see along the way bringing their animals up to the summer pastures. The Kaghan valley is one of their most popular destinations in Pakistan, and you'll find them

camped along the road in their tents or moving up the valley with their goats, sheep and pack animals. For those with time and interest, this peaceful, lovely valley offers an interesting and enjoyable destination.

KUNAR VALLEY Kunar Valley or Chitral Valley is a valley in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Main geographic features are jungles and mountains.

KURRAM VALLEY The Kurrum River flows through the Kurrum Valley across the Afghan-Pakistani border west to east (crossing from the Paktia Province of Afghanistan into the Kohat border region of Pakistan) at33°49′N 69°58′E, about 80 km southwest of Jalalabad. The Kurram Valley in ancient times offered the most direct route to Kabul and Gardez. The route crossed the Peiwar Pass 3,439 m (11,283 ft) high, just over 20 km west of modern Parachinar, but was blocked by snow for several months of the year. The valley is highly irrigated, well peopled, and crowded with small fortified villages, orchards and groves, to which a fine background is afforded by the dark pine forests and alpine snows of the Safed Koh. The beauty and climate of the valley attracted some of the Mogul emperors of Delhi, and the remains exist of a garden planted by Shah Jahan. In the early 19th century the Kurram Valley was under the government of Kabul, and every five or six years a military expedition was sent to collect the revenue, the soldiers living meanwhile at free quarters on the people. It was not until about 1848 that the Turis were brought directly under the control of Kabul, when a governor was appointed, who established himself in Kurram. The Turis, being Shiah Muslims, never liked the Afghan rule. During the second Afghan War, when Sir Frederick Roberts advanced by way of the Kurram Valley and the Peiwar Kotal to Kabul, the Turis lent him every assistance in their power, and in consequence their independence was granted them in 1880. The administration of the Kurram Valley was finally undertaken by the British government, at the request of the Turis themselves, in 1890. Technically it ranked, not as a British district, but as an agency or administered area. Two expeditions in the Kurram Valley also require mention: (1) The Kurram expedition of 1856 under Brigadier-General Sir Neville Chamberlain. The Turis on the first annexation of the Kohat district by the British had given much trouble. They had repeatedly leagued with other tribes to harry the Miranzai valley, harbouring fugitives, encouraging resistance, and frequently attacking Bangash and Khattak villages in the Kohat district. Accordingly, in 1856 a British force of 4,896 troops traversed their country, and the tribe entered into engagements for future good conduct. (2) The Kohat-Kurram expedition of 5,897 under Colonel W. Hill. During the frontier risings of 1897 the inhabitants of the Kurram valley, chiefly the Massozai section of the Orakzais,

were infected by the general excitement, and attacked the British camp at Sadda and other posts. A force of 14,230 British troops traversed the country, and the tribesmen were severely punished. In Lord Curzon's reorganization of the frontier in 1900-1901, the British troops were withdrawn from the forts in the Kurram Valley, and were replaced by the Kurram militia, reorganized in two battalions, and chiefly drawn from the Turi tribe. In recent years the Kurram Valley has once again assumed a very strategic position and has been an area of intense military activity between the Taliban and American and allied forces.

MIRANZAI VALLEY The Miranzai Valley, also Hangu, is a mountain valley situated in the Kohat and Hangu districts in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It is made up of two valleys, draining from the southwest into the Kunam and northeast into the Kohat Tai. It is divided into upper and lower Miranzai. It extends from the Zaimukht and Orakzai hills to the Khattaks. It is 40 miles in length and is 546 square miles in area. East of Hangu is made up of numerous smaller valleys. To the west of Hangu, consisting of the entire upper portion of the valley, is a broad and open plain, bare of trees. There are many ravines in this area. The area surrounding the valley has many inhabitants, mostly comprising the Bangash and Orakzai peoples. British military expeditions occurred in the area when it was still part of India in the late 19th century due to disturbance. The portion of Miranzai east of Hangu village consists of numerous small and well-cultivated valleys. To the west of Hangu, including the whole of Upper Miranzai, the country is a broad, open valley. The country is full of ravines towards Thal. Miranzai forms the meeting place of many different tribes, but its chief inhabitants are the Bangash and Orakzais.

NAGAR VALLEY Nagar Valley is a valley near Gilgit Valley and Hunza Valley in the northern areas of Pakistan. Location The Nagar valley is situated at an elevation of 2,438m (7,999 feet). Nagar Khas is the main town and the capital of the former Nagar state. The Spantik peak (Golden peak) can easily be seen from here. Gulmet is the popular tourist attraction in Nagar because of the spectacular scenery of the surrounding mountains like Rakaposhi at 7,788m (25,561), and Diran. History Nagar was formerly a princely state in the northernmost part of the Northern Areas of Pakistan, which existed until 1974. The state bordered the Gilgit Agency to the south, the former princely state of Hunza to the east, China to the north and Afghanistan to

the northwest. The state capital was the town of Nagar Khas (also known as uyum Nagar) The area of Nagar now forms the Nagar 1 upper Nagar and Nagar 2 lower Nagar and forms two tehsils of the Gilgit District. Nagar was an independent principality for 1200 years. The British gained control of Nagar and the neighbouring valley of Hunza between 1889 and 1892. The Tham (Chief) of that time Azur Khan sent in exile to Kashmir. The British retained Nagar's status as a principality until 1947. The people of Nagar were ruled by a local Mir for more than 1200 years, which came to an end in 1974. Although never ruled directly by neighbouring Kashmir or the British, Nagar was a vassal of Kashmir from the time of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir. The Mirs of Nagar sent an annual tribute to the Kashmir Durbar until 1947, and along with the ruler of Hunza, was considered to be among the most loyal vassals of the Maharaja of Kashmir. Nagar and Hunza were collectively called buroshall and their capital was capal dosuk. But after the reign of the Miyor Khan his sons divided Buroshall into Nagar and Hunza and declared the river as the border: Muglot became the king of Nagar and Kirkis became the king of Hunza. On 25 September the state was dissolved. List of Nagar kings

Muglot Azur Shamsheer Sultan Khan Fazal Khan Duad Khan Ali Dad Khamal Khan Rahim Khan Barbarullah Khan sultan Khan Azur Khan Habi Khan Alif Khan Zafar Zahid Khan Mohammad Khan Azur Khan Sikandar Khan Soukat Ali Khan

Climate The climate of Nagar remains pleasant from the mid April to the end of September. The maximum temperature in summer during the day is 13C. The weather becomes very cold during the winter, mainly from the October to end of March. The minimum

temperature can be -14C. Nagar, Pakistan Nagar is a town in near Gilgit and Hunza valleys in Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is a part of the Gilgit District. Nagar was the capital of the former State of Nagar. Today, the famous Karakoram Highway crosses Nagar, connecting Pakistan to China via the Khunjerab Pass. The road follows the Hunza river for some distance through Nagar and into the Hunzaregion.

NARAN VALLEY Naran Valley is located in North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. The Kunhar River, swollen by glacier melt, meanders its way through the Naran Valley. Makra Peak, Malka Parbat, and Saiful Muluk are the main attractions.

RUPAL VALLEY Rupal Valley, 35°13′38.76″N, 74°42′26.60″E, is a valley in the Astore District of Northern Areas of Pakistan. It lies in the south of Nanga Parbat. It is popular for Nanga Parbat treks from the south which start in the Rupal Valley.

SKARDU VALLEY Skardu the capital of Baltistan is part of Northern Areas along with Gilgit Region - and Skardu is one of the districts of Northern Areas. Skardu borders Kargil district in east, Astore in South, Kashmir in southeast, and Gilgit district in the west. It is located in the wide (10 km) and long (40 km). Skardu Valley, in the very place in which the Indus River receives the Shigar River waters. Indus River flows from tibet, passes through Ladakh and then enters Pakistan through Baltistan. Skardu is also a district of Baltistan. Situated at nearly 2500 m (8,200 feet), the town is surrounded by gray-brown coloured mountains, which hide the 8,000 metre peaks of the nearbyKarakoram Range. Major hub for expeditions Skardu is one of the two major hubs of all trekking expeditions in Northern Areas, a region that includes four of the fourteen Eight-thousander peaks (8,000m and above) of the world. The other hub is Gilgit. The tourist season is from April to October. From Skardu two roads lead to the Askole and Hushe Valleys, main doorgates to the snowy giants, and to the huge glaciers of Baltoro, Biafo, and Trango. Here begins the way for climbing legendary mountains such as K2, Gasherbrums, Broad Peak and the Trango Towers. This makes the town a major summer tourist hotpoint, which results in many hotels and shops in the area, and in the trekking season, expensive prices. Treks to the highest plains in Pakistan, Deosai Plains either start from Skardu or end at Skardu. At a height of about 4,100m (13,500 feet), these are the second highest plains of the world, second only to Tibet. In local Tibetan language, Deosai is

called Byarsa which means the 'summer place'. Approximately 5000 square kilometer in area, the plains extend all the way to Ladakh and provide habitat for snow leopards, ibex, brown Tibetan bears and wild horses. The town The town is built up along the main road, and both sides of this grow up the New Bazaar (Naya Bazaar) in which hundreds of shops offer almost everything. To the west one finds Yadgar Chowk, with an ugly monument, and from there, the quarter behind Naya Bazaar, in the right hand side is Purana Bazaar, the old one. Following west from Naya Bazaar, there is a polo ground, and next Kazmi Bazaar. Skardu appears as a dusty town, but its people are colourful. Streets are full of men (almost no women), mainly Balti Tibetans, but many other ethnicities pack the streets of the bazaars: Pashtun, Punjabis, Hunzakuts, and even Uyghur, due to the close proximity of Baltistan to these regions. Since Pakistani occupation, advent of Pathans and Punjabis is on rise, threatening livelihood and cultural identity of the local Tibetan Baltis. Some of the names of the mohallahs in Skardu town are Khache-drong, Khar-drong, Olding, Kushu-bagh, Pakora, Thsethang, Sher-thang, Nagholi-spang etc. Climate of Skardu The tourist season is from April to October. The maximum temperature is 27C and the minimum (October) 8C. However, in December-January, the temperatures can reach below -10C. The Skardu valley is snowbound during the winter months. Often the road blocks at Karakoram Highway cut the road link (Karakoram Highway) of areas like Gilgit, Skardu and Hunza from the rest of the country. Although Baltistan is connected with Ladakh and Kashmir with four or five routes, it has only one road connection with Pakistan. Once this road is blocked, you are cut off from rest of the world. Sometimes blockades are for weeks, but more often, opened within 2 - 5 days time. The local people are demanding from Pakistan to open roads towards India so tourists do not remain stuck and Pakistan is reluctant to do that. The air travel is also disturbed by the unreliable weather of Skardu and on some occasions flights are be delayed by several days because of weather. Further, air travel is very expensive nowadays. Skardu Fort (Kharpochhe Fort) Skardu Fort or Kharpochhe Fort is a fort that lies on the eastern face of the Khardrong or Mindoq-Khar ("Castle of Queen Mindoq") hill 40 ft above Skardu city. There is an old mosque inside the fort as well. The fort dates from the 8 century CE. A view from these monuments brings into vision the entire valley, the Indus River and the settlement below. Rmakpon dynasty rulers of Baltistan built the fort and it was a seven-storey building. Sikhs burned it in the 18th century AD. It resembled the Ladakh fort of Leh which is 9 storey tall. The Potala of Lhasa Tibet, Leh fort and Skardu fort are all built on same designs. The name Kharpochhe means the great fort. Khar in Tibetan means castle or fort and Chhe means great. Lakes in Skardu

There are three lakes in Skardu: Katsura Thso Lakes There are two Katsura Lakes; the Upper Katsura lake and the Lower Katsura Lake. The latter is also known as the Shangrila Lake. The Upper Katsura Lake is not as famous as the Shangrila Lake. There is resort at Lower Katsura Lake that is known as Shangrila Resort. It is another popular destination for tourists in Pakistan. The resort has a unique kind of restaurant that has been set up inside the fuselage of an aircraft that crashed nearby. Satpara Thso Lake Satpara Thso Lake or Sadpara Lake is the main lake in Skardu Valley which supplies water for the town of Skardu. It is one of the most picturesque lakes in Pakistan. In 2002, the Government of Pakistan decided to build a dam on the Satpara Lake. The Government allocated Rs. 600 million ($10 million) for Satpara Dam project in 2004's financial year. The progress on the project, however, has been slow

SOON VALLEY Soon Valley or Soon Sakesar is located in Khushab, Punjab, Pakistan. Soon Valley starts from Padhrar village and end to Sakesar that is the highest peak of Salt Range. Sakesar is 5010 feet high from the sea level. Soon Valley is situated in the north west of Khushab. The length of Soon Valley is 35 miles and average width is 90 miles. There are some special features of this valley that distinguish it from other areas, without knowing about them it is very hard to understand its importance. Sabhral, Khoora, Nowshera, Kufri, Anga, Ugali, Uchali and Bagh Shams-ud-Din are important towns in soon valley. Kanhatti Garden, Sodhi Garden, Da'ep and Sakesar are resorts to visit. Awan tribe is settled in Soon Valley.

Well-known personalities like late literary giant Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi and columnist Abdul Qadir Hassan belong to this land. Transportation Soon Valley is accessible through public transport from Islamabad (M2 Balkasar Interchange), Lahore (M2 Kalar Kahar Intrechange), Sargodha, Khushab and Mianwali. Lakes There are two well-renowned Uchhali Lake and Khabikki Lake lakes in soon valley, which now a days are effected badly and drained due to pollution and shortage of natural water resources. Famous Casts The most dignified cast of the AWAN tribe settled in Soon valley with Malik as sub cast is used by the locals. Majority of the people are serving in the armed forces of

Pakistan. Other professions like education, business and agricultural are also adopted by the locals.

SWAT VALLEY Swat is a valley and a district in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The capital is Saidu Sharif. With high mountains, green meadows, and clear lakes, it is a place of great natural beauty, and a popular destination for tourists. It was a princely state in the NWFP until it was dissolved in 1969. His valley and the other areas along the banks of the river Swat, earliest known as Shrivastu, later Suvastu and currently the present name, is also the place of origin of the Shrivastava sub-clan of the Indo-Aryan Kayastha clan. History Swat has been inhabited for over two thousand years and was known in ancient times as Udyana. The first inhabitants were settled in well-planned towns. The independent monarchs of this region came under Achaemenid influence, before reverting back to local control in the 4th century BC. In 327 BC, Alexander the Great fought his way to Udegram and Barikot. In Greek accounts these towns have been identified as Ora and Bazira. By 305 BC, the region became a part of the Mauryan Empire. Around the 2nd century BC, the area was occupied by Buddhists, the Indo-Greeks, and the Kushans who were attracted by the peace and serenity of the land. Swat is thought to be the probable birthplace of Vajrayana Buddhism. There are many archaeological sites in the district, and Buddhist relics are common, testimony to their skills as sculptors and architects. Buddhist Heritage of Swat The Swat museum has the, the footprints of the Buddha which were found in the Swat valley and, now can be seen in the Swat museum. When the Buddha passed away, His relics (or ashes) were distributed to seven kings who built stupas over them for veneration. The Harmarajika stupa (Taxila) and Butkarha (Swat) stupa at Jamal Garha were among the earliest stupas of Gandhara. These had been erected on the orders of king Ashoka and contained the real relics of the Buddha. The Gandhara School is probably credited with the first representation of the Buddha in human form, the portrayal of Buddha in his human shape, rather than shown as a symbol. As Buddhist art developed and spread outside India, the styles developed here were imitated. For example, in China the Gandhara style was imitated in images made of bronze, with a gradual change in the features of these images. Swat, the land of romance and beauty, is celebrated throughout the world as the holy land of Buddhist learning and piety. Swat acquired fame as a place of Buddhist pilgrimage. Buddhist tradition holds that the Buddha himself came to Swat during his last reincarnation as

the Guatama Buddha and preached to the people here. It is said that the Swat was filled with fourteen hundred imposing and beautiful stupas and monasteries, which housed as many as 6,000 gold images of the Buddhist pantheon for worship and education. There are now more than 400 Buddhist sites covering and area of 160 Km in Swat valley only. Among the important Buddhist excavation in swat an important one is Butkarha-I, containing the original relics of the Buddha. Source *Indo Pak Hist till 1951 Sethana family’s influence started with the advent of their fore father Hazrat Pir Baba Syed Ali Tirmzi in Swat. From 1820, Sethana became place of resistance against the Sikhs and fight continued for 26 years till 1846. In fact, Sethana family dominated the political scene in Usafzai area for 200 years. In 1824, Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Sethana itself with 1,00000 soldiers. Syed Akbar Shah CAST (Syed) was born in 1793- ruled Swat till 1857. His total period of rule on Hazara and Swat lasted for 12 years. His capital was at Ghalegai in Abakhel area of Swat. His great grand father Syed Zaman Shah went from Buner to Sethana and after that the family extended from Buner, Malka and Swat to Sethana. In 1841, the great Indus flood destroyed Sethana followed by burning and destruction of Sethana by Sikhs and British and ultimately in 1973 it submerged under Tarbela Dam Lake. In 1852, Syed Akbar Shah fought the British at Malakand. In 1856, a mutiny supported by Nawab of Dir was crushed. In 1856, five hundred British native Infantry soldiers defected to Badshah Sahib Syed Akbar Shah but Akhund Sahib was against them and recommended their departure from Swat. He died at the age of 70 on 11th May 1857 on the day of mutiny in India. The British passed this remark: “Today we have received bad news of mutiny but the good news is that Syed Akbar Shah has died otherwise the shape of the mutiny would have been different.” Syed Akbar Shah and his family gave Syed Ahmed Shahid Brelvy total protection and even after the death of Syed Ahmed Shahid his disciples were given protection in Sethana. Syeds of Sethana suffered at the hands of Sikhs and later on British for a very long time. They lost their State and property time and again for the cause of Islam. 2.His son Shehzada Syed Mubarik Shah became the ruler and fought the forces of General Chamberlain gallantly in 1863 at Ambela. He could rule only for one year. At this stage, Akhund Sahib also started conspiring against the family. Infact Akhund Sahib during the life of Syed Akbar Shah started saying that he would not support the family after the death of Badshah Sahib keeping in mind the circumstances and future planning for take over by his family. By this time he had amassed huge properties and created influence by helping public through Badshah Sahib at the same times giving full support to him. The famous Enfield Rifle was used in Sethana for the first time in Subcontinent by the British forces. 3. Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah. Hassan Zai tribes killed his father Syed Mehmood Shah. When he was 6 months old his cousin Feroz Shah came from Malka, attacked Sethana and killed all family male members in 1878. He

was removed by a female servant and taken to a nearby village Kia and given protection by Ghulam Khel tribe. At a very young age, he left for India and lived with his stepbrother who was borne and lived in Lukhnow since his child hood. In Azam Garh, he studied with a Persian scholar Maulvi Qamaruddin, Maulvi Nazir ud Din and Maulvi Kabir Ullah who were Arabic and Persian teachers in Banaras. He came back and again went for studies in 1890. In 1897, he took part in Landakai war. In 1899, Nawab of Amb Akram khan appointed him as his Minister at a very young age. After the death of Nawab, his son Khan Zaman Khan became ruler. He married the daughter of Nawab of Amb in 1907. From childhood, he developed love for Islam and history mainly because of his family background. He had photographic memory, whatever, he studied once, he never forgot till his death. He was Hafiz-e-Quran and wrote many books mainly on the history of Pakhtoons (Al Hibrat, Bani Israel and Four Hundred Years old history of Frontier). He went on foot right up to Qundoos north Afghanistan in 1905 to confirm his ancestral history. According to Sir Olaf Caroe, “ he was an authority on the history of Pathans.” In 1903, he went to Delhi and met a very respected personality and Saint Shah Abdul Kher Mujaddi. In 1908, he re-captured Sethana with the help of Nawab of Amb and constructed Fort and house. In 1908, he married the daughter of ruler of Bokhara who had come to Abbottabad after revolution via Afghanistan with the help of Amir Abdul Rehan of Kabul. He ruled Swat from 28 April 1914 to 1918. His capital was at Niphikhel area Bandi Bala. Immediately after taking over as ruler, he organized an Army and proper income tax in Islamic way. Shariat law was to be followed. The Army was properly paid monthly pay. After 2 years in 1916, Mian Gul Abdul Wadood CAST (Gujar) mutinied but was arrested. He pardoned him and Mian Gul fought under his command against Nawab of Dir.He gave in writing on Holy Quran that he would never rise against him. His written statement of request for Pardon duly stamped is still available. He was sent for Hajj but on his return, he conspired with the British and with their active help overthrew him. British have confirmed their help against him and their animosity against Syed family in number of books. In 1912, Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayum requested him for help for Islamia College. He got Rs. 1,00000/- from Nawab Khan Zaman Khan and gave it to him. Again in 1939, he was exiled by the British to Hyderabad Deccan. The Nizam appointed him as his Defense Minister and remained there till 1945. While he was in Hyderabad, Sahibzada Sahib again asked him for help for Islamia College. He again got Rs. 1,50000/- from Nizam and sent it to him. Mian Gul’s status as ruler was accepted in 1926, although he was supported and installed by the British. In the beginning of the 11th century AD, Mahmud of Ghazni advanced through Dir and invaded Swat, defeating Gira, the local ruler, near Udegram. Later, when the King of Kabul Mirza Ulagh Beg attempted to assassinate the dominant chiefs of the Yousafzais they took refuge under the umbrella of the Swati Kings of Swat and Bajour. The whole area was being dominated by theSwati/Jahangiri Sultans of Swat for centuries. According to Major Raverty, Jahangiri Kings of Swat had ruled from Jalalabad to Jehlum. After more than two decades of guerilla war, they were dispossessed by the Yousafzais. The majority of the aboriginal inhabitants of Swat migrated to the Hazara region to the east, where Swatis predominate with their

surname Swati, reflecting their link to the region. Demographics The main language of the area is pashto. The people of Swat are mainly Pashtuns, Kohistanis and Gujars. Some have very distinctive features and claim to be descendants of the army of Alexander the Great. The people of the Kalam region in northern Swat are known as Kohistanis and speak the Torwali and Kalami languages. There are also some Khowar speakers in the Kalam region. This is because before Kalam came under the rule of Swat it was a region tributary to both Yasin and Chitral and after Yasin itself was assimilated into Chitral the Kalamis paid a tribute of mountain ponies to the Mehtar of Chitral every year. Tourist attractions There is a ski resort in Swat at Malam Jabba as well. Malam Jabba is about 40km north east of Saidu Sharif. It is the most popular ski resort in Pakistan. The ski slope is also the longest inPakistan at about 800m. Administrative Set up The region has gone through considerable changes over the last few years. Mainly since the dissolution of the princely state. Local Politics In August 2001, a new local government system was introduced by the Military led government of Pervaiz Musharraf, the new system consists of a District Nazim (or mayor) and a deputy Naib Nazim, the district in turn was subdivided into two tehsils. The first is Swat tehsil with 52 union councils and the other is Matta Tehsil with 13 union councils. Each tehsil has its own Nazim and Naib Nazim. The District Nazim is Jamal Nasir Khan of the Pakistan Muslim League and his Naib Nazim is Malik Sadiq Ahmed. Swats tehsil's Nazim is Fazal Rehman NoNo from the Pakistan People's Party Parliamentaerians. While its Naib nazim is Shah Dawran from the Awami National Party. In Matta Tehsil the Nazim is Abdul Jabbar Khan and Zakir Khan both of the Awami National Party. Provincial & National Politics The region elects two Male M.N.A,s and one female M.N.A and seven male M.P.A,s as well as two female M.P.A,s. In the 2002 National and Provincial elections, the Muttahida-Majlis-e-Amal, an alliance of religious political parties won all the seats amidst a wave of anti Americanism that spread after the United States invasion of Afghanistan.

USHU, UTROT AND GABRAL VALLEYS The valleys of Ushu, Utrot and Gabral beyond Kalam, constitute some of the most beautiful parts of Swat. There is good trout fishing around Utrot. Foreign tourists are

advised to contact the local police authorities at Kalam before preceding to the valleys of Ushu, Utrot and Gabral. Swat is ideal for camping, trekking and mountaineering. Permits are necessary, and can be obtained from the Tourism Division, Government of Pakistan, Markaz F-7, Islamabad. The waters of the Swat River around Kalam and in the valleys of Ushu and Gabral abound in brown trout. Fishing licenses must be obtained from the office of the Assistant Commissioner, Fisheries at Madyan and Kalam.

NEELUM VALLEY The Neelum Valley is a Himalayan gorge in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan along which the Neelum River flows. This green and fertile valley is 206km in length and stretches and snakes its way from Muzaffarabad all the way to Athmuqam and beyond.

This area was badly affected by the 2005 Pakistan earthquake and was cut from the outside world as the roads and paths were filled with rubble.

INSUKATI VALLEY China's largest glacier valley located on the northern slope of the Karakoram Range which is between Xinjiang and Pakistan. The glacier found in this valley is about 41.5 kilometres long, covering an area of 392.4 square kilometres.

KALAM VALLEY Kalam valley is situated in the upper reaches of Swat, in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. Kalam, 29 kilometres (18 miles) from Bahrain and about 2,000 meters (6,800 feet) above sea level, the valley opens out, providing rooms for a small but fertile plateau above the river. In Kalam the Ushu and Utrot rivers join to form the Swat River. Here, the metal road ends and shingle road leads to the Ushu and Utrot valleys. From Matiltan one gets a breath-taking view of the snow-capped Mount Falaksir 5918 meters (19,415 ft.), and another un-named peak 6096 meters (20,000 ft.) high. PTDC offers motel accommodation in Miandam, Kalam and Besham.

BISHIGRAM VALLEY Bishigram valley is located in Swat, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan.

TIRAT VALLEY Tirat valley is located in Swat, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan.

PISHIN VALLEY

Pishin valley is located in Pishin District, Balochistan, Pakistan.

PANCHKORA VALLEY OF DIR Panchkora Valley of Dir is a valley situated in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The Panchkora Valley of Dir was the home of early Aryans. Remains of their settlements are classified as Gandhara grave culture.

TALASH VALLEY Talash Valley, 13 KM from Chakdara, is full of Buddhist remains. Buddhist stupas and monasteries which have not been excavated are on both sides of the road towards Dir. At the west end of the valley is Kat Kala Pass. Caroe identified this place with Massaga which was captured by Alexander the Great in 327BC. Here there are remains of massive crumbling Hindu Shahi fort of 8-10th century. Timargarha, 40 km from Chakdara is the site of excavated graves of Aryans, dating 1500 to 600 BC. On the west side of Panchkora River is the excavated site of Balambat. Site was in occupation continuously since 1500 BC when Aryans occupied this first time. Houses dated 500 BC have been discovered here. An interesting discovery was fire altars, which shows that people were fire worshippers.


Last edited by Last Island; Sunday, March 25, 2007 at 01:45 AM.

Ports and harbours of Pakistan

BABRBARIKON

Barbarikon was the name of a sea port near the modern-day city of Karachi, Pakistan, important in the Hellenistic era in Indian Ocean trade. It is mentioned briefly in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: "This river [the Indus] has seven mouths, very shallow and marshy, so that they are not navigable, except the one in the middle; at which by the shore, is the market-town,

Barbaricum. Before it there lies a small island, and inland behind it is the metropolis of Scythia, Minnagara; it is subject to Parthian princes who are constantly driving each other out." Periplus, Chap. 38 "The ships lie at anchor at Barbaricum, but all their cargoes are carried up to the metropolis by the river, to the King. There are imported into this market a great deal of thin clothing, and a little spurious; figured linens, topaz, coral, storax, frankincense, vessels of glass, silver and gold plate, and a little wine. On the other hand there are exported costus, bdellium, lycium, nard, turquoise, lapis lazuli, Seric skins, cotton cloth, silk yarn, and indigo. And sailors set out thither with the Indian Etesian winds, about the, month of July, that is Epiphi: it is more dangerous then, but through these winds the voyage is more direct, and sooner completed." Periplus Chap. 39 It is also a Greek version of the term Barbaricum, designating areas outside civilization and/or the Roman Empire.

GAWADAR PORT Gwadar port is located at Gwadar city at the entrance of the Persian Gulf on Arabian Sea and about 460 km west of Karachi in Balochistan, Pakistan. Gwadar port, is a deep-sea warm water port, being constructed in two phases with heavy investment from China. Gwadar has had immense geostrategic significance on many accounts. In 1993, Pakistan started technical and financial feasibilities for the development of Gwadar port. The Gwadar port project started on 22 March 2002. The first phase was completed in December 2005. Gawadar port was inaugurated on March 19, 2007 after the completion of second development phase. Gawadar port is Pakistan's first deep port that has the capacity to serve virtually all sorts of cargo ships of any size. Port Operations Port of Singapore took over Gwadar Port by the end of January 2007. Port of Singapore was the highest bidder for the Gwadar port after DP world backed out of the bidding process. Originally, Chairman of Dubai Ports World, Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem, who met President Pervez Musharraf on May 5th 2006, expressed a strong hope for management of facilities at the strategic Gwadar deep sea port and development of infrastructure in the southern port city and elsewhere in Pakistan.But They took the decision not to bid after India’s National Security Council had voiced concerns about DP World’s ventures in India, alongside its Pakistani plans and Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem assured the Indians their pull-out was well considered and India need not have any security concerns.The port will now be in competition with the likes of Chabahar, a port in Iran, as well as Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.

GAWADAR FISH HARBOUR

Gwadar Fish Harbour is located in Gwadar, Balochistan, Pakistan.

KORANGI FISH HARBOUR Korangi Harbour, in East Karachi, is a relatively new harbour, originally built to take pressure off the Karachi Fish Harbour. It was also to serve the boom in fisheries production as a result of expansion offshore, which never occurred locally, and for large trawlers and processing vessels.

ORMARA Ormara is a port city located in Balochistan. It is located 450 Km west of Karachi on the Arabian Sea. Jinnah naval base of Pakistan Navy is also located at Ormara. Ormara airport is located at 25° 16' 29N 64° 35' 10E. The population of Ormara is estimated to be over 40,000 in 2005. Over 99% is Muslim. The vast majority of the population of Ormara is Baloch.

PASNI FISH HARBOUR Pasni is a fishing port and major town in Balochistan, Pakistan. It is located on the Makran coast on Arabian Sea about 300 Km from Karachi. Pasni is also sub-division of Gwadar district.

PORT QASIM The Port Muhammad Bin Qasim is a port in Karachi, located at 24°46′00″N, 67°20′00″E (24.766667, 67.333333). It was constructed in the late 1970s to relieve congestion at Karachi Port. Port Qasim was named after the Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim who captured the area around 712 CE. The port was developed close to the Pakistan Steel Mills complex near the Indus River delta. Port Qasim's residential area is a neighbourhood of Bin Qasim Town of Karachi. Port Qasim is managed by Port Qasim Authority. Port Qasim is Pakistan's second busiest port, handling about 35% of the nation's cargo (17 million tons per annum). It is located in an old channel of the Indus River at a distance of 35 kilometers east of Karachi city centre. The total area of the port comprises 1,000 acres (4 km²) with an adjacent 11,000 acre (45 km²) industrial estate. The approach to the port is along a 45-kilometre long Navigation Channel which provides safe navigation for vessels up to 75,000 DWT. The geographic position of the Port places it in close proximity to major shipping routes. One of its major advantages is the proximity to national transport facilities - 15 kilometers from the Pakistan National Highway, 14 kilometers from the National Railway network through six railway tracks located immediately behind the berths and 22 kilometers from Jinnah International Airport. Terminals The Port has nine cargo-handling berths: -

Multipurpose Terminal with four multi-purpose berths each of 200 meters

length. Qasim International Container Terminal with two berths each of 300 meters

length. Engro Vopak Chemical Terminal with one berth. Fotco Oil Terminal with one berth but the potential for four additional berths. Iron Ore and Coal Berth (279 metres long) for Pakistan Steel Mills.

Expansion Future expansion of the port includes the deepening and widening of the navigation channel and the establishment of a liquid cargo terminal, a liquefied petroleum gas terminal, grain handling and storage facilities, a textile complex and a desalination plant. Environmental Concerns The area around the port includes several mangrove forests which are constantly under threat from human activities. The beach immediately west of the navigation channel was the scene of a major oil spillage when the Greek-registered Tasman Spirit ran aground in August 2003. The environmental impact included large numbers of dead fish and turtles and a key mangrove forest, as well as dozens of people suffering nausea.

KETI BANDAR Keti Bandar is a port at Arabian Sea in Thatta District, Sindh, Pakistan. Keti Bandar was one of the richest ports of the region. The residents of Keti Bandar proudly claim that this port granted a loan to Karachi Municipal Committee during nineteenth century. This is no more in operation since 1935. Now not even the ruins of the port are visible due to sea erosion. Most of the inhabitants believe that Keti Bandar is actually the port of Debal whereMuhammad bin Qasim along with his army arrived through ships from Iraq. Dibla tribe settled at Keti Bandar which justifies their claim to some extents. The ports of coastal belt of Thatta are Keti Bandar, Bagan, Kharo Chhan etc. and are located 160 kilometers south east from Karachi.

JIWANI PORT Jiwani port is located along Arabian Sea in Gwadar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is located near the Iranian border. It has a population of 25,000 and it is expected to become a major commercial center in concert with the development of the port of Gwadar located nearly 80 Km to the east. Jiwani is located at the eastern end of Gwadar Bay, which is shared between Iran and Pakistan. The area around the bay includes an important mangrove forest extending across the international border, and is an important habitat for a wide variety of wildlife, especially the endangered Olive Ridley and Green Turtles. Plans to grant fishing concessions and offshore drilling rights are potentially a threat to the wildlife of

the area. Jiwani holds strategic importance in the region, located immediately adjacent to the shipping lanes to and from the Persian Gulf. This is the main reason that the town hosts a small naval base and an airport with a 5,500-foot runway.

KARACHI PORT The Port of Karachi is Pakistan's largest and busiest seaport, handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum). The port is located at 24°50′00″N, 66°58′30″E (24.840000, 66.980000) between the Karachi towns of Kiamari and Saddar, close to the heart of old Karachi. The port is located close to the main business district of Karachi and several industrial areas. The geographic position of Karachi places the port in close proximity to major shipping routes such as the Straits of Hormuz. The administration of the port is carried out by the Karachi Port Trust which was established in the nineteenth century. Description The port comprises a deep natural harbour with an 11-km long approach channel which provides safe navigation for vessels up to 75,000 DWT. The main areas of port activity are two wharves – East Wharf with seventeen vessel berths and West Wharf with thirteen vessel berths. The maximum depth alongside the berths is currently 11.3 meters. The two wharves extend in opposite directions along the upper harbour – the West Wharf southwest from Saddar town and the East Wharf northeast from Kimari Island. The flow of cargo to and from the port is hampered by severe congestion in the harbour with several other maritime facilities located close to the port. Adjacent to the West Wharf is the Karachi Fishing Harbour, which is administered separately from the port and is the base for a large fleet of several thousand fishing vessels. The West Wharf also hosts a ship repair facility and shipyard and a naval dockyard at the tip of the wharf, while to the south of the port are the Karachi Naval Base and the Kimari Boat Club. The Port of Karachi also faces competition from a new private terminal located 5 kilometres away in the larger harbour west of the port. In recent years the federal government has attempted to alleviate the increased congestion in the harbour by constructing a second port in Karachi thirty kilometers east at Port Qasim and a third major port at Gwadar about 650 kilometers west of Karachi. The Karachi Fishing Harbour has been upgraded and a second fishing harbour is located 18 kilometres away at Korangi. The transfer of some naval vessels to the new naval base at Ormara has brought about further reductions in congestion. Ancient History The history of the port is intertwined with that of the city of Karachi. Several ancient ports have been attributed in the area including Krokola, Morontobara (Woman's Harbour) (mentioned byNearchus), Barbarikon (the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea) and Debal (a city captured by the Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim in 712 CE). There is a reference to the early existence of the port of Karachi in the Umdah, by the Arab

navigator Suleiman al Mahri (AD 1511), who mentions Ras al Karazi and Ras Karashi while describing a route along the coast from Pasni to Ras Karashi. Karachi is also mentioned in the sixteenth century Turkish treatise Muhit (The Ocean) by the Ottoman captain Sidi Ali Reis. The Muhit is a compilation of sailing directions for a voyage from the Portuguese island of Diu to Hormuz in the Persian Gulf, warning sailors about whirlpools and advises them to seek safety in Kaurashi harbour if they found themselves drifting dangerously. There is a legend of a prosperous coastal town called Kharak in the estuary of the Hub River (west of modern Karachi) in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century. In 1728 heavy rains silted up the harbour and resulted in the merchants of Kharak relocating to the area of modern Karachi. In 1729, they built a new fortified town called Kolachi (sometimes known as Kalachi-jo-Kun and Kolachi-jo-Goth) on high ground north of Karachi bay, surrounded by a 16-foot high mud and timber-reinforced wall with gun-mounted turrets and two gates. The gate facing the sea was called Kharadar (salt gate), and the gate facing the Layari River was called Mithadar (sweet gate). The modern neighbourhoods around the location of the gates are called Mithadar and Kharadar. Surrounded by mangrove swamps to the east, the sea to the southwest, and the Layari River to the north, the town was well defended and engaged in a profitable trade with Muscatand Bahrain. From 1729 to 1783 the strategic location of Kolachi saw the town change hands several times between the Khans of Kalat and the rulers of Sindh. In 1783, after two prolonged sieges the town fell to the Talpur Mirs of Sindh, who constructed a fort mounted with cannons on Manora Island at the harbour entrance. The prominence of the port attracted the British, who opened a factory in Karachi at the end of the eighteenth century but disagreements with the Mirs on trade tariffs led to the closure of the factory. The British were concerned about Russian expansion towards the Arabian Sea, so in 1839 they occupied Karachi and later the whole of the Sindh. The port served as a landing point for troops during the First Afghan War. Modern History The potential of Karachi as a natural harbour for the produce of the Indus basin led to rapid development. The Indus Steam Flotilla and the Orient Inland Steam Navigation Company were formed to transport cotton and wheat down the Indus river to Karachi. A number of British companies opened offices and warehouses in Karachi and the population increased rapidly. By 1852, Karachi was an established city with a population of 14,000 and a prosperous overseas trade. The modern port began to take shape in 1854, when the main navigation channel was dredged and a mole or causeway was constructed to link the main harbour with the rest of the city. This was followed by construction of Manora breakwater, Kiamari Groyne, the Napier Mole Bridge and the Native Jetty. The construction of the wharves started in 1882, and by 1914 the East Wharf and the Napier Mole Boat Wharf were complete while 1927 and 1944, the West Wharf, the lighterage berths and the ship-repair berths were

constructed between 1927 and 1944. From the 1861 the Sindh Railway line connected Karachi to the cotton and wheat producing areas of the Sindh and northern British India and by 1899 Karachi was the largest wheat and cotton exporting port in India. The period between 1856 and 1872 saw a marked increase in trade, especially during the American Civil War when cotton from Sindh replaced American cotton as a raw material in the British textile industry and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. Another major export was oil brought by rail from the Sui region in Balochistan. Karachi's importance as a gateway to India increased in 1911 when the capital of British India was moved to Delhi. The city was an important military base during the First World War (1914-18) because it was the first Indian port of call for ships coming through the Suez Canal and was the gateway to Afghanistan and the Russian Empire. In 1936 the Sindh district of the Bombay Presidency was reorganised as a new province with Karachi as the capital instead of the traditional capital of Hyderabad. This led to new public services and buildings, thus increasing its population and importance. Karachi was again a military base and port for supplies to the Russian front during the Second World War (1939-1945). In 1947, Karachi became the capital of the new nation of Pakistan, resulting in a growth in population as it absorbed hundreds of thousands of refugees. Although the capital moved to Islamabad in 1959, Karachi remains the economic centre of Pakistan, accounting for the largest proportion of national GDP based in part on the commerce conducted through the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim. Post Independence, the port witnessed tremendous growth as a result of being the largest port in Pakistan. The port was targeted by the Indian Navy (codenamed Operation Trident) during the hostilities of the 1971 war. Port Facilities The port has thirty dry cargo berths, three liquid cargo-handling berths (oil piers), two ship repair jetties and a shipyard and engineering facility. These are arranged in two main wharves - the West Wharf and the East Wharf each including a container terminal: -

Karachi International Container Terminal (KICT) opened in 1996 at West Wharf berths 28-30. It has a handling capacity of 300,000 TEUs per annum and handles container ships up to 11-metre draught. The total quay length is 600 metres divided into two container berths. The terminal is equipped with three Panamax cranes and one post-Panamax crane.

Pakistan International Container Terminal (PICT) in 2002 at East Wharf berths 6-9. It has a handling capacity of 350,000 TEUs per annum and handles container ships up to 11.5 metre draught. The total quay length is 600 metres divided into two container berths. The terminal is equipped with two Panamax cranes.

KICT and PICT have a nearby competitor in the privately operated Al-Hamd International Container Terminal (AICT), which opened in 2001 at a site west of the Layari River. AICT is situated next to the Sindh Industrial Trading Estate, the new truck stand at Hawkes Bay Road and close to the RCD Highway, Super Highway and the future Layari Bypass.

Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works carries out shipbuilding and repair for both commercial and military customers on a 29-hectare (70 acres) site at the West Wharf. The facilities include a large shipbuilding hall, three shipbuilding berths, two dry-docks, three foundries.

Expansion Further deepening of the port has been planned by the Karachi Port Trust in order to enhance facilities. The channel is being dredged initially to 13.5 metres deep to cater for 12 metre draught vessels at all tides. At Kiamari Groyne, located at the outer tip of the harbour, dredging will be to 16.5 metres to enable vessels up to 300 metres long to dock. The Karachi Port Trust also plans to develop a trans-shipment terminal at Kiamari Groyne which should minimise turn around time for larger vessels. Other projects to expand the port include:

An increase the handling capacity of KICT from 300,000 TEUs to 400,000 TEUs per annum

Two new berths at KICT with 14 metres depth alongside and an additional 100,000 m² terminal/stacking area

Installation of modern facilities at PICT (completed in April, 2004) A new bulk cargo terminal at East Wharf Reconstruction of the oldest oil pier to allow berthing of 90,000 DWT tankers A new 100-acre cargo village to cater for containers and general and bulk cargo Reconstruction of the 100-year old NMB Wharf to enhance the berthing of

passenger vessels The purchase of a new dredger, two hopper barges, two harbour tugs, two

water barges, an anchor hoist vessel, two pilot boats, and a dredger tender A new desalination plant to address the city's water shortage problem A 500-foot high Port Tower for commercial and recreational use including

a revolving restaurant The construction of a 500-acre Port Town with 13,000 homes for port workers

at nearby Hawkes Bay A new Port Club at Chinna Creek adjacent to the East Wharf

Environmental Concerns The area around the harbour includes several mangrove forests which are constantly under threat from human activities. To the east of the port lies Chinna Creek, which covers about 6 km² and is dotted with mangrove islands. To the southwest of the port is another much larger mangrove forest in the bay formed by several islands and Manora breakwater; the river Layari flows into this bay, bringing waste from upstream suburbs. The beach immediately east of the harbour was the scene of a significant oil spillage when the Greek-registered Tasman Spirit ran aground in August 2003. The

environmental impact included large numbers of dead fish and turtles and damage to a key mangrove forest, as well as dozens of people suffering nausea. Karachi Dock Labour Board The Karachi Dock Labour Board (KDLB) is responsible for labour relations between employees and the Karachi Port Trust. In October 2006, the Pakistan government has decided to close down Karachi Dock Labour Board by December this year as part of its landlord port strategy and under the National Trade Corridor (NTC) programme. The closure of KDLB would cost around Rs 4.2 billion ($70 million) to the national exchequer. The World Bank in its report suggested, in case of closure the KDLB would have to pay about Rs one million to each employee. There are about 3895 employees and officers on its payroll. Of which about 3673 are dockworkers; 185 staff members; and 37 are officers. The total payoffs calculated by the bank would be around Rs 4.2 billion.

KARACHI FISH HARBOUR Karachi Fish Harbour is in West Karachi near the main port. It is relatively well supplied with facilities, with two large auction halls which whilst not ideal could be made presentable at little cost, a smaller improved auction hall for export fish, a landing area for fish intended for fishmeal, one 40 ton flake ice machine (most ice used is block ice and bought in by truck from outside the harbour area), an unloading wharf next to the market hall and export processing factories. Boat building facilities and a slipway are on the creek side of the harbour.

PORT FOUNTAIN The Port Fountain or Karachi Port Trust Fountain is located next to the Northern rock of a series known as Oyster Rocks, off the Karachi Harbour. The fountain is the worlds second tallest fountain and rises to height of 620 feet when operating at full force. Ever since its inauguration by the President of Pakistan on January 15, 2006. The fountain has been attracting visitors from all over Pakistan. The fountain structure and platform of 135 sq meters (15m x 9m) is on 16 piles 18 meters deep. Two 835-horsepower turbine pumps deliver nearly 2000 liters of sea water per second at a velocity of 70 meter per second through specially designed 8 inch nozzles. The fountain constructed at a cost of PKR 320 million. Because the fountain rises so high into the air, it is quite easily seen from many locations of the city. Many high rise apartments, buildings and surroundings overlook the fountain throughout the community at the beach. The column of water can be seen from miles at sea. The fountain is located 1.4 km away from the beach to avoid spraying neighborhood homes. Maximum vapours travel up to a radius of 500 feet around the fountain. Eighteen flood lights of 400 watts illuminate the fountain at night.


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Dams and Barrages of Paistan

DUNGI DAM

Dohngi Dam (Dungi Dam) is a dam, located 2 kilometers northwest of Gujar Khan in Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

GHAZI BAROTHA DAM Ghazi Barotha Dam is located on Indus River in Pakistan. Ghazi Barotha Hydroelectric project is located around 100 km from Islamabad. It involved the construction of a partial river diversion at Ghazi Barotha, 7 km downstream from the Tarbela Dam. The barrage diverts water into a 52 km concrete-lined channel and delivers it to the 1,450MW powerhouse at Barotha. This is further downstream, near the confluence of the Indus and Haro rivers. In this reach the Indus River drops by 76 m within a distance of 63 km. After passing through the powerhouse, diverted water is returned to the Indus. In addition to these main works, transmission lines stretch 340 km.

GOMAL DAM Gomal Dam is located on Gomal river in South Waziristan, NWFP, Pakistan.

GOMAL ZAM DAM PROJECT Gomal Zam Dam Project is located in Damaan area of NWFP, Pakistan. Gomal River, on which a 437 feet high Gomal Zam Dam will be built, is one of the significant tributaries of Indus River. It is planned to irrigate about 163,000 acres of land. The total projects costs amounts to Rs. 12 billion. It will be a Roller compacted concrete dam, having a gross storage of 1.14 MAF. It will produce 17.4 MW of electricity when completed. Approximately Rs. 4.388 billion contracts for the construction of Gomal Zam Dam Project was awarded to Messers CWHEC - HPE, a joint venture of two Chinese firms in August 2002.

GUDDU BARRAGE Guddu Barrage is a barrage across river Indus, near Sukkur in Pakistan. President Sikander Mirza laid foundation-stone of the Guddu Barrage on February 2, 1957. The barrage was completed in1962. At the time of its construction it has maximum design discharge of 1.2 million cubic feet per second (34,000 m³/s). It is a gate-controlled weir type barrage with a navigation lock. The barrage has 64 bays, each 60 feet (18 m) wide. The maximum flood level height of Guddu barrage is 26 feet (8 m). It controls irrigation supplies to 2.9 million acres (12,000 km²) of agricultural lands in the Jacobabad, Larkana and Sukkur districts of Sindh and the Nasirabad district of Balochistan. The cost of the project was 474.8 million rupees. It feeds Ghotki Feeder, Begari Feeder, Desert and Pat Feeder canals.

HUB DAM Hub Dam is a large water storage reservoir constructed in 1981 on the Hub River on the arid plains north of Karachi on provincial border between Balochistan and Sindh, Pakistan. The reservoir supplies water for irrigation in Lasbela District of Balochistan and drinking water for the city of Karachi. It is an important staging and wintering area for an appreciable number of waterbirds and contains a variety of fish species which increase in abundance during periods of high water. The Mahseer (Tor putitora), an indigenous riverine fish found in the Hub River, can grow up to 9 feet in length and more than 110 lbs. The Hub reservoir can grow up to 32 square miles and provides for excellent angling.

KALABAGH DAM The Kalabagh dam is a mega water reservoir that Government of Pakistan planning to develop across the Indus River, one of the world's largest rivers. The proposed site for the dam is situated at Kalabagh in Mianwali District of the northwest Punjab province, bordering NWFP. The dam project is a highly controversial and has been so since its inception. In December 2005, General Pervez Musharraf, who became the President of Pakistan after

a 1999 coup, announced that he would definitely build the dam in the larger interest of Pakistan. History The region of Kalabagh was once an autonomous jagir (feudal estate) within Punjab. It was annexed by the Sikhs in 1822. After the British annexed the Punjab, the Nawab of Kalabagh was granted the jagir of Kalabagh, in recognition of his services to the British Raj. According to the PC-II of the Project, Kala Bagh dam was initiated by GOP in 1953, and until 1973, the project was basically considered as a storage project for meeting the irrigation needs, and consequently, rapid increases in the cost of energy have greatly enhanced the priority of the dam as a power project. The project's paperwork was finalized in March, 1984, with the assistance of the United Nations Development Programme; supervised by the World Bank, for the client Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) of Pakistan. Controversy The proposed construction of the Kalabagh Dam triggered an extremely bitter controversy among the four provinces of Pakistan, namely Punjab, Sindh, North-West Frontier Province, andBalochistan. The only province which is in favor of this dam, is Punjab that is the most strong among all four provinces, as usually the government is mainly centralized in it. The other three provinces have expressed extreme dissatisfaction, going so far as to have their provincial assemblies pass unanimous resolutions condemning the proposed dam. Hence, the project is still under consideration. The delay is also being caused by the fact that according to international water distribution law, the tailender has a legal and natural right on river and that is why no mega construction orreservoir can be built without permission and endorsement of the tail ender i.e. Sindh. In the case where the tail ender is not using water i.e. building a water reservoir, a reservoir can be made upstream. Impact assessments of the proposed dam have shown that while it will provide storage and electricity, the dam will also have adverse impacts on the environment, as can be expected from any large dam. It will also displace a large number of people. While proponents point to the benefits, the adverse factors have been played up by the opponents of the dam. As a result, the dam has been stalled by claims and counterclaims since 1984. The controversy can be best understood by looking at the viewpoints of each of the four provinces. Punjab viewpoint Punjab — the granary of Pakistan - desperately needs more water to keep up with the

growing population and industrial demands on its agriculture. A dam at Kalabagh would also supply cheap hydroelectric power. The annual outflow of water into the Arabian Sea is considered a "waste" in Punjab, which feels that water can be used to irrigate Pakistani infertile lands. Punjab wants not just Kalabagh, but also two more large dams on the Indus, at Bhasha and Skardu/Katzarah. It feels that the Kalabagh site is the most favourable, compared to the other two, and that it should be built first. Sindh viewpoint Sindh, the first province to point KBD project a blame game, is the lower riparian and strongest opponent of KBD. But its case mainly against Punjab is more on a conceptual basis of what Sindh thought to be "theft of water by Punjab" rather than locating an actual incident of theft. Sindh supports its argument by stating that by virtue of its name and history of water rights of the province, Indus River belongs exclusively to Sindh. Therefore, claiming the construction of dams, Tarbela and Mangla and now KBD actions of theft of water at the irrigation cost of Sindh. Further, Sindh presents many objections against the proposed dam. Some of these objections are as follows:

Sindh objects that their share of the Indus water will be curtailed as water from the Kalabagh will go to irrigate farmlands in Punjab and NWFP, at their cost. Sindhis hold that their rights as the lower riparian have precedence according to international water distribution law.

The coastal regions of Sindh require a constant flow of water down the Indus into the Arabian Sea so that the flowing water can keep the seawater from intruding inland. Such seawater intrusion would literally turn vast areas of Sindh's coast into an arid saline desert, and destroy Sindh's coastal mangroves.

With the construction of dams, such as Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam across the Indus, Sindhis have seen the once-mighty Indus turned into a shadow of its former glory downstream of the Kotri Barrage up to Hyderabad. They fear that there simply is not enough water for another large dam across the Indus, let alone three.

The Kalabagh site is located in a highly seismic zone near an active fault, and the underlying rocks are likely to contain numerous fractures, causing the reservoir water to seep through the catacomb of fractures and discharge at the lowest point around the reservoir and the Indus River.

Damming the Indus has already caused a number of environmental problems that have not yet addressed. Silt deposited in the proposed Kalabagh dam would further curtail the water storage capacity of Manchar Lake and other lakes and of wetlands like Haleji Lake.

President General Musharraf and other leaders, such as Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, have promised ‘iron-clad' constitutional guarantees to ensure that Sindh gets its fair share of water. However, these assurances mean little to most

Sindhis, who point out that even the earlier 1991 Indus Water-Sharing Accord, which is a document already guaranteed by the constitutional body, the Council of Common Interests, has been violated, and that Punjab has “stolen" their water.

The objection to Kalabagh in Sindh is widespread. Even political parties of Sindh that are in the central cabinet and are supported by General Musharraf, such as the MQM, have strongly denounced the dam. NWFP viewpoint The NWFP has two main objections to the dam.

While the reservoir will be in the NWFP, the dam's electricity-generating turbines will be just across the provincial border in Punjab. Therefore, Punjab would get royalties from the central government in Islamabad for generating electricity. Contrary to this, however, Punjab has agreed not to accept any royalties from the Kalabagh Dam. The fact that the NWFP will suffer the adverse consequences of the reservoir but not get royalties is seen as unfair.

Concerns that large areas of Nowshera district would be submerged by the dam and even wider areas would suffer from waterlogging and salinity as has occurred with the Tarbela Dam.

Balochistan viewpoint The dam does not directly affect the Baloch as such. Rather, most nationalist Baloch Sardars sees the dam as another instance of Punjab lording it over the smaller provinces. By opposing the dam they are signaling their disaffection with being the poorest province and most neglected of all in development. In reality Balochistan can only get more water and its due share after the construction of Kalabagh dam and Kachhi canal. The Common Man's Viewpoint Majority of people of Pakistan are against the construction Kalabagh dam, as its construction can prove a danger to sustain the unification of provinces under the name 'Pakistan'. The only people who want the construction of Kalabagh dam can be classified into two groups: The first is the high ranked officers of Pakistan army, who will be granted farmlands to be irrigated by Kalabagh dam after the retirements (in fact these are the most powerful supporters of dam). The second group is the political leaders of Punjab; since the issue has turned out be a war between Sindh and Punjab, so by favouring the construction of Dam, Punjabi politicians can maintain their vote-bank. The only reason why President Pervaiz Musharaf favours Kalabhgh dam is because he needs the support of Punjab to sustain his dictatorship in the country. All the ‘oppressed' provinces (Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan) of the country has already expressed a huge concern over the construction of dam, specially in Sindh where every single street has observed the protest against the dam. The people of these oppressed provinces do not believe in any guarantee from ‘Punjabiz' Pakistani government as it has already done many decisions against the constitution/treaties, for example, the

regulation of water in Chashma-Jehlem link canal. Analysis Most independent analysts believe that the foremost problem with the proposed dam at Kalabagh is one of a trust deficit between the Punjab on one side and the other three provinces on the other. The noted columnist, Ayaz Amir suggested that the people of Punjab should redefine their assumptions about the rest of Pakistan and distribution of resources. A layman of Punjab does not understand why the rest of Pakistan does not trust Punjab. The answer, according to Amir, lies in the frequent coups staged by the Pakistan Army (which is overwhelmingly Punjabi in its composition), as well as the Army's extra-constitutional intervention and influence in public sector and civil institutions of the country in general and Sindh in particular. Now no province is ready to trust the Punjab. All Pakistanis agree that Pakistan faces a severe water shortage, and that some form of water management must be implemented soon. Many point out that even if work on Kalabagh were to start tomorrow, it would still take at least eight years to complete and commission such a large dam. In the meantime, the water situation would continue to worsen. Smaller dams, barrages, and canals must be built before that, and water conservation techniques introduced. The WAPDA for years repeatedly changed its statistics on the dam, to the point where no-one in Pakistan now believes any of its figures. Government of Pakistan formed a technical committee, headed by A. N. G. Abbasi, to study the technical merits of the Kalabagh dam vis-à-vis the other two. The four-volume technical report concluded that Bhasha or Katzarah dam should be built before Kalabagh, further complicating matters. To make matters even more complex, the report also stated that Kalabagh and Bhasha Dams could be considered feasible. The abrupt way in which President General Musharraf announced the decision to build the dam, simply overruling the objections of the smaller states, has sharply polarised public opinion. In Punjab the view is one of “...its high time!" while in the other states, especially Sindh, the reaction has been one of “...over my dead body!”. The fact that the General literally dragged so controversial an issue off the backburner and thrust it into national centre stage without considering the predictable reactions from the smaller provinces has left many aghast. Much has been said in the press, and the issue is still far from being resolved.

KAROONJHAR DAM Karoonjhar Dam is a dam in Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan.

MANGLA DAM As per the Indus Waters Treaty signed in 1960, India gained rights for the Ravi, Sutlej and Beas rivers, while Pakistan, in addition to waters of above three

rivers in her area and some monetary compensation, got rights to develop the Jhelum, Chenab and Indus river basins. Until 1967, the entire irrigation system of Pakistan was fully dependent on unregulated flows of the Indus and its major tributaries. The agricultural yield was very low for a number of reasons, the most important being a lack of water during critical growing periods. This problem stemmed from the seasonal variations in the river flow and the absence of storage reservoirs to conserve the vast amounts of surplus water during periods of high river discharge. The Mangla Dam was the first development project undertaken to reduce this shortcoming and strengthen the irrigation system. The dam was damaged partially during an Indian Air Forcebombing in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 when the hydel project was hit by the bombs.

The Mangla Dam project The Mangla Dam, the twelfth largest dam and third largest earth-filled dam in the world, is only 115 km southeast of Rawalpindi. One has to turn left from Dina Town and the dam on river Jhelum is about 14 km to the east. It was constructed in 1967 across the Jhelum River, about 100 miles southeast of the federal capital, Islamabad. The main structures of the dam include 4 embankment dams, 2 spillways, 5 power-cum-irrigation tunnels and a power station. The main dam is 10,300 feet long and 454 feet high (above core trench) with a reservoir of 97.7 square miles. Since its first impounding in 1967, sedimentation has occurred to the extent of 1.13 MAF, and the present gross storage capacity has declined to 4.75 MAF from the actual design of 5.88 MAF. The live capacity has declined to 4.58 MAF from 5.34 MAF. This implies a reduction of 19.22% in the capacity of the dam. The project was designed primarily to increase the amount of water that could be used for irrigation from the flow of the Jhelum and its tributaries. Its secondary function was to generate electrical power from the irrigation releases at the artificial head of the reservoir. The project was not designed as a flood control structure, although some benefit in this respect also arises from its use for irrigation and water supply. In the centre of the dam there is a Gakkhar Fort from where one can have a panoramic view of the lake.

MIRANI DAM Mirani Dam is located in Gwadar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Mirani Dam multipurpose project, is located on Dasht River, about 30 miles west of Turbat in Makran Division of Balochistan, it envisages provision of dependable irrigation supplies for the development ref irrigated agriculture on the two banks of the river. The project have been completed in November 2006 and inaugurated by president Pervaiz of Pakistan.

SHAKIDOR DAM The Shakidor (Shadi Kor) dam is located near Pasni, in the Balochistan province of

south west Pakistan, 1,900 km (1,180 miles) from Islamabad and has a length of about 148 meters (485 feet). It was built in 2003, at a cost of 45 million rupees (758,853 dollars), to provide irrigation water to the nearby farms. On February 10, 2005, the dam burst under the pressure of a weeks' worth of rain, killing at least 70 villagers and dragging their bodies to the Arabian Sea. The Pakistani military was sent into emergency Search and Rescue operations, saving 1,200 people but still having to account for over 400 missing.

SUKKAR BARRAGE The Sukkur barrage is a barrage across the Indus river near the city of Sukkur, Pakistan. It was built during the British Raj from 1923 to 1932 as the Lloyd Barrage to help alleviate famines caused by lack of rain. The barrage enables water to flow through what was originally a 6166-mile long network of canals, feeding the largest irrigation system in the world, with more than 5 million acres (20,000 km²) of irrigated land. The retaining wall has sixty-six spans, each 60 feet wide; each span has a gate which weighs 50 tons.

TARBELA DAM Tarbela Dam (or the National Dam), the world's largest earth-filled dam on one of the world's most important rivers - the Indus-, is 103 km from Rawalpindi near Haripur District. It is a major source of Pakistan's total hydroelectric capacity. Tarbela Dam is part of the Indus Basin Project, which resulted from a water treaty signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, guaranteeing Pakistan water supplies independent of upstream control by India. Construction began in 1968, and was completed in 1976 at a cost of Rs.18.5 billion. Over 15,000 Pakistani and 800 foreign workers and engineers worked during its construction. It is the biggest hydel power station in Pakistan having a capacity of generating 3,478 MW of electricity. The dam has a volume of 138,600,000 cubic yards (106,000,000 m³). With a reservoir capacity of 11,098,000 acre-feet (13.69 km³), the dam is 469 feet (143 m) high and 8,997 feet (2,743 m) wide at its crest while total area of the lake is 260 sq.km. It helps to maintain the flow of the Indus during seasonal fluctuations. A new, smaller hydroelectric power project has been developed downstream known as the Ghazi Barotha Hydel Power Project. It is solely for generating electricity and has a water channel with the highest flow in the world. While the dam has fulfilled its purpose in storing water for agricultural use in Pakistan, there have been environmental consequences to the Indus river delta. Reductions of seasonal flooding and reduced water flows to the delta have decreased mangrove stands and the abundance of some fish species. Permits are required for visiting the Dam. Please contact Public Relations Officer (PRO), Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA), Tarbela (Tel: 051-568941-2). A No-Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Ministry of Interior (Shaheed-e-Millat Sectt.),

Islamabad is also required for foreign visitors.

DIAMER-BHASHA DAM Diamer-Bhasha Dam is the name of a dam that has been planned in the Northern Areas of Pakistan on the River Indus. It is located about 314 km upstream of Tarbela Dam and about 165 km downstream of Gilgit. The dam is expected to create a large reservoir with a gross capacity of 7.3 million-acre feet (9 km³) submerging large tracts of land in the Diamer district. The dam is supposed to have a power generation capacity of 3.360 megawatts and is expected to considerable ease up the skewed hydro to thermal power generation ratio in Pakistan. It is expected that the detailed drawings of the dam would be completed by March 2008, immediately after which construction work shall begin.

TANDA DAM (RAMSAR SITE) Tanda Dam is lcated in Kohat District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. The site comprises a small water storage area in semi-arid hills in the catchments of the Kohat Toi River. Although most of the shoreline is steep, stony and devoid of aquatic vegetation, at the west end there are some areas of gently shelving muddy shores with a small amount of emergent vegetation.

NAMAL DAM Namal Lake is located in one corner of the Namal valley in Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan. This lake was created when Namal Dam was constructed in 1913. Namal Dam is situated some 32 km from Mianwali city. Namal Lake spread over 5.5 sq km, in Namal valley. There are mountains on its western and southern sides. On the other two sides are agricultural areas. NAMAL dam is situated some 32 KM from Mianwali city. This dam is very old. British Government constructed it. When Mianwali became District then the district government buildings were constructed using water stored in Namal Lake from this Namal Dam. In 1913, British engineers, to meet the scarcity of irrigation and drinking water, built a dam on this lake and from here they irrigated lands up to Mianwali city. But with the passage of time and construction of Thal Canal and installation of tube wells, its utility of water squeezed up to some limit. The gates of the dam are repaired by the irrigation department regularly but without enthusiasm. The hill torrents and rains fill the Namal Lake round the year. Due to a drought-like situation in the country, this lake dried up last year, which is the first incident of its kind during the last 100 years, said one of the senior inhabitants of this area. An engineer told this correspondent that the name of Namal Dam still exists on the list of dams in the world. Namal Lake is an ideal abode for the migratory birds in winter season when thousands of waterfowls, including Russian ducks and Siberian cranes, land in the lake water. Due to the apathy of the wildlife department, these guest birds

are ruthlessly killed by poachers. To save these birds, the wildlife department must declare this lake a sanctuary. There is beautiful sulphur water fountain near the Numal dam site.People use this water for treatment of different diseases.This sulphur water fountain is very old but even then the flow rate of water is same .If government take care and give attention to this fountain then this can be a great source of sulphur.By drying the water you can get a good quality sulphur from here.

KANPUR DAM Khanpur Dam is a dam located on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur, about 25 miles from Islamabad, Pakistan. It forms Khanpur Lake, a reservoir which supplies drinking water to Islamabad and Rawalpindi and irrigation water to many of the agricultural and industrial areas surrounding the cities. The dam was named from the former Khanpur village, which was submerged by the reservoir, so a new Khanpur town has been built downstream of the Dam. The dam was completed in 1983 after a 15-year construction period believed to have cost Rs. 1,352 million. It is 167 feet high and stores 110,000 acre-feet of water.

MISRIOT DAM Misriot dam is located 12 km southwest of Rawalpindi. This small dam has an artificial lake with boating and fishing facilities. Fishing permit may be obtained from fishing guard at Misriot. It has a pleasant landscape and walkways beyond the lake among eruptions of black rocks.

TANAZA DAM It is a small dam located at about 35 Km southwest of Rawalpindi on Dhamial Road. Ideal for a day trip, the lake has a quiet atmosphere.

WARSAK DAM The gignatic multi-purpose Warsak Dam is situated 30 kms north-west of Peshawar in the heart of tribal territory. It has a total generating capacity of 240,000 kw and will eventually serve to irrigate 110,000 acres of land.

TAUNSA BARRAGE

Taunsa Barrage is located on Indus river in Punjab, Pakistan. The Taunsa Barrage was completed in 1958, and it has been identified as the barrage with the highest priority for rehabilitation. It requires urgent measures to avoid severe economic and social impacts on the lives of millions of poor farmers through interruption of irrigation on two million acres (8,000 km²) and drinking water in the rural areas of southern Punjab, benefiting several million farmers. In 2003, the World Bank has approved a $123 million loan to Pakistan to rehabilitate

the Taunsa Barrage on the River Indus whose structure had been damaged owing to soil erosions and old-age. This project will ensure irrigation of the cultivated lands in the area of the Muzaffargarh and Dera Ghazi Khan canals, and through the Taunsa-Panjnad Link Canal that supplements the water supply to Panjnad headworks canals.

TAUNSA BARRAGE (RAMSAR SITE) Taunsa Barrage wetland site is located 20 km northwest of Kot Adu, Muzaffargarh District, Punjab, Pakistan. The rare marbled teal Marmaronetta angustirostris is a regular passage migrant and winter visitor in small numbers. The rare Indus dolphin Platanista minor and otter Lutra perspicillata are present in the river in small numbers. The site forms a very important wintering area for waterbirds, (notably Anatidae), and a breeding area for several species, notably Dendrocygna javanica, and a staging area for certain cranes (Grus grus and Anthropoides virgo) and shorebirds. Dendrocygna javanica is a common breeding summer visitor with 325 counted in August 1995. Over 24,000 waterbirds were present in mid-January 1987, including: 620 Phalacrocorax niger, 79 Anser indicus, 2,780 Anas penelope, 770 A. strepera, 4,880 A. crecca, 270 A. platyrhynchos, 1,660 A. acuta, 390 A. clypeata, 4,690 Aythya ferina, 53 Anthropoides virgo, 150 Porphyrio porphyrio and 7,510 Fulica atra, along with fewer numbers of Tachybaptus ruficollis, Tadorna tadorna, Marmaronetta angustirostris, Netta rufina, Aythya fuligula, Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Himantopus himantopus and Numenius arquata. The wetland was first declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary of 6,567 ha in 1972, the Sanctuary was re-listed in April 1983, then in July 1988 and subsequently in March 1993. It has been proposed that the Indus River from Taunsa Barrage upstream to Kalabagh and downstream to Guddu Barrage be declared as a World Heritage Site for the Indus dolphin Platanista minor.

CHASHMA BARRAGE (RAMSAR SITE) Chashma Barrage wetland site is located Indus Monsoon Forest, some 25 km southwest of Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan. The site is comprised of a large barrage, a water storage reservoir and a series of embankments (serving as flood bounds) which divide the reservoir into five shallow lakes at low water levels. The site is comprised of a large barrage, a water storage reservoir and a series of embankments (serving as flood bounds) which divide the reservoir into five shallow lakes at low water levels. The aquatic vegetation consists of Hydrilla verticillata, Nelumbium speciosum, Nymphaea lotus, Typha angustata, Typha elephantina, Phragmites australis, Potamogeton crispus-Myriophyllum sp.-Nymphoides cristatum, Potamogeton pectinatus, Saccharum spontaneum, Vallisneria spiralis and Zannichellia palustris. The natural vegetation of the region is a mixture of subtropical semi-evergreen scrub and tropical thorn forest. Species include Olea ferruginea, Acacia modesta, A. nilotica, Adhatoda vasica, Dodonaea viscosa, Gymnosporia sp., Prosopis cineraria, Reptonia

buxifolia, Salvadora oleoides, Tamarix aphylla, T. dioica, Ziziphus mauritania, Z. nummularia, Chrysopogon aucheri, Lasiurus hirsutus, Heteropogon contortus and Panicum antidotale. Prosopis glandulosa has been introduced in the area. Most of the natural thorn forest on the plains to the east of the Indus has been cleared for agricultural land and for irrigated plantations of Dalbergia sissoo and other species. The rich fish fauna includes Gudusia chapra, Notopterus chitala, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, C. reba, Labeo rohita, L. microphthalmus, Puntius ticto, P. stigma, Barilius vagra, Wallago attu, Rita rita, Bagarius bagarius, Mystus aor, M. seenghala, Heteropneustes fossilis, Eutropiichthys vacha, Nandus sp., Mastacembelus armatus, M. pancalus, Ambassis nama, A. ranga and Channa punctatus. Other aquatic fauna includes Hirudinaria sp., Palaemon spp., Rana tigrina, Kachuga smithi, Trionyx gangeticus and Lissemys punctata. Mammals occurring in the area include Sus scrofa cristatus, Axis porcinus, Canis aureus, Felis libyca and Lutra perspicillata.

KACCHI CANAL PROJECT Kachhi Canal Project is located in Punjab, Pakistan. Kachhi Canal Project was started in October 2002. The project, estimated to cost Rs28 billion, is planned as a fast track part of Vision-2025, the national development programme of water and hydropower resources. The first leg of the project comprises 500-kilometre-long Kachhi Canal to off take from Taunsa Barrage with a capacity of 6,000 cusecs. According to the official documents, the project will provide irrigation to 713,000 acres of land and will enhance cropping intensity in the project area from the present 2 per cent to 46 per cent. The Kachhi Canal will be fed through Taunsa Barrage for only six months.




#38

Monday, March 26, 2007

Last Island


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Sports venues in Pakistan

CRICKET STADIUMS

ARBAB NIAZ STADIUM

Arbab Niaz Stadium is a Test cricket ground in Peshawar. It replaced the Peshawar Club Ground as the home ground for the Peshawar cricket team in 1985. The ground has hosted 17 ODIs since 1984, and seven Test matches in 1995, most recently in 2003. The ground has a seating capacity of 20,000.

BAHAWAL STADIUM The Bahawal Stadium is a cricket ground in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. It was the first cricket ground in Western Pakistan to host a Test match, when it hosted the second Test of Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1954-55 India's inaugural tour of Pakistan. However, this was the only international match to be held at this ground. As of 2002, 155 first class matches and 23 List Amatches have been played at this ground. As Bahawalpur's cricket team has been without first class status since 2002–03, there was only one first class match and one List A match here for the three seasons following that, but the ground still hosts Under-19 matches

DEFENCE HOUSING AUTHORITY STADIUM The Defence Housing Authority Stadium (previously known as the Defence Cricket Stadium) is a cricket ground in Karachi, Pakistan. It has hosted only one Test match, the 1st Test between Pakistan and Zimbabwe, from 1 December to 6 December 1993. Pakistan won by 131 runs, mainly due to Waqar Younis taking 7-91 in the first innings and 6-44 in the second. This was his first match as captain of Pakistan, standing in for Wasim Akram. Younis became Pakistan's youngest Test captain. It remains an approved venue for Test cricket.

The stadium has hosted 17 other first-class cricket matches from 1990 to 2000, and 16 limited overs matches from 1990 to 1999

DRING STADIUM Dring Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for Cricket games. The stadium holds 15,000 people.

GADDAFI STADIUM Gaddafi Stadium is a Test cricket ground in Lahore, Pakistan. It was designed by Pakistani architect Nayyar Ali Dada and completed in 1959. After its renovation for the 1996 Cricket World Cup, the stadium has a capacity of over 60,000 spectators for high profile matches or events. Ground Facts

Gaddafi Stadium has the largest playing surface of any cricket ground in the world.

The ground was originally named "Lahore Stadium", but was renamed in 1974 in honour of Colonel Gaddafi of Libya after a rousing speech he gave at the organization of the Islamic Conference in favour of Pakistan's right to pursue nuclear weapons.

Gaddafi Stadium also houses the headquarters of the Pakistan Cricket Board. In 1995-96, the stadium was completely renovated by original architect Nayyar

Ali Dada for the 1996 Cricket World Cup. The stadium held the final, with over 60,000 spectators.

Three hat-tricks have been taken at the stadium: 1. Peter Petherick of New Zealand against Pakistan, October 9, 1976 2. Wasim Akram of Pakistan against Sri Lanka, March 6, 1999 3. Mohammad Sami of Pakistan against Sri Lanka, March 8, 2002

Records Test

Highest team total: 699, by Pakistan against India in 1989. Lowest team total: 73, by New Zealand against Pakistan in 2002. Highest individual score: 329, by Inzamam-ul-Haq against New

Zealand in 2002.

One Day International

Highest team total: 327, by England against Pakistan, December 10, 2002. Lowest team total: 112, by India against Pakistan, December 22, 1989. Highest individual score: 139*, by Ijaz Ahmed against India, October

2, 1997.

IBN-E-QASIM BAGH STADIUM Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium, originally known as Old Fort Stadium, is a multi-

use stadium in Multan, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for cricket and football. The stadium holds 18,000 and opened in 1975.

IQBAL STADIUM Iqbal Stadium is a Test cricket ground in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Previous names for the ground include Lyallpur Stadium, National Stadium, and City Stadium. The current name honours Pakistani poet Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal. Ground records

First Test: 1st Test, Pakistan vs. India, October 1978. First ODI: Pakistan vs. New Zealand, November 1984.

Tests

Highest innings total: 6-674 by Pakistan vs. India, October 1984. Lowest innings total: 53 all out by West Indies vs. Pakistan, October 1986. Highest individual score: 253 by Sanath Jayasuriya for Sri Lanka vs.

Pakistan, October 2004. Best bowling figures (match): 12-130 (7-76 & 5-54) by Waqar Younis for

Pakistan vs. New Zealand, October 1990.

One-day internationals

Highest innings total: 7-314 (50 overs) by Pakistan vs. New Zealand, December 2003.

Highest individual score: 106 by Mohammad Yousuf for Pakistan vs. Bangladesh, September 2003.

Best bowling figures: 4-27 (4 overs) by Mudassar Nazar for Pakistan vs. New Zealand, November 1984.

JINNAH STADIUM (GUJRANWALA)

Jinnah Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for cricket matches. The stadium holds 20,000 and hosted its first Test match in 1991.

JINNAH STADIUM (SIALKOT) Jinnah Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Sialkot, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for cricket matches. The stadium holds 20,000 and hosted its first Test match in 1985.

MULTAN CRICKET STADIUM Multan Cricket Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Multan, Pakistan. The stadium is located off Vehari Road, in the suburbs of Multan. It is currently used mostly for cricket matches. The stadium holds 30,000 and hosted its first test match in 2001 against Bangladesh Cricket team. The stadium hosts both forms of international cricket i.e. Test cricket and One day international. The ground is a

replacement to the old Qasim Bagh Stadium located in the heart of Multan city.Flood lights were recently installed to make Day/Night matches possible. The first Day/Night game played at this ground was between archrivals India and Pakistan.

NATIONAL STADIUM, KARACHI The National Stadium is a cricket stadium in Karachi, Pakistan opened in April 21, 1955. It is currently used for cricket matches, and is home to Pakistan's national and Karachi's domestic cricket teams. The stadium is able to hold over 40,000 spectators, making it the second largest stadium in Pakistan after Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore. However, taking Karachi's size (about 15 million) into consideration, the National Stadium is considered too small by many locals. Other cities of similar size in cricketing nations such as Kolkata or Melbourne have much larger stadiums. There have been numerous plans to increase the capacity of the stadium, however none have actually been implemented so far. The Pakistani cricket team have a remarkable Test record at the ground, having only lost once (vs. England, December 2000-01) and have won 21 times in 39 Test Matches and in over 50 years. The stadium has witnessed some great innings like Viv Richards 181 against Sri Lanka and Mohammad Yousuf's record ninth century of the year to break Viv Richards record of most Runs in a calendar year was also scored on the same ground in November 2006-07.

NIAZ STADIUM Niaz Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Hyderabad, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for cricket matches. The stadium holds 25,000 and hosted its first test match in 1973. The first ever One-day cricket hatrick took place at this stadium. In addition, Pakistan has never lost any match, whether test or one day, on this ground. Niaz Stadium, Hyderabad is situated in the heart of once the 2nd and now the 3rd most populous city of Pakistan. Hyderabad has been named after Niaz Ahmed the late sports loving commoner of Hyderabad who was the motivating factor for building this stadium. The inaugural first class match was played at Niaz Stadium between South Zone v Pakistan Education Board (PEB) on March 16-18, 1962. Niaz Stadium become the 32nd first class ground in Pakistan and 2nd in Hyderabad. Only five Tests have so far been played at Hyderabad two each against England and New Zealand and one against India. The inaugural Test match at Hyderabad took place on March 16-21, 1973 against England, and it was left drawn after tall scoring England picked up 487 with Dennis Amiss scoring 158. Pakistan in reply, did even better, compiling 569 before declaring after nine wickets had fallen. Mushtaq Mohammad hit 157 and Intikhab Alam 138. England played out time by hitting 218 for 6 wickets. The last Test was played at Niaz Stadium, Hyderabad between Pakistan and New Zealand on 25-29 November 1984. Niaz Stadium celebrated staging this Test cricket's 1000th match with Pakistan winning the rubber with more than a day to spare. Javed

Miandad became the second Pakistani after Hanif Mohammed to score a century in each innings of a Test. Niaz Stadium boasts of the fact that Pakistan never lost a Test or One-day International here.

PESHAWAR CLUB GROUND The Peshawar Club Ground is a cricket ground in Peshawar, Pakistan, used for one Test match between India and Pakistan. It staged first class cricket matches from 1938 to 1987. History of matches The history of first class cricket at the Peshawar Club Ground began with the North West Frontier Province in the Indian Ranji Trophy. With the separation of Pakistan in 1949, the NWFP team was admitted into the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, and again played at Peshawar until they were replaced in the Trophy by a Peshawar city team in 1956. Before that, Pakistan had entertained India for the only Test match to be played here. In a drawn four-day encounter, Polly Umrigar hit a century for India before he was run out. The following year, New Zealand played a Governor-General of Pakistan's XI here, while a full-strength Pakistan side beat a non-Test touring team from Marylebone Cricket Club. For Quaid-e-Azam Trophy matches, the Peshawar team switched between this ground and the Peshawar Gymkhana Ground until 1971. In 1957, Peshawar off spinner Haseeb Ahsan achieved the best figures on the ground with thirteen for 47 in a match againstPunjab B. Touring teams occasionally visited the ground, though no more Test matches were played. In 1967, a MCC U-25 side played a Pakistan North Zone team, a match which is notable for Mike Brearley's highest first class score. The visitors' captain made 312 not out in a day as MCC piled up 514 for four against opposition including the later Test captain Intikhab Alam, declared, then won by an innings and 139 runs on the third day. He shared double century stands with Alan Knott and Alan Ormrod (records for the first and fifth wickets at the ground), and his innings remains the highest on the ground, despite Zakir Butt's 290 for Pakistan Railways six years later. Matches by touring teams became more common in the 1970s, with England, India, New Zealand, Sri Lanka (then not a Test nation) all playing a team at this ground. Most matches were drawn, though England won by the use of two declarations, while New Zealand lost against a team with nine players who would appear in the Test series against them. An International XI captained byVanburn Holder also beat a near full-strength Pakistan here in 1976, though the match did not have international status. By November 1984, the new Arbab Niaz Stadium in Pakistan was ready, and the Club Ground was disused. It hosted Peshawar for the last time in their 1986–87 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy campaign, where they played eight home matches, and since then the Arbab Niaz has taken over as Peshawar's international and first class ground of choice.

PINDI CLUB GRROUND Pindi Club Ground is a multi-use stadium in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. It is currently used

mostly for cricket matches. The stadium holds 15,000 people and hosted its first test match in 1965.

QAYYUM STADIUM Qayyum Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Peshawar, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for cricket and football matches. The stadium holds 15,000 people.

QUAID-E-AZAM STADIUM Quiad-e-Azam Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Mirpur, Kashmir, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for cricket matches. The stadium holds 45,000.

RAWALPINDI CRICKET STADIUM Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for cricket matches. The stadium holds 20,000 and hosted its first test match in 1993. The stadium was a prime spot in the 1995-96 cricket world cup. The floodlights were added in late 2001 when the Australians were set to tour the Region. The stadium is just 20 minutes from the capital Islamabad and is the only international stadium in the territory.

SHEIKHUPURA STADIUM Sheikhupura Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Sheikhupura, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for cricket matches. The stadium holds 15,000 people and hosted its first test match in 1996.

FOOTBALL STADIUMS

AYUB NATIONAL STADIUM Ayub National Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Quetta, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly football games. The stadium holds 20,000 people.

HYDERABAD FOOTBALL STADIUM Hyderabad Football Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Hyderabad, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 25,000 people.

IBN-E-QASIM STADIUM Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium, originally known as Old Fort Stadium, is a multi-use stadium in Multan, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for cricket and football. The stadium holds 18,000 and opened in 1975.

JINNAH SPORTS STADIUM Jinnah Sports Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for football matches. It also has athletics faclities. The stadium holds 48,700 people.

MODEL TOWN C-BLOCK STADIUM Model Town C-Block Ground is a multi-use stadium in Lahore, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly football games and hosts the home matches of WAPDA FC. The stadium holds 3,000 people.

HOCKEY STADIUMS

FAISALABAD HOCKEY STADIUM Faislabad Hockey Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Faisalabad, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for field hockey matches. It is located at Susan Road, a major shopping and restaurant area.

GADDAFI HOCKEY STADIUM Gadaffi Hockey Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Lahore, Pakistan. It is currently used mostly for field hockey matches. The stadium holds 45,000.


Last edited by Last Island; Monday, March 26, 2007 at 05:39 PM.



#39

Wednesday, March 28, 2007

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Forts of Pakistan

ALTIT FORT

Altit Fort is an ancient fort in the Hunza valley in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. It was home to the hereditary rulers of the Hunza state who took the title Mir. Today Altit Fort is a tourist site. The Altit Fort is in great disrepair, but is currently being restored by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Historic Cities Support Programme.

BALA HISAR FORT Bala Hisar Fort is one of the most historic places of Peshawar. The word Bala Hisar is from Persian, meaning, “elevated or high fort”. According to Dr. Hussain Khan, the name was given by the Afghan King Taimur Shah Durrani (1773-1793). The Sikhs who conquered Peshawar in the early 19th century named it Samir Garh in 1834 but the name did not become popular. The fort stands on a high mound in the northwestern corner of Peshawar City. No long ago the fort used to be conspicuously away from the old city of Peshawar but now the construction of new buildings has covered space between the old city and the fort. However the fort being high, gives a commanding and panoramic view of Peshawar and the entire Peshawar valley. On a clear day, one can see the mountains encircling Peshawar valley and beyond. The area covered by the inner wall of the fort is about 10 acres and the outer wall is about 15 acres. The height of the fort is about 90 feet above ground level. History Renowned historian, Dr A.H. Dani in his book "Peshawar-Historic City of Frontier" writes that when Hiuen Tsang, a Chinese traveller, visited Peshawar in 630 AD, he spoke of a "royal residence". He says that Chinese word "Kung Shing" used for its significance and is explained as fortified or walled portion of the town in which the royal palace stood. Hiuen Tsang then made a separate mention of the city, which was not fortified. This shows that the royal residence formed the nucleus of a Citadel, which must have been further protected by a moat. Dr Dani further says that a channel of old Bara River surrounded by a high spot, which includes the Balahisar and Inder Shahr. The higher area could have been the citadel, which is the present Balahisar. Peshawar has always been a strategic city and its capturing and ruling over it was of

great importance for the invaders and kings. "In the 11th century AD, the Hindu ruler, Raja Jaipal of the Hindushahi dynasty was defeated in the vicinity of Peshawar and Mehmud Ghaznavi garrisoned the fort with his army," says Dr Taj Ali. The British officers who visited Peshawar in 19th century mentioned that the fort used to be a royal residence of Afghan rulers, he added. "The Afghan rulers named it "Balahisar" a Persian name meaning high fort while the Sikhs renamed it as Samargarh in 1834 but the name remained unpopular," says Dr Taj. The fort was constructed on a mound with commanding view of the surrounding area including Shalimar gardens presently known as Jinnah Park towards its north. This gave more prominence and grandeur to the fort, he said. In the past, Balahisar has seen its construction and destruction by conquerors, worriers, invaders and kings on several occasions. After the overthrow of emperor Humayun by the Afghan KingSher Shah Suri, the Afghans destroyed the fort. When Hamyun was staying in it he decided to rebuild it before proceeding to Kabul. He wanted to use the fort for his conquest of India at a later stage. As his officers did not want to stay back, Hamayun himself supervised the rebuilding of the fort, which was soon completed. The fort also remained the residence of legendary Afghan king, Ahmed Shah Durrani and his son Taimur Shah Durrani. The Sikhs captured Peshawar and the fort in 1834 following the battle ofNowshera, he added. The Sikhs first destroyed the fort and later either by Hari Singh Nalwa or Sardar Khurruck Singh rebuilt it keeping in view its importance. However Sher Singh, on the orders of his father Ranjit Singh, erected the fort with unbaked bricks. On the entrance of the main courtyard of the Balahisar fort, a Sikh period inscription in marble can be seen on an arch gate. This is the only inscription available today in Balahisar, which reads, "Victory to Porak. This was built by Raja Bikramajit and was named Samir or Samar Garh." The British reconstructed Balahisar after the annexation of Sikh Shahi areas in 1849. At that time the fort had mud walls and was not very strong. The British replaced the whole structure with bricks and the present shape was given to the fort.

BALTIT FORT Baltit Fort or Balti Fort is an ancient fort in the Hunza valley in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. In former times survival of the feudal regimes of Hunza was ensured

by the impressive Baltit fort, that sits on top of Karimabad. The foundations of the fort are said to date back around 700 years, but there have been rebuilds and alterations over the centuries. In the 16th century the Thummarried a princess from Baltistan who brought master Balti craftsmen to renovate the building as part of her dowry. The architectural style is a clear indication of Tibetan influence in Baltistan at the time. The Mirs of Hunza abandoned the fort in 1945, and moved to a new palace down the hill. The fort started to decay and there was concern that it might possibly fall into ruin. Following a survey by the Royal Geographic Society of London, a restoration programme was initiated and supported by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Historic Cities Support Programme. The programme was completed in 1996 and the fort is now a museum run by the Baltit Heritage Trust.

DERAWAR FORT Derawar Fort is an ancient fort located 48 Km from Dera Nawab Sahib in Cholistan Desert in Pakistan. The Fort was built by Deoraj, a prince of Jaisalmer. It was in possession of royal family of Jaisalmer when it was captured by Abbasis in 1735. In 1747, the Fort slipped from the hands of Abbasis in the reign of Nawab Bahawal Khan due to his pre-occupations at Shikarpur. Nawab Mubarak Khan took the stronghold back in 1804. It is still in a good condition. The rampart walls are intact and still guarded by the personal guards of the Amir of Bahawalpur. The tombs of the ex-rulers of Bahawalpur and their families are located in this fort. The tombs have nice glazed blue tile work. Prior permission of the senior Amir of Bahawalpur is required to enter the fort.

KOT DIJI FORT The Kot Diji Fort, formally known as Fort Ahmadabad, dominates the town of Khairpur in Pakistan, about 25 miles east of the Indus River at the edge of the Nara-Rajisthan Desert. The initial fortifications were made from 1785 to 1795 by Mir Sohrab Khan Talpur, founder of the Kingdom of Upper Sindh in 1783. They comprised a 12 feet wide mud wall that had bastions throughout its length and a huge iron gate. The fort was considered invincible and served as the residence of the Ameers of Khairpur in war and peace. It is, therefore, the ancestral home of Khairpur. When the royal house (Zenana) moved into the comfort of palaces, it stood mainly as a decorated reminder of more violent times. Throughout its whole history, however, Fort Kot Diji was never attacked. Construction Kot Diji is a very practical fort constructed on a limestone hill with kiln-baked bricks. Bricks were used because the locally available limestone rock was very brittle and would have shattered easily on impact with a cannonball. The hill is over 100 feet high,

above which the walls of the fort rise another 30 feet. It has three strategically placed towers about 50 feet tall. The fort is about 1 km long. Its walls are segmented by about 50 bastions, and its 2.6 km perimeter identically follows the double crescent-shaped contours of the hill it stands on. This allows the fort to surround the attacking enemy on three sides on the west front. On the east, where the entrance lies, the fort is divided by three elephant-proof gates into three overlapping levels, so that the first two levels can be attacked by the next level above them in the event of the lower level being overrun by the enemy. The first gate is not a prominent portal but rather an indirect entry so that the gate cannot be rammed on a charge. The walls and bastions have slits in them, allowing defenders to attack their enemy from two levels: from on top and from within the wall. The fort was built at a time when cannons had become common and its design and position reveals that. It includes a multitude of stations for cannons and, because it is positioned high on a narrow ridge, enemy cannons would have had to fire at a great distance, permitting little accuracy. Cannonballs could either hit the hill or perimeter or would simply fly over the fort and fall on the enemies' own forces on the other side. Location Kot Diji was located at the edge of the desert; this provided an advantage over enemies marching from the east, because an exhausted army could be met before it could take supplies and water from the irrigated lands. In fact, the Mirwah canal was built in 1790 specifically to irrigate the lands west of the fort and bring water to the military base. Role under the British Empire The Kingdom of Upper Sindh later was recognized by the British as the princely state of Khayrpur, after the East India Company had reduced its area to less than a third of its original size of about 50,000 km². The Fort was allocated the role of central military base for the Kingdom, especially to resist Afghan invasion. It was the strongest of the 20 or so Talpur forts and was named after the Persian architect Ahmed, who designed it. According to folklore it took 30 years to build; in reality, a much shorter, tactically feasible period may have been possible by mobilizing peasants and soldiers on a massive scale. Recent history After the merger of the State with Pakistan in 1955, the fort could have been included with the personal property of the Mir of Khairpur (as is the case with other ex-sovereign rulers who still possess their forts). However, Mir Ali Murad II thought it appropriate to hand it over to the government of Pakistan, expecting better maintenance. Since then, the fort has fallen into serious disrepair and is presently in a derelict condition. Most of the lime mortar plaster has fallen of the walls, leaving the bricks exposed. During the dictatorship of Ayub Khan, 192 cannons and mortars based at and collected in the fort were stolen or destroyed by being thrown from the

bastions; other decorative fixtures and fittings were stolen as well. Apart from many indigenously made cannons, the collection included those built for Nadir Shah, the Kachar emperors, and the Kalhora, Mughal and Safavid dynasties, along with antique European cannons. In 1994 the provincial government of Sindh leased out the limestone hill on which the fort stood for demolition and quarrying for limestone extraction, in order to construct buildings and form foundations for government-built roads. However, public outrage - focusing partly on the abundance of limestone throughout the region - caused the surprised government to back down. Today the town wall is barely visible. The massive historic Iron Gate was sold for scrap soon after the takeover of Khairpur by Pakistan. Here, as with other places, Khairpur's heritage and history are being erased; some claim that this part of a deliberate effort by the federal government to erase the Khairpur identity. In 1995 a check of 500 rupees (approximately US$8) was provided for the repair of Kot Diji. Repeated requests by citizens for permission to repair it privately have apparently been ignored. In 2005, about 25 million rupees were handed over to a repair scheme which has apparently left it even more damaged. Sand was used as mortar to replace the original mortar and, as a result, the walls are highly susceptible to rainfall. Recently, the federal government handed over the fort to the government of Sindh. Since Sindh, which nominally has a provincial status, is widely considered to have a corrupt government, it is perhaps unlikely that the fort will benefit. However, Prince Mir Mehdi Raza Khan Talpur (younger of the two sons of the ex-ruler) is giving personal attention to the fort and has stated his commitment to its repair if sufficient funds can be acquired.

LAHORE FORT The Lahore Fort locally referred to as Shahi Qila citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the northwestern corner of Lahore, adjacent to the Walled City. Some of the famous sites within the fort are: Sheesh Mahal, Alamgiri Gate, Naulakha pavilion, and Moti Masjid. The fort is 1,400 feet long and 1,115 feet wide. In 1981, the fort was inscribed as a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site along with the Shalamar Gardens. Origins According to available historical information, the origin of Lahore Fort is obscure. Traditionally the foundation of Lahore and its fort is based on myths and, is attributed to Lav, the son of Rama,Avatara of Lord Vishnu of Hinduism, and hero of the Ramayana of epic age (1200-800 B.C.). However, during the excavation done in the year 1959 A.D. by the Department of Archaeology, in front of Diwan-e-Aam, a gold coin of Mahmood of Ghazni dated A.H. 146 (1025 A.D.) was found at a depth of 25 feet from the level of the lawns. Cultural layers continued to a further depth of 15 feet,

giving strong indications that people had lived here, long before the conquest of Lahore by Mahmud in 1021 A.D. Further mention of the fort is traceable to Shahab-ud-Din Ghori's successive invasions of Lahore from 1180 to 1186 A.D. Timeline It cannot be said with certainty when the Lahore Fort was originally constructed or by whom, since this information is lost to history, possibly forever. However, evidence found in archaeological digs gives strong indications that it was built long before 1025 A.D.

1241 A.D. - Destroyed by Mongols. 1267 A.D. - Rebuilt by Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban. 1398 A.D. - Destroyed again, by Amir Tamir's army. 1421 A.D. - Rebuilt in mud by Sultan Mubark Shah Syed. 1432 A.D. - The fort is occupied by Shaikh Ali of Kabul who makes repairs to the

damages inflicted on it by Shaikha Khokhar. 1566 A.D. - Rebuilt by Mughal emperor Akbar, in solid brick masonry on its

earlier foundations. Also perhaps, its area was extended towards the river Ravi, which then and up to about 1849A.D., used to flow along its fortification on the north. Akbar also built Doulat Khana-e-Khas-o-Am, the famous Jharoka-e-Darshan (Balcony for Royal Appearance), Masjidi Gate etc.

1618 A.D. - Jehangir adds Doulat Khana-e-Jehangir in 1618 A.D. 1631 A.D. - Shahjahan builds Shish Mahal (Mirror Palace). 1633 A.D. - Shahjahan builds Khawabgah (a dream place or sleeping

area), Hamam (bath ) and Khilwat Khana (retiring room). 1645 A.D. - Shahjahan builds Diwan-e-Khas (Hall of Special Audience) and

probably also Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) in the same year. 1674 A.D. - Aurangzeb adds the massively fluted Alamgiri Gate. (Sometime during) 1799-1839 A.D. - The outer fortification wall on the north

with the moat, the marble athdera, Havaeli Mai Jindan and Bara Dari Raja Dhiyan Singh were constructed byRanjit Singh, Sikh ruler from 1799-1839 A.D.

1846 A.D. - Occupied by the British. 1927 A.D. - The British hand over the Fort to the Department of

Archaeology after demolishing a portion of the fortification wall on the south and converting it into a stepped form thusdefortifying the fort.

QILLA SAIFULLAH Qilla Saifullah or Saifullah Qilla is a mud fort (qilla) built by Saifullah Khan, an influential personage among the Khudiadadzai The Qilla Saifullah District of Pakistan derives its name from this fort

RANIKOT FORT Ranikot is a large fort in the region of the Kirthar Range, about 30 km southwest of Sann, was in the Dadu district of Sindh now in district Jamshoro, approximately 90 km north of Hyderabad inPakistan. It is one of the largest forts in the world. It has an approximate diameter of 9 km. Its walls are on the average 6 meters high and are made of gypsum and lime cut sandstone and total circumference is about 29 km. While

originally constructed for bow and arrow warfare it was later expanded to withstand firearms. It is reputed to be the largest unexplored fort in the world. The purpose of its construction and the reason for the choice of its location are still unknown. Ranikot is the most talismanic wonder of Sindh. Visible from five kilometers away its massive undulating walls twist and dip over the hills. With the circumference of more than twenty-nine kilometers, its walls, built with dressed sandstone and reinforced with 45 bastions along the outer wall, of which 7 are rectangular and the remaining are round. All modified through the ages to accommodate the use of gunpowder, this perhaps makes it the largest fort in the world. Who constructed it first and why, is an enigma yet to be resolved by researchers. Some historians attribute it to Arabs, built by Imran Bin Musa Barmaki, the Governor of Sindh in 836 A.D., some to Sassanians, and some to the Greeks or Romans and some to the Persians, and some even to the Great Wall of China! Though the prehistoric site of Amri (Aamri) is nearby, and fossils and animal skeletons are found inside the fort on the Lundi Hills, there is no trace of any old city inside the fort. The present structure doesn't appear to be 'prehistoric'. Some historians point to 17th century AD as its time of first construction but most agree that some of the present structure was constructed or reconstructed by Mir Karam Ali Khan Talpur and his brother Mir Murad Ali in 1812 AD at a cost of 1.2 million rupees. This enchanted fort is located in Lakki Mountains of the Kirthar range on the right side of the mighty River Indus at a distance of about 30 kilometers from the present day town of Sann. A mountainous ridge, 'Karo Takkar' (Black Hill), running north to south, forms its western boundary and the 'Lundi Hills' forms its eastern boundary. 'Mohan Nai', a rain-stream enters the fort from its rarely used western 'Mohan Gate', where it is guarded by a small fortification, changes its name to 'Reni' or 'Rani Nai' or rain-stream and gives the fort its name. Ranikot is thus the 'fort of a rain stream' - Rani. It runs through it, tumbles in a series of turquoise pools to irrigate fields and leaves the fort from its most used 'Sann Gate' on the eastern side. It then travels about 33 kilometers more to enter the Lion River - Indus. Most of the twenty-nine kilometers long wall is made of natural cliffs and barricades of mountainous rocks which at places rise as high as two thousand feet above sea level! Only about 8 km portions of its wall are man-made, built with yellow sandstone. This was first measured on foot by Badar Jamal Abro along with Syed Jalal Mehmud Shah and local guide Sadiq Gabol. Badar Abro has also written a book on the Fort. As one enters the fort, one can find hills, valleys, streams, ditches, ponds, pools, fossils, building structure, bastions, watchtowers, ammunition depots, fortresses - all inside the Ranikot, adding more to its beauty and mystery. A spring emerging from an underground water source near the Mohan Gate is named as 'Parryen jo Tarr' (the spring of fairies). According to a tale told by the local inhabitants, fairies come from far and wide on the Ponam Nights (full moon) to take bath at this spring near 'Karo Jabal'!

Splashing sounds of water falling on the rocks can be heard at another spring, 'Waggun jo Tarr' or the Crocodile Spring, named so as crocodiles once lived there. Meeri and Shergarh fortresses Within Ranikot, there are two more forts - Meeri and Shergarh fortresses. Meerikot takes its name from the word 'Mir' meaning top. Both the main Ranikot and the inner Meerikot have similar entrances - curved, angulated with a safe tortuous path. "The bridge in front of Ranikot resembles to a smaller bridge in front of a fortress in Verona, Italy,” writes Ishtiaq Ansari, the writer of 'Sindh ja koat aaein qillaa' (Forts and Fortresses of Sindh) and a member of Sindh Exploration and Adventure Society. From the military point of view, Meerikot is located at a very safe and central place in the very heart of the Ranikot with residential arrangements including a water-well. Talpur Mirs used Meerikot as their fortified residence. One can explore ruins of the court, harem, guest rooms, and soldiers’ quarters inside it. Its 1435 feet long wall has five bastions. Every structure in the Ranikot has its own uniqueness and beauty. Looking up from Meerikot one can find another fortified citadel - Shergarh (Abode of Lions) built with whitish stone. Though its location at 1480 feet above the sea level makes this fortress a unique structure, it also makes it equally difficult for supply of water, which can only be had from the brooks and rain streams, hundreds of feet below! The steep climb upto Shergarh gives a commanding view down over the whole fort and its entrance and exit points. On a clear day one can even see Indus, 37 kilometers away to the east. Beside the Mohan Gate and the Sann Gate, there two more gates, rather pseudo gates. One is towards the side of ancient town of Amri. This 'gate' is called the 'Amri Gate'. Certainly it takes its name from the prehistoric ruins of Amri, but it must have taken this name much later than the times of Amri as the fort itself doesn't appears to be as old as the Amri itself. In fact there is a bridge over rain stream 'Toming Dhoro' exiting from the fort called 'Budhi Mori'. The breach in fort wall due to the river stream has been referred as a gate. Similarly, the Shahpir Gate to the south also appears to be a pseudo gate taking its name from a limestone rock with a rough shape of foot imprinted on it. The sacred footprint supposedly belongs to Hazrat Ali or some other religious personality and is venerated by locals. It seems to be a later breach in the fort wall instead of a formal gate because one can't find any bastion or watchtower or their remains at the site, needed to guard any formal entrance or exit points. A mosque found in the fort appears to be a later modification of a watchtower. Scattered animal skeletons and prehistoric fossils can be found on the top of Lundi Hills. One of the three graveyards has about four hundred graves made of Chowkundi like sandstone with engraved motifs of sunflowers and peacocks. Whether we can call them as theriomorphic and phytomorphic motifs, is an open question. Another one appears to be a graveyard of Arabs. The third one, about a mile away from the Sann Gate, had sixteen or seventeen graves earlier but now there are only four graves. The local inhabitants call it the Roman's graveyard.

The fort is notoriously deficient of shelters and shady places but the view of the terrain from the top of 'Shimla Hills' is not only attractive but mystifying too! "The size of Ranikot defies all reasons. It stands in the middle of nowhere, defending nothing" writes Isobel Shaw. So why was this fort built here in the desolate terrain of the Kirthar range? Many theories have been developed to answer this question. According to Ishtiaq Ansari, the Talpurs had sent their families to Thar and Kachchh when Afghan's attacked Sindh during the times of Kalhoras. However, after acquiring the rule of Sindh, they wanted a safe and secure place where they can send their families during the troubled times. This might have prompted them to rebuild this fort to their needs. Rahimdad Khan Molai Sheedai holds view that its location in Kohistan on the western frontiers of Sindh gave it its strategic value. Talpurs (they are Balouch by origin) had good terms with Khan of Kalat (Head of all Balouch Tribes), Talpurs were helped by them when they attacked Kalhoras and in return they gifted Karachi to Khan of Kalat and wanted a secure western frontier. Mazher Ali Ansari is of the view that Persians (Achaemenid Empire, 559 BC - 338 BC) were the first to construct this fort to secure their eastern frontier from the Indian rulers, as their empire extended from the Caspian Sea in the west to the River Indus in the east which also served as a natural boundary and barrier. They had constructed a similar wall of 155 km called the GorganWall near the Caspian Sea to protect their empire. Beside this, in olden times a trade route from Mesopotamia, Iran (Kirman Shah, Hamadan, Sulatanabad, Qum, Bimpur), Mekran and Sindh (Amri, Sehwan, Mohenjo-daro) used to pass from this area. Another branch of this route traversed Thano Arab Khan, Karchat, Sann an Amri, to reach Brahmanabad on the left bank of the mighty River Indus. Hence the importance of the location in earlier times, if the fort existed then. The condition of fort is rapidly deteriorating, as is the case with most of archeological heritage of Sindh. One third of the man-made walls have already collapsed and the rest may soon follow suit. Access to this man-made marvel of ancient times is possible through a motor able road, which goes up to Meeri Kot. A 4x4 is recommended.

ROHTAS FORT Rohtas Fort is a garrison fort built by the Great Afghan King Sher Shah Suri. He named Qila Rohtas after the famous Rohtasgarh Fort in Shahabad district near Baharkunda, Bihar which he captured from the Raja of Rohtas Hari Krishan Rai in 1539. Rohtasgarh is situated on the upper course of the river Son, 20 37’ N and 85 33’E. It was built by Harish Chandra of the Solar dynasty and was named after his son Rohitasva after whom the fort (Rohtasgarh) was named. Reasons of Construction Sher Shah constructed Qila Rohtas to block Emperor Humayun return to India after

defeating him in the Battle of Kanauj. This fort lies on the old GT Road between the North (Afghanistan) to the Plains of Punjab. It blocked the way from Peshawar to Lahore. The other reason was to suppress the local tribes of this region Potohar called Gakhars who were allies of Humayun and refused their allegiance to Sher Shah Suri. Location Qila Rohtas is situated in a gorge approximately 16 km NW of Jhelum. It was constructed on a hillock where the tiny Kahan River turns east towards Tilla Jogian Range. Overview of Construction Qila Rohtas is a garrison fort and could hold a force of up to 30,000 men. Due to its location, massive walls, trap gates and 3 Baolis (stepped wells) it could withstand a major siege although it was never besieged. The fort is irregular in shape and follows the contours of the hill it was constructed on. The fort is approximately 4 km in circumference. A 533 meter long wall divides the citadel (for the Chieftain) from other parts of the fort. The fortification has 68 bastions (towers) at irregular intervals. Out of the 3 Baolis, one of them is in the citadel and the rest are in the other parts of the fort. One of the Gates (Langar Khani) opens into the citadel and is a trap gate because it is in the direct line of fire of the bastions. The Khwas Khani gate is an example of double walling. A small enclave on the western side is a citadel within a citadel. It is accessible by only one gate and also had a very fine Baoli which suggests that it was meant for the Chief and his family. In this citadel there is a beautiful Masque called the Shahi Mosque (Not to be confused with the one in Lahore). There are no palaces in the Fort except for a structure built by Raja Man Singh called the Haveli of Man Singh. It is built on the highest point of the citadel. Cost of Construction The work on this fort was started in 1541 with Todar Mal Khatri, the revenue minister in charge of the project. The Gakhars whose area the fort was built on refused to provide labor for this project. Todar Mal faced with such problems informed Sher Shah about these difficulties who wrote in reply, “I know you for a man of business, understanding and intelligence. I see no work can be expected from you, because you consider money as your friend. When I have commanded you to do a thing you ought not to have cared for money in fixing the rate. Whatever be the expenses shall be borne by my government.” After receiving this reply, he fixed one red Ashrafi for each slab on the first day. The rate gradually decreased to one Paoli or Bahluli.

Because of the boycott the cost of construction was huge. It would have been much lower had it not been for the Ghakkars. The following sources all give slightly different estimates of the cost Waqiat-i-Jahangiri says the cost was Rs. 34,25,000. It refers to an engraved stone over the Shishi Gate which reads: “The amount is 16, 10, 00,000 Dams and something more, which is 34, 25,000 Rupees of Hindustan, 120,000 Tumans of Iran or 1,21,75,000 Khanis of Turan”. According to Tarikh-i-Daudi, its cost is 80,505,002 Dams (Bahlulis). Fortification Wall The height of the outer wall varies between 10 and 18 meters. Its thickness varies between 10 and 13 meters. The wall has 2 or 3 terraces and varies in thickness, the maximum being 13 meters near the Mori Gate. The terraces are linked by staircases. The topmost terrace has merlon-shaped battlements. Muskets can be fired from these battlements. Soldiers could also pour molten lead over the walls. The wall is built in sandstone laid in lime mortar mixed with brick. The gates are in grey Ashlor Masonry. Some portions have been built using burnt brick. The Gates The Rohtas Fort has the following 12 gates. All of them are built in Ashlor Stone.

Sohail Gate

This gate is the best example of masonry in use in the time of Sher Shah. It derives its name from a Saint names Sohail Bukhari buried in the southwestern bastion of the gate. Others say that it was names after the Sohail Star which rises on this side of the fort. It is a double gate rectangular in shape. It is 21.34 meters (70 feet) high, 20.73 meters (68 feet) wide and 15 meters (50 feet) deep. The central archway is 4.72 meters (15 feet) wide. It has an inner and an outer arch which is decorated with beautiful and simple motifs of sunflower. This decoration is repeated in all parts of the Qila. There are balconies on either side of the central arch. These balconies have a small dome and their sides and bottom are also decorated. Unlike other parts of the Qila which has been built in Afghan-Persian style, the balcony is an example of Hindu architecture. These same balconies can be seen in Haveli Man Singh. There is a small window in the middle of the outer arch. This window is different from the two balconies to either side of the outer arch. It is much simpler that these two balconies.

There are seven merlons on this gate. The bastions are with battlements which have loopholes. These bastions have three levels on the inside. The inner side of the gate mirrors the outside but has less decoration. There are no battlements towards the inside and no balconies either. The rooms in the upper storey of this gate have windows that open towards the inside of the Qila. Like the outer arch there is a small window in the middle of the inner arch. The gate now houses a Visitors information center and a Museum set up by the Himalayan Wildlife Foundation.

Shah Chandwali Gate

This gate links the citadel to the main fort. It is named after a Saint Shah Chandwali who refused to get his wages for working on this gate. The saint died while still on work and was buried near the gate. His shrine still stands to this day. This gate is also a double gate. The outer gate, the entrance of which is from the citadel is 13.3 meters wide and 8.23 meters deep. The inner gate is a simple archway which is 3.66 meters wide.

Kabuli Gate

This gate opens to the west and is named “Kabuli” because it faces Kabul. It is a double gate and its opening is 3.15 meters (10 feet) wide. It has two bastions on each side. The gate has 5 battlements on top and has stairs leading up to it from the outside. On the southern side of the gate is the Shahi (Royal) Mosque because of which many people also call it Shahi (Royal) Darwaza (Gate or Door). There is a Baoli near this gate.

Shishi Gate

The gate derives its name from the beautiful glazed tiles used to decorate its outer arch. These tiles are the earliest examples of this technique which was later refined in Lahore. These tiles are blue in color. An inscription on the left side of the gate gives the date of construction of the fort. The inscription is in Persian and is translated as follows In the Hijri Year 948 came the exalted At that time constructed the great fort The emperor is Sher, with long life There is no match to his good fortune Itwas completed by Shahu Sultan. The Hijri year 948 is 1541 AD.

Langar Khani Gate

It is a double gate 15.25 meters (50 feet) high, 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) wide with a central arched opening. The outer arch has a small window like the Sohail Gate. The outer opening leads to a Langar Khana (Mess or Canteen). There are two bastions on either side of the gate which have kitchen, stores and a well for water. The opening of this gate is L shaped. As soon as one enters from the outer gate one has to turn right.

Talaqi Gate

This gate is 15.25 meter high and 13.8 meter wide with two bastions on either side. This gates name derives from “Talaq” (divorce). According to a legend, Sabir Suri entered the gate and had an attack of fever which proved fatal. This was regarded as a bad omen and the name became “Talaqi”.

Mori or Kashmiri Gate

The gate opens to the north and faces Kashmir. This gate opens into one chamber which opens into another.

Khwas Khani Gate

This gate is named after one of Sher Shah Suri’s greatest general, Khwas Khan. This was the original entrance to the Qila (Fort) because outside the gate lies the old GT Road. It is a double gate. The outer gate is 12.8 meter wide (42 feet) and 8 meter (26 feet) deep. This gate has a bastion and a defensive wall on each side. On the bastions canons could be deployed. The inner and outer gates are almost mirror images of each other. The top of the gate has five battlements. All of these have loopholes as well as machicolation. Unlike other gates of this Qila, the inner side of the gate has five battlements. The inner and outer arches have sunflower motifs like the Sohail Gate. The gate also has a room which has windows opening to the inside and the outside.

Gatali Gate

It is a single gate 9.15 meter high and 6.1 meter deep. This gate faces Gatali Ford (ravine), thus the name.

Tulla Mori Gate

This is an entrance rather than a gate. It is on the eastern side of the fort. It is about 2 meters wide. There is a bastion next to this entrance.

Pipalwala Gate

This is a small entrance like the Tulla Mori Gate. It is 2.13 meter wide.

Sar Gate

This is a small entrance. There is a bastion next to this gate. There is a Baoli next to this gate. It is called “Sar” because “Sar” means water. Other Buildings

Shahi Mosque

This small mosque is near the Kabuli gate. It has a prayer chamber and a small courtyard. The prayer chamber is 19.2 meter long and 7.3 meter deep. It is divided into 3 equal chambers. There are domes from the inside but from the outside no domes can be seen. This mosque is built into the fortification wall i.e. soldiers walked over the mosques roof. The outer wall of the mosque is the fortification wall itself. On the outer wall of the mosque are beautiful round designs in which Islamic verses are written in Naqsh script. These verses are surrounded by a Lilly going around the Naqsh script. The Lilly design was later used by Mughals in Tomb of Jahangir, Tomb of Nur Jehan and the Shah Burj Gate in Lahore Fort. The design seems to have been copied from the coins used in that time.

Baolis

There are 3 Baolis in the fort. These were made by cutting deep into the lime rock. They are: 1.The Main Baoli in the middle of the Fort for soldiers, elephants, horses etc. This Baoli has 148 steps. Each step is 20 cm (8 inches) wide. The upper portion has been cut in stone. It has arches three arches that span the length of the baoli.

The Shahi Baoli near the Kabuli Gate for the Royal family. It has 60 steps and has small chambers that were used as baths by the Royal family.

A small Baoli near the Sar Gate, most likely used by soldiers.

Haveli Man Singh

This is not an original structure of the fort. It was built by a general of Akbar, Raja Man Singh I of Amber. He died in 1614 so it must have been built between 1550 and 1614. It is a 2 storey building constructed with bricks and plastered neatly. Architecturally it

bears no resemblance to the Qila Rohtas. A part of the structure has fallen away. There seems to have been 4 rooms out of which only one exists now. The existing room is 5.5 meters square and there are balconies on the outside of it. These balconies are similar to the one outside Sohail Gate. One could see the whole fort from these balconies. Unlike Qila Rohtas which is an example of Afghan architecture, this Haveli is an example of pure Hindu architecture.

Gallows

There is a small gallows near Haveli Man Singh. It is a one-storey structure. One room has been built on top of another. There was an upper storey where people would be hanged or their head would be cut off. The lower chamber would be used to collect the body. Bricks seem to have been used in the construction of this building which makes it likely that it was not an original structure of the fort. In addition, it is near Haveli Man Singh which makes it likely that it was built later than the main Qila. Decorative Features This fort is an example of purely “Masculine” architecture. It places function over form. This can be gauged from the fact that the fort had NO building for living. Even Kings had to live in tents when they came here. Stone Carvings These carvings are found on the gate and in the mosque. Most of these are engravings in Arabic and sunflowers. Calligraphic inscriptions Most of these inscriptions are on the Shahi Mosque. On top of the mosque the word “Allah” is written on merlon shaped arches. On the outer wall of the mosque are the “Kalima” and other religious inscriptions. There is an inscription in Persian on the Shishi gate which gives the date of start of construction. The same inscription is also found over the Talaqi gate. There are other inscriptions on the Khwas Khani, Langar Khani and Gatali gate. Glazed Tiles These tiles are found on Shishi gate. This type of tile became extremely popular with the Mughals who further refined them. The tiles on Shishi gate are the earliest example of the usage of these tiles. These tiles were made in Lahore. Plaster Plaster has been used in the Shahi Mosque.

Architectural Style This fort was built in the Afghan-Persian architectural style. Afghans and Persians Kings had been coming to the Indian subcontinent for at least 5 centuries before the construction of this fort. Before the construction of this fort, the combination of these styles had not been harmonious. Qila Rohtas is the earliest example of the successful mixing of these two styles with the Afghan style being more prominent. The elements of Hindu Architectures are 1. Balconies on Sohail Gate. 2. Decorations on Shahi Mosque derived from Hindu Architecture. 3. Haveli Man Singh (Pure Hindu Architecture). The elements of Afghan architecture are 1. Utilitarian Construction. 2. Use of stone instead of bricks in building wall. 3. No Living quarters. 4. Comparatively less decorations. Usage Sher Shah Suri died before the completion of this magnificent structure. Ten years after Sher Shah’s death and the end of the Suri dynasty, Emperor Humayun returned to rule India for another 15 years. When Humayun returned the Governor of Rohtas, Tatar Khan Kasi fled. This fort was never popular with the Mughals because of its military character. Emperor Akbar stayed here for a single night. Emperor Jahangir rested here for a single night while going toKashmir for some R&R. He said the following about its location. This fort was founded in a cleft and the strength of it cannot be imagined.The later Mughals seem to have made no use of the fort. The Durranis kept a garrison and a Governor here. The Sikhs held power after the Durranis, Maharaja Ranjit Singh was in camp here when he heard the news that his greatest general Hari Singh Nalwa had been killed at Jamrud by the Pukhtuns under the leadership of Wazir Akbar Khan a son of the great Amir Dost Mohammad Khan. The Kabul suburb of Mina Akbar Khan is named to honour the memory of this great Afghan general. The Maharaja gave the fort to Sardar Mohar Singh who was succeeded by Gurmukh Singh. It was subsequently leased to different people and the last people to manage Rohtas was Raja Fazal Din Khan who joined Sher Singh in rebellion. History The history of Rohtas is a long and chequered one. From old texts and inscriptions

found near Rohtas, it appears that the fort was in the possession of the Hindu king Pratapdhavala of the Japla dynasty. Other inscriptions mention that it was ruled by the Khayarwala clan who were sovereigns of Shahbad (the area now known as Bhojpur and Rohtas). Historians are of the opinion that the Hindu kings of Rohtas did a lot of construction – a road through the jungle leading from the foothill to the plateau, the fortifications on the jungle roads, plus the four gates on the four ghats. The main fortifications at the Raja ghat and the Katauthiya ghat can still be seen. Apart from a matrix for making seals belonging to the 7th century king Sasanka, all other artifacts are from the time of Sher Shah Suri onwards. 1500s The fate of Rohtas took a turn in 1539 when it fell out of the hands of the Hindu kings into those of Sher Shah Suri. At war with the Mughal emperor Humayun he had just lost the fort at Chunar and was desperately trying to gain a foothold for himself. Sher Shah made a request to the ruler of Rohtas that he wanted to leave his women, children and treasure in the safety of the fort, while he was away fighting in Bengal. The king agreed and in the first few palanquins there were women and children but the later ones the wily Sher Shah had substituted with fierce Afghan soldiers, who captured Rohtas, forcing the Hindu king to flee. During the Sher Shah’s reign the fort was guarded by 10000 armed men under the command of one of his trusted general, Haibat Khan Niazi. Haibat Khan Niazi built the Jami Masjid in 1543 AD, which lies to the west of the fort and is made of white sandstone, consisting of three domes. Another monument of this time is a mausoleum, perhaps of the daroga (superintendent of works) of Sher Shah, Habsh Khan. Then in 1558, Rohtas saw the rule of Man Singh, Akbar’s Hindu general, who made it his political stronghold. Northern India had been under Mughal rule, in contrast eastern India was highly unstable, with the various kings putting up resistance against the Mughals. Man Singh as governor of Bengal and Bihar made Rohtas his headquarters in view of its inaccessibility and other natural defences. He constructed a beautiful palace for himself, which is still in a fairly good condition, repaired the rest of the fort, cleared the ponds and made gardens in Persian style. The palace was constructed in a north-south direction, with its entrance to the west with barracks for soldiers in front. The main gate is known as the Hathiya pol or elephant gat…named after the figures of the behemoths which decorate it. It is the largest of the gates and was made in 1597. 1600s After the death of Man Singh, the fort came under the jurisdiction of the office of the Emperor’s wazir (Prime Minister) from where the governors were appointed. In 1621, the Prince Khurram (later Emperor Shahjahan) revolted against his father Jehangir, and fled to the safety of Rohtas, where the guardian of the fort, Saiyyad Mubarak handed over the keys of Rohtas to the prince. Once more, Khurram tried to win avadh, but lost the battle of Kampat and again sought refuge in Rohtas. It was here that his son Murad Baksh was born to his wife Arjumand Bano who later became as famous as Mumtaz Mahal. During Aurangzeb’s reign the fort was used as a detention camp for

those under trial and for housing prisoners sentenced for life. 1700s, 1800s Once again the fortunes of Rohtas changed. In 1763 in the battle of Udhwa Nala, the Nawab of Bihar and Bengal – Mir Kasim, lost to the British and fled with his family to Rohtas. But Mir Kasim’s luck was out and he fared no better at the fort. Finally the Diwan of Rohtas, Shahmal handed it over to the British Captain Goddard. During his two-month stay at the fort, the captain destroyed the storeroom and many of the fortifications. When Goddard left he put some guard in charge, but they too left after a year. Perched on a plateau where the fertile land and abundant water supply once supported 10000 matchlock men, Rohtas was now empty. There was peace at the fort for the next 100 years or so, which was finally shattered during the time of the First War of independence in 1857. Umer Singh, the brother of brave Kunwar Singh together with his companions took refuge here. There were many encounters with the British where the latter were at a disadvantage, for the jungles and the tribals in them were of great help to the Indian soldiers. Finally, after a long drawn out siege and many skirmishes, the British overcame the Indians. Architectural Legacy Here is what the World Heritage list (Document 586) says on page 2 of the report: “Rohtas Fort is an outstanding example of early Muslim military architecture in the Indian subcontinent which incorporates features from elsewhere in the Islamic world. It also had a profound influence on the development of architectural styles in the Mughal Empire (and hence on the European colonial architecture that made abundant use of that tradition).” “It is also outstanding by virtue of the refinement and high artistic value of its decorative elements, notably its high- and low-relief carvings, its calligraphic inscriptions in marble and sandstone, its plaster decoration, and its glazed tiles.” And “There are no surviving examples of military architecture of this period on the same scale in the sub-continent which survive to the same degree of completeness and conservation. Fatehpur Sikri (India) which is already on the World Heritage List represents the full Mughal realization of a form and style that owes everything to its precursor, Rohtas Fort.” The recommendation by ICOMOS (the organization that makes the World Heritage list) made the following recommendation: “Rohtas Fort is an exceptional example of the Muslim military architecture of central and South Asia, which blends architectural and artistic traditions from Turkey and the

Indian sub-continent to create the model for Mughal architecture and its subsequent refinements and adaptations.” Present State Most of the fort is in a very good state of preservation. In the portions that have fallen away (Haveli Man Singh) one can still see some part of the original construction. The central archway of the Chandwali Gate has been rebuilt recently so that is the only “fake” part of the fort. In early 2005, seepage, heavy rains, and general neglect caused the left inner face of the Talaqi Gate to collapse, and the right flank and foundation to become detached from the original structure. The Gatali Gate forms one of the original entrances to Rohtas. Over time, its right bastion and supporting wall have collapsed as a result of permeated rainwater and the erosion of its foundations. World Heritage Site Qila Rohtas was designated a World Heritage Site in 1997. Here is what the World Heritage list says on page 3 of the report: “That this property be inscribed on the World Heritage List. Rohtas Fort is an exceptional example of the Muslim military architecture of central and South Asia, which blends architectural and artistic traditions from Turkey and the Indian sub-continent to create the model for Mughal architecture and its subsequent refinements and adaptations.” Himalayan Wildlife Foundation The Rohtas Fort Conservation Programme was conceived by the Himalayan Wildlife Foundation in 2000 to help protect the sixteenth-century Rohtas Fort near Jhelum, and develop it as a heritage site conforming to international standards of conservation and tourism. It is undertaking the following projects in conjunction with the Royal Norwegian Embassy.

Complete Restoration of Shah Chandwali Gate Conservation of Haveli Man Singh Conservation of Talaqi Gate and Gatali Gate Establishment of Sher Shah Suri Museum in upper storey of Sohail Gate Improvement of quality of life in Rohtas Fort village

Factoids

12 gates, 4 are trap gates 68 bastions 1900 battlements

9500 stairs

SKARDU FORT Skardu Fort or Karpachu Fort is a fort in Skardu city in Northern Areas of Pakistan that dates from the tenth century CE. An ancient mosque is also present inside the fort. The fort and its mosque are located on the eastern face of the Khardong hill 40 ft above Skardu city. A view from these monuments brings into vision the entire valley, the Indus River and the settlement below.

FORT MUNRO Fort Munro lies on the Quetta Road at 85 km from D.G. Khan. It is the only hill station in southern Punjab in the Sulaiman Mountains Range. Its altitude is 1800 meters and attracts many people for short stays during the summer. TDCP resort at Fort Munro offers excellent boating on the Dames Lake. The resort also provides accommodation, a restaurant and a snack bar.

MULTAN FORT The Multan Fort, a Pakistani military installation, was a landmark of Indian defense and architecture. It was built near the city of Multan, in Punjab province, on a hillock separated from the city by the Ravi River. Its date cannot be fixed with accuracy. The fort was destroyed by British forces during the British occupation of India to avenge the murder of one Mr. Agnew in 1848. The fort was notable both for its effectiveness as a defense installation and for its architecture. Contemporary reports put the walls of the fort at 40 to 70 feet high and 6,800 feet (2 km) in circumference. The fort's 46 bastions included two flanking towers at each of the four gates (the De, Sikki, Hareri and Khizri Gates). A ditch 25 feet deep and 40 feet wide and an 18-foot glacisprotected the fort from intruders. Within the fort stood a citadel flanked by 30 towers, enclosing mosques, a Hindu temple and a Khan's palace. The citadel was severely damaged by the battering it got from the guns of Ranjeet Singh in 1818. At present it is survived by some parts of the old rampart and bastions besides the shrines of Hazrat Bahauddin Zakaria and Shah Rukn-e-Alam, an obelisk in memory of Agnew and a Hindu temple. The famous Qasim Bagh and a stadium are located within the walls of the fort. A panoramic view of Multan City can be had from the highest point in the fort.

MUZAFFARABAD FORTS Border skirmishes between the armies of renowned Mughal The Great Akbar and the Chak rulers of Kahsmir were common. To ensure safety of the people, and the land, the Chaks realised to raise defence posts and efficiently countered the offensives

There are two historical forts on the opposite sides of the river Neelum.

Red Fort Black Fort

During the year 1949 the construction of the red fort was undertaken. It was finally completed by Sultan Muzaffar Khan the founder of Muzaffarabad city during 1646. When the Mughalsovertook the Kashmir rule, this fort lost its importance. The Mughals were more interested in Kabul, Bukhara and Badakshan. During the Durrani rule the fort again came into limelight and its importance was rediscovred. Maharaja Gulab Singh and Ranbir Singh, the Dogra rulers, reconstructed and extended the fort for political and military operations. Towards the end of 1947 the Dogra forces filed away leaving the fort wide open to anybody. The architectonics of the fort show that great experts in design and structure participated in its construction. It is surrounded on three sides by Neelum River formally known as Kishan Ganga. The northern part had terraces with steps leading to the bank of the river. The Eastern side of the fort was very well protected from the hazards of flood waters but some parts in the north were slightly damaged. There was an inn at the entry of the fort of which there is only traces left now.

RAWAT FORT

Rawat Fort is located 17 km east of Rawalpindi, on the Grand Trunk (G.T) Road leading to Lahore. Gakkhars, a fiercely independent tribe of the Potohar Plateau built the fort, in early 16th century. The grave of a Gakkhar Chief, Sultan Sarang Khan is located inside the fort. He died in 1546 AD fighting against the forces of Sher Shah Suri. If one dares to climb the broken steps inside the tomb, one may get a panoramic view of the plateau and the Mankiala Stupa.

PHARWALA FORT This fort is about 40 km from Rawalpindi beyond Lehtrar road. A Gakkhar ruler, Sultan Kai Gohar, on the ruins of a 10th century Hindi Shahi Fort built it in 15th century. Emperor Babar conquered the fort in 1519 AD. Later, in 1825, Sikhs expelled Gakkhars from this fort. Though the fort is in a crumbling state, it is still an attraction for castle lovers. The fort, being situated in prohibited area, is only open for Pakistani visitors.

ATTOCK FORT It is situated about 101 km west of Islamabad on the left bank of Indus River. The fort was completed in 1583 under the supervision of Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi, a minister of Emperor Akbar. The Mughal caravan sarai outside the fort, which is almost on the G.T. Road, was also built during this period. Please note that no visitors are allowed inside the Fort.

GIRI FORT The glen of Giri is located 8 km northeast of Taxila, at the foot of Margallah. It is approached through a rough torrent bed near two villages named Khurram Gujar and Khurram Paracha. There are remains of two monasteries and stupas, one on the top of the hill and other below it. The remains of Giri Fort are perched on the hilltop, with spring water falling within it. The fort was built in 5th century by the Buddhist monks. Later, it was used by Sultan Masud, son of Sultan Mahmud of Gazni.

FORT OF MUNDE SHAHID The old fort of Munde Shahid, 50 Km from Bahawalpur and Marot Fort are considered to be antiquities. A place outside the Marot Fort is known as 'Baithak Maula Ali'. The tomb of Naugaza is located in the Munde Sharif Fort.


Last edited by Last Island; Wednesday, March 28, 2007 at 01:19 AM.

Presidents of the Republic Of Pakistan In 1947, Pakistan became a dominion within the British Commonwealth with the British Monarch as head of state, represented by the Governor-General of Pakistan. In 1956 Pakistan established its first constitution and became a Republic, and the positions of Queen and Governor-General were replaced by the President. Pakistan's first president was Iskandar Mirza, who was also the last Governor General. In 1958, he abrogated the constitution and declared martial law. A few weeks later, he was overthrown in a bloodless coup d'état by General Ayub Khan, who had declared himself president. The constitution was revised, and the president became the ruler of Pakistan. The constitution also stipulated that the president be elected by the people. Elections were held in 1963, and Khan defeated Fatima Jinnah, sister of founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Ayub Khan continued as president until March 25, 1969, when he passed the

presidency to Yahya Khan. Yahya Khan stepped down after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto became the new president and presided over the formation of a new constitution. This constitution was completed in 1973, and reduced the presidency to a figurehead position, giving power to the Prime Minister. Bhutto stepped down as President and became Prime Minister, symbolizing the transition. The President was henceforth elected by legislative assembly members, not by popular vote. Popular vote would be used to directly elect the members of the National Assembly, including the Prime Minister. In 1978, Prime Minister Bhutto was toppled by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who declared himself President. The presidency again became the premier position in the Pakistani government. Zia introduced the Eighth Amendment, which gave reserve powers to the President's office. Zia died in 1988 and the Prime Minister's office regained leadership of the country. The Presidency retained its reserve powers until 1997, when the Thirteenth Amendment was passed. However, the 1999 coup of General Pervez Musharraf brought executive powers back to the President's office. National and provincial elections were held in 2002. In December 2003, the Seventeenth Amendment partially restored the President's reserve powers, but made the exercise of those powers subject to Supreme Court approval or veto within 30 days. In January 2004, the Electoral College gave Musharraf a vote of confidence, as result of which he was (according to the Constitution) "deemed to be elected". Musharraf's term of office as President is set to end in 2007. 01. Major General Iskander Mirza March 23, 1956 October 27, 1958 Republican Party 02. Muhammad Ayub Khan October 27, 1958 March 25, 1969 Military 03. Yahya Khan March 25, 1969 December 20, 1971 Military 04. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto December 20, 1971 August 13, 1973 Pakistan People's Party 05. Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry August 13, 1973 September 16, 1978 Pakistan People's Party 06. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq September 16, 1978 August 17, 1988 Military 07. Ghulam Ishaq Khan August 17, 1988 July 18, 1993 No party 08. Wasim Sajjad July 18, 1993 November 14, 1993 Pakistan Muslim League (N) 09. Farooq Leghari November 14, 1993 December 2, 1997 Pakistan People's Party 10. Wasim Sajjad December 2, 1997 January 1, 1998 Pakistan Muslim League (N) 11. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar January 1, 1998 June 20, 2001

Pakistan Muslim League (N) 12. Pervez Musharraf June 20, 2001, In Office Military

Mountain passes in Pakistan

BABUSAR PASS

Babusar Pass or Babusar Top (el. 4173 m. /13,691 ft.) is a mountain pass at the north of the 150 km. (93 miles) long Kaghan Valley connecting it with the Astore Valley. It is the highest point inKaghan Valley. The Kaghan Valley is at its best during summer (months ranging from May to September). In May the maximum temperature is 11 C (52 F) and the minimum temperature is 3 C (37 F). From the middle of July up to the end of September the road beyond Naran is open right up to Babusar Pass. However, movement is restricted during the monsoon and winter seasons. The Kaghan area can reached by road via the towns of Balakot, Abbottabad and Mansehra.

BOLAN PASS Bolan Pass is a mountain pass through the Toba Kakar Range of mountains in western Pakistan, 120 kilometers from the Afghanistan border. Strategically located, traders, invaders, and nomadic tribes have also used it as a gateway to and from the South Asia. The British took the threat of a Russian invasion of South Asia via the Khyber and Bolan

Passes very seriously so in 1837, a British envoy was sent to Kabul to gain support of the Emir, Dost Mohammed. In February of 1839, the British Army under Sir John Keane took 12,000 men through the Bolan Pass and entered Kandahar, which the Afghan Princes had abandoned; from there they would go on to attack and overthrow Ghazni. Traditionally, the Brahui of the Kurd tribe are in charge of the law and order situation through the Pass area. This tribe is still living in present day Balochistan in Pakistan. In 1879 at the close of the Second Afghan War, the Treaty of Gandamak, the Bolan Pass was brought under British control; this was when the Sind-Pishin Railway was built by the British across the pass between Kandahar and Quetta. The Bolan Pass is an important pass on the Baluch frontier, connecting Jacobabad and Sibi with Quetta, which has always occupied an important place in the history of British campaigns inAfghanistan. Since the treaty of Gandamak, which was signed at the close of the first phase of the Afghan War in 1879, the Bolan route has been brought directly under British control, and it was selected for the first alignment of the Sind-Pishin railway from the plains to the plateau. From Sibi the line runs southwest, skirting the hills to Rindli, and originally followed the course of the Bolan stream to its head on the plateau. The destructive action of floods, however, led to the abandonment of this alignment, and the railway now follows the Mashkaf valley (which debouches into the plains close to Sibi), and is carried from near the head of the Mashkaf to a junction with the Bolan at Mach. An alternative route from Sibi to Quetta was found in the Harnai valley to the N.E. of Sibi, the line starting in exactly the opposite direction to that of the Bolan and entering the hills at Nari. The Harnai route, although longer, is the one adopted for all ordinary traffic, the Bolan loop being reserved for emergencies. At the Khundilani gorge of the Bolan route conglomerate cliffs enclose the valley rising to a height of Boo ft., and at Sir-i-Bolan the passage between the limestone rocks hardly admits of three persons riding abreast. The temperature of the pass in summer is very high, whereas in winter, near its head, the cold is extreme, and the ice-cold wind rushing down the narrow outlet becomes destructive to life. Since 1877, when the Quetta agency was founded, the freedom of the pass from plundering bands of Baluchmarauders (chiefly Marris) had been secured by the British Indian Army.

BROGHOL PASS Broghol, also spelled Boroghil and several other ways, (el. 3798 m. /12,460 ft.) is a high mountain pass that crosses the Pamir Mountains and connects the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan withChitral in Pakistan. Broghol is a relatively low pass. It was closed for about three months each winter because of snow, but for much of the rest of the year it was passable even for cart traffic. It is one of the four major mountain passes entering Chitral; the others are the Dorah

Pass from Badakshan in Afghanistan, Shandur Top from Gilgit, and Lowari Top from Dir in Pakistan. The area of Broghol is inhabited by Wakhi and Kyrgyz people.

European migration According to the National Geographic Genographic Project, Broghol Pass appears to be the route used by the ancestors of all modern Western Europeans to reach Europe. Modern Europeanscarrying the M45 genetic marker crossed Broghol and then turned west; M45 further mutated to become M173 and then M343, which is carried by 70% of the population of England. Historical significance As a low pass, Broghol has been often proposed but seldom used as an invasion route. During the 19th Century, the British greatly feared that the Russians would use Broghol to invade the heartland of British India. However, the Russians never did that, probably because after crossing Broghol they would have had to walk more than 200 miles down to Jalalabad or else would have had to cross another equally high pass to reach Ishkoman. It is possible that Marco Polo crossed the Broghol Pass to reach China. In popular culture

The 1985 comedy movie Spies Like Us depicts Dan Aykroyd crossing the Broghol Pass on a mountain yak.

CHAPROT PASS Chaprot Pass or Daintar Pass is a mountain pass to the northeast of Mehrbani Peak (5639) in the northwest of Chaprot.

DORAH PASS Dorah Pass, also spelled and pronounced Durah Pass, connects Badakshan in Afghanistan with Chitral in Pakistan. The Dorah Pass is more than 14,000 feet high. It crosses the Hindu Kush. It became important during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan because the Soviets were unable to stop the flow of arms and men back and forth across the pass. Almost the entire Munji-speaking population of Afghanistan fled across the border to Chitral during the War in Afghanistan. Pamir is a high plateau sometimes called "The roof of the world" that joins Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, China and India. Marco Polo is believed to have crossed the Pamir Mountains on his way to China. The Dorah Pass is one of the four major mountain passes that enter Chitral. The others are the Broghol Pass from the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, Shandur Top from Gilgit, and Lowari Top from Dir in Pakistan.

GONDOGORO PASS

Gondogoro Pass is a high mountain pass on the Gondogoro Glacier near Vigne Glacier.

GUMAL PASS

Gumal Pass or Gomal Pass is a mountain pass on the border of Afghanistan and the southeastern portion of the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan. It takes its name from the Gomal River. It is midway between Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass.

HAYAL PASS Hayal Pass (el. 4600 m.) is a high mountain pass to the north of Shani Peak in Naltar Valley. The pass lies in the west of Naltar Pass.

HISPAR PASS Hispar Pass (or Hispar La) (el. 5128 m./16,824 ft.) is a high-altitude, non-technical mountain pass in the Karakoram Range in Pakistan. At the pass, the Biafo Glacier (63 km. long) and Hispar Glacier (49 km long) meet to form the world's longest glacial traverse outside of the Polar Regions, 100 kilometers in length.

KARAKAR PASS Karakar Pass (el. 1336 m./4384 ft.) is a mountain pass in the Hindu Kush in Pakistan. From the top of the pass, one can view Buner Valley. It was at this pass that the Emperor Akbar lost most of his 8000-man army in an abortive attempt to invade Swat in 1586. The 45 km-long road from Pir Baba (RA) to Barikot passes through Mount Ilam rising through mature pine forests to Karakar Pass.

KHUNJERAB PASS Khunjerab Pass (el. 4693 m./15,397 ft.) is a high mountain pass on the northern border of Pakistan with the People's Republic of China. The name comes from the Wakhi for Blood Valley. It is the highest paved border crossing in the world. It is also the highest point on the Karakoram Highway. This section of the road was completed in 1982. The long flat pass is often snow-covered during the winter season and is closed from October 15 to May 1. There is excellent grazing on the Chinese side of the pass, and domesticated yaksand dzu (a cross between yaks and cows) may be seen from the road. On the Pakistani side, the highway travels about 50 km across the extensive Khunjerab National Park before reaching the security outpost of Dih. From

there, it is another 35 km to the customs and immigration post at Sust. In March 2006, the respective governments announced that, commencing on June 1, 2006, daily bus service would begin across the boundary from Gilgit, Pakistan to Kashghar, the People's Republic of China and road widening work would begin on 600 kilometers of the highway.

KILIK PASS Kilik Pass (el. 4827 m./15,837 ft.) 37° 05 N; 74° 41' E), 30 km to the west of Mintaka Pass is a high mountain pass in Pakistan. The two passes were, in ancient times, the two main access points into the Upper Hunza Valley from the north. This was the shortest and quickest way into northern India from the Tarim Basin, and one that was usually open all year, but was extremely dangerous and only suited for travellers on foot. From Tashkurgan one traveled just over 70 km south to the junction of the Minteke River. Heading some 80 km west up this valley one reached the Mintaka Pass, (and 30 km further, the alternative Kilik Pass), which both led into upper Hunza from where one could travel over the infamous rafiqs or "hanging passages" to Gilgit and on, either to Kashmir, or to the Gandharan plains. Laden animals could be taken over the Mintaka and Kilik passes into upper Hunza (both open all year), but then loads would have to be carried by coolie (porters) to Gilgit (an expensive and dangerous operation). From there, cargoes could be reloaded onto pack animals again and taken either east to Kashmir and then on to Taxila (a long route), or west to Chitral which provided relatively easy access to either Jalalabad, or Peshawar via Swat. The Mintaka pass was the main one used in ancient times until the fairly recent advance of glacier ice has forced people in recent times to use the so-called "New Mustagh Pass" (5,800 m or 19,029 ft), about 16 km further west; but this is also heavily glaciated and very difficult. The new Karakoram Highway heads further south, and then west over the Khunjerab Pass (4,934 m or 16,188 ft; 36° 51' N; 75° 32' E).

KOHAT PASS Kohat Pass is a mountain pass in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, connecting Kohat with Peshawar, crossing the Khigana Mountains. As the current road to the pass is steep and too narrow for large vehicles, Kohat Tunnel is under construction.

KHYBER PASS The Khyber Pass (also called the Khaiber Pass or Khaybar Pass) (el. 1070 m.) is the most important mountain pass connecting Pakistan with Afghanistan.

Throughout history it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia and a strategic military location. The pass summit is 5 km inside Pakistan at Landi Kotal. The pass cuts through the Safed Koh mountains which are a far southeastern extension of the Hindu Kush range. Geography Going northwest from the eastern end in Pakistan, the route across the pass starts from near Jamrud (15 km west of Peshawar) and ends west of Torkham, Afghanistan, a winding road of 48 km. The route passes Fort Maude and Ali Masjid to reach the narrowest point of the pass, just 15 m wide. The summit is at Landi Kotal, followed by a steep decline to Michni Kandao, Landi Khana and the Afghan border just east of Torkham. Here the gradient becomes easier as the pass exits at Haft Chah onto the Dakka plain. From Dakka, the Kabul River flows back to Peshawarthrough the Loe Shilman Gorge, a less direct and more difficult route, but the one chosen by Alexander the Great when he crossed over into South Asia in 326 BC in an attempt to invade theIndus Valley. Jamrud is at an elevation of 491 m (1611 feet), while the summit at Landi Kotal is 1070 m. (3509 ft.). The current street/road/highway was built by the British through the Pass in 1879 and therailway from Jamrud to Landi Khana was completed, by Victor Bayley. FICE, in 1925. The Kyber pass is the pass through the Zagnos moutains. History In some versions of the Aryan migration theory, the Indo-Aryans migrated to India via the Khyber Pass. Recorded invasions through the Khyber Pass begin with the conquests of Alexander the Great, and also include several later Muslim invasions of South Asia, culminating with the establishment of the Mughul Empire from 1526. Going the other way, the British invaded Afghanistanthrough the Pass and fought three Afghan Wars in 1839-42, 1878-80, and 1919. To the north of the Khyber Pass lies the country of the Mullagori Afridis. To the south is Afridi Tirah, while the inhabitants of villages in the Pass itself are Afridi clansmen. Throughout the centuries the Pashtun clans, particularly the Afridis and the Afghan Shinwaris, have regarded the Pass as their own preserve and have levied a toll on travellers for safe conduct. Since this form of extortion has always been their main source of income, they are naturally disturbed when anyone comes along to interfere with it. Hence their dislike of invading armies and penetrations, and other exercises of authority, even though some armies have been prepared to pay the blackmail, in the form of allowances. Resistance from the local tribesmen has always been fierce. George Molesworth, a member of the British force of 1919, summarised it well. "Every stone in the Khaibar has been soaked in blood." Rudyard Kipling called it "a sword cut through the mountains." It became widely known to thousands of Westerners and Japanese who traveled it in the

days of the Hippie trail. Taking a public or private bus or car from Kabul or the Afghan border, on the Pakistani side people were advised not to wander away from the road. A quick daylight passage was then made. Monuments left by British Army units, as well as hillside forts, could be viewed from the highway. The area of the Khyber Pass has been connected with a counterfeit arms industry, making AK-47's and Martini-Henry rifles, among others including pistols and sub machine guns using local steel and blacksmiths' forges. Trivia

The Khyber Pass was the alleged setting of the 1968 comedy film Carry On up the Khyber. The Khyber Pass scenes were actually shot in Snowdonia, Wales.

It is the nickname of a narrow passage in London's King's Cross St. Pancras tube station.

A steep, narrow close (lane) in Stromness, Orkney goes by the name Khyber Pass.

There is a Khyber Pass Rd in Auckland, New Zealand. There is a Pink Floyd song called Up the Khyber on the album More. There is a Ministry song called 'Khyber Pass' on the album Rio Grande Blood. In the movie, "The Man Who Would Be King", directed by John Huston and

starring Sean Connery and Michael Caine, the protagonists make a journey through the Khyber Pass in which they must fool a British military guard who knows them.

Khyber Pass is referenced in the song "Life is a Highway" by Tom Cochrane. There is a restaurant in South Kensington, London, UK named Khyber Pass. Khyber Pass is the name of a rapid on the Futaleufu River in Chile

LOWARI PASS Lowari Pass (or Lowari Top) (el. 10,230 ft.) is a high mountain pass that connects Chitral with Dir in Northern Areas, Pakistan. Lowari Top is a relatively low pass, by far the lowest pass to enter Chitral, the rest all being 12,000 to 15,000 feet. Lowari Top is closed by snow from late November to late May every year. During this time, jeeps cannot cross so men must travel by foot. This is dangerous, as there are high mountains on each side of Lowari Top, and a deadly avalanche can come at any moment without warning. Every winter a few men are killed by avalanche while crossing Lowari Top. Their bodies are buried under the snow and it is only when the summer comes and the snow melts that their bodies are found and their fate learned. Nevertheless, Lowari Top remains popular because it is the shortest route from Chitral to Peshawar. The other way would be down the Kunar River to Jalalabad through hostile Afghan Territory or the much longer route across Shandur Top to Gilgit.

Lowari Top crosses the Hindu Raj Mountains, a spur of the higher Hindu Kush. On the Chitral side of Lowari Top are the people of Ashret, who speak the Phalura language and were assigned by the Mitar of Chitral to be the guardians of Lowari Top. On the Dir side reside Gujjars, some of whom make their living as porters carrying loads across Lowari Top. In 1954, the King of Chitral was killed when his airplane crashed into Lowari Top. Even today, PIA pilots often turn back because of winds and fear of crossing Lowari Top. The word "Top" is interesting. It is believed not to be the English word "top" but to be a word from an ancient language no longer spoken there. The Lowari Top is one of the four major mountain passes to enter Chitral. The others are the Dorah Pass from Badakshan in Afghanistan, Shandur Top from Gilgit, and Broghol from the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan. There are constant proposals to dig a tunnel or a ditch through the Lowari Pass. An attempt was made to dig a tunnel under the Lowari Pass in 1980 but was abandoned after only a few hundred feet. The current President of Pakistan recently announced a new plan to build the Lowari Tunnel. According to recent developments a Korean company has started work on the tunnel. Work is going quite fast and equipment is being brought in by heavy lift helicoptors. According to the manager of the project it will take around 4 years to complete and open for the public. Work on the Rs8 billion lowari tunnel project was launched in 2005 and it will be completed in three years. The contract has been given to Korean Sambu Company.

MINTAKA PASS Mintaka Pass (also known as Minteke Pass) (el. 4709 m./15,450 ft.) 37° 01' N; 74° 50' E) or the nearby Kilik Pass (4,827 m or 15,837 ft high; 37° 05 N; 74° 41' E), 30 km to the west, were, in ancient times, the two main access points into the Upper Hunza Valley from the north. These were the shortest and quickest ways into northern India from the Tarim Basin, and were usually open all year, but was extremely dangerous and only suited for travellers on foot. FromTashkurgan one travelled just over 70 km south to the junction of the Minteke River. Heading some 80 km west up this valley one reached the Mintaka Pass, (and 30 km further, the alternative Kilik Pass), which both led into upper Hunza, from where one could travel over the infamous rafiqs or "hanging passages" to Gilgit and, from there, on to either to Kashmir, or the Gandharan plains. Laden animals could be taken over the Mintaka and Kilik passes into upper Hunza (both

open all year), but then loads would have to be carried by coolie (porters) to Gilgit (an expensive and dangerous operation). From there, cargoes could be reloaded onto pack animals again and taken either east to Kashmir and then on to Taxila (a long route), or west to Chitral which provided relatively easy access to either Jalalabad, or Peshawar via Swat. The Mintaka pass was the main one used in ancient times until the fairly recent advance of glacier ice forced people to use the so-called "New Mustagh Pass" (5,800 m or 19,029 ft), about 16 km further west; but this is also heavily glaciated and very difficult.a The new Karakoram Highway heads further south, and then west over the Khunjerab Pass (4,934 m or 16,188 ft; 36° 51' N; 75° 32' E).

NALTAR PASS Naltar Pass is a mountain pass to the north of Shani Peak in Naltar Valley in Pakistan. The pass lies west of Chaprot Pass and east of Hayal Pass.

SHANDUR PASS Shandur Top (el. 12,200 ft.) is a high mountain pass that connects Chitral to Gilgit in Pakistan. The top is flat, a plateau and can be crossed between late april and early november. The grade is very gradual, and the area is extremely beautiful, crossed by small streams full of trout. Every year there is a polo match played on Shandur Top between a team from Chitral and a team from Gilgit. Shandur Top is one of the four major mountain passes to enter Chitral. The others are Dorah Pass from Badakshan in Afghanistan, Lowari Pass from Dir, and Broghol from the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan. The people who live on both sides of Shandur Top speak the Khowar language.


Last edited by Last Island; Wednesday, March 28, 2007 at 09:17 PM.

Mountain ranges in Pakistan

GREAT HIMALAYAS

The Great Himalayas lie north of the Lower Himalayan Range. These mountains are bounded by the Indus River in the north and the west as the river takes a southward turn at Sazin. The average height of the range is about 6000 meters. Some of the highest peaks in the world lay in these mountains e.g. Nanga Parbat (8126 meters), which is the sixth highest peak in the world and the second highest peak in Pakistan. Since the mountains are perpetually covered with snow there are many glaciers, with Rupal Glacier being the longest (17.6 km). The glacial action has created many beautiful lakes like the Saiful Muluk Lake which lies in the upper Kaghan Valley. Another noticeable geographic feature of this area are the deep gorges carved by the Indus in this region. The deepest of which, located at Dasu-Patan region (Kohistan District), is 6500 meters deep.

HINDU KUSH The Hindu Kush, Hindū Kūsh or Hindoo Koosh is a mountain range in Afghanistan as well as in the North-West Frontier Province and Northern Areas of Pakistan. It is the westernmost extension of the Pamir Mountains, the Karakoram Range, and the Himalayas. Nomenclature The name Hindu Kush is usually applied to the whole of the range separating the basins of the Kabul and Helmand rivers from that of the Amu Darya (or ancient Oxus), or more specifically, to that part of the range to the northwest of Kabul which was called the Caucasus by the historians with Alexander the Great. Many Greeks also referred the range as Caucasus Indicus. It was also referred to by the Greeks as the "Paropamisos." The origin of the term "Hindu Kush" (and whether it translates as "Killer of Hindu") is a point of contention (Kush means beginning in Sanskrit) The earliest known use of this name was by the famous Muslim Berber traveller, Ibn Battūta (circa 1334), who wrote: "Another reason for our halt was fear of the snow, for on the road there is a mountain called Hindūkūsh, which means "Slayer of Indians," because the slave boys and girls who are brought from Hind (India) die there in large numbers as a result of the extreme cold and the quantity of snow." In the Persian language of the Sassanian period, Hindu referred to any inhabitant of Indian subcontinent (Hindustan), or Hind, rather than to followers of Hinduism as it does now. At that time inhabitants of India were mostly Hindu, except for in present-day lands of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Kashmir and the Lakshadweep where they were Buddhist. There are others who consider this origin to be a "folk etymology", and put forward alternate possibilities for its origin:

That the name is a corruption of Caucasus Indicus, a name by which the Hindu Kush range was known in the ancient world after its conquest by Alexander the

Great in the Fourth Century BC. Greek rule in the Hindu Kush region lasted over three centuries, and was followed by the rule of a dynasty known, significantly, as the Kushan. In its early period, the Kushan Empire had its capital near modern-day Kabul. The Kushans lost the Hindu Kush and became an Indian kingdom. Later, when the Hindu Kush region became part of the Sassanian Empire, it was ruled by a satrap known as the Kushan-shah (ruler of Kushan). A Fourth century CE Hebrew book, the Talmudic tractate of Megillah, uses the term "Kush Hodu" (Indian Kush), possibly a translation from the Persian words ("Hindu Kush") meaning "Indian Kush".

In modern Persian, the word "Kush" is derived from the verb Kushtan - to defeat, kill, or subdue. This could be interpreted as a memorial to the Indian captives who perished in the mountains while being transported to Central Asian slave markets.

That the name refers to the last great 'killer' mountains to cross when moving between the Afghan plateau and the Indian subcontinent, named after the toll it took on anyone crossing them.

That the name is a corruption of Hindu Koh, from the (modern) Persian word Kuh, meaning mountain. Rennell, writing in 1793, refers to the range as the "Hindoo-Kho or Hindoo-Kush".

That the name means Mountains of India or Mountains of the Indus (from the Indus River, the largest river in Pakistan) in some of the Iranian languages that are still spoken in the region; that furthermore, many peaks, mountains, and related places in the region have "Kosh" or "Kush" in their names.

That the name is a posited Avestan appellation meaning "water mountains." That the name is a corruption of Hind-o Kushan, containing the name of

the Kushan dynasty that once ruled this region for more than three centuries. That the name is a corruption of Hindu-Kusha, where "kusha" in Sanskrit means

"seat".

The mountain peaks in the eastern part of Afghanistan reach more than 7,000 meters. The highest, in Pakistan, is Tirich Mir at 7,690 m (cf. Mount Everest in Nepal which stands 8,848 m high). The Pamir Mountains, which Afghans refer to as the "Roof of the World", extend into Tajikistan, China and Kashmir and are among the world’s highest mountains. Mountains The mountains of the Hindu Kush system diminish in height as they stretch westward: toward the middle, near Kabul, they extend from 4,500 to 6,000 meters; in the west, they attain heights of 3,500 to 4,000 meters. The average altitude of the Hindu Kush is 4,500 meters. The Hindu Kush system stretches about 966 kilometers laterally, and its median north-south measurement is about 240 kilometers. Only about 600 kilometers of the Hindu Kush system is called the Hindu Kush Mountains. The rest of the system consists of numerous smaller mountain ranges including theKoh-e Baba, Salang, Koh-e Paghman, Spin Ghar (also called the eastern Safid Koh), Suleiman Range, Siah Koh, Koh-e Khwaja Mohammad and Selseleh-e Band-e Turkestan. The western Safid Koh, the Siah Band and Doshakh are commonly referred to as the Paropamisus by western scholars.

Rivers that flow from the mountain system include the Helmand River, the Hari Rud and the Kabul River. Numerous high passes ("kotal") transect the mountains, forming a strategically important network for the transit of caravans. The most important mountain pass is the Kotal-e Salang (3,878 m); it links Kabul and points south to northern Afghanistan. The completion of a tunnel within this pass in 1964 reduced travel time between Kabul and the north to a few hours. Previously access to the north through the Kotal-e Shibar (3,260 m) took three days. The Salang tunnel at 3,363 m and the extensive network of galleries on the approach roads were constructed with Sovietfinancial and technological assistance and involved drilling 1.7 miles through the heart of the Hindu Kush. Before the Salang road was constructed, the most famous passes in the Western historical perceptions of Afghanistan were those leading to the Indian subcontinent. They include the Khyber Pass (1,027 m), in Pakistan, and the Kotal-e Lataband (2,499 m) east of Kabul, which was superseded in 1960 by a road constructed within the Kabul River's most spectacular gorge, the Tang-e Gharu. This remarkable engineering feat reduced travel time between Kabul and the Pakistan border from two days to a few hours. The roads through the Salang and Tang-e Gharu passes played critical strategic roles during the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and were used extensively by heavy military vehicles. Consequently, these roads are in very bad repair. Many bombed out bridges have been repaired, but numbers of the larger structures remain broken. Periodic closures due to conflicts in the area seriously affect the economy and well-being of many regions, for these are major routes carrying commercial trade, emergency relief and reconstruction assistance supplies destined for all parts of the country. There are a number of other important passes in Afghanistan. The Wakhjir (4,923 m), proceeds from the Wakhan Corridor into Xinjiang, China, and into Northern Areas of Pakistan. Passes, which join Afghanistan to Chitral, Pakistan, include the Baroghil (3,798 m) and the Kachin (5,639 m), which also cross from the Wakhan. Important passes located farther west are the Shotorgardan(3,720 m), linking Logar and Paktiya provinces; the Bazarak (2,713 m), leading into Mazari Sharif; the Khawak (3,550 m) in the Panjsher Valley, and the Anjuman (3,858 m) at the head of the Panjsher Valley giving entrance to the north. The Hajigak (2,713 m) and Unai (3,350 m) lead into the eastern Hazarajat and Bamyan Valley. The passes of the Paropamisus in the west are relatively low, averaging around 600 meters; the most well-known of these is the Sabzak between the Herat and Badghis provinces, which links the western and northwestern parts of Afghanistan. These mountainous areas are mostly barren, or at the most sparsely sprinkled with trees and stunted bushes. Very ancient mines producing lapis lazuli are found in Kowkcheh Valley, while gem-grade emeralds are found north of Kabul in the valley of the Panjsher

River and some of its tributaries. The famous 'balas rubies' or spinels, were mined until the 19th century in the valley of the Ab-e Panj or Upper Amu Darya River, considered to be the meeting place between the Hindu Kush and the Pamir ranges. Unfortunately, these mines appear to be now exhausted.

EASTERN HINDUKUSH The Eastern Hindu Kush range, also known as the Low Hindu Kush range, is mostly located in northern Pakistan and the Nuristan and Badakhshan provinces of Afghanistan. The Chitral district of Pakistan is home to Tirich Mir, Noshaq, and Istoro Nal, the highest peaks in the Hindu Kush. The range also extends into Ghizar, Yasin Valley, and Ishkoman in Pakistan's Northern Areas. Chitral is considered to be the pinnacle of the Hindu Kush region. The highest peaks, as well as countless passes and massive glaciers, are located in this region. The Chiantar, Kurambar, andTerich glaciers are amongst the most extensive in the Hindu Kush and the meltwater from these glaciers form the Kunar River, which eventually flows south into Afghanistan and joins the Bashgal, Panjsher, and eventually the much smaller Kabul River. The jazz musician Katie Melua wrote a song called "Halfway Up the Hindu Kush", probably because in the 1960s and 70s Afghanistan was depicted in the media as the romantic haven of nomads and a resort for hashish-smoking hippies.

KARAKORAM Karakoram is a mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, China, and India, located in the regions of Gilgit, Ladakh and Baltistan. It is one of the Greater Ranges of Asia, often considered together with the Himalaya, but not technically part of that range. Karakoram means "black gravel" in Turkic, as many of its glaciers are covered in rubble. The Karakoram is home to more than sixty peaks above 7,000m (22,960 ft), including K2, the second highest peak of the world (8,611 m, 28,244 ft). Most of these peaks are in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The range is about 500 km (300 mi) in length, and is the most heavily glaciated part of the world outside of the Polar Regions. The Siachen Glacier at 70 km and the Biafo Glacier at 63 km rank as the world's second and third longest glaciers outside the Polar Regions. The Karakoram is bounded on the northeast by the edge of the Tibetan Plateau, and on the north by the Wakhan Corridor and the Pamir Mountains. Just to the west of the northwest end of the Karakoram lies the Hindu Raj range, beyond which is the Hindu Kush range. The southern boundary of the Karakoram is formed by the Gilgit, Indus, and Shyok Rivers, which separate the range from the northwestern end of the Himalaya range proper. Due to its altitude and ruggedness, the Karakoram is much less inhabited than parts of

the Himalayas further east. European explorers first visited early in the 19th century, followed by British surveyors starting in 1856. The Muztagh Pass was crossed in 1887 by the expedition of Colonel Francis Younghusband and the valleys above the Hunza River were explored by George Cockerill in 1892. Explorations in the1910s and 1920s established most of the geography of the region. Marcel Ichac made a film entitled "Karakoram", chronicling a French expedition to the range in 1936. The film won the Silver Lion at the Venice film festival of 1937. A portion of the Karakoram, disputed between India and China, has been re-created as a scale model by the Chinese government. Geological importance The Karakoram and the Himalayas are important to Earth scientists for several reasons. They are one of the world's most geologically active areas, at the boundary between two collidingcontinents. Therefore, they are important in the study of plate tectonics. Mountain glaciers may serve as an indicator of climate change, advancing and receding with long-term changes in temperature and precipitation. These extensive ranges may have even caused climate change when they were formed over 40 million years ago. The large amounts of rock exposed to theatmosphere are weathered (broken down) by carbon dioxide. This process removes the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere, and could have caused the global climate to cool, triggering an ongoing series of ice ages. Highest peaks Most of the highest of Karakoram peaks are in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Notable peaks are:

K2 (Qogir Feng) (8,611 m) Gasherbrum I (8,068 m) Broad Peak (Phalchen Kangri) (8,047 m) Gasherbrum II (8,035 m) Gasherbrum IV (7,925 m) Distaghil Sar (7,885 m) Masherbrum (7,821 m) Rakaposhi (7,788 m) Kanjut Sar (7,761 m) Saser Kangri (7,672 m) Chogolisa (7,665m) Haramosh Peak (7,397 m) The Ogre (7,285 m) Muztagh Tower (7,273 m)

The majority of the highest peaks are either in the Baltistan or Ladakh regions. Baltistan has more than 100 mountain peaks exceeding 6,100 metres (20,000 ft) height from sea level.

Subranges The naming and division of the various subranges of the Karakoram is not universally agreed upon. However, the following is a list of the most important subranges, following Jerzy Wala. The ranges are listed roughly west to east.

Batura Muztagh Rakaposhi-Haramosh Mountains Spantik-Sosbun Mountains Hispar Muztagh South Ghujerab Mountains Panmah Muztagh Wesm Mountains Masherbrum Mountains Baltoro Muztagh Saltoro Mountains Siachen Muztagh Rimo Muztagh Saser Muztagh

KIRTHAR MOUNTAINS Kirthar Mountains range is loacted in Balochistan and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. It extends southward for about 190 miles (300 km) from the Mula River in east-central Balochistan to Cape Muari (Monze) west of Karachi on the Arabian Sea. The Kirthar National Park is one of the largest wildlife reserve in Pakistan. The range forms the boundary between the Lower Indus Plain (east) and southern Balochistan (west). It consists of a series of parallel, rock hill ridges rising from 4,000 feet (1,200 m) in the south to nearly 8,000 feet (2,500 m) in the north. It is drained in the north by the Kolachi River and in the south by the Hub River and Lyari River, which flow to the Arabian Sea. The inhabitants of the region, chiefly Balochi, Sindhi, and Brahui tribes, subsist by flock grazing. Gabol being the major baloch tribe living here.

KIRANA HILLS A range of mountains in central Punjab districts Sargodha and Jhang running across approximately 40 miles northwest in the region. It is said the last formation of hills in geographic history and are said to be the kind of hills found in Aravalli series Rajasthan. It is quoted by Hindus religious scholars that this series was formed when Hanumanji picked up some rocks from Himalays to fight with Ravana and some pieces of rocks dropped from his hands which formed this series of mountains. The highest peak is about 980 feet and its name is Koh-e-Kirana.

SALT RANGE The Salt Range is a hill system in the Punjab province of Pakistan, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock salt. The range extends from the Jhelum River to the Indus, across the northern portion of the Punjab province. The Salt Range contains the great mines of Mayo, Warcha and Kalabagh, which yield vast supplies of salt. Coal of an inferior quality is also found.

Sakaser and Tilla Jogian are the high peaks of Salt Range. Khabikki Lake and Uchhali Lake are the lakes of Salt Range.

SIACHEN MUZTAGH The Siachen Muztagh is a remote subrange of the Karakoram range divided between India and Pakistan along the disputed line of control of Northern Areas of Pakistan, Jammu and Kashmir state of India and Xinjiang, China. It lies just north of the Siachen Glacier, one of the longest glaciers outside of the Polar Regions. Its highest peak is Teram Kangri I, 7,462 metres (24,482 feet).

SAFED KOH Safed Koh ("white mountain") is a range of mountains on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border, up to 15,620ft (4,761 m) above sea-level at Mount Sikaram, straight and rigid, towering above all surrounding hills, it is near the Kabul River. A spur of the range is crossed by the Khyber Pass. The lower slopes are nearly barren; pine and deodar formerly grew on the main range, but devastation during the Afghan civil war reduced timber resources. The valleys support some agriculture.

SPANTIK-SOSBUSN MOUNTAINS The Spantik-Sosbun Mountains are a subrange of the Karakoram range in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The highest peak is Spantik, 7,027 m (23,054 ft). The other namesake peak is Sosbun Brakk, 6,413 m (21,040 ft). The Spantik-Sosbun Mountains are a narrow range, about 120 km (80 mi) long, trending roughly east west. On the north, the range is bounded by the important Hispar and Biafo Glaciers, across which lie the Hispar Muztagh and Panmah Muztagh respectively. On the southwest, the Barpu Glacier and the longer Chogo Lungma Glacier separate the range from the Rakaposhi-Haramosh Mountains; the pass known as the Polan La (5840 m/19,160 ft) separates the Barpu from the Chogo Lungma, and links the two ranges. On the southeast, the Braldu River separates the range from the somewhat lower Mango Gusor Mountains.

SUKAIMAN MOUNTAINS The Sulaiman Mountains are a major geological feature of Pakistan and one of the bordering ranges between the Iranian Plateau and the Indian subcontinent. Bordering the Sulaiman Range to the north are the arid highlands of the Hindu Kush, with more than 50 percent of the lands there lying above 2,000 m (6,500 feet). The highest peak of Sulaiman Mountains is Takht-e-Sulaiman(3,487 m or 11,437 feet) in Balochistan, Pakistan. The Sulaiman Range, and the high plateau to the west and southwest of it, helps form a natural barrier against the humid winds that blow from the Indian Ocean, creating arid conditions across Southern Afghanistan to the north. In contrast, the relatively flat and low-lying Indus Delta is situated due east and south of the Sulaiman Mountains. This lush delta is prone to heavy flooding and is mostly uncultivated wilderness.

Range Takht-e-Sulaiman (3,487 m or 11,437 feet), Takatu and Giandari are some of the mountain peaks in the Sulaiman range. The mountain range approaches the Indus river near Mithankot in Rajanpur district of Punjab. The Sulaiman Foldbelt, a north-south trending mountain chain is situated in the middle of Pakistan with three fold physiographic division; namely the Sulaiman Foldbelt in the west, the Indus Foredeep in the middle and Punjab Platform in the east. The Sulaiman Foldbelt consists of shale, limestone, and sandstone strata of Mesozoic and younger age. Zindapir Anticlinorium is an integral part of the Sulaiman Foldbelt. It is marked by low altitude rocks, which are built up of Paleocene through Plio-Pleistocene marine sediments of the Indo-Pakistan Plate and is overlying by thick Siwalik. Alluvial deposits brought by Indus River and its tributaries cover the Indus Foredeep and the adjoining west dipping Punjab Platform. Field observations indicate that the structures style of Zindapir Anticlinorium is characterized by high angle faults. These faults are generally north south trending. Additionally at places en-echelon features and splay faults, which truncate the regional fault obliquely are noticeable. Legends The legend of the Sulaiman mountain range is east of Quetta, overlooking the plain of the Indus river. The highest peak (11,295 feet) is called Takht-i Sulaiman, Solomon's Throne; Ibn Battutanames it Koh-i Sulaiman. Of this it is related, that the Prophet of God, Hazrat Sulaiman (peace be upon him) climbed this mountain and looked out over the land of South Asia, which was then covered with darkness - but he turned back without descending into this new frontier, and left only the mountain which is named after him. (From Ibn Battuta)

TOBA KAKAR RANGE The Toba Kakar Mountains are a Southern offshoot of the Himalayas in the Balochistan region of Pakistan. The historical route through the mountains is known as the Bolan Pass, and though the mountains are sometimes inaccurately referred to as the "Brahui Mountains", Brahui is the term for an ethnic group that lives in the region, and their language. The mountains originally received media attention in August, 1979; when evidence emerged that Pakistan may be using them as a potential workspace towards development of nuclear weapons. Again in April, 1981, the United States government raised concerns, this time with Senator Alan Cranston referring specifically to a nuclear test site, built into the side of the mountains, 40 kilometers from Afghanistan. As a result of this, Congress amended existing legislation that would terminate financial assistance to Pakistan in the event of any nuclear test, so that it could not be waived by the President.

In late 2004, John Lehman announced that the United States now had the whereabouts of Osama bin Laden narrowed down to a 16-square kilometer area in the Toba Kakar mountains; though they were hesitant to enter the area , Lehman using the reference that it would be "another Vietnam". Pakistan's Major General Shaukat Sultan commented the claims of bin Laden being in that mountain range were "ridiculous" and without basis.

PAMIR MOUNTAINS Located in Central Asia, the Pamir Mountains are formed by the junction or "knot" of the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush ranges. They are among the world’s highest mountains. They are also known by the Chinese name of Congling or 'Onion Mountains.' The Pamir region is centered in the Tajikistani region of Gorno-Badakhshan. Parts of the Pamir also lie in the countries of Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. South of Gorno-Badakhshan, theWakhan Corridor runs through the Pamir region, which also includes the northern extremes of the North-West Frontier Province and the northern extremes of the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Geography Its three highest mountains are Ismail Samani Peak (known from 1932–1962 as Stalin Peak, and from 1962–1998 as Communism Peak), 24,590 ft (7,495 m); Independence Peak, 23,508 ft (7,165 m); and Pik Korzhenevskoi, 23,310 ft (7,105 m). There are many glaciers in the Pamir Mountains, including the 45-mile-long (72 km) Fedchenko Glacier, the longest in the former USSR and the longest glacier outside the Polar region. Climate Covered in snow throughout the year, the Pamirs have long and bitterly cold winters, and short, cool summers. Annual precipitation is about 5 inches (130 mm), which supports grasslands but few trees. Economy Coal is mined in the west, though sheep herding in upper meadowlands are the primary source of income for the region. Discoveries In the early 1980s, a deposit of gemstone-quality clinohumite was discovered in the Pamir Mountains. It was the only such deposit known until the discovery of gem-quality material in theTaymyr region of Siberia in 2000. Transportation At the southeastern edge of the Pamir region, in China, the highest international highway in the world, the Karakoram Highway, connects Pakistan to China. The Pamir

Highway, the world’s second highest, runs from Dushanbe in Tajikistan to Osh in Kyrgyzstan through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region and is the isolated region’s main supply route.




Districts of Pakistan

DISTRICTS OF PUNJAB

Attock District Bahawalnagar District Bahawalpur District Bhakkar District Chakwal District Dera Ghazi Khan District Faisalabad District Gujranwala District Gujrat District Hafizabad District Jhang District Jhelum District Kasur District Khanewal District Khushab District Lahore District Layyah District Mandi Bahauddin District Mianwali District Multan District Muzaffargarh District Okara District Pakpattan District Rahim Yar Khan District Rajanpur District Rawalpindi District Sahiwal District

Sargodha District Sheikhupura District Sialkot District Toba Tek Singh District Vehari District

SINDH DISTRICTS

Badin District Dadu District Ghotki District Hyderabad District Jacobabad District Jamshoro District Karachi District Kashmore District Khairpur District Larkana District Matiari District Mirpurkhas District Naushahro Feroze District Nawabshah District Qambar District Sanghar District Shikarpur District Sukkur District Tando Allahyar District Tando Muhammad Khan District Tharparkar District Thatta District Umerkot Distric

DISTRICTS OF BALOCHISTAN

Awaran District Barkhan District Bolan District Chagai District Dera Bugti District Gwadar District Hub District Jafarabad District Jhal Magsi District Kalat District Kech District Kharan District Khuzdar District Kohlu District Lasbela District Loralai District Makran District

Mastung District Musakhel District Nasirabad District Panjgur District Pishin District Qilla Abdullah District Qilla Saifullah District Quetta District Sibi District Zhob District Ziarat District

DISTRICTS OF N.W.F.P.

Abbottabad District Bannu District Batagram District Buner District Charsadda District Chitral District Dera Ismail Khan District Dir District Hangu District Haripur District Karak District Kohat District Kohistan District Lakki Marwat District Lower Dir District Malakand District Mansehra District Mardan District Nowshera District Peshawar District Shangla District Swabi District Swat District Upper Dir District

DISTRICTS OF NORTHERN AREAS The Northern Areas comprise six districts in two regions: the two Baltistan districts of Skardu and Gangche, and the four Gilgit districts of Diamer, Ghizer, Gilgit (the union of Dardistan and Hunzastates) and Astore (carved out of Diamer in 2004, Gilgit Wazarat - a former tribal territory). The main political centres of Northern Areas are the towns of Gilgit and Skardu. DISTRICTS OF AZAD KASHMIR

Bagh District

Bhimber District Ganga Choti Kotli District Mirpur District Neelum District Poonch District Sudhnati


Flora of Pakistan

Amongst the flora of the Park are the 225 species of plants. Prominent are:

Acacia Artemista (scoparia and martima) Banyan Barbery Birch Celosia Chestnut Chinar Chir Pine Date palms Deodar Dwarf willow Ephedra intermadia Fir Gerardiana Juniper Hemidesmus indicus Himalayan Mulberry Juniper Kao Makhi Nabro (densis) Neem Oak Phulai Pistachios Sacred fig Spruce Tinda Walnut

Wild almond Wild ash Wild cherry Wild olive Yew


Fauna of Pakistan

Ablepharus pannonicus Afghan Hedgehog Afghan tortoise Amberjack Anguis fragilis Apollo (butterfly) Argali Ashy-crowned Sparrow-lark Asian Paradise Flycatcher Asian Elephant Asiatic Black Bear Asiatic Lion Atrophaneura latreillei Bactrian Camel Bar-headed Goose Barasingha Barracuda Bay-backed Shrike Bear Bengal Fox Bengal monitor Bharal Bimaculated Lark Black marlin Black-faced Bunting Blackbuck Blanford's Fox Blue Bear Boar Boiga Boiga trigonata Brambling Brown Bear Buffalo

Buff-bellied Pipit Bungarus Bungarus sindanus Caracal Chamaeleo zeylanicus Cheer Pheasant Cheetah Chilasa agestor Chinkara Chukar Clouded apollo Cobia Cobra Collared Scops Owl Comb Duck Common Kestrel Common Krait Common Merganser Common Shelduck Common Spoonbill Common Teal Corsac Fox Cyrtopodion baturensis Daboia Dalmatian Pelican Deathstalker Demoiselle Crane Desert Lark Desert Wheatear Dhole Dice snake Discolampa ethion Dromedary Duttaphrynus melanostictus Eastern Imperial Eagle Echis carinatus astolae Echis carinatus multisquamatus Echis carinatus sochureki Egyptian Vulture Elaphe helena Emerald Swallowtail Eristicophis Eryx johnii Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Eurasian Collared Dove Eurasian Hobby Eurasian Lynx Eurasian Sparrowhawk Eurasian Wolf Eurylepis taeniolatus False Killer Whale Fennec

Fejervarya limnocharis Ferruginous Duck Fishing Cat Fox Fraser's Dolphin Fulvous Whistling Duck Gadwall Ganges and Indus River Dolphin Gaur Geckos Gharial Gloydius Gloydius himalayanus Goitered Gazelle Golden Jackal Golden Oriole Goshawk Graphium antiphates Graphium cloanthus Gray Goral Great Gerbil Great Indian Bustard Greater Coucal Greater Flamingo Greater Hoopoe-lark Greater Short-toed Lark Greater Spotted Eagle Green sea turtle Green-winged Teal Hawksbill turtle Hemorrhois ravergieri Hen Harrier Himalayan Brown Bear Hog deer Hooded Wheatear Horned viper Houbara Bustard House Bunting House Crow Humpback dolphin Hydrophis fasciatus Hydrophis ornatus Indian Bushlark Indian Cobra Indian Muntjac Indian Pangolin Indian Porcupine Indian Python Indian Rhinoceros Indian Scops Owl. Indian Wolf Indo-Pacific sailfish

Isabelline Shrike Isabelline Wheatear Jackdaw Jungle Cat Jungle Crow Kashmir Flycatcher Kentish Plover Kiang King Cobra King Vulture Koklass Laggar Falcon Lammergeier Large Indian Civet Laudakia badakhshana Laudakia caucasia Laudakia himalayana Laudakia pakistanica Leatherback Sea Turtle Leopard Leopard Cat Leopard gecko Lesser Flamingo Lesser Florican Lesser Grey Shrike Lesser Kestrel Lesser Short-toed Lark Little Bunting Levantine Little Pratincole Little Stint Long-billed Pipit Lycodon mackinnoni Lycodon striatus Macrovipera lebetina cernovi Macrovipera lebetina obtusa Macrovipera lebetina turanica Mallard Marco Polo sheep Markhor Masked Palm Civet Melon-headed Whale Merlin (bird) Microhyla ornata Monitor Mouse-like hamster Mugger Crocodile Musk cat Mute Swan Naja oxiana Nilgai Northern Shoveler

Old World Swallowtail Onager Oligodon taeniolatus Ophisops elegans Oriental Scops Owl Oriental Skylark Pachliopta aristolochiae Pale-backed Pigeon Pallas's Cat Pallas's Sea Eagle Pantropical Spotted Dolphin Papilio arcturus Papilio demoleus Papilio elephenor Papilio polyctor Papilio protenor Parnassius acco Parnassius acdestis Parnassius actius Parnassius charltonius Parnassius delphius Parnassius epaphus Parnassius hannyngtoni Parnassius hardwickii Parnassius hunza Parnassius jacquemontii Parnassius maharaja Parnassius simo Parnassius tianschianicus Pazala eurous Peacock Pelamis platura Peregrine Falcon Phrynocephalus reticulatus Pied Avocet Pied Wheatear Pilot whale Pochard Psammophis leithii Psammophis schokari Pseudocerastes Pygmy Killer Whale Python Ratel Red-crested Pochard Red Fox Red Giant Flying Squirrel Red-headed Bunting Red-legged Partridge Reed Bunting Rhesus Macaque Risso's Dolphin

River Tern (bird) Rock Bunting Rock Partridge Rough-toothed Dolphin Ruff Rufous-winged Bushlark Russian Tortoise Rusty-spotted Cat Saker Falcon Sand Cat Sand Partridge Scarce Swallowtail See-see Partridge Siberian Crane Siberian ibex Sind Sparrow Singing Bushlark Small-spotted Lizard Snow Leopard Sociable Lapwing Spicebush Swallowtail Spinner Dolphin Spotted Dove Spotted Redshank Steppe Eagle Stoliczka's Bushchat Stone Curlew Striped Dolphin Striped Hyena Swordfish Tawny Eagle Tibetan Partridge Tibetan red deer Tirumala limniace Trapelus agilis Trimeresurus gramineus Uperodon Urial Uromastyx hardwickii User:Calathan/Fishing Cat Varanus griseus Water Rail Western Tragopan Wheatear Whiskered Tern White-crested Kalij Pheasant White-eared Bulbul White-eyed Buzzard Wildcat Wild Goat Wood mouse Yak

Yellow Monitor Yellow-breasted Bunting Yellow-vented Bulbul Yellowhammer


Last edited by Last Island; Thursday, March 29, 2007 at 05:56 PM.

Birds in Pakistan

Alexandrine Parakeet Asian Brown Flycatcher Asian Pied Starling Barred Buttonquail Bearded vultures Black Bulbul Black Kite Black Stork Black-crowned Night Heron Black-headed Ibis Black-necked Grebe Black-tailed Godwit Blue rock pigeon Brahminy Kite Chestnut-tailed Starling Chinese Pond Heron Common Buzzard Common Crane Common Iora Cotton Pygmy Goose Cattle Egret Great Egret Eurasian Coot Glossy Ibis Golden Eagle Great Cormorant Great Crested Grebe Greater Adjutant Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher Falcons Hawks

Himalayan Monal Indian Cormorant Indian Peafowl Indian Pond Heron Indian Silverbill Indian Vulture Indian White-rumped Vulture Intermediate Egret Kalij Pheasant Lesser Whistling Duck Little Cormorant Little Egret Little Grebe Long-tailed Shrike Malayan Night Heron Northern Pintail Oriental Darter Oriental Magpie Robin Partridge Pied Bushchat Purple Heron Red gilled choughs Red Junglefowl Red Munia Rock nuthatch Rook (bird) Ruddy Shelduck Sarus Crane Shikras Small Minivet Sparrow Striated Heron Tufted Duck White Pelican Wild sheep Wolf Yellow-footed Green Pigeon Yellow-rumped Honeyguide


Archaeological site of Pakistan: ( A to G )

AMRI

Amri is the site of a Pre-Harappa fortified town which flourished from 3600 to 3300 BC. The site is located south of Mohenjo Daro on Hyderabad-Dadu Road about 110 kilometres north of Hyderabad in Sindh. Situated near foothills of Kirthar Range of mountains, this was an important earlier urban center in Lower Sindh. Amri is close to Balochistan where development of earlier farming communities from 6000BC to 4000BC ultimately led to urbanization. On timeline, Amri is dated after Rehman Dheri. The ancient mounds of 8 hectares on the west bank of Indus River have been extensively excavated. The pottery discovered here had its own characteristics and known as Amri Ware. Like other Pre Harappa towns, no writings were found at this site. There is evidence of widespread fire at the town around 2500BC. Amri Culture Amri Culture is attributed to Amri archaeological sites in Sindh and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan. At least 160 settlements attributed to the Amri Culture, have been discovered, mainly in Balochistan, but also in lower Sindh. They are often distributed along the terraces of old and active river courses and consist of sites of different size and shape, which are sometimes stratified below settlements of later periods. Among these, that of the Tharro Hills, near the town of Gujo, is one of the most famous of lower Sindh.

BARIKOT Barikot is a city in the North West Frontier province of Pakistan, located in the Swat valley region (ancient Udyana). Barikot is the present day name of the ancient "Bazira", which was besieged by Alexander the Great. Ancient fortifications by the name of Barikot-Ghwandai, located on the outskirts of the town, are being excavated by an Italian Archaeological mission since 1984. The oldest layer built of bricks and stone probably corresponds to the fortress besieged by Alexander.However, no traces of the Macedonian occupation have been found yet. The sequent layers consist of fortifications built by the Indo-Greek kings. A stonewall in Hellenistic style was built around the city, with equidistant quadrangular bastions, all according to Atticmeasurements. Ruins of palatial quarters as well as areas related to the Buddhist cult have been unearthed. During the Kushan period, Barikot experienced rapid development swith the creation of building dedicated to workmanship. Barikot has become a very important archaeological site, rivaling Taxila, for the study of history in northern Pakistan. A large quantity of the artifacts are preserved in

the National Museum of Oriental Art of Rome, and the City Museum of Ancient Art in Turin's Palazzo Madama. The nearby sanctuary of Butkara I has been very valuable in the study of the development of Greco-Buddhist art.

BUTKARA STUPA The Butkara Stupa is an important Buddhist shrine in the area of Swat, Pakistan. It may have been originally built by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka but it is generally dated slightly later to the 2nd century BCE. The stupa was enlarged on five occasions during the following centuries, every time by building over, and encapsulating, the previous structure. Excavation The stupa was excavated by an Italian mission (IsIOAO: Istuto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente), led by archaeologist Pierfrancesco Callieri from 1955, to clarify the various steps of the construction and enlargements. The mission established that the stupa was "monumentalized" by the addition of Hellenistic architectural decorations during the 2nd century BCE, suggesting a direct involvement of the Indo-Greeks , rulers of northwestern India during that period, in the development of Greco-Buddhist architecture. An Indo-Corinthian capital representing a Buddhist devotee within foliage has been found which had a reliquary and a coin of Azes II buried at its base, securely dating the sculpture to earlier than 20 BCE. The nearby Hellenistic fortifications of Barikot are also thought to be contemporary. A large quantity of the artifacts is preserved in the National Museum of Oriental Art and the City Museum of Ancient Art in Turin's Turin City Museum of Ancient Art.

CHAKDARA Chakdara town is located in Malakand, NWFP, Pakistan. Chakdara is an important town of Lower Dir, located on the bank of the Swat River. It is about 130 km from Peshawar and 48 km away from Saidu Sharif. The Mughals built a fort here in 1586, which was later occupied by the British in 1895, who built the present fort in 1896. The University of Malakand is located in Chakdara. Chakdara, situated in Lower Swat Valley, has been an important center for last 3500 years and littered with remains of Aryan settlements, which represent Gandhara grave culture, Buddhists sites, and Hindu Shahi forts. Archaeological Sites Around Chakdara

The ancient route from Afghanistan via Nawa Pass and Katgala Pass cross Swat River here at Chakdara. The area around Chakdara has been occupied for thousands of years. Many earlier Aryans settlement are identified in the area. Surrounding area is littered with Buddhist and Hindu Shahi sites. 1st to 7th century Buddhist sculpture from nearby sites and Hindu Shahi artefacts are now displayed at Chakdara Museum. Damkot Hill The most important place in Chakdara is Damkot Hill. Top of Damkot Hill has been excavated and houses of earlier Aryans with pottery and jewellery had been discovered. These items are now displayed in the Saidu Sharif Museum. At the foot of Damkot Hill at Salami an Aryan garveyard is located. Aryans buried partially cremated bodies surrounded by the necessary utensils of daily life. Graves were sealed by large stone slabs. Buddhist stupa and monastery of first century AD was excavated by Ahmad Hasan Dani in 1962-65. There are some Buddhist carving at the foot of the hill. During Hindu Shahi period a fort was built here which was destroyed in 11th century. In 19th century British occupied this hill. Behind Damkot Hill at Chat Pat is the site of a monastery of late 4th century. The sculpture from this monastery are displayed in Chakdara Museum. Andan Dheri Andan Dheri an important Buddhist site is located 7 km north of Chakdara Bridge near village Uchh. According to Buddhist pilgrim Xuan Zang this site was attached to a famous lagend about Buddha. According to this legend, in order to save people from famine Buddha changed himself into a great serpent lying dead in the valley. The starved people cut pieces from the body and fed themselves. According to another tradition, Gandhāra is also thought to be the location of the mystical Lake Dhanakosha, birthplace of Padmasambhava, founder of Tibetan Buddhism. The bKa' brgyud (Kagyu) sect of Tibetan Buddhism identifies the lake with Andan Dheri stupa. A spring was said to flow from the base of the stupa to form the lake. Archaeologists have found the stupa but no spring or lake can be identified. Andan Dehri Stupa excavated by Dani. Over 500 pieces of Gandhara sculpture were recovered. Other Sites Three kilometers from Andan Dheri Stupa a Hindu Shahi fort of Kamal Khan China is located. It is now in ruins. From this fort a track leads to Nimogram Buddhist Monastery and Stupa. It has three main stupas, which identify three principles of Buddhism; Buddha the teacher, Dharma and Sangha (the Buddhist order). Near Chakdara Bridge in Lower Swat Valley, there are ruins of Hindu Shahi Period and stupas at Haibatgram, Top Dara and Landakai.

CHANHUDARO

Chanhudaro is an archaeological site belonging to the Jhukar phase of Indus valley civilization. The site is located 130 kilometers (81 miles) south of Mohenjodaro, in Sindh, Pakistan. The settlement was inhabited between 4000-1700 BC, and is considered to have been a centre for manufacturing carnelianbeads. Chanhudaro was first excavated in the mid-1930s by the American School of Indic and Iranian Studies and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. After the independence of Pakistan, Mohammed Rafique Mughal also did exploratory work in the area.

CHAUKHANDI TOMBS The Chaukhandi tombs are a massive complex of graves, both above and below ground, located in the Sindh province, near Karachi.

GADANI Gaddani is a small coastal city of Lasbela District located in the southern part of Baluchistan along the Arabian Sea. Gaddani is just 1-hour drive away from Karachi. The population of Gaddani is estimated to be over 100,000 in 2005. More than 97% of the population is Muslim with small Hindu minority. The majority of population speaks Balochi and there is a large Sindhi speaking minority. In Gadani majority of the population speaks a language named Lasi, this language is derived from Sindhi or Jadgali. Many prehistoric shell-midden sites were discovered along the shores of a small bay, near Gaddani. They are characterized of heaps of fragments of marine and mangrove shells among which are flint and jasper tools and stone querns. The first radiocarbon dates obtained from these maddens indicate they result from the activity of people who settled along the coast both during the seventh and the fifth millennia before present.

GANDHARA Gandhāra literally meaning "perfumed"; also known as Waihind in Persian, is the name of an ancient Indian Kingdom (Mahajanapada), in northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was located mainly in the vale of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau and on the northern side of the Kabul River. Its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar) and Takshashila (modern Taxila).

The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the 6th century BC to the 11th century AD. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century AD under Buddhist Kushan Kings. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 AD, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal time the area was part of Kabul province.

Geography

The Gandharas were settled since the Vedic times on the banks of Kabul River up to its mouth into Indus. The region is known as Peshawar Valley. Later the Gandharas crossed the Indus and included parts of northwest Punjab of Pakistan. Gandhara was located on the grand northern high road (Uttarapatha) and was a centre of international commercial activities. It was an important channel of communication with ancient Iran and Central Asia. The boundaries of Gandhara varied throughout history. Sometime the Peshawar valley and Taxila collectively referred to as Gandhara. The Swat valley was also sometimes included. However, the heart of Gandhara was always the Peshawar valley. The kingdom was ruled from capitals at Pushkalavati (Charsadda), Taxila, Purushapura (Peshawar) and in its final days from Udabhandapura (Hund) on the Indus. Ancient Gandhara Pre Historic Period Evidence of Stone Age human inhabitants of Gandhara, including stone tools and burnt bones, was discovered at Sanghao near Mardan in area caves. The artifacts are approximately 15,000 years old. To date no evidence of Harappan Culture of Indus Valley Civilization has been found in Gandhara. The Kushan moved into Gandhara and the rest of North Western Pakistan around 1500BC. The region shows an influx of southern Central Asian culture in the Bronze Age with the Gandhara grave culture, likely corresponding to immigration of Indo-Kushan speakers and the nucleus of Vedic civilization. This culture survived till 600 BC. Its evidence has been discovered in the Hilly regions of Swat and Dir, and even at Taxila. The name of the Gandharis is attested from the Rigveda (RV 1.120.1). The Gandharis, along with the Mujavantas, Angas and the Magadhas, are also mentioned in the Atharvaveda (AV 5.22.14), but apparently as a despised people. Gandharas are included in the Uttarapatha division of Puranic and Buddhistic traditions. Aitareya Brahmana refers to king Naganajit of Gandhara who was contemporary of Janaka, king of Videha. Gandharas and their king figure prominently as strong allies of the Kurus against the Pandavas in Mahabharata war. The Gandharas were a furious people, well trained in the art of war. According to Puranic traditions, this Janapada was founded by Gandhara, son of Aruddha, a descendant of Yayati. The princes of this country are said to have come from the line of Druhyu who was a famous king of Rigvedic period. The river Indus watered the lands of Gandhara. The Gandhara kingdom sometimes also included Kashmira. Hecataeus of Miletus (549-468) refers to Kaspapyros (Kasyapura i.e. Kashmira) as Gandaric city. According to

Gandhara Jataka, at one time, Gandhara formed a part of the kingdom of Kashmir. Jataka also gives another name Chandahara for Gandhara. Buddhist texts like Anguttara Nikaya refer to sixteen great nations (solas Mahajanapadas) which flourished in Indian sub-continent during Buddha's time, only two of which viz. the Gandhara and the Kamboja were located in the Uttarapatha or the north-western division. Gandhāra is also thought to be the location of the mystical Lake Dhanakosha, birthplace of Padmasambhava, founder of Tibetan Buddhism. The bKa' brgyud (Kagyu) sect of Tibetan Buddhism identifies the lake with Andan Dheri stupa, located near the tiny village of Uchh near Chakdara in the lower Swat Valley. A spring was said to flow from the base of the stupa to form the lake. Archaeologists have found the stupa but no spring or lake can be identified. The primary cities of Gandhara were Purushpura (now Peshawar), Takshashila (Prakrit Taxila) and Pushkalavati. Last two cities are said to have been named after Taksa and Pushkara, the two sons of Bharata, a prince of Ayodhya. Pushkalavati & Prayag Pushkalavati remained the capital of Gandhara from the 6th century BC to the 2nd century AD, when the capital moved to Peshawar. An important Buddhist shrine kept the city as a centre of pilgrimage until 7th century AD. Pushkalavati had some significance for earlier Aryans. This city in Peshawar Valley is situated at the confluence of Swat and Kabul rivers. Three different branches of the River Kabul meet there. That specific place is still called Prang and considered sacred. The local people still bring their dead for burial. Aryans found similar geographical characteristics at the confluence of Ganga and Yamuna and founded a sacred city by the name of Prayag near Benares. This is one of the ancient pilgrim centres of India. Taxila The Gandharan city of Taxila was an important Hinduand Buddhist centre of learning from the 5th century BC to the 2nd century AD. Persian rule Cyrus the Great (558-530 BCE) built first universal empire of the world stretching from Greece to the Indus River. Both Gandhara and Kamboja soon fell a prey to the Achaemenian Dynasty of Persia during the reign of Cyrus the Great or in the first year of Darius I. The Gandhara and Kamboja had constituted the seventh satrapys (upper Indus) of the Achaemenid Empire. When Achamenian took control of this kingdom, Pushkra-sakti a contemporary of king Bimbisara of Magadha was the king of Gandhara. He was in power struggle against kingdoms of Avanti and Pandavas. The inscription on Darius' (521-486 BC) tomb at Naqsh-i-Rustam near Persepolis recorded GADARA (Gandhara) along with HINDUSH (West Punjab) in the list of

satrapies. The Greek historian Herodotus (490-420 BC) in his book The Histories gave list of twenty provinces of Persian Empire. He reported Gandhara as Paktuike (3:93) and in another passage identified this territory with Peshawar Valley (4:44). The word Paktuike is interesting since present inhabitants of Gandhara are known as Pakhtun. Under Persian rule system of centralized administration and bureaucratic system introduced to the region. Influenced by the Persians and access to Western Asians civilization, the great scholars like Panini and Kautilya born in this cosmopolitan environment. Kharosti alphabet derived from Aramaic (official language of Achaemenians) alphabet developed here and remained national script of Gandhara until third century AD. By about 380 BC Persian hold weakened. Many small kingdoms sprang in Gandhara. Around 327 BC Alexander the Great invaded Gandhara and Indian Satrapies of Persian Empire. His stay in this area was merely less than a year. This did not have any immediate administrative or cultural effect. The expeditions of Alexander were recorded by Arrian (around 175 AD) in Anabasis and other chroniclers many centuries after the event. The names of places and personalities described in these chronicles are difficult to identify. The companions of Alexander the Great did not record the names of Kamboja and Gandhara and rather located a dozen small political units in their territories. Alexander conquered most of these political units of the former Gandhara and Kamboja Mahajanapadas. According to Greek chroniclers, at the time of Alexander's invasion, hyparchs Kubhesha, Hastin (Astes) and Ambhi (Omphes) were ruling lower Kabul valley, Puskalavati (modern Charasadda) and Taxila respectively, while Ashvajit (chief of Aspasios or Ashvayanas) and Assakenos (chief of Assakenois or Ashvakayanas) (both being sub-units of the Kambojas) were ruling upper Kabul valley and Mazaga (Mashkavati) respectively. Gandhara under the Mauryas Chandragupta, the founder of Mauryan dynasty was living in Taxila when Alexander captured this city. Here he met Kautilya, who remained his chief adviser throughout his career. Gandhara was won back from the Greeks by Chandragupta Maurya. Having defeated Seleucus Nicator (Alexander's successor in Asia) in 305 BC, the Mauryan Emperor extended his domains up to and including Southern Afghanistan. Using this Gandhara as his base Chandragupta led a rebellion against Magadha Empire and ascended to the throne at Pataliputra in 321 BC. He was the first ruler of Mauryan dynasty. With the completion of the Empire's Grand Trunk Road, the region presumably prospered as a center of trade. Gandhara remained a part of the Mauryan Empire for close to a century and a half. Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta was the one of the greatest rulers the world has ever known. Like his grandfather, Ashoka also started his career from Gandhara as a

governor. Later he became Buddhist and promoted this religion in his empire. He built many stupas in Gandhara. Mauryan control over northern frontagers including the Yonas, Kambojas and the Gandharas is attested from the Rock Edicts left by Ashoka, who shows special solicitude for these frontier highlanders. His successors, however, failed to cast such imperial shadows throughout the sub-continent. It is also held by some scholars that the Gandharas and the Kambojas were one people. Based on time and space contiguity, this view does not seem to be wide off the mark. Gandhara under Graeco-Bactrians, Sakas and Indo-Parthians The decline of the Empire left the sub-continent open to Greco-Bactrian expansion. Southern Afghanistan was absorbed by Demetrius of Bactria in 180 BCE. Around about 185 BCE, Demetrius, King of Bactria invaded and conquered Gandhara and the Punjab. Later, wars between different groups of Greek settlers of Bactria, resulted in the independence of Gandhara from Bactria and the formation of the Indo-Greek kingdom. Menander was the most famous king. He ruled from Taxila and later from Sagala (Sialkot). He rebuilt Taxila (Sirkap) and Pushkalavati. He became Buddhist and remembered in Buddhists records due to his discussions with a great Buddhist philosopher in the book Milinda Panha. Around the time of Menander’s death in 140 BCE, Kushans overran Bactria and ended Greek rule there. Around 80 BCE, Sakas, diverted by their Parthian cousins from Iran moved into Gandhara and other parts of Pakistan and Western India. The most famous king of Sakas was Maues who established himself in Gandhara. The Pashtu (or Pakhtu) now spoken in North Western Pakistan and Afghanistan is said to be based on Saka’s language. By 90 BCE Parthians took control of eastern Iran and around 50 BCE put an end to last remnants of Greek rule in Afghanistan. By around 7 CE an Indo-Parthian dynasty succeeded in taking control of Gandhara. Parthians continued to support Greek artistic traditions in Gandhara. The start of the Gandharan Greco-Buddhist art is dated to the period between 50 BCE and 75 CE. Around 40 CE Thomas the Apostle visited India and encountered the Indo-Parthian king Gondophares. The Golden Age of Kushans Rule The Parthian dynasty fell about 75 AD to another horde from Central Asia. Kushans, known as Yueh-Chih in China moved from Central Asia to Bactria, where they stayed for a century. Around 75 AD, one of the tribe Kushan under the leadership of Kujula Kadphises gained control of Gandhara and other part of present Pakistan. The Kushan period is considered the Golden Period of Gandhara. Peshawar Valley and Taxila are littered with ruins of stupas and monasteries of this period. Gandharan art flourished and produced some of the best pieces of sculpture of all time. Many monuments were created to commemorate the Jataka tales.

Gandhara civilization peaked during the reign of the great Kushan king Kanishka (128-151-AD). This was the golden period of Gandhara. Cities of Taxila at Sirsukh, and Peshawar were built. Peshawar became the capital of a great empire stretching from Bengal to Central Asia. Kanishka was a great patron of the faith and Buddhism spread to Central Asia and the Far East over the Pamir where his empire met the Han Empire of China. Kanishka Empire was known as the Kingdom of Gandhara and under his leadership it became the center of civilization. The Buddhist art spread outward from Gandhara to other parts of Asia. He greatly encouraged Buddhism. Before Kanishka Buddha was not represented in human form. In Gandhara Mahayana Buddhism flourished and Buddha was represented in human form. Kanishka created big monuments of Arts. He built a great tower to a height of 400 feet at Peshawar. This tower was reported by Fa-Hsien, Sun-Yun and Hsuan-Tsang. This structure was destroyed and rebuilt many times and remained in semi ruins until it was finally destroyed by Mahmood in 11th century. Under him Gandhara became a holy land of Buddhism and attracted Chinese pilgrimage to visit Gandhara to see monuments associated with many Jataka tales. After Kanishka, the empire started losing territories in the east. In the west it came under Sassanian (who took power from Parthians in Iran) suzerainty and became their vassal from 241-450AD. Under these Kushan chiefs new Buddhists stupas continued to appear and old ones were enlarged. Huge statues of the Buddha were erected in monasteries and carved into the hillsides. Gandhara after Huns Invasion Huns captured Gandhara around 450 AD, and did not adopt Buddhism. During their rule, Hinduism revived and Gandharan Civilization declined. Sassanians aided by Turks destroyed the Huns' power base in Central Asia and Gandhara once again came under Persian suzerainty in 568 AD. When the Sassanians were defeated by Muslim Arabs in 644 AD, Gandhara along with Kabul was ruled by Buddhist Turks. The travel records of many Chinese Buddhists pilgrims record that Gandhara was going through a transformation during these centuries. Buddhism was declining and Hinduism was rising. Fa-Hsien travelled around 400 AD, when Prakrit was the language of the people and Buddhism was flourishing. 100 years later, when Sung-Yun visited in 520 AD, a different picture is described: the area had been destroyed by Huns and was ruled by Lae-Lih who did not practice law of Buddha. Hiun-Tsang visited around 644 and found Buddhism on the wane and Hinduism in the ascendant. Gandhara was ruled by a king from Kabul, who respected Buddha law, but Taxila was in ruins and Buddhist monasteries were deserted. Instead, Hindu temples were numerous and Hinduism was popular. Gandhara under Turkshahi & Hindushahi

After the fall of the Sassanian Empire to Arabs in 644 AD Afghanistan and Gandhara came under pressure from Muslims. But they failed to extend their empire to Gandhara. Gandhara was first ruled from Kabul and then from Udabhandapura (Hind). In 665 AD Kabul was put under siege by Arabs, but they never tried to cross Hindu Kush. Arabs never fully subdued Kabul and Gandhara was ruled from there by Turkshahi for next 200 years. Sometime in 9th century Hindushahi replaced Turkshahi. The date of Hindushahi takeover from Turkshahi (Also recorded as Kabulshahi) is not certain. Based on various Muslim records the estimated date is 870 AD. According to Al-Biruni (973-1048 AD), Kallar a Brahmin minister of Turkshahi founded Hindushahi dynasty in 843 AD. The dynasty ruled from Kabul, later moved capital to Udabhandapura. They build great temples all over their kingdoms. Some of these buildings are still in good conditions in the Salt Range of the Punjab. End of Gandhara Jayapala was the last great king of this dynasty. His empire extended from west of Kabul to the River Sutlej. However, timing of this expansion of Gandhara kingdom coincided with the rising of a powerful Ghaznavid Empire under Sabuktigin. Defeated twice by Sabuktigin and then by Mahmud of Ghazni in Kabul valley. Jayapala committed suicide. Son of Jaypala, Anandpala moved his capital near Nandana in Salt Range. In 1021 AD the last king of this dynasty Trilocanpala assassinated by his own troops. Name of Gandhara was forgotten forever. Kandhar in Afghanistan was probably named after Gandhara. According to H.W. Bellow, emigrant from Gandhara in fifth century AD brought this name to modern Kandhar. Fa-Hsien reported Buddha’s alms-bowl in Peshawar Valley when he visited around 400 AD. In 1872 Bellow saw huge begging bowl 7 feet in diameter preserved in the shrine of Sultan Wais outside Kandhar, which was probably brought there by refuge Buddhists monks. When Caroe wrote his book in 1958, this relic was reported to be at Kabul Museum Present status of this bowl is not known due to the war in Afghanistan since last couple of decades. Discovery of Gandhara By the time Gandhara absorbed in to Mahmood of Ghazni Empire, Buddhist buildings were already in ruins and Gandhara Art had been forgetton. After Al-Biruni, Kashmiri writer Kahana wrote his book Rajatarangini in 1148 AD. He recorded events about Gandhara, its last royal dynasty and capital Udabhandapura. The history and art of the Gandhara remained unknown to the inhabitants of the area and rest of the world until 19th century. In 19th Century AD, British soldiers and administrators started taking interest in the ancient history of the Indian Subcontinent. In the 1830s coins of the post Ashoka period were discovered and in the same period Chinese travelogues were translated. Charles Masson, James Prinsep and Cunningham deciphered the Kharosthi script in 1838.

Chinese records provided locations and site plans of Buddhists shrines. Along with the discovery of coins, these records provided necessary clues to piece together the history of Gandhara. In 1848 Cunningham found Gandhara sculptures north of Peshawar. He also identified the site of Taxila in the 1860s. From then on a large number of Buddhist statues were being discovered in the Peshawar valley. Marshal performed an excavation of Taxila from 1912 to 1934. He discovered Greek, Parthian, and Kushan cities and large number of stupas and monasteries. These discoveries helped to piece together much more of the chronology of the history of Gandhara and its art. After 1947 Ahmed Hassan Dani and the Archaeology Department at University of Peshawar made a number of discoveries in the Peshawar and Swat Valley. Researchers, from many universities around the world, are doing excavation on many sites of the Gandhara Civilization. Language The Gandharan Buddhist texts are both the earliest Buddhist and Indian manuscripts ever discovered. Most are composed on birch bark and were found in labeled clay pots. Panini has mentioned both Vedic form Gandhari as well as the later form Gandhari in his Ashtadhyayi. Gandhara's language was a collection of related Prakrit or "Middle Indo-Aryan" dialects. They were written right-to-left in the Kharosthī script, which was ultimately adapted from the Aramaic alphabet. At the time of its adoption, Gandhāra was controlled by the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian empire, which used a similar script to write the related Iranian languages of the Empire. Semitic scripts were not used to write Indian languages again until the arrival of Islam and subsequent adoption of the Persian-style Arabic alphabet for New Indo-Aryan languages like Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi and Kashmiri. Kharosthi script died out about the 4th century, though Hindko and Kohistani, dialects of the ancient Indo-Aryan Prakrit language Siraiki are the dialects which are still spoken today. Gandhara was an Indo-Aryan country, but Achamenian influence brought about the birth of the Pakhtu language. The Afridi, Dilazak and Khattak tribes were the prominent Pashtun tribes of ancient Gandhara (called by them "Qandahar". This name was later given by refugees from here, who founded the present day Afghan city of the same name). They were Buddhist and pagan rather than Hindu, which is implied in the name of that language. Gandharan proselytism Gandharan Buddhist missionaries were active, with other monks from Central Asia, from

the 2nd century CE in the Chinese capital of Luoyang, and particularly distinguished themselves by their translation work. They promoted both Theravada and Mahayana scriptures.

Lokaksema, a Kushan and the first to translate Mahayana scriptures into Chinese (167-186).

Zhi Yao (c. 185), a Kushan monk, second generation of translators after Lokaksema.

Zhi Qian (220-252), a Kushan monk whose grandfather had settled in China during 168-190.

Zhi Yueh (c.230), a Kushan monk who worked at Nanjing. Dharmaraksa (265-313), a Kushan whose family had lived for generations at

Dunhuang. Jnanagupta (561-592), a monk and translator from Gandhara. Shikshananda (652-710), a monk and translator from Udyana, Gandhara. Prajna (c. 810), a monk and translator from Kabul, who educated the

Japanese Kūkai in Sanskrit texts.

GANERIWALA Ganeriwala is an Indus Valley civilization site of an urban center in the Punjab, Pakistan. It is located near the border to India and was discovered by Pakistani archaeologist M.R. Mughal in 1975. It is near a dry bed of River Hakra (also known as Ghaggar or Sarasvati River). The Harappa Culture of Indus Valley grew out of the earlier Mehrgarh Culture in Baluchistan, NWFP, Sind, Punjab and Western India. By 3000 B.C., hundreds of farming communities sprang up in Indus Valley. Helped by the annual flooding of the Indus and its tributaries, communities grow different crops in the rich soil. The result of this development was the more advanced urban center than the Pre Harappa Towns of Kot Diji or Rehman Dheri. Until now six urban centers of the Harappa Culture have been discovered; Harappa, Mohenjo Daro, Ganweriwala in Pakistan, and Rakhigarhi, Dholavira, Lothal in India. The site at Ganeriwala, 80 hectares in size, as large as Mohenjo Daro has not been excavated.

GOR KHUTTREE Gor Khuttree in Peshawar old city, Pakistan was identified by Sir Alexander Cunningham with Kanishka Vihara (the Great Stupa of King Kanishka) while Professor Dr Ahmad Hasan Dani identified it with the place where the famous tower of the Buddha bowl once stood. S.M. Jaffar identified it with the place of Hindu pilgrimage where they performed the Sardah ritual (shaving off heads). The celebrated Chinese pilgrim, Hiuen Tsang, who visited Gandhara in the early 7th

Century AD, had paid glowing tribute to the city and the Great Stupa of Kanishka in his memoirs. Mughal Emperor Babar, who recorded its importance in his autobiography, visited the place. Jehan Ara Begum, the daughter of Mughal Emperor Shah Jehan, converted Gor Khuttree into acaravanserai and named it Sarai Jahanabad. She also constructed a Jamea Masjid, a sauna bath and two wells inside Sarai Jahanabad for the convenience of travellers. The Sikhs converted the site into the residence and official headquarters of their leader who was governor of Peshawar from 1838-1842. They constructed a temple for Shiva there. Gor Khuttree is a typical Mughal Sarai and is located on one of the highest points of Peshawar City. It is a fortified compound consisting of an area of 160 x 160 sq meters. It has two prominent gateways: one in the east and one in the west. The Gorakhnath Temple is situated in the centre, a network of cells and buildings in the southern and western side of the complex and a fire brigade building, which was built in 1912. Dr. Farzand Ali Durrani initiated the first vertical excavations at Gor Khuttree in 1992-93 but his excavation work could not be completed due to lack of funds. However, he confirmed the city foundation went back to at least the 3rd Century BC.




Archaeological sites of Pakistan: ( H to L )

HARAPPA

Harappa is a city in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles) southwest of Sahiwal. The modern town is located near the former course of the Ravi River and also beside the ruins of an ancientfortifed city, which was part of the Cemetery H culture and the Indus

Valley Civilization. The ancient city existed from about 3300 BCE until 1600 BCE and is believed to have had as many as 40,000 residents—considered large for its time. Although the Harappa Culture extended well beyond the bounds of present day Pakistan, its centres were in Sindh and the Punjab. In 2005 a controversial amusement park scheme at the site was abandoned when builders unearthed many archaelogical artifacts during the early stages of construction work. A plea from the prominent Pakistani archaeologist Ahmed Hasan Dani to the Ministry of Culture resulted in a restoration of the site History The Indus Valley civilization (also known as Harappan culture) has its earliest roots in approximately 6000 BCE in Mehrgarh. The two greatest cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, emergered circa 2600 BCE along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh. The civilization, with a writing system, urban centers, and diversified social and economic system, was rediscovered in the 1920s after excavations at Mohenjo-daro (which means "mound of the dead") in Sindh near Sukkur, and Harappa, in Punjab south of Lahore. A number of other sites stretching from the Himalayan foothills in Punjab, India in the north, to Gujarat in the south and east, and to Balochistan in the west have also been discovered and studied. Although the archaelogical site at Harrappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harrappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artifacts have nevertheless been found. Culture and economy Indus Valley civilization was mainly an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. Both Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were built according to totally different plans of well-laid-out streets, "differentiated living quarters, flat-roofed brick houses, and fortified administrative or religious centers" weights and measures were standardized throughout the area and distinctive seals were used for identification of property and shipment of goods. Although Copper and bronze were in use, iron was unknown. "Cotton was woven and dyed for clothing; wheat, rice, and a variety of vegetables and fruits were cultivated; and a number of animals, including the humped bull, were domesticated." Wheel-made pottery—some of it adorned with animal and geometric motifs—has been found in profusion at all the major Indus sites. A centralized administration has been inferred from the revealed cultural uniformity; however, it remains uncertain whether authority lay with a priestly- or a cultural person oligarchy. Archaeology By far the most exquisite but most obscure artifacts unearthed to date are the small, square steatite seals engraved with human or animal motifs. Large numbers of the seals have been found at Mohenjo-daro, many bearing pictographic inscriptions generally thought to be a kind of script. Despite the efforts of philologists from all parts of the world, however, and despite the use of computers, the script remains undeciphered, and

it is unknown if it is proto-Dravidian or proto-Sanskrit. Nevertheless, extensive research on the Indus Valley sites, which has led to speculations on both the archaeological and the linguistic contributions of the pre--Aryan population to Hinduism's subsequent development, has offered new insights into the cultural heritage of the Dravidian population still dominant in southern India. Artifacts with motifs relating to asceticism and fertility rites suggest that these concepts entered Hinduism from the earlier civilization. Although historians agree that the civilization ceased abruptly, at least in Mohenjo-daro and Harappa there is disagreement on the possible causes for its end. Invaders from central and western Asia are considered by some historians to have been "destroyers" of Indus Valley civilization, but this view is open to reinterpretation. More plausible explanations are recurrent floods caused by tectonic earth movement, soil salinity, and desertification.

HINDU AND BUDHIST ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF PAKISTAN While Pakistan as an Islamic country was created in 1947 it has a rich Hindu and Buddhist past, but the region has a long history of settlement and civilisation including the Indus Valley Civilisation. The Indus Valley civilisation collapsed in the middle of the second millennium BCE and was followed by the Vedic Civilisation, which extended over much of northern India and Pakistan. Punjab The Punjabis were predominantly Hindu with large minorities of Buddhists like the rest of South Asia, when Umayyad Muslim Arab army led by Muhammad bin Qasim attacked Sindh and lower Punjab, in 713. This started the process of Islamic conversion among the population of Punjab, as well as India. This process continued for the next 10 centuries but there were significant non-Muslim populations including Hindus and later Sikhs.

Pothohar Plateau Sagala Sialkot Ganeriwala Tulamba

The heritage of Seraikistan Bhutta Wahan Is situated at a distance of 16 kilometers in the North of Rahim Yar Khan, on the lost river Hakra. The village is said to be named after the name of Raja Bhutta who captured this locality after Raja Dahir. This village is also claimed to be the birth place of Sassi, the renowned heroine of Sassi-Pannun and of Ab-ul-Fazal and Fiazi, sons of Mullah Mubarik.

Islam Garh Fort Islam Garh, the old Bhinwar Fort, was built by Rawal Bhim Singh in Samabat in 1665, as the following inscription on its gate in Babri character proves "Samabat 1665 Asuj Wadi 2, Maharaj Rawal Siri Bhim Singh ji Maharaj". The Fort is situated in the Cholistan area of Tehsil Khanpur. It is 46 kilometers south east of Baghla Fort. The fort is in a dilapidated state. Mau Bubarik Fort According to Tarikh-e-Murad, a fort was built by Raj Hans Karar in Mau Mubarik as a residence for his mother, hence the name Mau refers to mother in local language. The fort was taken by Shah Arghun in 1525 A.D. It was one of the six fortresses of Raj Sahasi 11. It had 20 bastions and Towers. The ramparts were about 549 meters in circumference and the walls very strongly and thickly built. Here the shrine of a saint Sheikh Hakim is of great importance. Pattan Minara The ruins of Pattan Minara are located at a distance of about 8 kilometers in east south of Rahim Yar Khan city. It has variously been described as the remains of Asahoka period, who built it in 250 B.C. or a Buddhist monastery. Nearby the minar, remains of a fort, a mosque and some tunnels are also visible. About 110 years ago Colonel Minchin a political agent of Ex-Bahawalpur state started the excavation of these tunnels but discontiued digging for some reasons or other. According to Colonel Toy it was the capital of the Hindu kingdom in 10 A.D. In the mid of the 18th century A.D. Fazal Elahi Khan Halani a Daupauta chief destroyed it and used its materials in the construction of Baghla and Dingar Fort.

KASHMIR SMAST The Kashmir Smast caves are a series of natural limestone caves, artificially expanded from the Kushan to the Shahi periods, situated in the Babozai mountains in the Mardan Valley in NorthernPakistan. According to recent scholarship based on a rare series of bronze coins and artifacts found in the region, the caves and their adjacent valley probably comprised a sovereign kingdom inGandhara which maintained at least partial independence for almost 500 years, from c. 4th Century AD to the 9th Century AD. For most of its history, it was ruled by White Hun (or Hephthalite) governors or princes. Description A number of the cells have wooden interiors, carved with elaborate Hindu and Buddhist iconography. Remarkably, excavations at the Kashmir Smast site have not only brought forth artifacts of extreme historical importance but have also uncovered one of the most well organized town planning systems in ancient Gandhara. The Gazetteer of the Peshawar district 1897-1898 describes that “the name [Kashmir Smast] may be derived from the fact that the gorge here is fairly and picturesquely wooded, and this may have suggested Kashmir.” “Smast”, or “Smats” as it was referred to by colonial sources, is

the Pushtu word for “cave”. Another explanation is that according to legend, the network caves was so vast that it stretched from Gandhara to the kingdom of Kashmir. General Cunningham in “The Ancient Geography of India” and in the “Archaeological Survey Reports” outlines the principal ancient sites in Gandhara, which at that time was part of the Yusufzai subdivision. Among the sites covered is the Kashmir Smast. The Kashmir Smast sites are described by Cunningham as cave temples situated near the summit of the Sakri ridge of Pajja, and approached from the village in Babozai in the tappah Baezai. Cunningham associated the Kashmir Smast with the cave of Prince Sudana in Mount Dantalok, described by the contemporary Chinese traveler Hsuan-tsang. A detailed discussion of the site in the Gazeteer of the Peshawar district 1897-1898 states the following: “This cave has not been thoroughly explored yet… A little way below the level of the cave, and opposite, there are the ruins of a small city, the walls of which still stand and are in good preservation…” “The cave is situated on a cliff looking towards the south-west below the ridge on which the Kashmir Burj stands. A road from Pirsai crosses the ridge, which is practicable for most of the distance for a good hill pony. Another footpath leads to Babozai direct from the cave…” It goes on to describe the layout of the caves: “There are three chambers in the limestone rock, of which the first two open into each other, and the third is reached by a winding flight of steps. The length of the first two chambers from the entrance is 322 feet, and the height of the first about 60, and of the second about 100 feet. The width of the first cave is 81 feet and of the second 90 feet, and fully between them about 40 feet. The third cave is 80 feet high, and above 80 feet in diameter, with an opening in the roof which admits light and air, so that the air throughout is pure…” “In the third cave there is a square temple built on a dome-shaped rock of stalagmite, which was evidently the holiest shrine. In the first cave there is an octagonal shrine just inside the entrance which contained a large wooden coffin, and in a similar shrine near the right wall some carved wooden plaques with figures of a fakir dancing and a woman giving flowers to the fakir, and portions of a wooden box were found. In the center room there is a large square shrine, and a water tank 13 feet wide, 20 feet long, and 10 feet deep. About 100 feet below the cave towards Babozai on a plateau there are remains of a considerable fort… The Kashmir Burj and another on a western spur of

Pajja were also evidently outposts to guard this shrine. The entrance to the cave is difficult as the old masonry steps have fallen down and the cliff is very precipitous…” “There are well built stone castles dating back to Buddhist times all along the northern hills. One near Saughar in Baezai is specially interesting, as the care taken to bring down in a small stone duct that scanty supply of water from a spring, which still exists in the hill above the castle or monastery, would seem to show that the water supply was not much more plentiful then than it is at present.” What is being described here is an enclosed and fortified complex comprising a city and temples built into natural caves. The presence of walls and a water system serving the area would indicate a certain level of economic independence exerted in the region. The Numismatic Discoveries Given the fact that exact find data is not available for the coins of the Kashmir Smast, and that numerous symbols, legends, and images on the coins have come to light which have never before been encountered in 150 years of Hunnic numismatic study, the attribution and dating of these specimens becomes an arduous task. As we study the varieties of coins found in the Kashmir Smast, it becomes apparent that during the period of the Kidara, the Alxon, the Nazek, the Turk Shahis, and the Hindu Shahis, a minor kingdom based in this region maintained some level of autonomy from the greater Hunnic hordes which ruled Gandhara. This is evidenced by the use of hithertofore unrecorded images, stylistic peculiarities, and tamghas (royal symbols). The bronze coins found in cave and its adjacent valley can be divided into seven groups: 1) Kushano-Sassanian. The hoard includes numerous Kushano-Sassanian bronzes of the dumpy fabric, including mostly known varieties in addition to unpublished fractionals, and a number of anonymous Hunnic imitations minted in the dumpy Kushano-Sassanian fabric. 2) Kidara. Kidarite coins in the hoard comprise the majority of unpublished specimens. The obverse of some varieties closely resemble, or are crudely rendered versions of, known Kidarite drachms. The busts portrayed on these coins are depicted wearing headdresses associated with particular Kidara princes, often in turn borrowed from contemporary Sassanian / Kushano-Sassanian monarchs. This group also includes thin AE units featuring bearded busts occasionally with Brahmi legends. As they are notably different from other recorded Kushano-Sassanian bronzes, they may be attributed to Kidarite governors or princes under Kushano-Sassanian or Sassanian sovereignty. 3) Alxon (or Alchon) Huns. The hoard includes a number of coins which are stylistically similar to the Alxon Hunnic series. Some feature the royal Hunnic tamgha, or royal symbol, most often associated with the first of the Alxon Hunnic kings in

Gandhara, Khingila and his immediate successors. 4) Nezak. Common published Nazek bronzes abound in the hoard. In addition to these, a number of unpublished varieties with stylistic similarities to Nezak bronzes have also been discovered, notably featuring a trident tamgha. 5) Turko-Hephthalite. These include small AE units imitating larger silver Turko-Hephthalite drachms. They are either anepigraphic or feature Bactrian Greek legends. 6) The Shahi Kings of Kabul and Gandhara. This category includes coins stylistically similar to the coins of Samanta Deva and Spalapalati Deva, characterized by linear stylized anthropomorphic or zoomorphic representations. 7) Anonymous coins which can not be stylistically attributed to any particular Hunnic period or clan. 8) Bronze imitations of Bactrian drachms of Menander I and other dynasts. Political and Monetary Independence Scholars contend that the bronze currency found in the region were issued by local semi-independent governors, or Tegins, in the Kashmir Smast valley, paying allegiance to the greater HunnicTegins of Gandhara and Bactria. The feudal and tribal nature of the ancient Central Asian' states allowed for substantial independence to be exercised by local governors. It is worth noting that all the new varieties found in this area are small bronze pieces, varying in weight between 0.5 and 1.1 g. (referred to as the Kashmir Smast standard). They are occasionally small versions of more common drachms circulating in the region, or feature entirely new portraits / images with some or no resemblance to commonly circulating coins of the period. Given the fact that these pieces have not been found elsewhere in Hunnic domains, we can infer that they were not considered acceptable currency outside of the Kashmir Smast region. However, imitating the coins of the contemporary rulers of Gandhara, and employing certain of their dynastic symbols and portraits, along side a totally new set of portraits, names / titles, and symbols, may indicate that while they were issued independently for use in the local kingdom, the local rulers must have paid homage to and acknowledged their Hunnic overlords. The fact that they were allowed to use some of their own tamghas and titles and that the greater chiefs gave them the privilege of minting their own currency strengthens this argument. The minting of coins was a prerogative of the rulers, and carried with it a certain degree of governing authority. Numismatically speaking, this can be likened to the period of Hephthalite and Turk Shahi sovereignty over Sogdiana, during which civic bronze coinage circulated along side of silver drachms referencing a Hunnic or Turkic overlord (the Bukharkhoda). The fact that such independent issues continued throughout five separate dynasties, until the Hindu

Shahi period, means that to a degree this principality maintained its status for perhaps as long as three to four hundred years.

KOT BALA The Indus Civilization site of Kot Bala is located in the interior of the Sonmiani Bay, along the Lasbela coast. It was partly excavated by Professor George F. Dales of the University of California, Berkeley in the 1970s and never published in detail. This site is of great importance for its location close to the Arabian Sea. It is supposed to be one of the main harbours from which the Indus traders sailed their ships to the coasts of the Arabian Peninsula.

KOT DIJI The ancient site at Kot Diji was the forerunner of the Indus Civilization. The people of this site lived about 3000 BC. The remains consist of two parts; the citadel area on high ground, and outer area. Located about 22 kilometres south of Khairpur in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. The site is situated at the foot of the hills where a fort was built by Talpur ruler Mir Suhrab (1803-30). This fort built on the ridge of a steep narrow hill is well preserved. Prelude to Kot Diji Neolithic Revolution in Balochistan The so-called ‘Neolithic Revolution’ took place around 8500 – 6000 BC in Fertile Crescent. With the taming of variety of animals and domestication of wheat and barley man life style changed from nomadic to settled life in permanent homes. Being closest to Iran and Afghanistan, Baluchistan was the first region in South Asia influenced by this revolution. The earliest evidence of sedentary lifestyle in South Asia was discovered at Mehrgarh in 1979. This settlement, dated 7000BC located on the west bank of Bolan River, about 30 kilometres from the town of Sibi. Village Culture (6000-4000BC) By 4000BC farming communities spread further east in other parts of Baluchistan and Lower Sind. Agricultural communities settled in Brahui Hills, River Zhob Valley and along Makran coasts; respectively represented by Nal Culture, Zhob Culture and Kulli Culture. These cultures developed in different valleys in isolation to each other with their own characteristics. Nal Culture made red pottery and practiced dead burial, where Kulli Culture burnt their dead and made small boxes of soft stone with delicately engraved linear patterns. Pre Harappa Towns (4000-3000 BC) The development of these farming communities in different parts of Baluchistan and

Lower Sind, ultimately led to urbanization. The earliest fortified town to date is found at Rehman Dheri, dated 4000BC in NWFP close to River Zhob Valley. Other fortified towns found to date are at Amri (3600-3300BC) and Kot Diji in Sind and at Kalibangan (3000BC), India at the Hakra River. No writing was found at these sites. Kot Diji Culture. (3000 BC) The Pre Harappa site at Kot Diji consists of two clearly defined areas. Citadel on high ground for the elites separated by a defensive wall with bastions at regular intervals. This area measures about 500 ft x 350 ft. Outer area, or the city proper consisted of houses of mud bricks on stone foundations. Pottery found from this site have design with horizontal and wavy lines, or loops and simple triangular patterns. Other stuff found are pots, pans, storage jars, toy carts, balls, bangles, beads, terracotta figurines of mother goddess and animals, bronze arrowheads. Well-fashioned stone implements were also discovered. The interesting find at Kot Diji is a toy cart, which shows that potter’s wheel lead to wheels for bullock carts. There is evidence of burning of this fortified town, which were also observed at Amri and Kalibangan. Burning of these cities is still unexplained.

KOTLA MOHSIN KHAN Kotla Mohsin Khan was constructed in the mid 16th century in the old city of Peshawar, and today consists of two domed tombs and the famous majestic gateway through which, historically, invaders would enter the walled city it was also the residence of Mazullah Khan, seventeenth century Pashtu poet. The last Mughal governor, Nawab Nasir Khan welcomed the Afghan King Nadir Shah Durrani and gifted him the key to Peshawar in 1741 when he visited the city. This signaled the end of theMughal Empire in Peshawar. According to an earlier legend, the foundation of the gate was laid down in the latter half of the 16th century in the presence of renowned personalities of the time, Shiekh Kaka Sahib andAkhund Derwaza Baba. It is also recorded that Arbab Mustajab Khan, being the representative of the Mughals, settled disputes amongst the Ghori Khel tribes in the balconies of the building. When the Mughals arrestedKhushal Khan Khattak, Arbab Mustajab Khan, secured his release from the dungeon, through his personal efforts and kept him as a guest in the castle. On the orders of the ruler of Peshawar, when Khushal Khan Khattak was sent to Delhi, Mustajab Khan also accompanied his friend. This verse by Khushal Khan Khattak says: I was accompanied on my journey

To Hind by Mustajab, Being a Khan, a Malik and an Arbab The original name of this site was Kotla Mustajab Khan. It was renamed as Kotla Mohsin Khan due to the owner's close relationship with Mustajab Khan during the reign of Afghan King Ahmad Shah Durrani. During the siege of Peshawar in 1830s, the Sikhs also burnt this site and it was later refurbished. The gate and minarets of Kotla Mohsin Khan are historical landmarks of the 16th and 17th century "Roshnai period". Bayazid Ansari alias Pir Rokhan started his religious and political movement against the Mughal emperor Akbar from this site. Allah Dad Doshani alias Rashid Khan constructed minarets at this site to conduct judicial duties.

LAKHUEEN-JO-DARO The site of Lakhueen-jo-daro, near Sukkur, belongs to the Matura Harappan Civilization as indicated by the characteristics of the structural remains, material culture finds and one radiocarbon date, covers a wide area, from which a few mounds emerge. The site indicates that the origins of Sukkur are to be referred to a much older period than previously suspected.


LOTHAL

Lothal (Mound of the dead) was one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization. Located in the modern state of Gujarāt and dating from 2400 BCE, it is one of India's most important archaeological sites that dates from that era. Discovered in 1954, Lothal was excavated from February 13, 1955 to May 19, 1960 by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

Lothal's dock—the world's earliest—connected the city to an ancient course of the Sabarmati river on the trade route between Harappan cities in Sindh and the peninsula of Saurashtra when the surrounding Kutch desert of today was a part of the Arabian Sea. It was a vital and thriving trade centre in ancient times, with its trade of beads,

gems and valuable ornaments reaching the far corners of West Asia and Africa. Lothal's people were responsible for the earliest-known portrayals of realism in art and sculpture, telling some of the most well-known fables of today. Its scientists used a shell compass and divided the horizon and sky into 8–12 whole parts, possibly pioneering the study of stars and advanced navigation—2000 years before the Greeks. The techniques and tools they pioneered for bead-making and in metallurgy have stood the test of time for over 4000 years. Lothal is situated near the village of Saragwala in the Dholka taluka of Ahmedabad district. It is at a distance of six kilometres (south-east) from the Lothal-Bhurkhi railway station on the Ahmedabad-Bhavnagar railway line. It is also connected by all-weather roads to the cities of Ahmedabad (85 km/53 mi), Bhavnagar, Rajkot and Dholka. Nearest cities are Dholka and Bagodara. Resuming excavation in 1961, archaeologists unearthed trenches sunk on the northern, eastern and western flanks of the mound, bringing to light the inlet channels and nullah ("ravine", or "gully") connecting the dock with the river. The findings consist of a mound, a township, a marketplace and the dock. Adjacent to the excavated areas stands the Archaeological Museum, where some of the most prominent collections of Indus-era antiquities in modern India are displayed. Archaeology The meaning of Lothal (a combination of Loth and (s) thal) in Gujarati to be the "the mound of the dead" is not unusual, as the name of the city of Mohenjodaro in Sindhi means the same. People in villages neighbouring to Lothal had known of the presence of an ancient town and human remains. As recently as 1850, boats sailed up to the mound, and timber was shipped in 1942 from Broach to Saragwala via the mound. A silted creek connecting modern Bholad with Lothal and Saragwala represents the ancient flow channel of a river or creek. When India was partitioned in 1947, most of the sites, including Mohenjodaro and Harappa, came to be located in the state of Pakistan. The Archaeological Survey of India undertook a new program of exploration, and excavated many sites across Gujarat. Between 1954 and 1958, more than 50 sites were excavated in the Kutch, and Saurashtra peninsulas, extending the limits of Harappan civilization by 500 kilometres (310 mi) to the river Kim, where the Bhagatrav site accesses the valley of the rivers Narmada and Tapti. Lothal stands 270 kilometres (170 mi) from Mohenjodaro, which is in Sindh. It has also been speculated that owing to the comparatively small dimensions of the main city, Lothal was not a large settlement at all, and its "dock" was perhaps an irrigation tank. However, the ASI and other contemporary archaeologists assert that the city was a part of a major river system on the trade route of the ancient peoples from Sindh to Saurashtra in Gujarat. Cemeteries have been found which indicate that its people were probably of Dravidian, Proto-Australoid or Mediterranean physiques. Lothal provides with the largest collection of antiquities in the archaeology of modern India. It is essentially a single culture site—the Harappan culture in all its variances is evidenced. An indigenous micaceous Red Ware culture also existed, which is believed to be autochthonous and pre-Harappan. Two sub-periods of Harappan culture are distinguished: the same period (between 2400 and 1900 BCE) is identical to the exuberant culture of Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

After the core of the Indus civilization had decayed in Mohenjodaro and Harappa, Lothal seems not only to have survived but to have thrived for many years. But its constant threats, tropical storms and floods, caused immense destruction, which destabilised the culture and ultimately caused its end. Topographical analysis also shows signs that at about the time of its demise, the region suffered from aridity or weakened monsoon rainfall. Thus the cause for the abandonment of the city may have been changes in the climate as well as natural disasters, as suggested by environmental magnetic records. Lothal is based upon a mound that was a salt marsh inundated by tide. Remote sensing and topographical studies published by Indian scientists in the Journal of the Indian Geophysicists Union in 2004 revealed an ancient, meandering river adjacent to Lothal, 30 kilometres (19 mi) in length according to satellite imagery—an ancient extension of the northern river channel bed of a tributary of the Bhogavo river. Small channel widths (10–300 m/30–1000 ft) when compared to the lower reaches (1.2–1.6 km/0.75–1.0 mi) suggest the presence of a strong tidal influence upon the city—tidal waters ingressed up to and beyond the city. Upstream elements of this river provided a suitable source of freshwater for the inhabitants. History Before the arrival of Harappan peoples (c. 2400 BCE), Lothal was a small village next to the river providing access to the mainland from the Gulf of Khambhat. The indigenous peoples maintained a prosperous economy, attested by the discovery of copper objects, beads and semi-precious stones. Ceramic wares were of fine clay and smooth, micaceous red surface. A new technique of firing pottery under partly-oxidising and reducing conditions was improved by them—designated black-and-red ware, to the micaceous Red Ware. Harappans were attracted to Lothal for its sheltered harbour, rich cotton and rice-growing environment and bead-making industry. The beads and gems of Lothal were in great demand in the west. The settlers lived peacefully with the Red Ware people, who adopted their lifestyle—evidenced from the flourishing trade and changing working techniques—Harappans began producing the indigenous ceramic goods, adopting the manner from the natives. Town planning A flood destroyed village foundations and settlements (c. 2350 BCE). Harappans based around Lothal and from Sindh took this opportunity to expand their settlement and create a planned township on the lines of greater cities in the Indus valley. Lothal planners engaged themselves to protect the area from consistent floods. The town was divided into blocks of 1–2-metre-high (3–6 ft) platforms of sun-dried bricks, each serving 20–30 houses of thick mud and brick walls. The city was divided into a citadel, or acropolis and a lower town. The rulers of the town lived in the acropolis, which featured paved baths, underground and surface drains (built of kiln-fired bricks) and a potable water well. The lower town was subdivided into two sectors — the north-south arterial street was the main commercial area — flanked by shops of rich and ordinary merchants and craftsmen. The residential area was located to either side of the marketplace. The lower town was also periodically enlarged during Lothal's years of

prosperity. Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard and a warehouse to serve the purposes of naval trade. While the consensus view amongst archaeologists identifies this structure as a "dockyard," it has also been suggested that owing to small dimensions, this basin may have been an irrigation tank and canal. The dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. It was located away from the main current of the river to avoid silting, but provided access to ships in high tide as well. The warehouse was built close to the acropolis on a 3.5-metre-high (10.5 ft) podium of mud bricks. The rulers could thus supervise the activity on the dock and warehouse simultaneously. Facilitating the movement of cargo was a mud-brick wharf, 220 metres (720 ft) long, built on the western arm of the dock, with a ramp leading to the warehouse. There was an important public building opposite to the warehouse whose superstructure has completely disappeared. Throughout their time, the city had to brace itself through multiple floods and storms. Dock and city peripheral walls were maintained efficiently. The town's zealous rebuilding ensured the growth and prosperity of the trade. However, with rising prosperity, Lothal's people failed to upkeep their walls and dock facilities, possibly as a result of over-confidence in their systems. A flood of moderate intensity in 2050 BCE exposed some serious weaknesses in the structure, but the problems were not addressed properly. Economy and urban culture The uniform organization of the town and its institutions give evidence that the Harappans were a very disciplined people. Commerce and administrative duties were performed according to standards laid out. Municipal administration was strict — the width of most streets remained the same over a long time, and no encroached structures were built. Householders possessed a sump, or collection chamber to deposit solid waste in order to prevent the clogging of city drains. Drains, manholes and cesspools kept the city clean and deposited the waste in the river, which was washed out during high tide. A new provincial style of Harappan art and painting was pioneered — new approaches included realistic portrayals of animals in their natural surroundings, including the portrayal of stories and folklore. Fire-altars were built in public places. Metalware, gold and jewellery and tastefully decorated ornaments attest to the culture and prosperity of the people of Lothal. Most of their equipment—metal tools, weights, measures, seals, earthenware and ornaments—were of the uniform standard and quality found across the Indus civilization. Lothal was a major trade centre, importing en masse raw materials like copper, chert and semi-precious stones from Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, and mass distributing to inner villages and towns. It also produced large quantities of bronze celts, fish-hooks, chisels, spears and ornaments. Lothal exported its beads, gemstones, ivory and shells. The stone blade industry catered to domestic needs—fine chert was imported from the Sukkur valley or from Bijapur in modern Karnataka. Bhagatrav supplied semi-precious stones while chank shell came from Dholavira and Bet Dwarka. An intensive trade

network gave the inhabitants great prosperity—it stretched across the frontiers to Egypt, Bahrain and Sumer. Declining years While the wider debate over the end of Indus civilization continues, archaeological evidence gathered by the ASI appears to point to natural catastrophes, specifically floods and storms as the source of Lothal's downfall. A powerful flood submerged the town and destroyed most of the houses, with the walls and platforms heavily damaged. The acropolis and the residence of the ruler were levelled (2000-1900 BCE), and inhabited by common tradesmen and newly built makeshift houses. The worst consequence was the shift in the course of the river, cutting off access to the ships and dock. Despite the ruler leaving the city, the leaderless people built a new but shallow inlet to connect the flow channel to the dock for sluicing small ships into the basin. Large ships were moored away. Houses were rebuilt, yet without removal of flood debris, which made them poor-quality and susceptible to further damage. Public drains were replaced by soakage jars. The citizens did not undertake encroachments, and rebuilt public baths and maintained fire worship. However, with a poorly organised government, and no outside agency or central government, the public works could not be properly repaired or maintained. The heavily damaged warehouse was never repaired properly, and stocks were stored in wooden canopies, exposed to floods and fire. The economy of the city was transformed. Trade volumes reduced greatly, though not catastrophically, and resources were available in lesser quantities. Independent businesses caved, allowing a merchant-centric system of factories to develop where hundreds of craftsmen worked for the same supplier and financier. The bead factory had ten living rooms and a large workplace courtyard. The coppersmith's workshop had five furnaces and paved sinks to enable multiple artisans to work. The declining prosperity of the town, paucity of resources and poor administration increased the woes of a people pressured by consistent floods and storms. Increased salinity of soil made the land inhospitable to life, including crops. This is evidenced in adjacent cities of Rangpur, Rojdi, Rupar and Harappa in Punjab, Mohenjo-daro and Chanhudaro in Sindh. A massive flood (c. 1900 BCE) completely destroyed the flagging township in a single stroke. Archaeological analysis shows that the basin and dock were sealed with silt and debris, and the buildings razed to the ground. The flood affected the entire region of Saurashtra, Sindh and south Gujarat, and affected the upper reaches of the Indus and Sutlej, where scores of villages and townships were washed away. The population fled to inner regions. Later Harappan culture Archaeological evidence shows that the site continued to be inhabited, albeit by a much smaller population devoid of urban influences. The few people who returned to Lothal could not reconstruct and repair their city, but surprisingly continued to stay and preserved religious traditions, living in poorly-built houses and reed huts. That they were the Harappan peoples is evidenced by the analyses of their remains in the cemetery. While the trade and resources of the city were almost entirely gone, the

people retained several Harappan ways in writing, pottery and utensils. About this time ASI archaeologists record a mass movement of refugees from Punjab and Sindh into Saurashtra and to the valley of Sarasvati (1900-1700 BCE). Hundreds of ill-equipped settlements have been attributed to this people as Late Harappans—a completely de-urbanised culture characterised by rising illiteracy, undiversified economy, unsophisticated administration and poverty. Though Indus seals went out of use, the system of weights with an 8.573 gram (0.3024 oz) unit was retained. Between 1700 and 1600 BCE, trade would revive again. In Lothal, Harappan ceramic works of bowls, dishes and jars were mass-produced. Merchants used local materials such as chalcedony instead of chert for stone blades. Truncated sandstone weights replaced hexahedron chert weights. The sophisticated writing was simplified by exempting pictorial symbols, and the painting style reduced itself to wavy lines, loops and fronds. Civilisation The people of Lothal made significant and often unique contributions to human civilization in the Indus era, in the fields of city planning, art, architecture, science, engineering and religion. Their work in metallurgy, seals, beads and jewellery was the basis of their prosperity. Science and engineering A thick ring-like shell object found with four slits each in two margins served as a compass to measure angles on plane surfaces or in the horizon in multiples of 40 degrees, up to 360 degrees. Such shell instruments were probably invented to measure 8–12 whole sections of the horizon and sky, explaining the slits on the lower and upper margins. Archaeologists consider this as evidence that the Lothal experts had achieved something 2,000 years before the Greeks: an 8–12 fold division of horizon and sky, as well as an instrument for measuring angles and perhaps the position of stars, and for navigation. Lothal contributes one of three measurement scales that are integrated and linear (others found in Harappa and Mohenjodaro). An ivory scale from Lothal has the smallest-known decimal divisions in Indus civilization. The scale is 6 millimetres (0.2 inches) thick, 15 mm (0.6 inches) broad and the available length is 128 mm (5.0 inches), but only 27 graduations are visible over 46 mm (1.8 inches), the distance between graduation lines being 1.70 mm (0.067 inches) (the small size indicates use for fine purposes). The sum total of ten graduations from Lothal is approximate to the angula in the Arthashastra. The Lothal craftsmen took care to ensure durability and accuracy of stone weights by blunting edges before polishing. For their renowned draining system, Lothal engineers provided corbelled roofs, and an apron of kiln-fired bricks over the brick face of the platform where the sewerage entered the cesspool. Wooden screens inserted in grooves in the side drain walls held back solid waste. The well is built of radial bricks, 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) in diameter and 6.7 metres (22 ft) deep. It had an immaculate network of underground drains, silting chambers and cesspools, and inspection chambers for solid waste. The extent of drains provided archaeologists with many clues regarding the layout of streets, organization of housing and baths. On average, the main sewer is 20–46 cm (7.8–18.1 inches) in depth, with

outer dimensions of 86 × 68 × 33 cm (34 × 27 × 13 in). Lothal brick-makers used a logical approach in manufacture of bricks, designed with care in regards to thickness of structures. They were used as headers and stretchers in same and alternate layers. Archaeologists estimate that in most cases, the bricks were in ratio 1:5:25 on three sides, in dimensions which were integral multiples of large graduations of Lothal scale of 25 mm (1.0 in). Religion and disposal of the dead The people of Lothal worshipped a fire god, speculated to be the horned deity depicted on seals named Atha (Athar) and Arka, which is also evidenced by the presence of private and public fire-altars where sacrifices of animals and cattle were apparently conducted. Archaeologists have discovered gold pendants, charred ashes of terra-cotta cakes and pottery, bovine remains, beads and other signs that may indicate the practice of the Gavamayana sacrifice, associated with the ancient Vedic religion. Animal worship is also evidenced, but not the worship of the Mother Goddess that is evidenced in other Harappan cities—experts consider this a sign of the existence of diversity in religious traditions. However, it is believed that a sea goddess, perhaps cognate with the general Indus-era Mother Goddess, was worshipped. Today, the local villagers likewise worship a sea goddess, Vanuvati Sikotarimata, suggesting a connection with the ancient port's traditions and historical past as an access to the sea. At least one case of joint burial of a man and a woman has been found in Lothal. Indian archaeologists suggested the possibility of the earliest known practice of sati, or widow immolation. But the archaeologists also discovered that the practice had been given up by 2000 BCE (determined by the difference in burial times of the carbon-dated remains). It is suggested that the practice occurred only on occasion. It is also considered that given the small number of graves discovered—only 17 in an estimated population of 15,000—the citizens of Lothal also practiced cremationof the dead. Post-cremation burials have been noted in other Indus sites like Harappa, Mehi and Damb-Bhuti. The mummified remains of an Assyrian and an Egyptian corpse were also discovered at the mound. Metallurgy and jewellery Lothali copper is unusually pure, lacking the arsenic typically used by coppersmiths across the rest of the Indus valley. The city imported ingots from probable sources in the Arabian Peninsula. Workers mixed tin with copper for the manufacture of celts, arrowheads, fishhooks, chisels, bangles, rings, drills and spearheads, although weapon manufacturing was minor. They also employed advanced metallurgy in following the cire perdue technique of casting, and used more than one-piece moulds for casting birds and animals. They also invented new tools such as curved saws and twisted drills unknown to other civilizations at the time. Lothal was one of the most important centres of production for shell-working, owing to the abundance of chank shell of high quality found in the Gulf of Kutch and near the KathiawarcoastGamesmen, beads, unguent vessels, chank shells, ladles and inlays

were made for export and local consumption. Components of stringed musical instruments like the plectrum and thebridge were made of shell. An ivory workshop was operated under strict official supervision, and the domestication of elephants has been suggested. An ivory seal, and sawn pieces for boxes, combs, rods, inlays and ear-studs were found during excavations. Lothal produced a large quantity of gold ornaments—the most attractive item being microbeads of gold in five strands in necklaces, unique for being less than 0.25 millimetres (0.010 inches) in diameter. Cylindrical, globular and jasper beads of gold with edges at right angles resemble modern pendants used by women in Gujarat in plaits of hair. A large disc with holes recovered from a sacrificial altar is compared to the rukma worn by Vedic priests. Studs, cogwheel and heart-shaped ornaments of fainence and steatite were popular in Lothal. A ring of thin copper wire turned into double spirals resembles the gold-wire rings used by modern Hindus for weddings. Art The discovery of etched carnelian beads and non-etched barrel beads in Kish and Ur (modern Iraq), Jalalabad (Afghanistan) and Susa (Iran) attest to the popularity of the Lothal-centric bead industry across West Asia. The lapidaries show a refined taste in selecting stones of variegated colours, producing beads of different shapes and sizes. The methods of Lothal bead-makers were so advanced that no improvements have been noted over 4,000 years—modern makers in the Khambhat area follow the same technique. Double-eye beads of agate and collared or gold-capped beads of jasper and carnelian beads are among those attributed as uniquely from Lothal. It was very famous for micro-cylindrical beads of steatite (chlorite). Lothal has yielded 213 seals, third in importance amongst all Indus sites, considered masterpieces of glyptic art and calligraphy. Seal-cutters preferred short-horned bulls, mountain goats, tigers and composite animals like the elephant-bull for engravings. There is a short inscription of intaglio in almost every seal. Stamp seals with copper rings inserted in a perforated button were used to sealing cargo, with impressions of packing materials like mats, twisted cloth and cords—a fact verified only at Lothal. Quantitative descriptions, seals of rulers and owners were stamped on goods. A unique seal found here is from Bahrain—circular, with motif of a dragon flanked by jumping gazelles. Lothal offers two new types of potter work—a convex bowl with or without stud handle, and a small jar with flaring rim, both in the micaceous Red Ware period—not found in contemporary Indus cultures. Lothal artists introduced a new form of painting closely linked to modern realism. Paintings depict animals in their natural surroundings. Indeed, upon one large vessel, the artist depicts birds—with fish in their beaks—resting in a tree, while a fox-like animal stands below. This scene bears resemblance to the story of the crow and cunning fox in Panchatantra. Artistic imagination is also suggested via careful portrayals—for example, several birds with legs aloft in the sky suggest flight, while half-opened wings suggest imminent flight. On a miniature jar, the story of the thirsty crow and deer is depicted—of how the deer could not drink from the narrow-mouth of

the jar, while the crow succeeded by dropping stones in the jar. The features of the animals are clear and graceful. Movements and emotions are suggested by the positioning of limbs and facial features—in a 15 × 5 cm (6 × 2 in) jar without overcrowding. A complete set of terra-cotta gamesmen, comparable to modern chessmen, has been found in Lothal—animal figures, pyramids with ivory handles and castle-like objects (similar to the chess set of Queen Hatshepsut in Egypt). The realistic portrayal of human beings and animals suggests a careful study of anatomical and natural features. The bust of a male with slit eyes, sharp nose and square-cut beard is reminiscent of Sumerian figures, especially stone sculptures from Mari. In images of men and women, muscular and physical features are sharp, prominently marked. Terra-cotta models also identify the differences between species of dogs and bulls, including those of horses. Animal figures with wheels and a movable head were used as toys. Excavated Lothal On plan, Lothal stands 285 metres (935 ft) north-to-south and 228 metres (748 ft) east-to-west. At the height of its habitation, it covered a wider area since remains have been found 300 metres (1000 ft) south of the mound. Due to the fragile nature of unbaked bricks and frequent floods, the superstructures of all buildings have receded. Dwarfed walls, platforms, wells, drains, baths and paved floors are visible. But thanks to the loam deposited by persistent floods, the dock walls were preserved beyond the great deluge (c. 1900 BCE). The absence of standing high walls is attributed to erosion and brick robbery. The ancient nullah, the inlet channel and riverbed have been similarly covered up. The flood-damaged peripheral wall of mud-bricks is visible near the warehouse area. The remnants of the north-south sewer are burnt bricks in the cesspool. Cubical blocks of the warehouse on a high platform are also visible. The ASI has covered the peripheral walls, the wharf and many houses of the early phase with earth to protect from natural phenomena, but the entire archaeological site is nevertheless facing grave concerns about necessary preservation. Salinity ingress and prolonged exposure to the rain and sun are gradually eating away the remains of the site. But there are no barricades to prevent the stream of visitors from trudging on the delicate brick and mud work. Stray dogs throng the mound unhindered. Heavy rain in the region has damaged the remains of the sun-dried mud brick constructions. Stagnant rainwater has lathered the brick and mud work with layers of moss. Due to siltation, the dockyard’s draft has been reduced by 3–4 metres (10–13 ft) and saline deposits are decaying the bricks. Officials blame the salinity on capillary action and point out that cracks are emerging and foundations weakening even as restoration work slowly progresses. Dock and warehouse The dock was located away from the main current to avoid deposition of silt. Modern oceanographers have observed that the Harappans must have possessed great knowledge relating to tides in order to build such a dock on the ever-shifting course of

the Sabarmati, as well as exemplary hydrography and maritime engineering. This was the earliest known dock found in the world, equipped to berth and service ships. It is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and their effects on brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln-burnt bricks. This knowledge also enabled them to select Lothal's location in the first place, as the Gulf of Khambhat has the highest tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the river estuary. The engineers built a trapezoidal structure, with north-south arms of average 21.8 metres (71.5 ft), and east-west arms of 37 metres (121 ft). Another assessment is that the basin could have served as an irrigation tank, for the estimated original dimensions of the "dock" are not large enough, by modern standards, to house ships and conduct much traffic. The original height of the embankments was 4.26 metres (13.98 ft). (Now it is 3.35 metres (10.99 ft).) The main inlet is 12.8 metres (42.0 ft) wide, and another is provided on the opposite side. To counter the thrust of water, offsets were provided on the outer wall faces. When the river changed its course in 2000 BCE, a smaller inlet, 7 metres (23 ft) wide was made in the longer arm, connected to the river by a 2 kilometre (3.2 mi) channel. At high tide a flow of 2.1–2.4 metres (6.9–7.9 ft) of water would have allowed ships to enter. Provision was made for the escape of excess water through the outlet channel, 96.5 metres (317 ft) wide and 1.7 metres (5.6 ft) high in the southern arm. The dock also possessed a lock-gate system—a wooden door could be lowered at the mouth of the outlet to retain a minimum column of water in the basin so as to ensure floatation at low tides. Central to the city's economy, the warehouse was originally built on sixty-four cubical blocks, 3.6 metres (11.8 ft) square, with 1.2-metre (3.9-ft) passages, and based on a 3.5-metre-high (11.5 ft) mud-brick podium. The pedestal was very high to provide maximum protection from floods. Brick-paved passages between blocks served as vents, and a direct ramp led to the dock to facilitate loading. The warehouse was located close to the acropolis, to allow tight supervision by ruling authorities. Despite elaborate precautions, the major floods that brought the city's decline destroyed all but twelve blocks, which became the make-shift storehouse. Acropolis and Lower town Lothal's acropolis was the town centre, its political and commercial heart, measuring 127.4 metres (418 ft) east-to-west by 60.9 metres (200 ft) north-to-south. Apart from the warehouse, it was the residence of the ruling class. There were three streets and two lanes running east-west, and two streets running north-south. The four sides of the rectangular platform on which houses were built are formed by mud-brick structures of 12.2–24.4 metre (40–80 ft) thickness and 2.1–3.6 metres (6.9–11.8 ft) high. The baths were primarily located in the acropolis—mostly two-roomed houses with open courtyards. The bricks used for paving baths were polished to prevent seepage. The pavements were lime-plastered and edges were wainscoted (wooden panels) by thin walls. The ruler's residence is 43.92 square metres (472.8 sq ft) in area with a 1.8-square-meter-bath (19 sq ft) equipped with an outlet and inlet. The remains of this house give evidence to a sophisticated drainage system. The Lower town marketplace was on the main north-south street 6–8 metres (20–26 ft) wide. Built in straight rows

on either side of the street are residences and workshops, although brick-built drains and early period housing has disappeared. The street maintained a uniform width and did not undergo encroachment during the reconstructive periods after deluges. There are multiple two-roomed shops and workplaces of coppersmiths and blacksmiths. The bead factory, which performs a very important economic function, possesses a central courtyard and eleven rooms, a store and a guardhouse. There is a cinder dump, as well as a double-chambered circular kiln, with stokeholes for fuel supply. Four flues are connected with each other, the upper chamber and the stoke hold. The mud plaster of the floors and walls are vitrified owing to intense heat during work. The remnants of raw materials such as reed, cow dung, sawdust and agate are found, giving archaeologists hints of how the kiln was operated. A large mud-brick building faces the factory, and its significance is noted by its plan. Four large rooms and a hall with an overall measurement of 17.1 × 12.8 metres (56 × 42 ft). The hall has a large doorway, and a fire-altar is posed on a raised floor in the southern corner of the building. A square terra-cotta stump in the centre is associated with the place of worship found in the sister site of Kalibangan (in Rajasthan), making this a primary centre of worship for Lothal's people.

LOWER SWAT VALLEY The Lower Swat Valley has been occupied for the last 3000 years. The area between Chakdara Bridge and Saidu Sharif is littered with the remains of pre historic Aryan's Gandhara grave culture,Buddhist shrines and buildings of the Hindu Shahi Period. These archaeological sites are concentrated around three towns; Birkot, Udegram and Saidu Sharif. Near Chakdara Bridge there are ruins of Hindu Shahi Period and stupas at Haibatgram, Top Dara and Landakai. About 25 kilometres from Chakdara Bridge (About 20 kilometres before Saidu Sharif ), Birkot is the site of ancient town Bazira sacked by Alexander in 326 BC. This town is situated on ancient route on the River Swat from Nawa Pass. Here ancient route take a turn to south through Karakar Pass into Buner which further lead to Shabaz Garhi in Peshawar Valley. Gumbat Stupa is situated 9 kilometers south of Birkot (locally known as Barikot) in the Kandag Valley. This is one of the best-preserved stupas of Swat. It consists of a cell of about 12 feet square with windows. It is surrounded on all sides by a narrow passage intended to walk around sacred images while worshiping. Before Gumbat is a large building known as Kanjar Kot, meaningDancer’s Mansion. The place is beautiful but it is nor advisable to walk there without the help of locals. From the end of the road to the stupa you need to walk about 30 minutes (at least). Besides the remains of the stupa, there are some remains of the monastery. Nothing has been done so far to preserve the site, but the stupa itself is in a rather good condition. Mount Elam, 2811 meter High Mountain is considered sacred since ancient times. In the valley of Amluk-Dara near the foot of Mount Ilam is the ruin of a stupa.

Three kilometers from Birkot towards Saidu Sharif is Shingerdar Stupa. 1.5 kilometres from Shingerdar is a large Buddha Carving on a cliff facing the road. Further after 6 kilometres is theGogdara Rock Carvings. These 3000 years old engraving consists of different animals. There are some carvings in which humans were driving two wheeled war chariots. These carvings were probably works of ancient Aryans. On the same rock there are some Buddhist carvings. Udegram Udegram is located 8 kilometres before Saidu Sharif. Aurel Stein identified this with Ora, a city where Alexander fought one of his battles. Italians excavated this site in 1950’s. This site was occupied from 1000 BC to 14th century AD. During Hindu Shahi period from 8th century to 10th century this was the regional capital of Swat. Ruins of Raja Gira’s Fort, the last Hindu ruler were excavated by the Italians in 1950’s. The first mosque built in Swat was excavated in 1985 below the Hindu Shahi Fort in 1985. Barikot is a very nice place, surround by mountains and very friendly people Butkara Stupa One of the most important Buddhist shrines of Swat is Butkara Stupa near Saidu Sharif. This was built by Ashoka in 2nd century BC. It was enlarged many times. In 1955 it was excavated by Italians. Most of the stone carvings are now displayed in the museum around the world. Stupa was repaired last time in 8th century than it was abandoned and allowed to crumble. Sites around Mingora Mingora is one of the most important town of the Swat Valley. It is situated 2 km from Saidu Sharif. On the other side of River Swat near Mingora Airport a site of Gandhara Grave Culture was discovered by Italians at Aligrama. The site was dated to 1000 BC. Sites are known as "Butkara I" and Butkara II (an excavation lost in the hills and harder to find). Both sites are safe. Near Mingora in Jambill River Valley a lot of Buddhist remains and carvings are found. At Panr stupa and monastery of 1st AD century had been excavated. At Loebanr and Matalai, Italians archaeologist unearth 475 Aryan graves dated 1700 BC.

MEHRGARH Mehrgarh, one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BCE to 3200 BCE) sites in archaeology, lies on the Kachi plain of Baluchistan, Pakistan, and is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats) in South Asia. Located near the Bolan Pass, to the west of the Indus River valley and between the present-day Pakistani cities of Quetta, Kalat and Sibi, Mehrgarh was discovered in 1974 by an archaeological team directed by French archaeologist Jean-

François Jarrige, and was excavated continuously between 1974 and 1986. The earliest settlement at Mehrgarh—in the northeast corner of the 495-acre site—was a small farming village dated between 7000 BCE-5500 BCE. Early Mehrgarh residents lived in mud brick houses, stored their grain in granaries, fashioned tools with local copper ore, and lined their large basket containers with bitumen. They cultivated six-row barley, einkorn and emmer wheat, jujubes and dates, and herded sheep, goats and cattle. Residents of the later period (5500 BCE to 2600 BCE) put much effort into crafts, including flint knapping, tanning, bead production, and metal working. The site was occupied continuously until about 2600 BCE. In April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest (and first early Neolithic) evidence in human history for the drilling of teeth in vivo (i.e. in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh. Mehrgarh is now seen as a precursor to the Indus Valley Civilization. "Discoveries at Mehrgarh changed the entire concept of the Indus civilization," according to Ahmad Hasan Dani, professor emeritus of archaeology at Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, "There we have the whole sequence, right from the beginning of settled village life". According to Catherine Jarrige of the Centre for Archaeological Research Indus Balochistan, Musée Guimet, Paris "... the Kachi plain and in the Bolan basin (are) situated at the Bolan peak pass, one of the main routes connecting southern Afghanistan, eastern Iran, the Balochistan hills and the Indus valley. This area of rolling hills is thus located on the western edge of the Indus valley, where, around 2500 BCE, a large urban civilization emerged at the same time as those of Mesopotamia and the ancient Egyptian empire. For the first time in the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent, a continuous sequence of dwelling-sites has been established from 7000 – 500 BCE, (as a result of the) explorations in Pirak from 1968 to 1974; in Mehrgarh from 1975 to 1985; and of Nausharo from 1985 to 1996." The chalcolithic people of Mehrgarh also had contacts with contemporaneous cultures in northern Afghanistan, northeastern Iran and southern central Asia. Mehrgarh Period I Archaeologists divide the occupation at the site into several periods. Mehrgarh Period I 7000 - 5500 BCE, was Neolithic and aceramic (i.e., without the use of pottery). The earliest farming in the area was developed by semi-nomadic people using plants such as wheat and barley and animals such as sheep, goats and cattle. The settlement was established with simple mud buildings with four internal subdivisions. Numerous burials have been found, many with elaborate goods such as baskets, stone and bone tools, beads, bangles, pendants and occasionally animal sacrifices, with more goods left with burials of males. Ornaments of sea shell, limestone, turquoise, lapis lazuli, sandstone and polished copper have been found, along with simple figurines of women and animals. Sea shells from far seashore and lapis lazuli found far in

Badakshan,Afghanistan shows good contact with those areas. A single ground stone axe was discovered in a burial, and several more were obtained from the surface. These ground stone axes are the earliest to come from a stratified context in the South Asia. In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh made the discovery that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization, from the early Harappan periods, had knowledge of proto-dentistry. Later, in April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest (and first early Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo (i.e. in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh. According to the authors, their discoveries point to a tradition of proto-dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region. "Here we describe eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Pakistan that dates from 7,500-9,000 years ago. These findings provide evidence for a long tradition of a type of proto-dentistry in an early farming culture." Mehrgarh Period II and Period III Mehrgarh Period II 5500 - 4800 BC and Merhgarh Period III 4800 - 3500 BC were ceramic Neolithic (i.e., pottery was now in use) and later chalcolithic. Much evidence of manufacturing activity has been found and more advanced techniques were used. Glazed faience beads were produced and terracotta figurines became more detailed. Figurines of females were decorated with paint and had diverse hairstyles and ornaments. Two flexed burials were found in period II with a covering of red ochre on the body. The amount of burial goods decreased over time, becoming limited to ornaments and with more goods left with burials of females. The first button seals were produced from terracotta and bone and had geometric designs. Technologies included stone and copper drills, updraft kilns, large pit kilns and copper melting crucibles. There is further evidence of long-distance trade in period II: important as an indication of this is the discovery of several beads of lapis lazuli - originally from Badakshan. Mehrgarh Period VII Somewhere between 2600 and 2000 BC, the city seems to have been largely abandoned, which is when the Indus Valley Civilisation was in its middle stages of development. It has been surmised that the inhabitants of Mehrgarh migrated to the fertile Indus valley as the Balochistan became more arid due to climatic changes.

MELUHHA Meluhha refers to one of ancient Sumer's prominent trading partners, but precisely which one remains an open question. The word can be found in many Sumerian and Akkadian texts. Meluhha, Dilmun and Magan Sumerian texts repeatedly refer to three important centers with which they traded:

Magan, Dilmun, and Meluhha. Magan is usually identified with Oman, though some identify it with Egypt.Dilmun was a trade distribution center for goods originating in the region of modern-day Bahrain. The location of Meluhha, however is hotly debated. A number of scholars suggest that "Meluhha" was the Sumerian name for western India or the Indus valley civilization. Asko and Simo Parpola, both Finnish scholars, derive Meluhha from earlier Sumerian documents with the alternative value "Me-lah-ha", which they identify with the Dravidian Met-akam "high abode/country". They further claim that Meluhha is the origin of the Sanskritmleccha meaning "barbarian, foreigner". Sergei V. Rjabchikov, a Russian scholar, reads an archaic form of Meluhha as a Proto-Indo-Aryan word ("solar beam"; "to die"), and he compares it, in particular, with the name of the mountainMeru in the Old Indian mythology. However, much later texts documenting the exploits of King Assurbanipal of Assyria (668-627 BC), long after the Indus Valley civilization had ceased to exist, seemingly imply that Meluhha is to be found somewhere near Egypt, in Africa. Indus Valley hypothesis Earlier texts (c.2200 BC) seem to indicate that Meluhha is to the east, suggesting either the Indus valley or India. Sargon of Akkad was said to have "dismantled the cities, as far as the shore of the sea. At the wharf of Agade, he docked ships from Meluhha, ships from Magan." There is plenty of archaeological evidence for the trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of Harappa were evidently used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or sack marks on the reverse side testify. A number of these Indus Valley seals have turned up at Ur and other Mesopotamian sites. "Persian Gulf" types of circular stamped rather than rolled seals, also known from Dilmun, that appear at Lothal in Gujarat, India, and Faylahkah, as well as in Mesopotamia, are convincing corroboration of the long-distance sea trade. What the commerce consisted of is less sure: timber and precious woods, ivory, lapis lazuli, gold, and luxury goods such as carnelian and glazed stone beads, pearls from the Gulf, and shell and bone inlays, were among the goods sent to Mesopotamia in exchange for silver, tin, woolen textiles, perhaps oil and grains and other foods. Copper ingots, certainly, bitumen, which occurred naturally in Mesopotamia, may have been exchanged for cotton textiles and chickens, major products of the Indus region that are not native to Mesopotamia — all these have been instanced. Mesopotamian trade documents, lists of goods, and official inscriptions mentioning Meluhha supplement Harappan seals and archaeological finds. Literary references to Meluhhan trade date from the Akkadian, the Third Dynasty of Ur, and Isin - Larsa Periods (ca 2350 - 1800 BCE), but the trade probably started in the Early Dynastic Period (c. 2600 BC). Some Meluhhan vessels may have sailed directly to Mesopotamian ports, although by the Isin - Larsa Period, Dilmun, which was located "en route" to

Meluhha, monopolized the trade. By the subsequent Old Babylonian period, trade between the two cultures had evidently ceased entirely.

African hypothesis Later texts from the 1st millennium BC suggest that "Meluhha" and "Magan" were kingdoms adjacent to Egypt. Assurbanipal writes about his first march against Egypt: "In my first campaign I marched against Magan, Meluhha, Tarka, king of Egypt and Ethiopia, whom Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, the father who begot me, had defeated, and whose land he brought under his way...". Bernard Sergent (in Genèse de l'Inde, Payot, Paris, 1997) claims that Dravidians were a "Melano-African" race from the African Sahel belt, positing that these peoples migrated from there, and suggesting that Meluhha first referred to Ethiopia, and later to the Indus Valley. It is important to note that from the third millennium BC onwards, Ethiopia itself was never referred to asMeluhha, but as Kush. Apart from Ashurbanipal's reference, there is no mention of Meluhha in any Mesopotamian text after about 1700 BC, which corresponds to the time of decline of the Indus Valley.


Last edited by Last Island; Sunday, April 01, 2007 at 08:00 PM.

Archaeological sites of Pakistan: ( M to S )

MOHENJO-DARO

Mohenjo-daro (Mound of the dead) was a city of the Indus Valley Civilization built around 2600 BC and is located in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. This ancient five thousand year old city is the largest of Indus Valley and is widely recognized as one of the most important early cities of South Asia and the Indus Valley Civilization. Mohenjo Daro was one of the world’s first cities and contemporaneous with ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations. It is sometimes referred to as "An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis". Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and their civilization, vanished without trace from history until discovered in the 1920s. It was extensively excavated in the 1920s, but no in-depth excavations have been carried out since the 1960s.

Mohenjo-daro is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The most extensive recent work at the site has focused on attempts at conservation of the standing structures, undertaken by UNESCO in collaboration with the Department of Archaeology and Museums, as well as various foreign consultants. In December 1996, preservation work at the 500-acre site suspended after funding from the government and international organisations ran out, according to a resident archaeologist. However in April 1997, the UN Educational, Scientific and Culture Organisation (UNESCO) funded $10 million to a project to be conducted over two decades in order to protect the Mohenjo-daro ruins from flooding. This project has been a success so far. UNESCO's efforts to save Mohenjo-daro were one of the key events that led the organization to establish World Heritage Sites. History Mohenjo-daro was built around 2600 BC, and was abandoned around 1700 BC. It was rediscovered in the 1920s by Sir John Marshall's archaeologists. His car is still in Mohenjo-daro museum, showing his presence, struggle, and dedication for Mohenjo-daro. Further excavations were carried out in 1945 by Ahmad Hasan Dani and Mortimer Wheeler. Mohenjo-daro in ancient times was most likely the administrative center of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It was the most developed and advanced city in South Asia during its peak. The planning and engineering showed the importance of the city to the people of Indus valley. The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300–1700 BC, flowered 2600–1900 BCE), abbreviated IVC, was an ancient riverine civilization that flourished in the Indus river valley in Pakistan and northwest India. Another name for this civilization is the "Harappan Civilisation". The Indus Valley civilization (c. 3300-1700 BCE) was one of the most ancient civilizations, on the banks of Indus River. The Indus culture blossomed over the centuries and gave rise to the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BCE. The civilization spanned much of Pakistan, but suddenly went into decline around 1800 BCE. Indus Civilization settlements spread as far south as the Arabian Sea coast of India, as far west as the Iranian border, and as far north as the Himalayas. Among the settlements were the major urban centers of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as Lothal. The Mohenjo-daro ruins were once the center of this ancient society. At its peak, some archaeologists opine that the Indus Civilization may have had a population of well over five million. To date, over a thousand cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the Indus River valley in Pakistan and northwestern India.

The language of the Indus Civilization has yet to be deciphered, and the real name of the city as of other excavated cities in Sindh, Punjab and Gujarat, is unknown. City Structure Mohenjo-daro is a remarkable construction, considering its antiquity. It has a planned layout based on a grid of streets, which were laid out in perfect patterns. At its height the city probably had around 35,000 residents. The buildings of the city were particularly advanced, with structures constructed of bricks of baked mud, sun dried bricks and burned wood, also the workers produced bricks of the same size The public buildings of these cities also suggest a high degree of social organization. The great granary at Mohenjo-daro is designed with bays to receive carts delivering crops from the countryside, and there are ducts for air to circulate beneath the stored grain to dry it. Close to the granary, there is a building similarly civic in nature - a great public bath house, with steps down to a brick-lined pool in a colonnaded courtyard The elaborate bath area was very well built, with a layer of natural tar to keep it from leaking, and in the center was the swimming pool. The houses were protected from noise, odours, and thieves. This urban plan included the world's first urban sanitation systems. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells. Some of the houses included rooms that appear to have been set aside for bathing, waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. A variety of buildings were up to two stories high. Being an agricultural city, it also featured a large well, and central marketplace. It also had a building with an underground furnace, possibly for heated bathing. Defensively Mohenjo-daro was a well-fortified city. Lacking city walls, it did have towers to the west of the main settlement, and defensive fortifications to the south. Considering these fortifications and the structure of other major Indus valley cities like Harappa, lead to the question of whether Mohenjo-daro was an administrative center. Both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro share relatively the same architectural layout, and were generally not heavily fortified like other Indus Valley sites. It is obvious from the identical city layouts of all Indus sites, that there was some kind of political or administrative centrality, however the extent and functioning of an administrative center remains unclear. . Mohenjo-daro was successively destroyed and rebuilt at least seven times. Each time, the new cities were built directly on top of the old ones. Flooding by the Indus is thought to have been the cause of destruction. The city was divided into two parts, the Citadel and the Lower City. Most of the Lower

City is yet uncovered, but the Citadel is known to have the public bath, a large residential structure designed to house 5,000 citizens and two large assembly halls. Civilization Artifacts The Dancing girl found in Mohenjo Daro is an interesting artifact that is some 4500-year old. The 10.8 cm long bronze statue of the dancing girl was found in 1926 from a house in Mohenjo Daro. She was British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler's favorite statuette, as you can tell in this quote from a 1973 television program: "There is her little Baluchi-style face with pouting lips and insolent look in the eye. She's about fifteen years old I should think, not more, but she stands there with bangles all the way up her arm and nothing else on. A girl perfectly, for the moment, perfectly confident of herself and the world. There's nothing like her, I think, in the world." John Marshall, one of the excavators at Mohenjo-Daro, described her as a vivid impression of the young ... girl, her hand on her hip in a half-impudent posture, and legs slightly forward as she beats time to the music with her legs and feet... The artistry of this lovely statuette crosses time and space and speaks to us of a seemingly unknowable, but at least fleetingly recognizable past. As author Gregory Possehl says: "We may not be certain that she was a dancer, but she was good at what she did and she knew it". The statue could well be of some queen or very if not most important woman of the Indus Valley Civilization as is clear from the authority the figure commands. Seated male sculpture, or "Priest King" (even though there is no evidence that either priests or kings ruled the city). This 17.5 cm tall statue is another artefact which has become a symbol for the Indus valley civilization. Archaeologists discovered the sculpture in Lower town at Mohenjo-Daro in 1927. It was found in an unusual house with ornamental brickwork and a wall niche and was lying between brick foundation walls which once held up a floor. This bearded sculpture wears a fillet around the head, an armband, and a cloak decorated with trefoil patterns that were originally filled with red pigment. The two ends of the fillet fall along the back and though the hair is carefully combed towards the back of the head, no bun is present. The flat back of the head may have held a separately carved bun as is traditional on the other seated figures, or it could have held a more elaborate horn and plumed headdress.

Two holes beneath the highly stylized ears suggest that a necklace or other head ornament was attached to the sculpture. The left shoulder is covered with a cloak decorated with trefoil, double circle and single circle designs that were originally filled with red pigment. Drill holes in the center of each circle indicate they were made with a specialized drill and then touched up with a chisel. Eyes are deeply incised and may have held inlay. The upper lip is shaved and a short-combed beard frames the face. The large crack in the face is the result of weathering or it may be due to original firing of this object.

MULRI HILLS Mulri Hills are located in Gulshan Town, Karachi. Latitude: 24.9166667 / Longitude: 67.1333333 The late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites found by Karachi University archaeological team on the Mulri Hills, in front of Karachi University Campus, constitute one of the most important archaeological discoveries made in Sindh during the last fifty years. The last hunter-gatherers, who left abundant traces of their passage, repeatedly inhabited the Hills. Some twenty different spots of flint tools were discovered during the surface surveys.

NAULAKHA PAVILION The Naulakha pavilion is a marble building located at the Sheesh Mahal courtyard, which is itself located at the Lahore Fort in Lahore, Pakistan. Its western face provides a panoramic view of the ancient city of Lahore. When it was built in 1631 A.D. by the Mughal emperor Shahjahan, it cost Rs.900,000, an exorbitant amount at the time. It is called Naulakha because in Urdu, that word means 'worth 9 lakhs'.

NAUSHARO Nausharo is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. It is well known for the Harappan period archeological site. The excavations were carried out between 1985 and 1996 by a french team of archeologists. The other sites belonging to the same cluster are Mehrgarh and Pirak Nausharo excavation Excavations at Nausharo, 6 km from Mehrgarh, revealed a dwelling-site contemporaneous and identical to that of the Mehrgarh.

ONGAR Ongar is located a few kilometers south of Hyderabad on the hills, which lie on the right side of the Indus River. At the present state of the research, Ongar is the most important Paleolithic site discovered in southern Sindh. According to the aspect and surface patina of the tools, the flint assemblages can be attributed to the Early, Middle

and Late (Upper) Paleolithic periods.

PANCHKORA VALLEY OF DIL Panchkora Valley of Dir is a valley situated in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Overview The Panchkora Valley of Dir was the home of early Aryans. Remains of their settlements are classified as Gandhara grave culture. Talash Valley , 13 KM from Chakdara, is full of Buddhist remains. Buddhist stupas and monasteries, which have not been excavated, are on both sides of the road towards Dir. At the west end of the valley is Kat Kala Pass. Caroe identified this place with Massaga which was captured by Alexander the Great in 327BC. Here there are remains of massive crumbling Hindu Shahi fort of 8-10th century. Timargarha , 40 km from Chakdara is the site of excavated graves of Aryans, dating 1500 to 600 BC. On the west side of Panchkora River is the excavated site of Balambat. Site was in occupation continuously since 1500 BC when Aryans occupied this first time. Houses dated 500 BC have been discovered here. An interesting discovery was fire altars, which shows that people were fire worshippers.

PIR SHAH JURIO Pir Shah Jurio is a mature Indus Civilization village along the left bank of the Hub River in Sindh. It consists of a small mound, which is nowadays partly covered by a cem etery. From its surface, typical potsherds and other finds were collected. This site is strictly connected with the sea, which is a few kilometers south of it. It was radiocarbon-dated to the third millennium BP, from a sample of Terebralia palustris shells.

PIRAK Pirak is located in Balochistan, Pakistan. Pirak archaeological site is associated with the Indus Valley Civilisation. It was the first site which was excavated, between 1968 and 1974 before the well known sites of Mehrgarh or Nausharo.

POTOHAR PLATEAU The Pothohar Plateau is a plateau in Punjab, Pakistan. The area was the home of the Soan Culture, which is evidenced by the discovery of fossils, tools, coins, and remains of ancientarchaeological sites. The local people speak a distinctive dialect of Punjabi. History Existence of the Soan culture finds its home on the Pothohar plateau. The Indus Valley

civilization is known to have flourished in the same region between the 23rd and 18th centuries BC. Some of the earliest Stone Age artifacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 500,000 to 100,000 years. The crude stone recovered from the terraces of the Soan carry the account of human grind and endeavors in this part of the world from the inter-glacial period. The Stone Age people produced their equipment in a sufficiently homogenous way to justify their grouping. Around 3000 BC, small village communities developed in the Pothohar area, which led to the early roots of civilization. Geography Bounded on the east by the Jhelum River, on the west by the Indus, on the north by the Kala Chitta Range and the Margalla Hills, and on the south by the Salt Range, Potohar Plateau is really undulating, multi-colored, picturesque and geographically ill-defined area. The diverse wildlife like urial, chinkara, chukor, hare, porcupine, mongoose, wild boar, and Yellow-throated Martin add color to the beauty of the area. Sadly, due to low rainfall, extensive deforestation, coal mining and oil and gas exploration, the Valley is becoming devoid of vegetation. The under water areas of lakes (Uchali, Khabeki and Jhallar - internationally recognized Ramsar site, and scenic Kallar Kahar) have reduced to much smaller areas than in the past. Experts say that the lake has been here for at least 400 years. Locals tell about a strange phenomenon that was observed over Ucchali Lake in 1982. A very broad and distinct rainbow appeared over the horizon of Ucchali and was seen continuously for 15 days. No scientific explanation of this has been given so far, but the locals think that the rainbow appeared because of a volcano hidden under the lakes. They also tell that because of the hidden volcano the water of the lake keeps changing color. Pothohar in northern Pakistan is the country of the war-like Gakhar clan, later confirmed by the first Mughal Emperor Babur: "Sultan Sarang was now of age, and finding that he could not oust his cousin (Hati Khan) by force of arms, he procured his death by poison and assumed the chiefship in 1525. He and his brother made their submission to Babur, and Adam Khan, with a Gakhar force, attended him to Delhi, and for this the Potwar country was confirmed to them by the Emperor." Rawalpindi Gazetteer 1894. The Potohar Plateau lies between the Indus River on the west and the Jhelum River on the east. The Margalla Hills and the Kala Chitta Range form its northern boundary. The Kala Chitta Range rises to an average height of 450 - 900 m and extends for about 72 km. The southern boundary is the Salt Ranges. The Swaan River starts from nearby Murree and ends nearby Kalabagh in the Indus iver. The ruins of the Shahi destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni in 11th Century and of ancient Gandhara destroyed in the 6th Century by the Hunas (Indo-Hephthalites) litter the

countyside. Taxila is an ancient UNESCO World Heritage Site located on the plateau. Taxila (then called taksh-shila) was Hindu and Buddhist seat of learning, connected across the Khunjerab pass to the Silk Road, attracting students from all over the world. Ancient Takshashila was renowned all over the world as home to a great university. It came under the control of the Persian Achaemenid Empire and then Alexander the Great and the Sassanians. As a city in Gandhara it flourished during the first-fifth centuries AD. It was finally destroyed in c.450-c.565 by the Hunas (Indo-Hephthalites) The modern day cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi sit on the plateau. The material remains found on the site of the city of Rawalpindi prove the existence of a Gandhara Buddhist establishment contemporary to Taxila but less celebrated than its neighbor. It appears that the ancient city also went into oblivion as a result of the same Hunas (Indo-Hephthalites) devastation. Jhanda Khan, Gakhar Chief, restored it and gave the name of Rawalpindi after the village Rawal in 1493 AD. Today it is the twin city of the capital of Pakistan, Islamabad which was built next to it. Rohtas Fort located in the Potwar is another UNESCO World Heritage site, built by Sher Shah Suri in 1541 to control the Gakhars who remained loyal to the deposed Mughal Emperor Humayun. Rawat Fort is located 17 km east of Rawalpindi, on the Grand Trunk (G.T) Road leading to Lahore. The grave of a Gakhar Chief, Sultan Sarang Khan is located inside the fort. He died in 1546 AD fighting against the forces of Sher Shah Suri. If one dares to climb the broken steps inside the tomb, one may get a panoramic view of the plateau and the Mankiala Stupa. The remains of this Buddhist Stupa lie about 32 km south east of Rawalpindi in Mankiala village. Apparently, this Gandhara stupa was built in the reign of Kanishka (128-151 AD). According to legend, Buddha had sacrificed parts of his body here, to feed seven hungry tiger-cubs. In 1930, several gold, silver and copper coins (660 - 730 AD) and a bronze casket having Kharosthi inscriptions, were discovered from this stupa. Pharwala Fort is about 40 km from Rawalpindi beyond Lehtrar road. The Gakhar ruler, Sultan Kai Gohar built it in 15th century on the ruins of a 10th century Hindu Shahi Fort. Emperor Babur attacked the fort in 1519 AD before Hati Khan had acknowledged him. The Salt Range is dotted with Hindu temples, of which the most notable is the Katas Raj. Located 25 kilometers from Chakwal, Katas Raj is notable in many ways. The temple was not abandoned by local Hindus when they migrated to East Punjab in 1947. Many legends sacred to the Hindus are associated with it, some of them involving Shiva himself. It has always been the site of holy pilgrimage. Even nowadays, through an agreement between India and Pakistan, Hindu worshippers perform a pilgrimage to the temple every year and bathe in the sacred pool around which Katas Raj is built.

While Katas Raj has not received much publicity, the two semi-ruined temples of the Hindu shahi period (650-950 AD) have been frequently photographed by newspapers and history journals. Katas Raj is also held sacred by Hindus for another reason. Legend says that the five Pandava brothers, heroes of the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata, stayed here for four out of the 14 years that they spent in exile. A joint project with Professors Abdur Rehman, past Chairman of the Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, and Farid Khan, founder of the Pakistan Heritage Society, has begun to analyse and document these important monuments in the history of South Asian temple architecture with funding from the University of Pennsylvania. Two seasons of excavation have been carried out at the site of North Kafirkot.

PUSHKALAVATI Pushkalavati is an ancient site situated in Peshawar valley in Sarhad, Pakistan. It is located on the banks of Swat River, near its junction with Kabul River , now it is known as Charsadda.Puskalavati meaning Lotus City was the capital of ancient kingdom Gandhara from the 6th century BC to 2nd century AD. The ruins of Pushkalavati consist of many stupas and sites of two old cities. Bala Hisar This is the oldest settlement of the Pushkalavati occupied from 6th century BC. Ashoka built a stupa there which was described by Xuan Zang when he visited in 630AD, which is still not found. This site was first time excavated in 1902 by Marshal and than by Mortimer Wheeler in 1958. Shaikhan Dheri Bactrain Greek built a new city at this site which lies one kilometre from Bala Hisar on the other side of the branch of River Jinde. This city was occupied by Parthian, Sakas and Kushans. In 2nd AD, river changed its course and city was flooded. Town moved to the site of modern village of Rajar. The city was partly excavated by Ahmad Hasan Dani in 1960’s. There are still many mounds at Mir Ziarat, at Rajar and Shahr-i-Napursan which are still unexcavated. Pushkalavati & Prayag The city of Pushkalavati was situated at the confluence of Swat and Kabul rivers. Three different branches of Kabul river meet there. That specific place is still called Prang and considered sacred. The local people still bring their dead for burial. Aryan found similar geographical characteristics at the confluence of Ganges and Jumna and founded sacred city by the name of Pryayag near Benares, which is one of the ancient pilgrim centers of

India.

REHNMAN DHERI Rehman Dheri is an Pre-Harappan Archaeological Site situated near Dera Ismail Khan in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. This is one of the oldest urbanized centers found to date in South Asia. Dated about 4000 BC, the site is situated 22 kilometers (13.7 miles) north of Dera Ismail Khan. Since the earliest occupation, except for the extension outside the city in the south, the entire habitation area was enclosed by a massive wall, built from dressed blocks made from clay slabs. The low mound of this fortified town is visible from Bannu Road. This rectangular mound is covering about 22 hectares and standing 4.5 m above the surrounding field. The fortified town of about ten to fifteen thousand inhabitants shows sign of town planning. Pottery and stone and metal tools were found. No seals were found and no writing was discovered, though some forms of engraving or scraping on the pottery were observed.

REHRI Rehri or Rehri Goth is one of the neighborhoods of Bin Qasim Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Rehri is located on the Arabian Sea coast and has large a community of fishermen. At Rehri, along the coast east of Karachi, Karachi University archaeological team discovered a few Mesolithic and Late Palaeolithic sites. Most of these sites have vanished during the last twenty years. Nevertheless their discovery shed new light on the prehistory of the coastal area of Lower Sindh. Scatters of flint were found in different spots, some of which were associated with Terebralia palustris mangrove shells. There are several ethnic groups in Bin Qasim Town including Urdu speakers, Punjabis, Sindhis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, Pakhtuns, Balochs, Memons, Bohras, Ismailis. Over 99% of the population isMuslim. The population of Bin Qasim Town is estimated to be nearly one million.

SAGALA Sagala, believed to be modern Sialkot, was a city of located in northern Punjab, Pakistan. Sagala (alias Sakala) is mentioned as the capital of Madra Kingdom as per the epic Mahabharata. Destruction by Alexander The city appears in the accounts of Alexander the Great's conquests of India. After crossing the Hydraotes, Alexander, joined by Porus with elephants and 5,000 Indian

troops, laid siege to Sagala, where the Cathaeans had entrenched themselves. The city was razed to the ground, and many of its inhabitants killed: "The Cathaeans... had a strong city near which they proposed to make their stand, named Sagala. The next day Alexander rested his troops, and on the third advanced on Sangala, where the Cathaeans and their neighbours who had joined them were drawn up in front of the city. At this point too, Porus arrived, bringing with him the rest of the elephants and some five thousand Indians. Alexander returned to Sangala, razed the city to the ground, and annexed its territory". Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, V.22-24 Sunga period Following his overthrowing of the Mauryan Empire, Pusyamitra Sunga is believed in tradition to have expanded northwest as far as Sagala. According to the 2nd century Ashokavadana: "Then King Pusyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the Kukkutarama. Pusyamitra therefore destroyed the sangharama, killed the monks there, and departed. After some time, he arrived in Sakala, and proclaimed that he would give a hundred dinara reward to whomever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk." Indo-Greek period The Indo-Greeks apparently repelled the Sungas and Sagala was used as a capital by the Greco-Bactrian (alternatively Indo-Greek or Graeco-Indian) king Menander during his reign between 160 and 135 B.C. Though many Graeco-Bactrian, and even some Indo-Greek cities were designed along Greek architectural lines, Sagala was clearly an Indian city. In contrast to other imperialist governments elsewhere, literary accounts suggests the Greeks and Indians of cities like Sagala lived in relative harmony, with some Indians adopting the responsibilities of Greek citizenship - and more astonishingly, Greeks converting to Buddhism. The best descriptions of Sagala however, come from the Milinda Panha, a dialogue between King Menander and the Buddhist monk Nagasena. Historians like Sir Tarn believe this document was written around 100 years after Menander's rule, which is one of the best enduring testimonies of the productiveness and benevolance of his rule, which has made the more modern theory that he was regarded as a Chakravartin - King of the Wheel or literally Wheel-Turner in Sansrkit - generally accepted. In the Milindapanha, the city is described in the following terms:

"There is in the country of the Yonakas a great centre of trade, a city that is called Sâgala, situate in a delightful country well watered and hilly, abounding in parks and gardens and groves and lakes and tanks, a paradise of rivers and mountains and woods. Wise architects have laid it out, and its people know of no oppression, since all their enemies and adversaries have been put down. Brave is its defence, with many and various strong towers and ramparts, with superb gates and entrance archways; and with the royal citadel in its midst, white walled and deeply moated. Well laid out are its streets, squares, cross roads, and market places. Well displayed are the innumerable sorts of costly merchandise with which its shops are filled. It is richly adorned with hundreds of alms-halls of various kinds; and splendid with hundreds of thousands of magnificent mansions, which rise aloft like the mountain peaks of the Himalayas. Its streets are filled with elephants, horses, carriages, and foot-passengers, frequented by groups of handsome men and beautiful women, and crowded by men of all sorts and conditions, Brahmans, nobles, artificers, and servants. They resound with cries of welcome to the teachers of every creed, and the city is the resort of the leading men of each of the differing sects. Shops are there for the sale of Benares muslin, of Kotumbara stuffs, and of other cloths of various kinds; and sweet odours are exhaled from the bazaars, where all sorts of flowers and perfumes are tastefully set out. Jewels are there in plenty, such as men's hearts desire, and guilds of traders in all sorts of finery display their goods in the bazaars that face all quarters of the sky. So full is the city of money, and of gold and silver ware, of copper and stone ware, that it is a very mine of dazzling treasures. And there is laid up there much store of property and corn and things of value in warehouses-foods and drinks of every sort, syrups and sweetmeats of every kind. In wealth it rivals Uttara-kuru, and in glory it is as Âlakamandâ, the city of the gods". Incidentally, Sagala was also the capital of the Indo-Hepthalite King Mihirakula.


Archaeological sites of Pakistan (last part)

SHAHBAZ GHARI

Shahbaz Garhi located in Mardan district, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Shahbaz Garhi is situated on the junction of three ancient routes; first from Kabul to Pushkalavati, second toSwat through Buner, and third to Taxila through Hund on the bank of Indus River. Situated on the modern Mardan-Swabi Road, the town was once a thriving Buddhist city surrounded by monasteries and stupas. This area has following archaeological sites: Ashokan Inscriptions Rock edicts of Ashoka (272-231 BC) were carved on two rocks on a hill. This edict was inscribed in Kharoshthi script. Stupas to Commemorate the legend of Prince Visvantara According to one Buddhist legend, Buddha in one of his previous life as Prince Visvantara gave in charity a white miraculous elephant that have the power to produce rain to neighbouring hostile country suffering from draught. His own people banished him. Prince with his wife and two children lived on Mekha-Sanda Hill. Later he gave his two sons to a Brahman in charity who sold them in the market of Shahbaz Garhi. Grandfather of the children recognized his grandchildren and acts of charity of the Prince were recognized by his people and invited him back to the city. Two stupas were built to commemorate these acts by which the Prince achieved dana paramita (Perfection of Charity). Japanese team in 1960’s excavated sites of this legend as per directions given by Sun Yung and Xuan Zang who visited in 520 AD and 630 AD respectively. The stupa at Chank Dheri commemorate the while elephant. Sahri Stupa commemorated Prince Visvantara giving up his children. There are ruins of stupa and monasteries on the hill of Mekha-Sanda. According to a Buddhist legend Buddha in one of his previous life visited this area as Prince Sudana, means ‘of noble charity’. The surrounding plain is still known as Sudana Plain.

SIRAJ-JI-TAKRI Siraj-ji-Takri or Seeraj-ji-Takri is a Buddhist archaeological site located in Sindh, Pakistan. The Buddhist city of Siraj-ji-Takri is located along the western limestone terraces of the Rohri Hills in the Khairpur District of Upper Sindh, along the road that leads to Sorah. Its ruins are still visible on the top of three different mesas, in the form of stone and mud-brick walls and small mounds, whilst other architectural remains were observed along the slopes of the hills in the 1980’s. This city is not mentioned from any text dealing with the history of the Buddhist period of Sindh.

SOKHTA KOH The coastal Harappan site at Sokhta Koh, 'burnt hill' (also known as Sotka Koh) was first surveyed by an American archaeologist George F Dales in 1960, while exploring estuaries along theMakran coast, Balochistan, Pakistan. The site is located about 15 miles north of Pasni. A similar site at Sutkagen-dor lies about 30 miles inland, astride Dasht River, north of Jiwani. Their position along a coastline (that was possibly much farther inland) goes well with evidence of overseas commerce in Harappan times. Based on pottery styles, it is estimated that the settlement belongs to the Mature Harappan (Integration) Era (2600-1900 BC). Topography Sokhta Koh is an outcrop of low hillocks in the Shadi Kaur (river) valley, surrounded by jagged, stratified

hills north of Pasni. Presently, the river flows just next to the site while loops of old riverbeds meander nearby. Small rivulets and 'nullahs' mostly fed by rainwater, empty into Shadi Kaur, itself rather anaemic in the stark and dry countryside. While the hillocks are about two miles in circuit, the visible remnants of the settlement, which occupy the south-eastern portion, are less than a mile around. The settlement itself is difficult to appreciate from the ground since no structures stand out in relief. Except for a few sporadic digs, the site has not been extensively excavated. Dry ravines, which mark out the northern and southern boundaries, traverse the site. Also visible are signs of numerous open-pit ovens buried under rubble. Another noteworthy point is the lack of visible evidence of walled fortification. Buildings In the absence of detailed digging, little can be said about the architecture and buildings. However, at several places, erosion by elements reveals remnants of rooms in which stratified rock was used as a base, over which mud or mud-brick walls were raised. Absence of baked bricks, despite a well-established pottery industry, indicates that rainfall may have been low and hence not a threat to mud structures. Riverine flooding, if any, was also probably not a factor due to the siting of the settlement atop hillocks. An aerial view gives a clear indication of rectangular room foundations as well as alignment with the cardinal points of the compass. Pottery The site is strewn all over by hundreds of thousands of potsherds which constitute the visible detritus of the extinct settlement. Scores of open pit ovens for firing the pottery can also be discerned. It is tempting to think of this vast pottery-making industry as a sort of a 'packaging facility' for perishable commodities that were exported in exchange for luxury goods. The sherds are of kiln-baked ware that includes jars, plates, pierced colanders, lids with knobs and fine terra cotta bangle-shaped pieces. The pottery is wheel-turned and mostly pink, with a few buff samples. Some wares, particularly jars, have a reddish glazed band around the neck. The designs are a decorative feature of most pottery and are only of black colour. Designs are restricted to geometrical shapes and include horizontal lines of varying thickness, fish scale patterns, intersecting circles, comb-like patterns and wavy lines. Human and animal motifs are notably absent. 'Potters marks' are evident on the rims of some jars and pots. The complete absence of toys, seals, statues and jewellery, at least at the uppermost level, indicate a rather utilitarian environment. Further excavation is bound to reveal at least some elements that might mitigate the seeming socio-cultural isolation of this Harappan outpost. Abandonment & Relocation Sokhta Koh may have been abandoned due to recession of coast caused by one or more of following reasons:

Gradual or catastrophic tectonic uplift Deposition of alluvial soil/silt in Shadi Kaur delta Deposition of sand on beach and in the estuary by wave action

Evidence of ruins of another location nearer to the sea, at the mouth of Shadi Kaur, seems to indicate possible relocation after the estuary harbour at Sokhta Koh had dried up due to coastal recession. Discovery of a harbour, as well as the source of firewood for large-scale pottery firing would be significant challenges for future excavations. Significance as a Trading Outpost Chris J D Kostman in his paper, The Indus Valley Civilization: In Search of Those Elusive Centers and Peripheries, discusses: "A primary, if not the primary, rationale for long-range trade driving force would be a need

for 'luxury goods,' raw materials, and other items not found in the riverine alluvial plain which made up the vast majority of the Indus Civilization. In the Indus Valley, sought-after materials included copper, gold, silver, tin, jasper and agate cherts, carnelian, azurite, lapis, fine shell, steatite, antimony, and ivory. Forays would have been made towards and beyond the civilization's peripheral areas to obtain these goods. At the minimum, then, there is an economic motive for inter-regional travel. Silvio Durante's study (1979) of marine shells from India and their appearance in the archaeological record in such distant sites as Tepe Yahya and Shahr-i-Sokhta in Iran, as well as in the Indus Valley, sheds light on the ancient trading routes of certain types of shells which are specifically and exclusively found along the Indian coastline proper. Durante primarily discusses the marine shell Xancus pyrum and the fact that it was traded whole and intact, then worked or reworked at its destination site, perhaps then moving on to other locations. The importance of this specific shell is that Xancus pyrum has a very limited geographic distribution and thus has almost the same significance in the field of shells as that of lapis lazuli in the context of mineral resources (as regards the determination of the possible routes along which a locally unavailable raw material is transported from a well-defined place of origin to the place where it is processed and, as also in the case of Xancus pyrum, consumed). Perhaps, as these shells crossed so many cultural hands, they were left unworked in order for the final owner or consumer to work the raw material into a style and usage specific to their region. Durante offers four possible trade routes from their gathering zone along the west and northwest Indian coast to destinations west: sea route direct to the Iranian coastal area; sea route to Sutkagen-dor and Sotka-koh on the Makran coast, then overland westwards; overland through the Indus plain and then through the Makran interior to Sistan; overland through the Indus Valley and then through the Gomal Valley to Sistan."

SUKTAGAN DOR The westernmost known site of Indus Valley Civilization was Sutkagan Dor. It is located about 480 KM west of Karachi on Makran coast near the Iran border in Baluchistan. A defensive wall of 30 feet wide exists. Though inland, may have been near navigable water in ancient times and on a trade route between other centers.

TAKHT-I-BAHI Takht-i-Bahi or Takht Bahai is a site of historical importance in the Mardan District of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. It contains the remains of a famous Buddhist monastery from the 1st century CE and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Takht means "throne" and bahi, "water" or "spring" in Persian/Urdu. The monastic complex was called Takht-i-Bahi because it was built atop a hill and also adjacent to a stream. Takhtbai is the most fertile tehsile in the Mardan Division, There are many crops grown in the Takht Bai Tehsile, some of which are tobacco, wheat and sugar cane. Asia's first sugar mill was built here by the British Government near the Buddhist monastery.

TAXILA Taxila is an important archaeological site in Pakistan containing the ruins of the Gandhāran city and university of Takshashila (also Takkasila or Taxila) an important Vedic/Hindu and Buddhistcentre of learning from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. In 1980, Taxila was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site with multiple locations. Historically, Taxila lay at the crossroads of three major trade routes: the royal highway from Pāṭaliputra; the north-western route through Bactria, Kāpiśa, and Puṣkalāvatī (Peshawar); and the route from Kashmir and Central Asia, via Śrinigar, Mānsehrā, and the Haripur valley across the Khunjerab pass to the Silk Road. Today, Taxila is located in the western region of the Islamabad Capital Territory—to the northwest

of Rawalpindi and on the border of the Punjab and North West Frontier Provinces—about 30 kilometres west-northwest of Islamabad, just off the Grand Trunk Road. History Legend has it that Taksha an ancient Indian king who ruled in a kingdom called Taksha Khanda (Tashkent) founded the city of Takshashila. The word Takshashila, in Sanskrit means "belonging to the King Taksha". Taksha was the son of Bharata and Mandavi, historical characters who appear in the Indian epic Ramayana. Ahmad Hasan Dani and Saifur Rahman Dar trace the etymology of Taxila to a tribe called the Takka. According to Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, "Taxila" is related to "Takṣaka," which means "carpenter" and is an alternative name for the Nāga.

c. 518 BCE– Darius the Great annexes the North-West of the Indian-Subcontinent (modern day Pakistan), including Taxila, to the Persian Achaemenid Empire.

~450 BC, Herodotus makes reference to Greek influences in this area. The language used in the area is bilingual for the better part of a 1000 years, with Greek being the second language.

326 BCE– Alexander the Great receives submission of Āmbhi, king of Taxila, and afterwards defeats Porus at the Jhelum River.

c. 317 BCE – In quick succession, Alexander's general Eudemus and then the satrap Peithon withdraw from India. Candragupta, founder of the Mauryan empire, then makes himself master of the Punjab. Candragupta Maurya's advisor Kautilya (also known as Chanakya) was a teacher at Taxila.

During the reign of Chandragupta's grandson Aśoka, Taxila became a great Buddhist centre of learning. Nonetheless, Taxila was briefly the center of a minor local rebellion, subdued only a few years after its onset.

185 BCE– The last Maurya emperor, Bṛhadratha, is assassinated by his general, Puṣyamitra Śunga, during a parade of his troops.

183 BCE– Demetrios conquers Gandhāra, the Punjab and the Indus valley. He builds his new capital, Sirkap, on the opposite bank of the river from Taxila. During this new period of Bactrian Greek rule, several dynasties (like Antialcidas) likely ruled from the city as their capital. During lulls in Greek rule, the city managed profitably on its own, managed independently and controlled by several local trade guilds, who also minted most of the city's autonomous coinage.

c. 90 BCE– The Indo-Scythian chief Maues overthrows the last Greek king of Taxila. c. 25 CE – Gondophares, founder of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, conquers Taxila and makes it

his capital. (This date conflicts with the year 46 AD stated by Prof. M. M. Ninan). c. 33-52 CE Thomas the Apostle is contracted as a carpenter for a construction project

for Gondophares. 76– The date of and inscription found at Taxila of 'Great King, King of Kings, Son of God,

the Kushana' (maharaja rajatiraja devaputra Kushana). c. 460–470– The Ephthalites sweep over Gandhāra and the Punjab; wholesale destruction of

Buddhist monasteries and stūpas at Taxila, which never again recovers.

Before the fall of these ancient invader-kings in India, Taxila had been variously a regional and national capital for many dynasties, and a true center of learning for Vedic learning, Buddhists,Classical Hindus, and a possible population of Greeks that may have endured for centuries. The British archaeologist Sir John Marshall conducted excavations over a period of twenty years in Taxila. Taxila today Present day Taxila is one of the six Tehsils (sub-district) of Rawalpindi District. It is spread over an undulating land in the periphery of the Pothohar Plateau of the Punjab. Situated just out side the capital Islamabad's territory and communicating with it through Tarnol pass of Margalla Hills, Taxila is a mix of posh urban and rustic rural environs. Urban residential areas are in the form of small neat and clean colonies populated by the workers of heavy industries, educational institutes and hospitals that are

located in the area. The industries include heavy machine factories and industrial complex, ordnance factories of Wah Cantt and cement factory. Heavy Industries Taxila is also based here. Small, cottage and house hold industries include stone ware, pottery and foot wear. People try to relate the present day stone ware craft to the tradition of sculpture making that existed here before the advent of Islam. In addition to the ruins of Gandhara civilization and ancient Buddhist/Hindu culture, relics of Mughal gardens and vestiges of historical Grand Trunk Road, which was built by Emperor Sher Shah Suri in 15th-16th centuries AD, are also found in Taxila region. Taxila museum, dedicated mainly to the remains of Gandhara civilization, is also worth visiting. A hotel of the tourism deparment offers reasonably good services and hospitality to the tourists. Taxila has many educational intitutes including University of Engineering and Technology (UET). Thomas is still honored in Taxila in an annual festival in early July, attended by thousands, celebrating the passage of his bones through Taxila on their way to Edessa. Ancient centre of learning Takshashila's was an early center of learning going back to the 5th century BCE. Takkasila is also mentioned in several Jātaka stories, written in Sri Lanka around 500 CE. Taxila is significant in Buddhist tradition because it is believedthat the Mahāyāna sect of Buddhism was founded there. The Sanskrit grammarian Pānini, the political theorist Kautilya and theAyurvedic healer Charaka studied at Taxila at various points in time. Kautilya, who later became adviser to the founder of the Mauryan empire, is said to have composed his treatise on statecraft the Arthaśāstra in Taxila.

TULAMBA Tulamba is a small city in PakistaniPunjab. A native of Tulamba is referred to as a Tulmabvi. It's situated on the eastern edge of the Ravi River, between the cities of Abdul Hakeem and Mian Channu. Earlier it belonged to the district of Multan, but in 1985 Tulamba was included in the newly made district of Khanewal. Tulamba's population is nearly 50,000. Spoken language isRachnaviPunjabi (also called Jangli). History Tulamba is more than 2500 years old. People say that Tulamba was here even in the era of Noah. Tulamba faced many armies as it was in the way to famous Multan. The forces coming from North and West had to pass from Tulamba to go to Multan. On digging, five eras are known. The first era belongs to Moi tribe. The remaining four belong to Greek, Sasani, Budh, Hindu and Muslim civilizations. From Aplodots Sir Megas to Muhammad Ghauri, the coins of several governments were found here. When Alexander (the great) invaded Indian Sub-Continent, he also came to Tulamba. In that time, Tulamba was ruled by Moi people. They were very brave and courageous, that's why Alexandar faced big difficulties here but at last succeeded. The ancestor of Mughals, Taimur-e-Lang also invaded Tulamba. At that time Tulamba was called Tulma. The history of Muslims begins with Muhammad bin Qasim when he came to Tulamba in his way to Multan. The place from where he passed is now called Qasim Bazar. Sher Shah Suri built a Fort right in the center of the city, whose boundary wall and some building is still there. The Girls High School and the offices of Town Committie are present in the Fort.

The ruins of older city are on a distance of one kilometer from the city. Though they are in miserable condition due to rains and negligence, but their bricks are still visible. When Dr. Sayyed Zahid Ali Wasti visited Tulamba in 1967, he saw the ruins spread in the area of several miles. He saw a Fort with walls and a very high Tower. He saw a three thousand years old trench around the fort which was dig for the protection of the fort. He describes that walls were beautifully plastered with mud and floors were not solid. Yet most of his description is now unpredictable, because ruins are very much destroyed now. Geography and Climate Tulamba is situated on the eastern edge of river Ravi at the distance of 100Km from Multan. It's coordinates are following. Longitude: 72°13'E Latitude: 30°33'N The climate of Tulamba is good. The summer season is very hot followed by a big series of rains. The winter season is very cool and often foggy. Overall the climate is good for living. Culture, Lifestyle and Economy Tulamba is a formal punjabi city. Usual dress is Shalwar Qameez, Dhoti (Tehband) is also popular. Old people keep Pagri or Safa on their head. All the houses are built with solid bricks and concrete. Lifestyle is modern, the use of electric and electronic equipments is common. Major works are Farming and Trading. Many people are serving in Government in Private sector. Popular sports are Kabaddi, Kushti (wrestling), Gulli Danda, Cricket. Educational Institutions There is a Government Girls Higher Secondary School for girls and a Government High School for boys in Tulamba. One Primary School and a Middle School (called bohar wala school) is also there. Two public schools are also working. Sites of Interest The Ruins are present on the edge of the city. The Sidhnai Canal and a point on the edge of river Ravi (called T) are also good for picnic. Transportation Tulamba is linked with Multan and Lahore through N-5 National Highway which is on a 15 minutes drive from Tulamba. There are two more ways to go to Multan, one is through Abdul Hakeem and other is through Makhdoom Pur and KabirWala. Facilities and Problems Tulamba is rapidly becoming a developed city. The facilities of Fresh Water, Electricity, Telephone and Internet are easily available. The only problem is that Tulamba is still avoided the Natural Gas. The Gas pipeline passes quite nearly but Tulamba is not given Gas. This is the only problem here. Crops, Fruits and Land ownership The land of Tulamba is suitable for every crop. Crops include Wheat, Cotton, Sugar-Cane and vegetables. Fruits include Mango, Orange, etc. There is no feudal system in Tulamba. People are free to have as much land as they want. Some people work themselves on their lands, others have workers employed to work on their lands.


Nuclear Technology of Pakistan

NATIONAL DEFENCE COMPLEX

National Development Complex (NDC) is complex located in Fateh Jang, Punjab, Pakistan. National Development Complex is a missile factory that builds nuclear-armed long-range and medium-range missiles for Pakistan Army. The Prime Minister of Pakistan laid the foundation of the National Development Complex (NDC) during 1993, and the Shaheen missile program was initiated in 1995 and assigned to the NDC. The Shaheen project used the resources that were available within the various other institutions in Pakistan, supplemented with infrastructure created at the National Development Complex for capabilities which were not available elsewhere in Pakistan. The facilities of SUPARCO were utilized in the Shaheen project, along with the facilities of industry in Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat and other cities. Missile components from these various facilities were brought to the NDC for final integration. Dr Samar Mubarakmand is the Chairmain of NESCOM. National Defence Complex (NDC) like PMO, MTC, AWC is Under NESCOM.

PAKISTAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for nuclear applications development in Pakistan. History The history of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission goes back to 1956, when the Atomic Energy Research Council was established. In 1964, 1965 and 1973 reorganization took place and the Atomic Energy Commission was incorporated as a statutory body under an Act, with considerable autonomy. In 1972 the commission was transferred from the Science and Technology Research Division to the President's Secretariat. PAEC is now the largest S & T organization of the country, both in terms of scientific/technical manpower and the scope of its activities. Starting with a nuclear power reactor at Karachi (KANUPP) and an experimental research reactor at Nilore, Islamabad (PARR-I), the emphasis in the early years remained focused on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Consequently research centres in agriculture, medicine, biotechnology and other scientific disciplines were set up all over the

country. As the emphasis shifted towards concerns for national security, important projects were also initiated in this area.

PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) is research and education intititute of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. PINSTECH promotes applications of radiation and isotope technology in various scientific and technological disciplines to support national programs. It is also working on important non-nuclear fields, which are crucial for the development of science and technology in the country. It operated two small research reactors:

PARR-1 PARR-2

It has following divisions:

Computer Division, CD Electronics Division, ED General Services Division, GSD Health Physics Division, HPD Nuclear Chemistry Division, NCD Nuclear Engineering Division, NED Nuclear Materials Division, NMD Nuclear Physics Division, NPD Radiation Isotope Application Division, RIAD Radiation Physics Division, RPD Scientific Information Division, SID

PAKISTAN NUCLEAR REGULATOY AUTHORITY

Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) is based in Islamabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority was established to to ensure safe operation of nuclear facilities and to protect radiation workers, general public and the environment from the harmful effects of radiation by formulating and implementing effective regulations and building a relationship of trust with the licensees and maintain transparency in its actions and decisions.

NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY National Command Authority (NCA) of Pakistan. In April 1999 the Chief of Army Staff, General Pervez Musharraf, said the central command system to use nuclear and missile technology would be ready within one month. He said four broad components of the system are: • The creation of a national command authority • Developmental control by a governing body • Strategic force command and • Secretariat for all these three commands.

However, in point of fact this new military command and control structure was not implemented at that time. The unwillingness of the civilian leadership to take the military leadership into confidence on nuclear weapons control matters is said to have figured in the October 1999 military coup by General Musharraf. Following the overthrow of the civilian government, on 02 February 2000 the National Security Council approved the establishment of the National Command Authority (NCA) to control policy on nuclear weapons. The National Command Authority is responsible for policy formulation and will exercise employment and development control over all strategic nuclear forces and strategic organizations. It consists of an Employment Control Committee and a Development Control Committee, as well as the Strategic Plans Division which acts as its Secretariat. The Employment Control Committee is chaired by the head of the Government and includes • Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Deputy Chaiman), Defence, Interior. • Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC) • Services Chiefs • Director-General of Strategic Plans Division (Secretary) • Technical advisers The Development Control Committee is also chaired by the head of Government and includes: • CJCSC (Deputy Chairman); • Services Chiefs; • Director-General of Strategic Plans Division; • Representatives of the strategic organizations; • Scientific community. This Committee controls the development of strategic assets. The Strategic Plans Division, headed by a senior army officer, was established in the Joint Services Headquarters under the CJCSC to act as the Secretariat for the NCA and perform functions relating to planning, coordination, and establishment of a reliable command, control, communication, computers and intelligence network.

PAKISTAN AND WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION Pakistan began to develop nuclear weapons in January 1972 under the leadership of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who was given the title Quaid-e-Awam (Leader of the People) as a result. The nuclear program was in response to the loss of East

Pakistan in the 1971 war with India. Following India's nuclear test of Smiling Buddha in 1974, Bhutto responded that: We will defend our country using any means necessary and build a nuclear capability second to none. We will eat grass for 1000 years, if we have to, but we will get there. Consequently, Abdul Qadeer Khan, a metallurgist working in a Dutch firm acquired URENCO blueprints for uranium centrifuges to initiate Pakistan's nuclear programme. A few weeks following India's second nuclear test, on 28 May 1998 Pakistan detonated 5 separate nuclear devices in Chagai, Balochistan. Weapons development takes place at Kahuta and Joharabad, where weapons grade plutonium is made; the latter allegedly with the assistance of Chinese technology. Estimates usually put Pakistan's nuclear stockpile at around 40 Highly Enriched Uraniumwarheads. Nuclear policy Pakistan acceded to the Geneva Protocol on April 15, 1960, the Biological Weapons Convention in 1974 and the Chemical Weapons Convention on October 28, 1997.In 1999 Pakistan signed theLahore Accords, with India, agreeing a bilateral moratorium on nuclear testing. However, Pakistan, like India and Israel is not a signatory of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and, consequently, not bound by any of its provisions. Whereas the other declared and undeclared nuclear enabled states have maintained restraint by not proliferating WMDs. Some Pakistani particulars have been said to be involved in some sharings but Islamabad has strictly taken actions against such individuals. Its chief nuclear founder, A.Q. Khan admitted his role in nuclear proliferation leading to fears in the international community about nuclear terrorism. Pakistani nuclear weapons are now in safe hands and here is no need of any worries about these powers. Nuclear Infrastructure Pakistan's nuclear program is based primarily on highly enriched uranium (HEU), which is produced at the A. Q. Khan Research Laboratory at Kahuta, a gas centrifuge uranium enrichment facility. The Kahuta facility has been in use since the early 1980s. By the early 1990s, Kahuta had an estimated 3,000 centrifuges in operation, and Pakistan continued its pursuit of expanded uranium enrichment capabilities. In the 1990s Pakistan began to pursue plutonium production capabilities. With Chinese assistance, Pakistan built the 40 MWt (megawatt thermal) Khusab Research Reactor at Joharabad, and in April 1998, Pakistan announced that the reactor was operational. According to public statements made by US officials, this unsafeguarded heavy water reactor can produce up to 8 to 10 kilograms of plutonium per year. According to the Wikipedia's plutonium article this is sufficient for one nuclear weapon. The reactor could also produce tritium if it were loaded

with lithium-6although this is unnecessary for weapons purposes because modern nuclear weapon designs use Li6 directly. According to J. Cirincione of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Khusab'splutonium production capacity could allow Pakistan to develop lighter nuclear warheads that would be easier to deliver with a ballistic missile. Plutonium separation reportedly takes place at the New Labs Reprocessing Plant next to Pakistan's Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (Pinstech) in Rawalpindi and at the larger Chasma Nuclear Power Plant, neither of which are subject to IAEA inspection. Nuclear Arsenal The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) estimates that Pakistan has built 24-48 HEU-based nuclear warheads with HEU reserves for 30-52 additional warheads. The US Navy Center for Contemporary Conflict estimates that Pakistan possesses between a low of 35 and a high of 95 nuclear warheads, with a median of 60. The NRDC's and the Carnegie Foundation's estimates of approx 50 weapons are from 2002-3 estimations. Pakistan's nuclear warheads are based on an implosion design that uses a solid core of highly enriched uranium and requires an estimated 15-20 kg of material per warhead. The NRDC also thinks that Pakistan has also produced a small but unknown quantity of weapons grade plutonium, which is sufficient for an estimated 3-5 nuclear weapons per annum based on the estimation of 5kg of Plutonium per warhead. Pakistan also claims that the fissile cores are stored separately from the other non-nuclear explosive packages, which Islamabad says can be put together rather quickly. Foreign Assistance In the past, the China played a major role in the development of Pakistan's nuclear infrastructure, especially when increasingly stringent export controls in western countries made it difficult for Pakistan to acquire materials and technology elsewhere. According to a 2001 Department of Defense report, China has supplied Pakistan with nuclear materials and has provided critical assistance in the construction of Pakistan's nuclear facilities. This assistance was illegal, per the Nuclear non-proliferation treaty, of which China is a signatory. Pakistan's Nuclear Doctrine Pakistan's motive for pursuing a nuclear weapons program is to counter the threat posed by its principal rival, India. Pakistan has not signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) or the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). According to the Defense Department report,

"Pakistan remains steadfast in its refusal to sign the NPT, stating that it would do so only after India joined the Treaty. Consequently, not all of Pakistan's nuclear facilities are under IAEA safeguards. Pakistani officials have stated that signature of the CTBT is in Pakistan's best interest, but that Pakistan will do so only after developing a domestic consensus on the issue, and have disavowed any connection with India's decision." Pakistan does not abide by a no-first-use doctrine; also Pakistan has not issued an official nuclear doctrine. There has also been criticism of Pakistan's nuclear doctrine which gives rise to ambiguity and that they were too eager to use the nuclear option in the Kargil War when the Pakistan Army was facing a stern challenge due to loss of posts and personnel, however this is simply a rumour. The organization authorized to make decisions about Pakistan's nuclear posturing is the NCA. It was established in February 2000. The NCA is composed of two committees that advise President Musharraf on the development and employment of nuclear weapons; it is also responsible for wartime command and control. In 2001, Pakistan further consolidated its nuclear infrastructure by placing the Khan Research Laboratories and the Pakistan Atomic Research Corporation under the control of one Nuclear Defense Complex.

Pakistan Special Weapons Agencies National Security Council

National Command Authority Ministry of Defense

o Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (JCSC) o Defense Science & Technology Organization (DESTO) o Daud Khel Chemical Plant, Lahore o Karachi CBW & BW Warfare R&D Laboratory o Strategic Planning Directorate (SPD - ex CDD)

Ministry of Defence Production

Pakistan Ordnance Factories Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) Air Weapon Complex, Wah (AWC)

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)

Directorate of Technical Development Directorate of Technical Equipment Directorate of Technical Procurement Science and Engineering Services Directorate Institute of Nuclear Power, Islamabad

Pakistan Institute of Science & Technology (PINSTECH)

New Laboratories, Rawalpindi Pilot Reprocessing Plant Parr-1 and Parr-2 Research Reactors Center for Nuclear Studies, Islamabad Computer Training Center, Islamabad Nuclear Track Detection Center (a.k.a. Solid State Nuclear Track Detection

Center)

Khushab Reactor, Khushab, Punjab National Development Complex/Centre

Atomic Energy Minerals Centre, Lahore Hard Rock Division, Peshawar Mineral Sands Program, Karachi Baghalchur Uranium Mine, Baghalchur Dera Ghazi Khan Uranium Mine, Dera Ghazi Khan Issa Khel/Kubul Kel Uranium Mines and Mills, Mianwali District

Multan Heavy Water Production Facility, Multan Division, Punjab

Uranium Conversion Facility, Islamabad Golra Ultracentrifuge Plant, Golra Sihala Ultracentrifuge Plant, Sihala

Chasma Nuclear Power Plant I (CHASNUPP-1), Chasma

Chasma Fuel Fabrication Plant, Kundian National Engineering Service of Pakistan, Kundian

Chasma Nuclear Power Plant II (CHASNUPP-2), Chasma

Chasma Fuel Fabrication Plant, Kundian National Engineering Service of Pakistan, Kundian

Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP), Karachi

KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering, Karachi o Computer and Development Division

Heavy Water Production Plant Paradise Point, Karachi

Space and Upper Atmospheric Research Commission (SUPARCO)

Aerospace Institute, Islamabad Computer Center, Karachi Control System Laboratories Flight Test Range, Sonmiani Beach Instrumentation Laboratories, Karachi

Material Research Division Quality Control and Assurance Unit Rocket Bodies Manufacturing Unit Solid Composite Propellant Unit Space and Atmospheric Research Center, Karachi Static Test Unit, Karachi

Ministry of Industries & Production

State Engineering Corporation (SEC) Heavy Mechanical Complex Ltd. (HMC) Peoples Steel Mills Ltd, Karachi.

Aircraft delivery There are two units operating the Chinese-built A-5 (No. 16 Sqn and No. 26 Sqn), an aircraft believed to be a leading candidate for the aerial delivery of nuclear weapons. The others are theMirage IIIOs, Mirage IIIODs and Mirage IIIEs. The Pakistani Air Force currently operates some 156 Mirage aircraft. The allocation of 90 of these aircraft is not currently known. Pakistan also has 34 F16 aircraft all block 15s as of now it recently received 2 block 15OCUs from peace gate 3/4 as a good will gesture from the US in November 2006. All of these F16s are capable of delivering nuclear warheads, they are split in to 2 squadrons both stationed at PAF Sargodha. It is rumoured that the 34 current PAF F16s have been modified for nuclear delivery by PAC Kamra. Also in the 1990s PAF F16s have practiced toss bombing which is a method to deliver nuclear weapons. Pakistan prefers to use ballistic missiles and cruise missiles to deliver nuclear warheads because they have a much longer range than aircraft and don't need the airspace to be cleared of aircraft and SAMS. In an attempt to modernise its air force Pakistan has recently signed a deal for a purchase of 26 F16 block 15OCUs that were under peace gate 3/4 and 60 MLU kits for block 15s, AMRAAMs, LGBs, and various other missiles and bombs and other items, the purchase of 18 F16 block 50/52+ with an option of 18 more. if all options are exercised this deal will cost $5 billion. All of these F16s will be capable of nuclear delivery. Also by early 2007 the first 8 JF-17 Thunder aircrafts (FC-1s) will enter service these are pre-production aircraft and more JF-17 Thunder aircrafts will follow these will be capable too of nuclear delivery. Pakistan has also ordered 36 Chinese J-10s for its airforce for cost of $1.4 billion. The Pakistan Air Force is in the midst of a great change in terms of capability. Pakistan has also recently tested its Babur cruise missile having a range of 500km. It seems to be influenced by the Tomahawk cruise missile of the US in terms of appearance, however it is an indigenous weapon. It is a ground launched version and according to Pakistan Military sources the submarine and air delivered versions are soon to follow. Naval Delivery: PNS Hamza has just been commisoned last year in August, This

submarine is a Augosta 90B submarine and with a number of modifications will be able to fire ballistic missiles these modifications may be soon, it can also fire Babur Cruise Missiles and thats if the submarine uses larger tubes to fire this missile. Soon other ships and sumarines maybe retrofitted to fire ballistic and cruise missiles.

CHASHMA NUCLEAR POWER COMPLEX Chashma Nuclear Power Complex is located at Chashma, Punjab, Pakistan. It consists of Chashma Nuclear Power Plant I (CHASNUPP-1) and Chashma Nuclear Power Plant II (CHASNUPP-2).

KAHUTA RESEARCH LABORATORIES Kahuta Research Laboratories is located at Kahuta, Punjab, Pakistan. Kahuta is the site of the Khan Research Laboratories [KRL], Pakistan's main nuclear weapons laboratory as well as an emerging center for long-range missile development. The primary Pakistani fissile-material production facility is located at Kahuta, employing gas centrifuge enrichment technology to produce Highly Enriched Uranium [HEU]. History Chinese assistance in the development of gas centrifuges at Kahuta was indicated by the presence of Chinese technicians at the facility in the early 1980s but it is not confirmed. The uranium enrichment facility began operating in 1984, but suffered serious start up problems. Kahuta began producing HEU in 1986, and Pakistan's fabrication of weapons may have begun soon thereafter, with the HEU hexafluoride being made into uranium metal which was machined into weapon pits. By the late 1980s Pakistan began advertising its nuclear potential by publishing technical articles on centrifuge design, including a 1987 article co-authored by A. Q. Khan on balancing sophisticated ultracentrifuge rotors. Operations Operating at full capacity, Kahuta is estimated to have the potential to produce enough weapon-grade uranium for as many as 3 to 6 weapons each year. But the gas centrifuge plant has been plagued by chronic delays. As of 1984 there were reportedly approximately 1,000 centrifuges operating at the facility. About 1991, Pakistan installed additional centrifuges, raising its HEU production capacity roughly threefold. By 1991 about 3000 machines were thought to be operating with a production capacity of 30-50 kg U-235/year, enough for 2-3 implosion weapons a year. In 1988 the US and Pakistan reached an informal understanding, which according to US officials went into effect in 1993, under which Pakistan agreed to freeze production of bomb-grade HEU indefinitely, and to refrain from enriching uranium to a level above 20% U-235. Prior to the 1998 nuclear tests, the US had reportedly obtained intelligence indicating that Pakistan had stopped production of bomb-grade uranium. However, following the tests A.Q. Khan claimed that Pakistan had

never stopped making bomb-grade HEU during the 1980s and 1990s, and reportedly US officials said "we don't have enough information" to conclude that Pakistan was not making weapons-grade HEU. As of mid-1998 estimates of Pakistan's HEU inventory ranged between 100 and 500 kilograms. Assuming that Pakistan would need about 20 kilograms for a single weapon, Pakistan's stockpile might be estimated at between 5 and 25 weapons. In early 1996 it was reported that the A.Q. Khan Research Laboratory received 5,000 ring magnets, which can be used in gas centrifuges, from the China National Nuclear Corporation, a subsidiary of the China National Nuclear Corporation, a state-owned corporation. The US intelligence community believed the magnets were for special suspension bearings at the top of the centrifuge rotating cylinders. The shipment was made between late 1994 and mid-1995 and was reportedly worth $70,000. Some reports suggested that the ring magnets would allow Pakistan to effectively double its capacity to enrich uranium for nuclear weapons production. Pakistan had operated the plant only intermittently, and little information is publicly available concerning annual or total production of weapon-grade uranium at Kahuta. Ballistic Missile Development The Kahuta facility has also been a participant in Pakistan's missile development program. Pakistan operates a ballistic missile research center at Kahuta along with its uranium enrichment operation. KRL has successfully developed and tested Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles based on liquid fuel technology and its associated sub systems. Other Projects KRL has also undertaken many other defense projects of national importance to enable Pakistan to become self-reliant in various sophisticated weapon systems and to save valuable foreign exchange. These projects include:

Surface-to-Air-Anti-Aircraft Guided Missiles - Anza Mk 1, and Anza Mk-II. 'Baktar-Shikan' Anti-Tank Guided Missile Weapon System. Anti-personnel Mine Sweeping Line Charges. Anti-Tank Mine Clearing Line Charge-Plofadder-195 AT. Laser Range Finder. Laser Threat Sensor Laser Actuated Target Laser Aiming Device Add-On Reactive Armour Kit Anti-Tank Ammunition-Armour Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discordin Sabot

(APFSDS) Remote Control Mine Exploder (RCME) Digital Goniometer Power Conditioners for Weapon Systems for TOW ATGM Weapon System,

"Baktar Shikan" Weapon System, "ANZA" Training Missile System Switched Mode Power Supplies for LAADS Radar, Skyguard Radar, Air

Defense Automation *System. Tow Missile Modules

KARACHI NUCLEAR POWER COMPLEX Karachi Nuclear Power Complex is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It consists of Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP).

KHAN LABS Khan Labs was founded and is run by Dr. A. Q. Khan. He is known as the "father" of the Pakistani atomic bomb. In November 2001, George W. Bush claimed that Khan Labs was fictional, that it didn't exist. Then on February 11, 2004, at an emergency press conference, Bush claimed that Khan Labs does exists, and the Bush administration was shocked at having learned that Dr. Khan of Pakistan was running a "flea market" in fissionable material. This, of course, is contradictory to the intelligence gathered during the Clinton administation, which had been closing in on Dr. Khan. However, during the Bush administration, the agents on the case were told to "back off" because Dr. Khan's main source of funding was the Saudi Arabian elite, the royal family, and the bin Ladens (who are business partners of most of the senior Republicans. (Source: Michael Moore, Dude, Where's My Country?) The story was confirmed by Muammar Gaddafi who, in exchange for the USA and Britain agreeing to end their trade embargo against Libya, would shut down Libya's atomic bomb program and give BP an exclusive oil-drilling agreement. Dr. Khan was also the one who gave Kim Jong Il of North Korea the fissionable materials and blueprints required to build first-stage, Hiroshima-sized bombs. As of 2006, Kim Jong Il is believed to have at least 6 atomic bombs and missiles capable of reaching every point of Japan and South Korea. (North Korea is currently working on the Taepodong-2, a missile which could reach Alaska and possibly even the West Coast of North America.) The current plans of Khan Labs are unknown as are the locations of its senior scientists and executive officers.

KHUSHAB REACTOR Khushab Reactor is located at Khushab, Punjab, Pakistan. The 50 MWt, heavy water and natural uranium research reactor at Khushab is a central element of Pakistan's program for production ofplutonium and tritium for advanced compact warheads. The Khushab facility, like that at Kahuta, is not subject to IAEA inspections, but the security of the site is professed by the Pakistani government. Khushab, with a capacity variously reported at between 40 MWT to 50 MWT [and as high as 70 MWT], was "commissioned" in March 1996, and had been under construction withChinese assistance since the mid-1980s. According to a Pakistani press report ["Pakistan's Indigenous Nuclear Reactor Starts Up," Islamabad The Nation, April 13,

1998], the Khushab plutonium production reactor had gone critical and began operating in early 1998.

MULTAN HEAVY WATER PRODUCTION FACILITY Multan Heavy Water Production Facility is located in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. It is heavy water production facility, with an annual capacity of 13 metric tons, obtained from Belgium in 1980.


Last edited by Last Island; Monday, April 02, 2007 at 01:47 AM.

Airports in Paksitan ( A to J )

ALLAMA IQBAL INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Allama Iqbal International Airport (IATA: LHE, ICAO: OPLA) is located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Formerly known as Lahore International Airport, it is named after Allama Iqbal who was a major proponent for the foundation of Pakistan. The Airport has 3 terminals, the Allama Iqbal terminal, the Hajj terminal, and a cargo terminal. Location The airport is located about 15 kilometres from the centre of the city. The Allama Iqbal International Complex Recently, it has undergone a major renovation which has not only enlarged the airport, but also beautified it with the building of new terminals built to reflect the Mughal history of Lahore. Right now the airport gets an average of 75-80 flights each day, but the number of flights increases during the Hajj season and the airport handles about 3.58 million passengers per year The brand new terminal includes many duty-free shops including restaurants, cafes, ice-cream parlours, confectionery shops, book and toy shops and a souvenir shop. There are many flat screen televisions that show live flight times in the national languages, Urdu and English. The airport has seven air-bridges that dock onto the aircraft during departures and arrivals at the terminal. The total parking spaces are 30. The airport can provide 22 parking spaces for commercial and jet aircraft.

Pakistan International Airlines is a major airline that flies out of Lahore as the flag carrier of Pakistan and uses the airport as a hub only second to Jinnah International Airport. Other Pakistani airlines that operate out of Lahore daily are Aero Asia International, Airblue, and Shaheen Air International. Soon, Safe Air and Pearl Air will be using the airport as an important hub. The Hajj Terminal The Hajj terminal is part of the old airport. It is used every year by Pakistan International Airlines for Hajj Operations to take the people who are going on Hajj to The Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia. However, negotiations are underway to allow the private airline to use the terminal as well. Airlines and destinations

Aero Asia Airlines (Abu Dhabi, Al-Ain, Doha, Dubai, Karachi, Muscat) Airblue (Dubai, Karachi) Emirates (Dubai) Etihad Airways (Abu Dhabi) Gulf Air (Bahrain, Muscat) Indian (New Delhi) Kuwait Airways (Kuwait City) Japan Airlines (Tokyo-Nitra) [begins 5,march, 2008] Mahan Air (Tehran-Imam Khomeini) Pakistan International Airlines (Abu Dhabi, Amsterdam, Athens, Bahawalpur,

Bangkok, Chicago-O'Hare, Copenhagen, Dammam, Delhi, Dera Ghazi Khan, Doha, Dubai, Frankfurt, Glasgow, Houston-Intercontinental, Islamabad, Jeddah, Karachi, Kuwait City, London-Heathrow, Manchester, Mashhad, Milan-Malpensa, Multan, Muscat, New York-JFK, Oslo, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Peshawar, Quetta, Rahim Yar Khan, Riyadh, Rome-Fiumicino, Sharjah, Sukkur, Toronto-Pearson)

Qatar Airways (Doha) Saudi Arabian Airlines (Jeddah, Riyadh, Medina) Shaheen Air International (Abu Dhabi, Al-Ain, Doha, Dubai, Karachi, Kuwait,

Muscat) Singapore Airlines (Singapore) Thai Airways International (Bangkok) Uzbekistan Airways (Tashkent)

Cargo airlines

Antonov Airlines Askari Aviation Atlas Air Polet Cargo Airlines DHL Cargo Emirates SkyCargo Lufthansa Cargo Ocean Airlines Pakistan International Cargo

Royal Airlines Cargo Star Air TCS Couriers United Parcel Service (UPS)

Charter airlines

Askari Aviation (Islamabad) Royal Airlines (Karachi) Schon Air (Karachi)

CIP / VIP Lounge The use of the CIP lounge is available to only first class and business class passengers travelling on most airlines arriving at the airport. There are many banks at Allama Iqbal Airport, Lahore including:

Askari Commercial Bank Standard Chartered Bank Union Bank ABN AMRO Bank

Inorder to access the CIP lounge, Passengers travelling in first and business class must be issused a card from Check-in. It costs approx. 6 dollars per passenger to gain access to the lounge. The CIP lounge has over 20 items, television, newspapers, magazines, telephones, fax machines and free Internet.

BAHAWALPUR AIRPORT The Bahawalpur Airport (IATA: BHV, ICAO: OPBW) is situated at 10 km from city centre of Bahawalpur, a town in lower Punjab. It is one of the less active airports in Pakistan, as it operates to cater mainly to the population of Bahawalpur, a city of (1998 pop.) 403,408 people. A new terminal has been recently constructed. On January 21, 2007, Phase two of the Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum Airport in Bahawalpur, Pakistan has been inaugurated, according to the local WAM news agency. Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Dubai's Deputy Ruler, opened the facility and viewed the new amenities including the departures and arrivals halls. Airlines and destinations

Pakistan International Airlines (Karachi, Lahore)

Passengers from other Gulf, Europe, North America and South Asia may fly into Bahawalpur Airport via Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, Islamabad

International Airport, Islamabad, or Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore.

BANNU AIRPORT BNP, ICAO: OPBN) is situated at 10 km away from city centre of Bannu. It is not as large as the other airports in Pakistan, as it operates to cater mainly to the population of Bannu. Airlines and destinations Currently, Pakistan International Airlines does not have any scheduled flights to Bannu Airpo

CHANDHAR AIRBASE Chandhar Airbase (IATA: N/A, ICAO: OP1Y) is located at Chandhar, Punjab, Pakistan.

CHASHMA AIRPORT Chashma Airport (IATA: N/A, ICAO: OP19) is located at Chashma, Punjab, Pakistan. Presently, no passenger airline serves this airport.

CHILAS AIRPORT Chilas Airport (IATA: CHB, ICAO: OPCL) is located at Chilas, Northern Areas, Pakistan. Currently it is not being used by any passenger airline. The two major airports in Northern Areas are Gilgit Airport and Skardu Airport.

CHITRAL AIRPORT Chitral Airport (IATA: CJL, ICAO: OPCH) is a small domestic airport, located at Chitral, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan. Airlines and destinations Pakistan International Airlines flies eleven weekly flights between Peshawar and Chitral. All of these flights are operated by a Fokker F27 aircraft. However, PIA will replace its fleet of Fokker F27aircraft with the French-Italian ATR 42 in 2006.

DALBADIN AIRPORT Dalbandin Airport (IATA: DBA, ICAO: OPDB) is a small domestic airport located at Dalbandin, Balochistan, Pakistan. There are two weekly Fokker flights of PIA to/from Karachi. History Dalbandin airstrip was constructed in 1935 to serve as a satellite of Samungli Air Base at Quetta. During the Second World War, it was made operationally ready by Royal Air Force to meet a possible Russian invasion through Iran. In the 1970s Dalbandin was a disused airfield. Although the airstrip is visible from high altitude, pilots making a landing approach sometimes found that the airstrip disappears, with sand dunes and sand collected on the runway obscuring it from view. Dust

storms are frequent and cause delays in getting airborne. The airfield was taken over by the Civil Aviation Administraiton [CAA] in 1985, it received a face lift, partially funded by Saudi Arabia, which provided modern navigational aids, air traffic control facilities, passenger terminals and a paved runway. There is twice a week scheduled Pakistan International Airlines service to and from Karachi. While not a military facility, this airfield is available to the Pakistan Air Force for emergency landing and recovery of aircraft during peacetime and wartime. Currently the United States Marine Corps use Dalbandin as a base for operations into Afghanistan. Airlines and destinations

Pakistan International Airlines (Karachi)

DERA GHAZI KHAN AIRPORT Dera Ghazi Khan Airport (IATA: DEA, ICAO: OPDG) is situated 10 km away from the city centre of Dera Ghazi Khan. It is not as large as the other airports in Pakistan, as it caters mainly to the population of Dera Ghazi Khan. Airlines and destinations

Pakistan International Airlines (Karachi, Lahore)

DERA ISMAIL KHAN AIRPORT Dera Ismail Khan Airport (IATA: DSK, ICAO: OPDI) is situated 10 km away from the city centre of Dera Ismail Khan. It is not as large as the other airports in Pakistan, as it caters mainly to the population of Dera Ismail Khan. Airlines and destinations

Pakistan International Airlines (Peshawar)

This airport is not operational now for past 6 years.

DHAMIAL ARMY AIRBASE Dhamial Army Airbase (IATA: MWD, ICAO: OPQS) is an Pakistan Army airbase and is located just south of Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi District, Pakistan.

FAISALABAD INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT The Faisalabad International Airport (IATA: LYP, ICAO: OPFA) is situated 10 km away from the city centre of Faisalabad on Jhang Road. It is not as large as the other airports in Pakistan, as it operates to cater mainly to the population of Faisalabad , Jhang, Toba Tek Singh, and Sargodha.

Airlines and destinations

Airblue (Karachi) Pakistan International Airlines (Dubai, Karachi, Multan)

Cargo Airlines

Star Air TCS Courier Emirates SkyCargo (starting 2006 - DXB)

GILGIT AIRPORT Gilgit Airport (IATA: GIL, ICAO: OPGT) is a small domestic airport, located at Gilgit, Northern Areas, Pakistan. The city of Gilgit is one of the two major hubs for all mountaineering expeditions in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Many tourists choose to travel to Gilgit by air since the road travel between Islamabad and Gilgit by Karakoram Highway takes nearly 24 hours, whereas the air travel takes a mere 45-50 minutes. Flight between Islamabad and Gilgit Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) flies 12 weekly flights between Gilgit and Islamabad and the flight is one of the most scenic flights of the world as its route passes over Nanga Parbat and the mountain's peak is higher than the aircraft's cruising altitude. These flights, however, are subject to the clearance of weather and in winters, flights are often delayed by several days. Aircraft at Gilgit Airport Because of the short runway at Gilgit airport that is located at the edge of a slope, even an aircraft as small as a Boeing 737 aircraft cannot land and take-off at the Gilgit Airport. Currently PIAoperates Fokker F27 aircraft on the Gilgit-Islamabad route but the airline is replacing its ageing Fokker F27 fleet by the French and Italian ATR 42. Other aircraft that operate at the airport include the military C-130 aircraft.

GAWADAR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Gwadar International Airport (IATA: GWD, ICAO: OPGD) is a domestic and international airport. It is located in Gwadar, Baluchistan, Pakistan. It is situated approximately 10 km from Gwadar City Centre. About Gwadar Airport It is not as large as the other airports in Pakistan, as it operates to cater mainly to the population of Gwadar. Pakistan International Airlines is the main airline flying out of the airport, it connects Gwadar to Karachi (8 times a week), Turbat (4 times a week) and Muscat (twice a week). Oman Air temporarily started flights between

Muscat and Gwadar in the mid 1990's using ATR 42 aircraft though the service was suspended due to poor performance. The construction of the deep sea port at Gwadar has generated a lot of economic activity in the city and other airlines are starting to take note. Airblue recently started flying between Karachiand Gwadar, it operates 14 times a week with 2 flights a day. Sharjah based Orbit Aviation has also obtained clearance from the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) to start twice weekly flights between Sharjah and Turbat with an intermediate stop at Gwadar, these flights are expected to commence from the end of May 2006. The Government of Pakistan anticipates Gwadar to become a regional economic hub and in preparation for this has issued a directive for the development of The new Gwadar international Airport. For this purpose the CAA has earmarked 3000 acres (12 km²) of land 26 km northeast of the existing airport. The new airport is expected to cost $250 million. It will be given international status and operate under the open skies policy. In the meantime there are plans to improve the facilities at the existing airport to facilitate the movement of wide-bodied aircraft. Airlines and destinations

JS Air (Private) Limited (Gwadar) Pakistan International Airlines (Karachi, Muscat, Turbat) Airblue (Karachi) Orbit Aviation (Sharjah) Emirates (Dubai) [Starts soon)

HYDERABAD AIRPORT Hyderabad Airport (IATA: HDD, ICAO: OPKD) is a domestic airport, located at Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Currently, there are no scheduled flights from Hyderabad.

ISLAMABAD INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Islamabad International Airport or Chaklala Airbase (IATA: ISB, ICAO: OPRN) is located in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The current location of the airport is shared with the "Chaklala Airbase" of Pakistan Air Force. The new location of the Islamabad International Airport has been selected at Fateh Jang, nearly 5 kilometers from Islamabad near Fateh Jang. The airport houses some squadrons of the Pakistan Air Force, but these squadrons do not contain fighter jets rather they are composed cargo and liaison planes. Location The airport is actually located outside of Islamabad, closer to the city of Rawalpindi, in an area known as Chaklala. Being the main airport for the Pakistani capital it

often hosts officials and citizens from other nations. History As Islamabad International Airport is merged with the PAF operations, the airport hosts many military flights as well as the civilian flights. The airport is more commonly referred to Chaklala. During 2005, when Pakistan-administered of Kashmir was stuck by the 7.6 killer earthquake, there was a major operation taking place at Islamabad International Airport. It caused a huge increase in traffic at the airport. There were many aircraft from around the world (such as Virgin Atlantic, Air-France Cargo, etc.) operating flights into Islamabad International Airport after a United Nation's call to help the people that had been affected by the killer earthquake. There were many airforce aircraft and cargo airlines regularly visiting the airport to deliver goods that had been collected by many organisations and people overseas. One of the rare sights at the airport was the arrival of the Antonov An-225 Mriya that landed at the airport after a flight from Canada and Europe. The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) announced on January 7, 2005 the first-ever green-field airport would be built in Islamabad at a cost of $300 million. The contract signing ceremony was held at the CAA headquarters at Jinnah International Airport, Karachi. Pervez Akhtar Nawaz, (Director General CAA, Air Marshal) signed an agreement with a renowned international consultant, Louis Berger Group of USA in association with Pakistani consulting firm ECIL, to undertake project management services. While the first contract for Project Management Services is signed, the CAA is close to receiving bids and proposals from international design consultants and signature architects for design of the new airport. It is envisaged that the Design Consultants will commence their services by the end of March 2006. Soon after the mobilization of the Project Management Consultants, other processes for invitation of bids and award of construction contracts will be initiated. It is anticipated that the new facility will become operational by 2010. The new airport site is located on 3,200 acres of land, acquired by CAA in 1980’s at Pind Ranjha near Fateh Jang, some 20km from Zero-Point, Islamabad and 23 km from Saddar, Rawalpindi involving driving time of only 20-25 minutes through network of motorways and highways. The airport will be developed at par with international standards to serve as major hub for all aviation activities in the region. Estimated to cost about $300 million, the new Airport facility, which is the first green-field airport in Pakistan, shall comprise a contemporary state-of-the-art passenger terminal building, control tower, runway with a provision of a secondary runway, taxiways, apron, cargo complex, and hangar together with all the necessary infrastructure and ancillary facilities. It would cater to the requirements of latest generation of modern passenger aircraft. The new airport will have a modular design to handle 6.5 million passengers per annum and 80,000 metric

tonnes cargo per annum. Being a new airport, a significant portion of the land has been earmarked for commercial purposes such as duty-free shops, hotel and convention centre, air malls, business centre, food courts, leisure and recreational facilities. The new airport is envisaged to be a modern landmark structure symbolic to represent twenty-first century Pakistan, as it will be the diplomatic and business gateway to Pakistan through the Capital City of Islamabad. The CAA has announced that the new airport is to be named "Gandhara International Airport" after the ancient Buddhist kingdom. The Civil Aviation Authority and the Ministry of Defence are busy in making preparations for the ceremony, the official said. President Musharraf would lay the foundation stone of the project, while Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, elected representatives from the area and various federal ministers and senior government officials would be present on the occasion, he added. The official said that through a letter, the Ministry of Defence has requested the Capital Development Authority (CDA) to include the area where the new airport will be situated in the capital territory and issue a notification to this effect at the earliest. Airlines and destinations

Aero Asia Airlines (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, East Midlands [Start tbc], Karachi, Manchester [Start tbc])

Airblue (Dubai, Karachi) American Airlines (New York-JFK) [Begins 7 September 2008] Ariana Afghan Airlines (Kabul) British Airways (London-Heathrow) China Southern Airlines (Kashi, Ürümqi) Emirates (Dubai) Etihad Airways (Abu Dhabi) Gulf Air (Bahrain, Abu Dhabi, Muscat) Kuwait Airways (Kuwait) Pakistan International Airlines (Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Amsterdam, Athens,

Bahawalpur, Bangkok, Beijing, Birmingham, Chicago-O'Hare, Copenhagen, Dera Ghazi Khan, Dammam, Doha, Dubai, Frankfurt, Gilgit, Glasgow, Hong Kong, Istanbul-Atatürk, Jeddah, Kabul, Karachi, Kuala Lumpur, Lahore, London-Heathrow, London-Stansted, Manchester, Milan-Malpensa, Multan, New York-JFK, Oslo, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Peshawar, Quetta, Rahim Yar Khan, Riyadh, Saidu Sharif, Singapore, Skardu, Sukkur, Tokyo-Narita, Toronto-Pearson)

Qatar Airways (Doha) Saudi Arabian Airlines (Jeddah, Riyadh) Shaheen Air International (Abu Dhabi, Al-Ain, Doha, Dubai, Karachi, Kuwait,

Muscat) Thai Airways International (Bangkok)

Cargo airlines

Emirates SkyCargo Pakistan International Cargo Royal Airlines Cargo Star Air TCS Couriers UPS

Charter airlines

Askari Aviation Royal Airlines

Lounges There are separate lounges for international and domestic economy passengers. The domestic and international lounges have been provided all the required facilities that include snack bars, public telephone and internet services. There are also lounges for transit passengers who may be travelling further internationally or domestically. The lounges also have designated prayer areas. CIP / VIP Lounge The CIP/VIP lounge can be used by first and business class passengers travelling international or domestic flights. Passengers have to be issued an airline card from the check-in staff. It costs six dollars per passenger and one hundred rupees for domestic passengers. There are also televisions, newspapers and magazines, telephones, fax and free internet. Passengers who are searching banks that have credit card facilites can use the Askari Commercial Bank. Rawal Lounge Islamabad International Airport handles VIP passengers who are foreign diplomats and high government military officials. Rawal lounges have been designated for use by such passengers. It provides an executive environment with all the required facilities.

JACOBABAD AIRBASE Jacobabad Airbase (IATA: JAG, ICAO: OPJA) is located at Jacobabad, Jacobabad District, Sindh, Pakistan. Airlines and Destinations

Pakistan International Airlines (Mohenjodaro)

JINNAH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Jinnah International Airport previously Quaid-e-Azam International Airport (IATA: KHI, ICAO: OPKC) is Pakistan's largest international and domestic airport. It is located in Karachi, Sindh,Pakistan, and is also commonly known as the Jinnah

Terminal. The airport is named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The existing capacity allows to handle upto 30 aircrafts at one time. The facility can handle upto 12 million passengers per year. The airport is also provides primary hub for the flag carrier,Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) as well as other smaller airlines. The airport is equipped with aircraft engineering and overhauling facilities with Ispahani Hangar for wide-body aircraft. History During the 1940s there was a large black colored hangar (also locally known as Kala Chapra) at the site of Karachi airport, constructed for the British R101 Airship. Only three hangars were ever built in the world to dock and hangar the R101 airships. However, the R101 airship never arrived in Karachi (then part of the British Raj) as it crashed early in its journey in France. This hangar was so huge that aircraft often used it as a visual marker while attempting VFR landings at Karachi. Over the years, the hangar became known as the landmark of Karachi, until it was torn down in 1960s. The airport facilities were further expanded in 1980s to Terminal 2 and Terminal 3 respectively. The present day infrastructure of Jinnah International Complex is a result of an expansion program carried out in 1994. Karachi was once a much busier airport. Between the 1960s and 1980s it was an online station of several major airlines of the world including British Airways, Lufthansa, Interflug, Tarom, Alitalia,JAT Yugoslavia Airlines, Aeroflot, Philippine Airlines, Nigeria Airways, Ethiopian Airlines, Egypt Air, East African Airways, Kenya Airways, Yemenia, Iran Air, Air France, Qantas, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Pan Am, MEA, Swissair, SAS and Kuwait Airways. However, due to the emergence of Dubai's airport on the World map, increased usage of longer haul aircraft and the poor political climate of Karachi during 1990s, several airlines discontinued their service to the airport. However, in the past couple of years the dwindling numbers of airlines does seem to have stabilised somewhat and whilst there hasn't been a marked increase in the number of airlines flying to Karachi a few have either started or resumed flights e.g. Cathay Pacific and Singapore Airlines. Economic factors may be partly responsible and as the economy of Karachi and subsequently Pakistan expands there may yet be more carriers willing to return to Jinnah International. Jinnah International Complex It has 16 passenger gates and is able to handle 30 planes at the same time. Six million passengers use the airport annually, while the airport itself boasts a capacity of handling up to 12 million passengers in a year. Jinnah International Airport in Karachi has always been the largest aviation facility in Pakistan. It is the primary hub of Pakistan International Airlines (PIA). All other Pakistani airlines also use Jinnah International Airport as their main hub. This

includes Aero Asia International, Air Blue, Shaheen Air and the new airlines soon to be launched; Pearl Air & Safe Air. The building is linked via connecting corridors to two satellites, each having a provision of eight passenger-loading bridges. The eastern satellite is devoted exclusively to handling international operations. The western satellite is used for domestic operations, as well as some international operations. This is achieved through a flexible arrangement of gates. The two satellites supplement the departure lounges of the Terminal Building and also provide shopping facilities and snack counters. The Jinnah Terminal was completed in 1992 at a cost of $100 Million - at its time the most expensive civil construction project in Pakistan. NESPAK (National Engineering Services Pakistan) and Airconsult (Frankfurt, Germany) were responsible for the architecture and planning of the terminal. Sogea Construction, a French company, was the contractor. Mukhtar Husain (NESPAK) was the Chief Architect for the new terminal. The Ispahani Hangar Jinnah International Airport is also where the majority of PIA's maintenance network is located, although some of its maintenance work also takes place at Islamabad International Airport. There are several hangars at the airport, the largest is the Isphhani Hangar (named after a very historic person in Pakistan's history) that can accommodate two Jumbo 747s and one narrow body airliner (e.g. Boeing 737) at one time. On 15 February 2006, the first major overhaul of a Boeing 777-200ER aircraft (known as "C" check) was done at Ispahani Hangar. Most of the PIA aircraft are checked and regulated at the aircraft hangars in Karachi. The PIA maintenance also check other airline aircraft in Karachi such as Philippine Airlines and Turkish Airlines. Airlines and destinations

Aero Asia International (Abu Dhabi, Al-Ain, Doha, Dubai, Faisalabad, Islamabad, Lahore, Multan, Muscat, Peshawar, Quetta, Sukkur)

Air Arabia (Sharjah) Airblue (Dubai, Faisalabad, Gwadar, Islamabad, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta) Air China (Beijing, Kuwait) British Airways (London-Heathrow) Biman Bangladesh Airlines (Dhaka) Belavia (Minisk) (seasnoal) Cathay Pacific (Bangkok, Hong Kong) Emirates (Dubai) Eritrean Airlines (Assmara)

Etihad Airways (Abu Dhabi, Muscat) Gulf Air (Bahrain, Muscat) Iran Air (Tehran-Mehrabad) Libyan Arab Airlines (Tripoli) [Future in 2009] Malaysia Airlines (Kuala Lumpur) Pakistan International Airlines (Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Bahawalpur, Bahrain,

Colombo, Dalbandin, Dammam, Delhi, Dera Ghazi Khan, Dhaka, Doha, Dubai, Faisalabad, Gwadar, Islamabad, Jacobabad, Jeddah, Kathmandu, Kuala Lumpur, Kuwait, Lahore, London-Heathrow, London-Stansted, Manchester, Mashhad, Milan-Malpensa, Moenjodaro, Moscow-Sheremetyevo, Multan, Mumbai, Muscat, New York-JFK, Panjgur, Pasni, Peshawar, Quetta, Rahim yar Khan, Riyadh, Singapore, Sukkur, Toronto-Pearson, Turbat)

Phoenix Aviation (Bishkek, Sharjah) Qatar Airways (Doha) Saudi Arabian Airlines (Dammam, Jeddah, Medinah, Riyadh) Shaheen Air (Abu Dhabi, Al-Ain, Doha, Dubai, Islamabad, Kuwait, Lahore,

Muscat, Peshawar, Quetta) Singapore Airlines (Singapore) SriLankan Airlines (Colombo, Mumbai) Schon Air (Lahore) Syrian Arab Airlines (Damascus, Dammam) Thai Airways International (Bangkok, Muscat) Turkish Airlines (Istanbul-Atatürk)

Cargo airlines

Askari Aviation Atlas Air Cargolux Dolphin Air DHL Cargo Pakistan International Cargo MNG Airlines Phoenix Aviation TCS Courier Royal Airlines Cargo Shaheen Air International Star Air

Charter AIRLINES

JS Air (Private) Limited Royal Airlines Schon Air

VIP / CIP Lounge The CIP/VIP Lounge can be used by all first and business class passengers on all flights out of Karachi. Passengers being issued an airline card from the Check-in can only enter the lounge. Also passengers wanting to use the lounge have to pay six dollars before entering.

There are a number of banks that passengers can use while waiting for their flight that include: Askari Commercial Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, Union Bank, and ABN AMRO Bank. Other services include TVs for Entertainment, Newspapers and magazines, Telephones, Fax & free Internet. __________________ The Me you have always known, the Me that's a stranger still.

AirportsAirports in Paksitan ( J to Z )

JIWANI AIRPORT

Jiwani Airport (IATA: JIW, ICAO: OPJI) is situated 10 km away from the city centre of Jiwani in Balochistan. It is not a major airport of Pakistan. At this time, there is no scheduled service to or from the airport.

KADANWARI AIRPORT Kadanwari Airport (IATA: KCF, ICAO: N/A) is a domestic airport, located at Kadanwari, Sindh, Pakistan. It is not being used by any passenger airline.

KHUZDAR AIRPORT Khuzdar Airport (IATA: KDD, ICAO: OPKH) is situated at 5 km away from city centre of Khuzdar, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is not as large as the other airports in Pakistan, as it operates to cater mainly to the population of Khuzdar. As of right now, there are no scheduled flights to or from the airport.

KOHAT AIRBASE Kohat Airbase (IATA: OHT, ICAO: OPKT) is located at Kohat, Kohat District, North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan. On 20 February 2003, Mushaf Ali Mir and 16 others were killed when their Fokker F27 crashed into the hills near the airbase. The aircraft was inbound to Kohat from Chaklala Airbase. Included in the dead were the wife of Mushaf Ali Mir and two Air Vice-Marshals.

MANGLA AIRPORT Mangla Airport (IATA: XJM, ICAO: OPMA) is situated 10 km (6.2 mi) from the city centre of Mangla, Pakistan. It is not being used by any commercial airlines, but only for military purposes.

MASROOR AIRBASE

Masroor Airbase (IATA: N/A, ICAO: OPMR) is located at Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

MIANWALI AIRBASE Mianwali Airbase (IATA: MWD, ICAO: OPMI) is located at Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan.

MOENJODARO AIRPORT Moenjodaro Airport (IATA: MJD, ICAO: OPMJ) is located at Mohenjo-daro, Sindh, Pakistan. Airlines

Pakistan International Airlines (Karachi)

Cargo Airlines

Pakistan International Cargo

Future Airlines

Pearl Air

MULTAN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Multan International Airport (IATA: MUX, ICAO: OPMT) is an airport situated 10 km away from the city centre of Multan in Punjab, Pakistan. It is not as large as the other airports in Pakistan, as it operates to cater mainly to the population of Multan, Vehari, Khanewal, Muzaffargarh, Rajanpur, Sahiwal, and Pakpattan. Airlines and Destinations

Pakistan International Airlines (Dubai, Faisalabad, Karachi, Lahore)

Future Airlines

Pearl Air (Islamabad, Karachi, Quetta) Safe Air (Islamabad, Karachi, Faisalabad)

Cargo Airlines

Emirates SkyCargo (In 2006 - Dubai Intl Airport)

MURID AIRBASE Murid Airbase is located at Murid, Punjab, Pakistan.

PANJGUR AIRPORT Panjgur Airport (IATA: PJG, ICAO: OPPG) is a domestic airport, located at Panjgur, Balochistan, Pakistan.


Pakistan International Airlines (Karachi, Pasni)

PARACHINAR AIRPORT Parachinar Airport (IATA: PAJ, ICAO: OPPC) is an airport located in Parachinar, FATA, Pakistan. Located at about a 25 minute drive from the center of Parachinar, it is the only airport in FATA that is served by any passenger airline, namely Pakistan International Airlines. Presently (February 2007), the PIA service is temporarily suspended. Airfield data

Runway 1: Aircraft size max: Airbus Airbus A330 Cargo Facilities: Animal Quarantine


Pakistan International Airlines (Peshawar, temporarily suspended)

PASNI AIRPORT Pasni Airport (IATA: PSI, ICAO: OPPI) is a domestic airport, located at Pasni City, Balochistan, Pakistan. Airlines and destinations

Pakistan International Airlines (Karachi, Panjgur)

PESHAWAR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Peshawar International Airport (IATA: PEW, ICAO: OPPS) is an airport located in the city of Peshawar in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Located about a 25 minute drive from the center of Peshawar, it is the 4th busiest airport in Pakistan. Airlines and destinations

Aero Asia International (Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Doha, Dubai, Karachi) Service Stopped Nationwide

Air Arabia (Sharjah) Airblue (Dubai, Karachi) Emirates (Dubai) Etihad Airways (Abu Dhabi) Gulf Air (Bahrain, Muscat)

Pakistan International Airlines (Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Chitral,Doha, Dubai, Islamabad, Jeddah, Kabul, Karachi, Kuwait, Lahore,Riyadh)

Qatar Airways (Doha) Shaheen Air International (Dubai, Karachi, Quetta)

Saudi Arabian Airlines (Jeddah, Riyadh)

Cargo Airlines

Emirates SkyCargo Etihad Crystal Cargo Pakistan International Cargo Royal Airlines Cargo Star Air Shaheen Air TCS Couriers Gulf Air Cargo

Charter Companies

Askari Aviation

QUETTA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Quetta International Airport (IATA: UET, ICAO: OPQT) is located at Quetta, the provincial capital of Balochistan, Pakistan. Airlines and Destinations Direct flights to the airport include:

Airblue (Karachi) Pakistan International Airlines (Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Zhob) Shaheen Air International (Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar)

Cargo Airlines

Askari Aviation Pakistan International Cargo

RAWALAKOT AIRPORT Rawalakot Airport (IATA: RAZ, ICAO: OPRT) is located at Rawala kot in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

SAHIWAL AIRPORT Sahiwal Airport (IATA: SWN, ICAO: OPSW) is a new regional airport in the vicinity of Sahiwal, Pakistan. The airport is still under construction. It is located on Pakpatan road, Sahiwal. Like any other big city, the airport has been located in a place to save the natural beauty of Sahiwal. Its location will make sure that it will not add noise and fuel pollution to residents of Sahiwal.It will cause minimum disturbance to the city. Airport data

Runway Length : 9285 ft

Runway Elevation : 570 ft Longitude : 73° 6’ 0” E Latitude : 30° 40’ 0” N

Currently, there is no airport under-construction in Sahiwal. There were plans to construct one many years ago. But, unfortunately those plans were never implemented.

SAIDU SHARIF AIRPORT Saidu Sharif Airport (IATA: SDT, ICAO: OPSS) is an airport in Pakistan. It is situated near the Swat River and between villages of Dherai and Kanju in the North-West Frontier Province. The airport was built in the era of the late Wali Swat (the last ruler of the State of Swat) and two flights take place daily: one from this airport to Peshawar International Airport and the other to Islamabad International Airport. Many visitors that come to the valley of Swat and to the Malam Jabba ski resort in summers fly to Swat through this airport. Airlines

Pakistan International Airlines (Peshawar & Islamabad)

Cargo Airlines


SARGODHA AIRPORT Sargodha Airbase (IATA: SGI, ICAO: OPSR) is located at Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.

SEHWAN SHARIG AIRPORT Sehwan Sharif Airport (IATA: SYW, ICAO: OPSN) is located at Sehwan Sharif, Sindh, Pakistan. Cargo Airlines


SHAHEEN AIRPORT SERVICES Shaheen Airport Services (SAPS) is the largest ground handling agency in the private sector of Pakistan, providing facilities to commercial, corporate and private airlines at Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar and Quetta. SAPS headquarters is located in Karachi, although it has many offices located in many citities in Pakistan. SAPS is a subsidiary of Shaheen Foundation, a welfare organization of the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and was established in 1982, from a humble start to this day we have grown into a leading organization noted for its quality service and modernized approach. Its cargo warehouses at all stations are equipped to meet all cargo handling under one roof. The cargo screening facilities coupled with the latest in CCTV further enhance our commitment to security. Our partners in business comprise a large number of international carriers with towering reputations from around the globe including corporate and international operators like the United Nations

as well as numerous private organizations. Being a member of the IATA group, our services conform to international standards and we strive hard to make it improve continuously. Services The following services offered by SAPS are available at the following airports in Pakistan: Jinnah International Airport, Karachi; Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore; Islamabad International Airport, Islamabad; Peshawar International Airport, Peshawar; Quetta International Airport, Quetta;

Aircraft Handling Aircraft Maintenance Cargo Handling Cute (T/E) Car Rental Services Catering Services Cabin Servicing DCS (SITA DCS) Equipment Flight Operations Passenger Handling Ramp Services Security

Airlines The following list of passenger airlines are currently using SAPS as of May 2006;

Airblue British Airways Cathay Pacific Airways Etihad Airways Gulf Air Iran Air Kuwait Airways Malaysia Airlines Qatar Airways Royal Airlines Saudi Arabian Airlines Shaheen Air International Singapore Airlines Thai Airways

Cargo Airlines The following list of cargo airlines are currently using SAPS as of May 2006;

Alitalia Cargolux Airlines Lufthansa Cargo Shaheen Air Cargo Swiss World Cargo

SHAIKH ZAYED INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Shaikh Zayed International Airport (IATA: RYK, ICAO: OPRK) is located at Rahimyar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. It is named in honor of Shaikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahayan, as it was originally built for his exclusive use, so that he may visit his "Desert Palace" just outside the city. But he later donated it to the Government of Pakistan. Airlines

Pakistan International Airlines (Karachi, Lahore, Sukkur & Islamabad)

Private flights are available from UAE Airlines to Dubai.

SHORKOT ROAD AIRBASE Shorkot Road Airbase or Rafiqi Airbase (IATA: N/A, ICAO: OPRQ) is located at Rafiqi in Pakistan.

SIALKOT INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Sialkot International Airport (IATA: SKT, ICAO: N/A) is situated 14 km (8.7 mi) west of Sialkot in the Sialkot District of Pakistan. It is a smaller airport and caters mainly to the population of Sialkot. History On February 2 2001, The President of Pakistan, Chief Executive General Pervez Musharraf approved the construction of an international airport at Sialkot for passenger and cargo traffic. A team of directors were approved, under the chairmanship of Mian Muhammad Riaz(CEO of Dr. Frigz International & three times chairman for SIAL) all of whom placed personal wealth into the project as a primary investment. Each director on the board had previous experience of running sizeable and successful enterprises, therefore they were all selected due to this knowledge. Also, with Rs 5 million of personal investment in the project by each one of them, the directors had a direct stake in its profitability. As the development of SIAL went on, the number of directors had reached 223 and it was decided to close membership to the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors at SIAL inspired confidence that the potential of the airport project will be fully realized. On February 26 2001, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce & Industry and the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority of Pakistan with the approval of Ministry of Defence for the construction of the international airport in Sialkot. By March 24 2005, Sialkot International Airport Limited (SIAL) formed under the auspices of the Chamber. On March 26 2005, The first plane landed on the newly constructed Sialkot International Airport runway, that was built to handle a fully loaded Boeing 747 as SIAL future plans involved dealing with heavy aircraft for cargo imports and exports. Airlines

Askari Aviation Pakistan International Airlines (Karachi, Dubai, Multan, Jeddah, Riyadh, Medina) Aero Asia International (Karachi, Multan, Dubai) Schon Air Emirates Airlines (Dubai) Saudi Arabian Airlines (Jeddah,Riadh and Dammam)

Lufthansa (Frankfurt)

Cargo Airlines

PIA Cargo Emirates SkyCargo (starting 2006 - DXB)

Future Airlines

Pearl Air (Islamabad, Karachi, Quetta) Safe Air (Islamabad, Karachi, Multan)

Destinations Many passengers flying from overseas (outside Pakistan) to Sialkot International Airport, will fly into the Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore or Islamabad International Airport, Islamabad and then get connecting flights to Sialkot. Direct domestic destinations include:

Jinnah International Airport, Karachi Islamabad International Airport, Islamabad Allama Iqbal International Airport, Lahore Multan International Airport, Multan

Direct international destinations include:

Dubai International Airport, Dubai King Abdulaziz International Airport, Jeddah King Khaled International Airport, Riyadh Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport, Medina Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport, Medina

Great Britain, USA and Europe! Services

Fuel farm Aircraft ground maintenance services Catering Other related services through concessions to private parties.

Runway & Taxiways

Runway; o 3,600 meter long, 45-meter wide with 7.5-meter wide shoulders on either side

orresponding to International Civil Aviation Organization Category 4E.

Link Taxiway;

o 263-meter long, 23-meter wide with 10.5-meter shoulders.

Aprons; o For passenger and cargo, 45,000-Sq meter area. Combination of flexible and rigid

pavements. o Nose-in parking for 4 wide-bodied aircraft at a time or 3 Airbus plus 3 F-27 aircraft at a

time.

Future development for the airport Sialkot is a major export hub of Pakistan. The airport is being upgraded to make it compatible to carry the load of Boeing 747. The airport authority is currently working with a private company to develop th airport to meet international standards. The airport has developed a brand new runway so heavier aircraft can land their. There is a new terminal currently being build to deal with increase in passengers as well as cargo imports and exports.

SIBI AIRPORT Sibi Airport (IATA: SBQ, ICAO: OPSB) is a domestic airport, located at Sibi, Balochistan, Pakistan.

SINDHRI AIRPORT Sindhri Airport (IATA: MPD, ICAO: OPMP) is located at Sindhri, Sindh, Pakistan. Presently it is not in use by any passenger airline.

SKARDU AIRPORT Skardu Airport (IATA: KDU, ICAO: OPSD) is a small domestic airport, located at Skardu, Northern Areas, Pakistan. Skardu is one of the two major hubs of all trekking expeditions in the Northern Areas, a region that includes four of the fourteen Eight-thousander peaks (8,000 m (26,247 ft) and above) of the world. Skardu is the gateway to Baltoro Glacier, Concordia, where spectacular views of three of the Eight-thousanders are available. Although the journey from Islamabad to Skardu by Karakoram Highway provides a beautiful scenery, the journey by road takes 20 to 24 hours whereas the flight time for the same journey is nearly 50 minutes. This makes air travel from Islamabad to Skardu an attractive choice for many trekkers. Airlines and destinations Pakistan International Airlines runs a daily flight between Skardu and Islamabad International Airport. Skardu can accommodate a Boeing 737 aircraft.

SUI AIRPORT Sui Airport (IATA: SUL, ICAO: OPSU) is located at Sui in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Airlines and Destinations

Royal Airlines (Karachi)

SUKKUR AIRPORT Sukkur Airport (IATA: SKZ, ICAO: OPSK) is located at Sukkur in the Sukkur District of Pakistan. It is small airport and caters mainly to the population of Sukkur.

Passenger Airlines

AeroAsia karachi Pakistan International airlines Karachi , Queeta ,Multan

TARBELA DAM AIRPORT Tarbela Dam Airport (IATA: TLB, ICAO: OPTA) is located near the Indus River in the Haripur District of Pakistan and is part of the Tarbela Dam project.

TURBAT AIRPORT Turbat International Airport (IATA: TUK, ICAO: OPTU) is located at Turbat, Balochistan, Pakistan. About Turbat Airport The airport is much smaller than other airports of Pakistan. Until very recently Pakistan International Airlines was the only airline operating from the airport however Sharjah based carrier Orbit Aviation has obtained clearance from the Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority to start twice weekly flights between Sharjah and Turbat via Gwadar. These flights will commence once necessary arrangements are in place to facilitate the operation of international flights. Airblue has also announced that it intends to start flying to Turbat in the near future after it started regular flights to Gwadar. Airlines & Destinations

Pakistan International Airlines (Dalbandin, Gwadar, Karachi & Sharjah) Orbit Aviation (Sharjah)

Future Airlines

Airblue (Karachi)

WALTON AIRPORT Walton Airport (IATA: N/A, ICAO: OPLH) is situated 10 km (6 mi) from the city centre of Lahore. It caters to general aviation and is used by several flying clubs. Lahore's main airport is Allama Iqbal International Airport.

ZHOB AIRPORT Zhob Airport (IATA: PZH, ICAO: OPZB) is a small domestic airport located at Zhob, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is a smaller airport and caters mainly to the population of Zhob. There are only two weekly flights by Pakistan International Airlines to Peshawar and Quetta from Zhob. Passenger Airlines

Pakistan International Airlines (Peshawar, Quetta)


Cantonments in Pakistan

CLIFTON CANTONMENT

The Clifton Cantonment is a cantonment town of the city of Karachi, in Sindh, Pakistan. It serves as a military base and residential establishment. It was established by the British Indian Army in 19th century British India, and taken over by the Pakistan Army in 1947. The cantonment maintains its own infrastructure of water supply, electricity and is outside the jurisdiction of City District Government of Karachi.

FAISAL CANTONMENT The Faisal Cantonment is a cantonment town of the city of Karachi, in Sindh, Pakistan. It serves as a military base and residential establishment. It was established by the British Indian Army in 19th century British India, and taken over by the Pakistan Army in 1947. The cantonment maintains its own infrastructure of water supply, electricity and is outside the jurisdiction of City District Government of Karachi.

KARACHI CANTONMENT The Karachi Cantonment is a cantonment town of the city of Karachi, in Sindh, Pakistan. It serves as a military base and residential establishment. It was established by the British Indian Armyin 19th century British India, and taken over by the Pakistan Army in 1947. The cantonment maintains its own infrastructure of water supply, electricity and is outside the jurisdiction of City District Government of Karachi.

KORANGI CREEK CANTONMENT The Korangi Creek Cantonment or Korangi Cantonment is a cantonment town of the city of Karachi, in Sindh, Pakistan. It serves as a military base and residential establishment. It was established by the British Indian Army in 19th century British India, and taken over by the Pakistan Army in 1947. The cantonment maintains its own infrastructure of water supply, electricity and is outside the jurisdiction of City District Government of Karachi.

MALIR CANTONMENT The Malir Cantonment is a cantonment town of the city of Karachi, in Sindh, Pakistan. It serves as a military base and residential establishment. It was established by the British Indian Army in 19th century British India, and taken over by the Pakistan Army in 1947. The cantonment maintains its own infrastructure of water supply, electricity and is outside the jurisdiction of City District Government

of Karachi.

MANORA CANTONMENT The Manora Cantonment is a cantonment town in a small Manora Island, located just south of the Karachi, in Sindh, Pakistan. It serves as a military base and residential establishment. It was established by the British Indian Army in 19th century British India, and taken over by the Pakistan Army in 1947. The cantonment maintains its own infrastructure of water supply, electricity and is outside the jurisdiction of City District Government of Karachi.

CANTONMENT BOARDS IN PAKISTAN Baluchistan

Ormara Cantonment Quetta Cantonment Zhob Cantonment

N.W.F.P.

Abbottabad Cantonment Bannu Cantonment Dera Ismail Khan Cantonment Kohat Cantonment Loralai Cantonment Mardan Cantonment Nowshera Cantonment Peshawar Cantonment Risalpur Cantonment Sanjwal Cantonment

Punjab

Attock Cantonment Bhawalpur Cantonment Chaklala Cantonment Faisal Abad are in no cantonment limit Gujranwala Cantonment Jhelum Cantonment Kamra Cantonment Kharian Cantonment Multan Cantonment Murree Gali Cantonment Murree Hills Cantonment Okara Cantonment Rawalpindi Cantonment Sargodha Cantonment

Shorkot Cantonment (PAF Rafiqui) Sialkot Cantonment Taxila Cantonment Lahore Cantonment Wah Cantonment Walton Cantonment (Created out of the southern parts of the original Lahore

Cantt.)

Sindh

Hyderabad Cantonment Pano Aqil Cantonment

Azad Kashmir

Mangla Cantonment


CIVIL SERVICE ACADEMY

Situated in Lahore, Pakistan the Civil Services Academy Lahore was established in 1948 for the training of fresh entrants to the Pakistan Administrative Services (P.A.S.) and was originally called Pakistan Administrative Services Academy. With the adoption of Civil Services Pakistan Resolution, the Academy was renamed as Civil Services Academy and the campus was shifted form an old building on the Race Course Road to the Old Residency Estate on Mall Road. Meanwhile in addition to the probationers of Civil Services of Pakistan (CSP) the Academy also started training the probationers of Foreign Services of Pakistan in 1963. After the creation of Bangladesh in 1971 and the consequent loss of the Police Academy of Pakistan (then situated at Rajshahi in Bangladesh) the probationers of Police Services of Pakistan (PSP) also started training in this Academy. With the adoption of Administrative Reforms of 1973, it was decided to organize a Common Training Program (CTP) for fresh entrants to various Central Superior Services (renamed as Occupational Groups). As a consequence the Civil Services Academy and Finance Services Academy (FSA) were merged. This Financial

Services Academy was set-up by the Government of Pakistan in mid 1950s for the training of probationers of various Financial Services such as Pakistan Taxation Services (PTS), Pakistan Customs and Excise Services (PCES), Pakistan Military Accounts Service (PMAS), Pakistan Audit and Accounts Service (PAAS), and Pakistan Railway’s Accounts Service (PRAS). The huge campus of Financial Services Academy was located at Walton, which was then a sparsely populated suburb of Lahore. This new entity, created out of this merger, was renamed as Academy for Administrative Training. However, this name was once again changed to Civil Services Academy by the then President of Pakistan during his visit to the Academy in 1981. Presently the Academy has one Campus at Walton (used exclusively for the Common Training Program) and another one at Mall Road (which is used for the Specialized Training Program of the District Management Group Officers). Previously the Academy was a subordinate or attached department of Establishment Division, Government of Pakistan but now its an autonomous body and is run by its own Board of Governors with President of Pakistan as its Chair. The administration of the academy is run by a Director General who is usually a senior most civil servant.


National Police Academy In United Pakistan, there was Police Academy at Sardah, former East Pakistan. After separation, National Police Academy was established in 1978 for education and training of middle and senior level law enforcement officers especially PSP officers. Affairs of National Police Academy are administered by Board of Governors headed by Minister of Interior and comprises senior police officers, civil servants and persons of eminence from the private sector.

__________________ 'Thee woh ik shakhs kay tasawar saay - abb woh ranayee khayal kahaan'

The Following 3 Users Say Thank You to Muhammad T S Awan For This Useful Post:

Abdullah (Saturday, July 21, 2007), safdarmehmood (Sunday, April 13, 2008), Sureshlasi (Friday, July 20, 2007)

Political Parties Of Pakistan

Political Parties Of Pakistan

Parties active in national and provincial politics 1.Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) The Pakistan Peoples Party was launched at its founding convention held in Lahore on November 30 - December 01, 1967. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was elected as its Chairman. Among the express goals for which the Party was formed were the establishment of an "egalitarian democracy" and the "application of socialistic ideas to realize economic and social justice". A more immediate task was to struggle against the hated military dictatorship at the height of its power when the PPP was formed. Basic principles of PPP enshrined: *Islam is our Faith *Democracy is our Politics *Socialism is our Economy *All Powers to the People The Party also promised the elimination of feudalism in accordance with the established principles of socialism to protect and advance the interests of peasantry.

2.Pakistan Muslim League (N)(PML “Nawaz group”) The Pakistan Muslim League (N) is a political party in Pakistan. It is led by Nawaz Sharif. It was Pakistan Muslim League, founded in 1962, as a successor to the previously disbanded Muslim League, and gained the (Nawaz) or (N) in 1993 for its leader, Nawaz Sharif. A Pakistan Muslim League (J) was formed in 1986. 3.Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML “Quaid-i-Azam group”) The Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam), or PML-Q is a centrist political party in Pakistan, derived from the original Pakistan Muslim League which had laid foundation of the state of Pakistan. It is widely considered as a centrist to conservative party. Although, in the abbrevation PML-Q, Q stands for Quaid-e-Azam or Quaid-e-Azam Group, party's critics call it Qainchi and somestimes Qainchi Group.Qainchi is Urdu word for scissors which refers to the fact most of the members of PML-Q left PML-N to join it. PML-Q was formed in 2001, when the Pakistan Muslim League fractured into several parties, of which the PML-Q was the smallest in terms of public support. The party strongly supports President Pervez Musharraf. Most members of the original PML now are part of the PML-Q. PML(Q) is considered major supporter of President Gen. Musharraf policies. 4. Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) Muttahida Qaumi Movement generally known as MQM, is a political party in Pakistan founded and currently led by Altaf Hussain. It originated as an ethnic student organization in 1978 from University of Karachi . The students movement later turned into an influential political party of Sindh. Later on July 26, 1997, MQM officially changed its name from Muhajir Qaumi Movement to Muttahida Quami Movement. MQM is infamous for its frequent involvement in terrorist activities although its leaders routinely deny such accusations. International organizations such as the UNHCR and the United States Department of State frequently cite examples of MQM's involvement in terrorism, especially within Karachi, Pakistan's commercial center. 5.Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) MMA is alliance of Islamic relgious political parties staunchly believing in democratic values, which has always welcomed constructive criticism.

Their basic ideas are islamic philosophy and ideology and also want devolution of powers on gross-roots level and hence pursuing the policy of further improving and strengthening the new local government system in the provinces. The election manifesto of MMA promised enforcing the Islamic laws and systems in the country and the end of US influence in the region. It also promised to check the rising inflation level and to create job opportunities with stress on education and health sectors. Minor Parties * Awami National Party * Awami Tehreek * Balochistan National Party * Balochistan National Movement * Communist Party of Pakistan * Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party * Federal National Movement * Green Party of Pakistan * Jamhoori Wattan Party * Jamiat Ahlehadith Pakistan * Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mehaz * Khaksar Tehrik * Millat Party * National People’s Party (NPP) * Pakhtunkhwa Milli Awami Party *Pakistan Awami Tehrik * Pakistan Democratic Party * Pakistan Muslim League (F) (also known as Functional Muslim League or PML Pagaro Group) * Pakistan People’s Party (S) * Hizb ut-Tahrir * Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (Chairman Imran Khan) * Pakistan Progressive Party * Pasban (Voice Against Injustice) (Altaf Shakoor) * Sindh Democratic Alliance * Sindh National Front * Sindh National Party * Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party * Tehrik-e-Istiqlal * Hazara Qumi Mahaz (HQM)

Parties In Parliament * Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid-i-Azam), PML (Q) (led by Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain) * Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians, PPPP (led by Benazir Bhutto) * Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, MMA (led by Maulana Fazl ur-Rahman and Qazi Hussain Ahmad) * Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz), PML (N) (led by Nawaz Sharif) * Muttahida Qaumi Movement, MQM (led by Altaf Hussain) * National Alliance, NA (led by Imtiaz Sheikh) * Pakistan Muslim League (Functional) * Pakistan Muslim League (Junejo) * Pakistan Peoples Party (Sherpao) * Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf * Pakistan Awami Tehrik * Pakistan Muslim League (Zia) * Balochistan National Party * Jamhoori Watan Party * MQM(H) * PSPP * Independent candidates

__________________ Marwatone.

Awards Of Pakistan

Awards Of Pakistan

Military Awards

Awards and decorations of the Pakistan military are military decorations which recognize a member's service and personal accomplishments while a member of

the Pakistan armed forces. 1.Nishan-i-Haider

This is Pakistan's highest decoration for the greatest acts of bravery in battle. The decoration may be awarded to any member of Pakistan's armed forces, regardless of rank or branch of service, for extraordinary bravery in the face of the enemy. It is, therefore, in the same category as Great Britain's Victoria Cross. The decoration carries with it an award of Rs. 10,000, plus monthly allowances for junior commissioned officers of Rs. 50/month and for non-commissioned officers and men of Rs. 25/month. Recipients may use the abbreviation N.H. after their names. The decoration takes its name after the famous military hero, Ali Haider (1722-82 C.E.). Established: 16 March 1957, by the President of Pakistan. Recipients Captain Muhammad Sarwar Shaheed (1910–July 27, 1948) Major Tufail Muhammad Shaheed (1914–August 7, 1958) Major Raja Aziz Bhatti Shaheed (1928–September 10, 1965)

Major Muhammad Akram Shaheed (1938–1971) Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas Shaheed(Air Force) (1951–August 20, 1971) Major Shabbir Sharif Shaheed (1943–December 6, 1971) Jawan Sowar Muhammad Hussain Shaheed (1949–December 10, 1971) Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed (1944–December 17, 1971) Captain Karnal Sher Khan Shaheed (1970–July 5, 1999) Lalak Jan Shaheed (1967–July 7, 1999) 2.Hilal-i-Jurat

Hilal-i-Jurat is the second highest military award of Pakistan. It is admissible to officers of the three services for act of valour, courage or devotion to duty performed on land, at sea or in air. The award carried the right to use the post nominal abbreviation H.J. This decoration is a rough equivalent to the British Distinguished Service Order. Established: 16 March 1957, by the President of Pakistan.

3.Sitara-i-Jurat

Sitara-i-Jurat, is the 3rd highest Military medal of Pakistan. It is admissible to all ranks for gallant and distinguished service in combat. It is normally awarded to officers /junior commissioned officers. The award carried the right to use S.J. as a post nominal abbreviation. Junior Commissioned Officers were eligible to receive a monthly allowance of Rs. 30. The decoration is roughly comparable to the British Military Cross. Established: 16 March 1957, by the President of Pakistan. 4.Tamgha-i-Jurat

Tamgha-i-Jurat, is the 4th highest Military medal of Pakistan. It is admissible to all ranks for gallantry and distinguished services in combat. The award carried the right to use the post nominal abbreviation T.J. and, for non-

commissioned officers and enlisted men, a monthly allowance of Rs. 15. The decoration is roughly comparable to the British Distinguished Conduct Medal. Established: 16 March 1957, by the President of Pakistan. 5.Sitara-i-Basalat and Tamgha-i-Basalat

Awarded to all ranks of the Pakistani military for valor, courage, or devotion to duty while not in combat. The award was originally established as the Tamgha-i-Basalat, Class I and Class II. The name was later altered. It is not clear what changes in design - if any. Established: 16 March 1957, by the President of Pakistan .

Civil Awards

According to the Article 259(2) of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973, along with the Decorations Act 1975, the President of Pakistan confers civil awards on Pakistani citizens in recognition of gallantry, or distinction in academics, sports, or nursing. The scope of the awards is as follows: *A Gallantry means an act of bravery, heroism, courage and the rendering of dedicated services with selfless devotion in human rights and public service. *Academic distinction includes:

Research, achievement or performance in Medicine, Science, Engineering, Technology, Philosophy, History, Literature or the Arts, and *An invention of national importance. In addition, the President’s Awards for Pride of Performance can be conferred for outstanding achievements in the fields of Art, Literature, Science,Sports and Nursing. Citizens of Pakistan are eligible for awards in the Order of Shuja’at, Imtiaz and President’s Awards for Pride of Performance while foreign nationals can be given civil awards in any Order for eminence and outstanding services to Pakistan in a significant field of activity. The announcement of civil awards is generally made once a year on Independence Day, 14th of August, and their investiture takes place on the following Pakistan Day, 23rd of March. Pakistan Civil Awards, instituted in 1958, comprise following five Orders. 1.The Order of Pakistan 2.The Order of Shuja’at 3.The Order of Imtiaz 4.The Order of Quaid-i-Azam 5.The Order of Khidmat Each Order has four descending categories namely, Nishan, Hilal, Sitara and Tamgha. The seniority of the Awards, including the President’s Pride of Performance awards, is as follows: 01- Nishan-i-Pakistan 02- Nishan-i-Shuja’at 03- Nishan-i-Imtiaz 04- Nishan-i-Quaid-i-Azam 05- Nishan-i-Khidmat 06- Hilal-i-Pakistan 07- Hilal-i-Shuja’at 08- Hilal-i-Imtiaz 09- Hilal-i-Quaid-i-Azam 10- Hilal-i-Khidmat 11- Sitara-i-Pakistan

12- Sitara-i-Shuja at 13- Sitara-i-Imtiaz 14- President’s Award for Pride of Performance 15- Sitara-i-Quaid-i-Azam 16- Sitara-i-Khidmat 17- Tamgha-i-Pakistan 18- Tamgha-i-Shuja’at 19- Tamgha-i-Imtiaz 20- Tamgha-i-Quaid-i-Azam 21- Tamgha-i-Khidmat Nishan-i-Pakistan Awarded for the highest degree of service to the state. Established: 19 March 1957. Nishan-i-Shujaat Awarded for military and civilian acts of courage under circumstances of danger to oneself. In general, these are not acts of bravery performed under hostile fire or in combat situations. In very general terms, the decoration is similar to British's George Cross and George Medal. Nishan-i-Imtiaz Nishan-i-Imtiaz is the highest honor given to a civilian in Pakistan. Usually it is regarded as the highest award one can achieve in Pakistan as the top most award Nishan-e-Pakistan is awarded to the foreign Heads of States. Nishan-i-Imtiaz, which translates as the sign of excellence, is an honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military and civilians. For those in the military it is given after distinguished service and is also the highest medal award that can be awarded to those at the rank of General. Nishan-i-Quaid-i-Azam Awarded for meritorious service to the state, both civilian and military. The decoration is named to commemorate the founder of the nation, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Nishan-i-Khidmat Awarded for general meritorious civilian service to the state. While not uniquely a civilian decoration, the Nishan-i-Khidmat essentially filled this niche, with the Tamgah-i-Khidmat serves as a military division. Hilal-i-Imtiaz

Hilal-i-Imtiaz is the second highest honor given to a civilian or a military personnel in Pakistan. Hilal-i-Imtiaz, which translates as the crescent of excellence, is an honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military and civilians. For those in the military it is given after distinguished service and is also the highest medal award that can be awarded to those at the rank of Major General/Lieutenant General. Sitara-i-Imtiaz

Sitara-i-Imtiaz is the third highest honour given to a civilian or military personnel in Pakistan. Sitara-i-Imtiaz, which translates as the star of excellence, is an honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military and civilians. For those in the military it is given after distinguished service and is also the highest medal award that can be awarded to those at the rank of Brigadier/Major General. Tamgha-i-Imtiaz

Tamgha-i-Imtiaz , which translates as the medal of excellence, is fourth highest honour given by the Government of Pakistan to both the military and civilians. For those in the military it is given after distinguished service and is also the highest

medal award that can be awarded to those at the rank of Colonel. Pride of Performance Pride of Performance is a civil award given by the Government of Pakistan to Pakistanis who did any respectable jobs in their fields. Established on 13th January 1983 by president Zia-Ul-Haq. It is awarded to a Pakistani nationals in recognition of notable achievement in the fields of art, science, literature, sports or nursing. This award does not have any particular standing in Pakistani civil decorations hierarchy, but is regarded as one of the highest honours in Pakistan. The award of the medal may be accompanied by a monetary award. The president of Pakistan reserves himself the right to confer the award, unaccompanied by a monetary award, upon persons who are not citizens of Pakistan. Tamgha-i-Jamhuria / Republic Medal

Awarded to commemorate the inauguration of the Republic of Pakistan, 23 March 1956. Awarded to members of the Pakistani armed forces, police forces, selected civilian officials, and selected non-officials. The medal was also awarded in gold to heads of foreign delegations attending the inauguration ceremonies as official State representatives. Established: 16 March 1957, by the President of Pakistan.

__________________ Marwatone.

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Pakistan

Pakistan

Official Name Islamic Republic of Pakistan Father of the Nation Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) National Poet Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) Head of the State General Pervez Musharraf, President Head of Government

Mr. Yousaf Raza Gillani, Prime Minister Capital Islamabad Area: Total--------------------796,095 Sq. km. Punjab-------------------205,344 Sq. km. Sindh--------------------140,914 Sq. km. North West Frontier Province--------74,521 Sq. km. Balochistan--------------347,190 Sq. km. Federally Administered Tribal Areas---27,220 Sq. km. Islamabad (Capital)-------906 Sq. km. Population: 153.96 million (E) Administrative Setup Pakistan is divided into four provinces viz., North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Punjab , Sindh and Balochistan. The tribal belt adjoining NWFP is managed by the Federal Government and is named FATA i.e., Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have their own respective political and administrative machinery, yet certain of their subjects are taken care of by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Kashmir Affairs and Northern Areas. Provinces of Pakistan are further divided into Divisions and Districts. Provinces------------Divisions----------------Districts NWFP-------------------7----------------------24

Punjab------------------8----------------------34 Sindh-------------------5----------------------21 Balochistan-------------6----------------------22 While FATA consist of 13 Areas/Agencies and Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas have 7 and 5 Districts respectively. Religion 95% Muslims, 5% others. Annual Per capital income US $846 GDP 8.4% Currency Pak. Rupee. Imports Industrial equipment, chemicals, vehicles, steel, iron ore, petroleum, edible oil, pulses, tea. Exports Cotton, textile goods, rice, leather items carpets, sports goods, handi-crafts, fish and fish prep. and fruit. Languages Urdu (National) and English (Official) Literacy rate 53%

Government Parliamentary form Parliament Parliament consists of two Houses i.e., the Senate (Upper House) and the National Assembly (Lower House). The Senate is a permanent legislative body and symbolises a process of continuity in the national affairs. It consists of 100 members. The four Provincial Assemblies, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Federal Capital form its electoral college. The National Assembly has a total membership of 342 elected through adult suffrage (272 general seats, 60 women seats and 10 non-Muslim seats). Pakistan National Flag Dark green with a white vertical bar, a white crescent and a five-pointed star in the middle. The Flag symbolizes Pakistan 's profound commitment to Islam, the Islamic world and the rights of religious minorities. National Anthem Approved: in August, 1954 Verses Composed by: Abdul Asar Hafeez Jullundhri Tune Composed by: Ahmed G. Chagla Duration: 80 seconds State Emblem

The State Emblem consists of: 1. The crescent and star which are symbols of Islam. 2. The shield in the centre shows four major crops.

3. Wreath surrounding the shield represents cultural heritage. 4. Scroll contains Quaid's motto: Unity Faith, Discipline. Pakistan 's Official Map Drawn by Mian Mahmood Alam Suhrawardy (1920-1999). National Flower Jasmine. National Tree Deodar (Cedrus Deodara). National Animal Markhor. National Bird Chakor (Red-legged partridge). Flora Pine, Oak, Poplar, Deodar, Maple, Mulberry. Fauna The Pheasant, Leopard, Deer, Ibex, Chinkara, Black buck, Neelgai, Markhor, Marco-Polo sheep, Green turtles, River & Sea fish, Crocodile, Waterfowls. Popular games Cricket, Hockey, Football, Squash. Tourist's resorts Murree, Quetta , Hunza, Ziarat, Swat, Kaghan, Chitral and Gilgit.

Archaeological sites Moenjo Daro, Harappa , Taxila, Kot Diji, Mehr Garh, Takht Bhai. Major Cities Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Multan and Sialkot. Major Crops Cotton, Wheat, Rice and Sugarcane. Agricultural Growth Rate 7.5% in 2004-05. Total cropped area 22.94 million hectares. Industry Textiles, Cement, Fertiliser, Steel, Sugar, Electric Goods, Shipbuilding. Energy Major sources: Electricity ( Hydel, Thermal, Nuclear) Oil, Coal, and Liquid Petroleum Gas. Power Generating Capacity: 19,389 MW Health Hospitals-----------------------916 Dispensaries--------------------4,600

Basic Health Units (BHUs)-------5,301 Maternity & Child Health Centres-------906 Rural Health Centres (RHCs)-----------552 Tuberculosis (TB) Centres-------------289 Hospital Beds-------------------99,908 Doctors (registered)------------113,206 Dentists (registered)------------6,127 Nurses (registered)-------------48,446 Paramedics---------------------23,559 Lady Health Workers------------6,741 Education Primary Schools-----------------155,000 Middle Schools------------------28,728 High Schools--------------------16,100 Secondary Vocational Institutions-----------636 Arts & Science Colleges----------1,066 Professional Colleges-------------382 Universities----------------------51 Transport & Communication Total length of roads

259, 758 km Pakistan Railway network 7,791 km Locomotives 580 Railway stations 781 Pakistan International Airlines Covers 38 international and 24 domestic stations with a fleet of 49 planes. Major Airports 8 (Islamabad , Karachi , Lahore , Quetta , Peshawar , Multan , Faisalabad and Gwadar). Seaports International 2 ( Karachi and Bin Qasim), Gwadar deep sear port. Fish Harbors -Cum-Mini Ports 3(Minora, Gawadar, and Keti Bandar). Communications Post Offices--------------------12,170 Telephone connections---------5,052,000 Public Call Offices--------------217,597 Telegraph offices---------------299

Internet Connections-----------2 million Mobile Phones------------------10,542,641 Employment Total Labour force---------46.84 million Employed Labour Force----43.22 million Agriculture Sector---------18.60 million Manufacturing & Mining sector--------5.96 million Construction---------------2.52 million Trade----------------------6.39 million Transport------------------2.48 million Others---------------------6.98 million Media Print Media (In accordance with Central Media List) Dailies------------------540 Weeklies----------------444 Fortnightlies------------55 Monthlies---------------268 News Agencies Official APP Private

PPI, NNI, On Line and Sana . Electronic Media TV Channels State Owned Pakistan Television Network (PTV) is a state owned television station which operates on both terrestrial & satellite. *PTV *PTV World *PTV National - Regional Languages Channel *PTV Bolan - Baluchi Language Channel *AJK TV - Azad & Jammu Kashmir TV Educational *Virtual University is also state owned and operate two channels. *Virtual Television 1 (VTV 1) *Virtual Television 2 (VTV 2) Private *Aaj TV *ARY Digital *ARY One World *ATV *Business Plus

*Channel G - Music Channel *Dhoom TV *Filmazia - Pakistani Movies Channel *Fortune TV *Geo TV *Geo News *Hum TV *Indus Music *Indus Plus/Indus News *Indus Vision *Labbaik TV *Mashriq TV *nVibe *TV One *QTV *Roshni TV *Rung TV *Sun Biz - Business Channel *TV 2 Day *The City Channel *The Musik *Uni Plus

Regional *KTN - Sindhi Language Channel *Sindh TV - Sindhi Language Channel *Kashish TV - Sindhi Language Channel *Apna Channel - Punjabi Language Channel *Ravi TV - Punjabi Language Channel *Punjab TV - Punjabi Language Channel *AVT Khyber - Pushto Language Channel International *HBO - Part of ARY Digital Network *Fashion TV Pakistan *Al-Jazeera Urdu *CNBC Pakistan *Cartoon Network *STAR Plus *Ten Sports Pakistani radio channels Sindh *Radio Pakistan AM820 Karachi *Radio Pakistan AM1000 Hyderabad *Radio Pakistan AM1000 Larkana *Radio Pakistan AM920 Khairpur

*City FM89 Karachi *RadioActive FM96 Karachi *FM100 Karachi *FM101 Karachi *FM101 Hyderabad *APNA Radio FM107 Karachi *HUM FM106 Karachi *HUM FM106 Sukkar Punjab *Radio Pakistan AM630 Lahore *Radio Pakistan AM1080 Lahore *Radio Pakistan AM1260 Rawalpindi *Radio Pakistan AM792 Rawalpindi *Radio Pakistan FM92 Rawalpindi *Radio Pakistan AM1030 Multan *Radio Pakistan AM1320 Bahawalpur *Radio Pakistan AM1476 Faisalabad ( Lyallpur ) *City FM89 Lahore *City FM89 Rawalpindi *City FM89 Faisalabad ( Lyallpur ) *FM100 Lahore *FM101 Lahore

*FM101 Faisalabad ( Lyallpur ) *FM101 Sialkot *FM101 Sargodha *FM95 Mianwali *MAST FM103 Lahore *Radio Buraq FM104 Sialkot *AWAZ Radio FM105 Gujrat *AWAZ Radio FM106 Gujranwala *HUM FM106.2 Lahore Islamabad Capital Territory *Radio Pakistan AM585 Islamabad *City FM89 Islamabad *FM99 Power Radio Islamabad *FM100 Islamabad *FM101 Islamabad *HUM FM106.2 Islamabad Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) *Radio Pakistan AM540 Peshawar *Radio Pakistan AM1400 Dera Ismail Khan *Radio Pakistan AM1600 Abbottabad *Radio Pakistan AM1580 Chitral

*UPesh Radio FM107 Peshawar *Radio Buraq FM104 Peshawar *Radio Buraq FM104 Mardan *FM101 Peshawar *FM101 Bannu *FM101 Kohat Balochistan *Radio Pakistan AM750 Quetta *Radio Pakistan AM1580 Sibi *Radio Pakistan AM560 Khuzdar *Radio Pakistan AM1580 Turbat *FM101 Quetta *FM101 Gwadar Banks Central Bank State Bank of Pakistan Nationalized Scheduled Banks *First Woman Bank Ltd. *National Bank of Pakistan Specialized Banks

*Zari Taraqiati Bank (ZTBL) *Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan *Punjab Provincial Cooperative Bank Ltd. Private Scheduled Banks *Askari Commercial Bank Limited *Bank Al-Falah Limited *Bolan Bank Limited *Faysal Bank Limited *Bank Al-Habib Limited *Metropolitan Bank Limited *KASB Commercial Bank Limited *Prime Commercial Bank Limited *PICIC Commercial Bank Limited *Soneri Bank Limited *Union Bank Limited *Meezan Bank Limited *Saudi-Pak Commercial Bank Limited *Crescent Commercial Bank Limited *Dawood Bank Limited *NDLC-IFIC Bank Limited (NIB) *Allied Bank of Pakistan Limited *United Bank Limited

*Habib Bank Limited *SME Banks Foreign Banks *ABN Amro Bank N.V *Albaraka Islamic Bank BSC (EC) *American Expresss Bank Limited *Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi Limited *Citibank N.A *Deutsche Bank A.G. *Habib Bank A.G. Zurich *Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corp Limited *Oman International Bank S.O.A.G *Rupali Bank Limited *Standard Chartered Bank Limited Development Financial Institutions *Pakistan Industrial Credit and Investment Corp. Limited *Pak Kuwait Investment Company (Pvt) Limited *Pak Libya Holding Company (Pvt) Limited Investment Banks *Crescent Investment Bank Limited *First International Investment Bank Limited

*Atlas Investment Bank Limited *Security Investment Bank Limited *Fidelity Investment Bank Limited *Prudential Investment Bank Limited *Islamic Investment Bank Limited *Asset Investment Bank Limited *Al-Towfeek Investment Bank imited *Jahangir Siddiqui Investment Bank Limited *Franklin Investment Bank Limited *Orix Investment Bank (Pak) Limited Famous Mountain Peaks Peaks--------------------Height--------------------World Rating K-2 (Chagori)-------------8616 m----------------------2nd Nanga Parbat-------------8125 m----------------------8th Gasherbrum -I------------8068 m----------------------11th Broad Peak---------------8065 m----------------------12th Gasherbrum-II------------8047 m----------------------14th Gasherbrum-III-----------7952 m----------------------15th Gasherbrum-IV-----------7925 m----------------------16th Disteghil Sar-------------7885 m-----------------------20th Kunyang Kish------------7852 m-----------------------22nd Masherbrum (NE)--------7821 m-----------------------24th

Rakaposhi---------------7788 m-----------------------27th Batura I----------------7785 m------------------------28th Kanjut Sar-------------7760 m------------------------29th Saltoro Kangri----------7742 m------------------------33rd Trivor------------------7720 m------------------------36th Tirich Mir---------------7708 m------------------------41st Famous Mountain Passes Location------------------------Province The Khyber Pass-----------------NWFP The Kurram Pass-----------------FATA The Tochi Pass------------------FATA The Gomal Pass-----------------NWFP The Bolan Pass-----------------Balochistan The Lowari Pass----------------Chitral (NWFP) The Khunjrab Pass--------------Northern Areas Rivers Name----------------------------Length The Indus-----------------------2,896 km Jhelum--------------------------825 km Chenab-------------------------1,242 km

Ravi----------------------------901 km Sutlej---------------------------1,551 km Beas (tributary of Sutlej )--------398 km Famous Glaciers Name--------------------------Length Siachin-------------------------75 km Batura--------------------------55 km Baltoro--------------------------65 km Deserts Name-----------------------Location/Province Thar----------------------------Sindh Cholistan------------------------Punjab Thal-----------------------------Punjab Lakes Name---------------------------Location/Province Manchar-----------------------Sindh Keenjar------------------------Sindh Hanna-------------------------Balochistan Saif-ul-Maluk-------------------NWFP Satpara------------------------Northern Areas

Kachura------------------------Northern Areas Major Dams Name---------------------------Location/Province Mangla Dam---------------------Punjab Tarbela Dam---------------------NWFP Warsak Dam---------------------NWFP

************************************************** *** __________________ Marwatone.

Expenditure charged upon Provincial Consolidated fund. 121. The following expenditure shall be expenditure charged upon the Provincial Consolidated Fund:-- (a) the remuneration payable to the Governor and other expenditure relating to his office, and the remuneration payable to— (i) the Judges of the High Court; and (ii) the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Provincial Cabinet. (b) the administrative expenses, including the remuneration payable to officers and servants of the High Court and the Secretariat of the Provincial Assembly;( c) all debt charges for which the Provincial Government is liable, including interest,

sinking fund charges, the repayment or amortisation of capital, and other expenditure in connection with the raising of loans, and the service and redemption of debt on the security of the Provincial Consolidated Fund; (d) any sums required to satisfy any judgment, decree or award against the Province by any court or tribunal; and (e) any other sums declared by the Constitution or by Act of the Provincial Assembly to be so charged. Procedure relating to Annual Budget Statement. 122. (1) So much of the Annual Budget Statement as relates to expenditure charged upon the Provincial Consolidated Fund may be discussed in, but shall not be submitted to the vote of, the Provincial Assembly. (2) So much of the Annual Budget Statement as relates to other expenditure shall be submitted to the Provincial Assembly in the form of demands for grants, and that Assembly shall have power to assent to, or to refuse to assent to, any demand, or to assent to any demand subject to a reduction of the amount specified therein: Provided that, for a period of ten years from the commencing day or the holding of the second general election to the Provincial Assembly, whichever occurs later, a demand shall be deemed to have been assented to unless, by the votes of a majority of the total membership of the Assembly, it is refused or assented to subject to a reduction of the amount specified therein. (3) No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation of the Provincial Government. Authentication of schedule of authorised expenditure. 123. (1) The Chief Minister shall authenticate by his signature a schedule specifying— (a) the grants made or deemed to have been made by the Provincial Assembly under Article 122, and (b) the several sums required to meet the expenditure charged upon the Provincial Consolidated Fund but not exceeding, in the case of any sum, the sum shown in the statement previously laid before the Assembly. (2) The schedule so authenticated shall be laid before the Provincial Assembly, but shall not be open to discussion or vote thereon. (3) Subject to the Constitution, no expenditure from the Provincial Consolidated Fund shall be deemed to be duly authorised unless it is specified in the schedule so authenticated and such schedule is laid before the Provincial Assembly as required by clause (2). Supplementary and excess grant. 124. If in respect of any financial year it is found— (a) that the amount authorised to be expended for a particular service for the

current financial year is insufficient, or that a need has arisen for expenditure upon some new service not included in the Annual Budget Statement for that year; or (b) that any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of the amount granted for that service for that year; the Provincial Government shall have power to authorise expenditure from the Provincial Consolidated Fund, whether the expenditure is charged by the Constitution upon that Fund or not, and shall cause to be laid before the Provincial Assembly a Supplementary Budget Statement or, as the case may be, an Excess Budget Statement, setting out the amount of that expenditure, and the provisions of Articles 120 to 123 shall apply to those statements as they apply to the Annual Budget Statement. Votes on account. 125. Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions relating to financial matters, the Provincial Assembly shall have power to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any financial year, not exceeding three months, pending completion of the procedure prescribed in Article 122 of the voting of such grant and the authentication of the schedule of expenditure in accordance with the provisions of Article 123 in relation to the expenditure. Power to authorise expenditure when Assembly stands dissolved. 126. Notwithstanding any thing contained in the foregoing provisions relating to financial matters, at any time when the Provincial Assembly stands dissolved, the Provincial Government may authorise expenditure from the Provincial Consolidated Fund in respect of the estimated expenditure for a period not exceeding four months in any financial year, pending completion of the procedure prescribed in Article 122 for the voting of grants and the authentication of the schedule of authorised expenditure in accordance with the provisions of Article 123 in relation to the expenditure. Provisions relating to National Assembly, etc., to apply to Provincial Assembly, etc. 127. Subject to the Constitution, the provisions of clauses (2) to (8) of Article 53, clauses (2) and (3) of Article 54, Article 55, Articles 63 to 67, Article 69, Article 77, Article 87 and Article 88 shall apply to and in relation to a Provincial Assembly or a committee or members thereof or the Provincial Government, but so that— (a) any reference in those provisions to Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament), a House or the National Assembly shall be read as a reference to the Provincial Assembly; (b) any reference in those provisions to the President shall be read as a reference to the Governor of the Province; (c) any reference in those provisions to the Federal Government shall be read as a

reference to the Provincial Government; (d) any reference in those provisions to the Prime Minister shall be read as a reference to the Chief Minister; (e) any reference in those provisions to a Federal Minister shall be read as a reference to a Provincial Minister; (f) any reference in those provisions to the National Assembly of Pakistan shall be read as a reference to the Provincial Assembly in existence immediately before the commencing day; and (g) the said clause (2) of Article 54 shall have effect as if, in the proviso thereto, for the words “one hundred and thirty” the word “seventy” were substituted. Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances. 128. (1) The Governor may, except when the Provincial Assembly is in session, if satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary to take immediate action, make and promulgate an Ordinance as the circumstances may require. (2) An Ordinance promulgated under this Article shall have the same force and effect as an Act of the Provincial Assembly and shall be subject to like restrictions as the power of the Provincial Assembly to make laws, but every such Ordinance— (a) shall be laid before the Provincial Assembly and shall stand repealed at the expiration of three months from its promulgation or, if before the expiration of that period a resolution disapproving it is passed by the Assembly, upon the passing of that resolution; and (b) may be withdrawn at any time by the Governor. (3) Without prejudice to the provisions of clause (2), an Ordinance laid before the Provincial Assembly shall be deemed to be a Bill introduced in the Provincial Assembly. Chapter 3- The Provincial Government Exercise of executive authority of the Province. 129. The executive authority of the Province shall vest in the Governor and shall be exercised by him, either directly or through officers subordinate to him, in accordance with the Constitution. The Cabinet. 130. (1) There shall be a Cabinet of Ministers, with the Chief Minister at its head, to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions. (2) The Governor shall appoint from amongst the members of the Provincial Assembly a Chief Minister who, in his opinion, is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of the Provincial Assembly. (2A) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (2), after the twentieth day of March, one thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight, the Governor shall invite the

member of the Provincial Assembly to be the Chief Minister who commands the confidence of the majority of the members of the Provincial Assembly, as ascertained in a session of the Assembly summoned for the purpose in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution: Provided that nothing contained in this clause shall apply to a Chief Minister holding office on the twentieth day of March, one thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. (3) The person appointed under clause (2) (or, as the case may be, invited under clause (2A)) shall before entering upon the office, make before the Governor oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule and shall within a period of sixty days thereof obtain a vote of confidence from the Provincial Assembly. (4) The Cabinet shall be collectively responsible to the Provincial Assembly. (5) The Chief Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor, but the Governor shall not exercise his powers under this clause unless he is satisfied that the Chief Minister does not command the confidence of the majority of the members of the Provincial Assembly, in which case he shall summon the Provincial Assembly and require the Chief Minister to obtain a vote of confidence from the Assembly. (6) The Chief Minister may, by writing under his hand addressed to the Governor, resign his office. (7) A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of the Provincial Assembly shall, at the expiration of that period, cease to be a Minister, and shall not before the dissolution of that Assembly be again appointed a Minister unless he is elected a member of that Assembly. (8) Nothing contained in this Article shall be construed as disqualifying the Chief Minister or any other Minister for continuing in office during any period during which the Provincial Assembly stands dissolved, or as preventing the appointment of any person as Chief Minister or other Minister during any such period.

Constitution of Pakistan

Expenditure charged upon Provincial Consolidated fund. 121. The following expenditure shall be expenditure charged upon the Provincial Consolidated Fund:-- (a) the remuneration payable to the Governor and other expenditure relating to his office, and the remuneration payable to— (i) the Judges of the High Court; and (ii) the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Provincial Cabinet.

(b) the administrative expenses, including the remuneration payable to officers and servants of the High Court and the Secretariat of the Provincial Assembly;( c) all debt charges for which the Provincial Government is liable, including interest, sinking fund charges, the repayment or amortisation of capital, and other expenditure in connection with the raising of loans, and the service and redemption of debt on the security of the Provincial Consolidated Fund; (d) any sums required to satisfy any judgment, decree or award against the Province by any court or tribunal; and (e) any other sums declared by the Constitution or by Act of the Provincial Assembly to be so charged. Procedure relating to Annual Budget Statement. 122. (1) So much of the Annual Budget Statement as relates to expenditure charged upon the Provincial Consolidated Fund may be discussed in, but shall not be submitted to the vote of, the Provincial Assembly. (2) So much of the Annual Budget Statement as relates to other expenditure shall be submitted to the Provincial Assembly in the form of demands for grants, and that Assembly shall have power to assent to, or to refuse to assent to, any demand, or to assent to any demand subject to a reduction of the amount specified therein: Provided that, for a period of ten years from the commencing day or the holding of the second general election to the Provincial Assembly, whichever occurs later, a demand shall be deemed to have been assented to unless, by the votes of a majority of the total membership of the Assembly, it is refused or assented to subject to a reduction of the amount specified therein. (3) No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation of the Provincial Government. Authentication of schedule of authorised expenditure. 123. (1) The Chief Minister shall authenticate by his signature a schedule specifying— (a) the grants made or deemed to have been made by the Provincial Assembly under Article 122, and (b) the several sums required to meet the expenditure charged upon the Provincial Consolidated Fund but not exceeding, in the case of any sum, the sum shown in the statement previously laid before the Assembly. (2) The schedule so authenticated shall be laid before the Provincial Assembly, but shall not be open to discussion or vote thereon. (3) Subject to the Constitution, no expenditure from the Provincial Consolidated Fund shall be deemed to be duly authorised unless it is specified in the schedule so authenticated and such schedule is laid before the Provincial Assembly as required by clause (2). Supplementary and excess grant.

124. If in respect of any financial year it is found— (a) that the amount authorised to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is insufficient, or that a need has arisen for expenditure upon some new service not included in the Annual Budget Statement for that year; or (b) that any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of the amount granted for that service for that year; the Provincial Government shall have power to authorise expenditure from the Provincial Consolidated Fund, whether the expenditure is charged by the Constitution upon that Fund or not, and shall cause to be laid before the Provincial Assembly a Supplementary Budget Statement or, as the case may be, an Excess Budget Statement, setting out the amount of that expenditure, and the provisions of Articles 120 to 123 shall apply to those statements as they apply to the Annual Budget Statement. Votes on account. 125. Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions relating to financial matters, the Provincial Assembly shall have power to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any financial year, not exceeding three months, pending completion of the procedure prescribed in Article 122 of the voting of such grant and the authentication of the schedule of expenditure in accordance with the provisions of Article 123 in relation to the expenditure. Power to authorise expenditure when Assembly stands dissolved. 126. Notwithstanding any thing contained in the foregoing provisions relating to financial matters, at any time when the Provincial Assembly stands dissolved, the Provincial Government may authorise expenditure from the Provincial Consolidated Fund in respect of the estimated expenditure for a period not exceeding four months in any financial year, pending completion of the procedure prescribed in Article 122 for the voting of grants and the authentication of the schedule of authorised expenditure in accordance with the provisions of Article 123 in relation to the expenditure. Provisions relating to National Assembly, etc., to apply to Provincial Assembly, etc. 127. Subject to the Constitution, the provisions of clauses (2) to (8) of Article 53, clauses (2) and (3) of Article 54, Article 55, Articles 63 to 67, Article 69, Article 77, Article 87 and Article 88 shall apply to and in relation to a Provincial Assembly or a committee or members thereof or the Provincial Government, but so that— (a) any reference in those provisions to Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament), a House or the National Assembly shall be read as a reference to the Provincial Assembly;

(b) any reference in those provisions to the President shall be read as a reference to the Governor of the Province; (c) any reference in those provisions to the Federal Government shall be read as a reference to the Provincial Government; (d) any reference in those provisions to the Prime Minister shall be read as a reference to the Chief Minister; (e) any reference in those provisions to a Federal Minister shall be read as a reference to a Provincial Minister; (f) any reference in those provisions to the National Assembly of Pakistan shall be read as a reference to the Provincial Assembly in existence immediately before the commencing day; and (g) the said clause (2) of Article 54 shall have effect as if, in the proviso thereto, for the words “one hundred and thirty” the word “seventy” were substituted. Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances. 128. (1) The Governor may, except when the Provincial Assembly is in session, if satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary to take immediate action, make and promulgate an Ordinance as the circumstances may require. (2) An Ordinance promulgated under this Article shall have the same force and effect as an Act of the Provincial Assembly and shall be subject to like restrictions as the power of the Provincial Assembly to make laws, but every such Ordinance— (a) shall be laid before the Provincial Assembly and shall stand repealed at the expiration of three months from its promulgation or, if before the expiration of that period a resolution disapproving it is passed by the Assembly, upon the passing of that resolution; and (b) may be withdrawn at any time by the Governor. (3) Without prejudice to the provisions of clause (2), an Ordinance laid before the Provincial Assembly shall be deemed to be a Bill introduced in the Provincial Assembly. Chapter 3- The Provincial Government Exercise of executive authority of the Province. 129. The executive authority of the Province shall vest in the Governor and shall be exercised by him, either directly or through officers subordinate to him, in accordance with the Constitution. The Cabinet. 130. (1) There shall be a Cabinet of Ministers, with the Chief Minister at its head, to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions. (2) The Governor shall appoint from amongst the members of the Provincial Assembly a Chief Minister who, in his opinion, is likely to command the confidence

of the majority of the members of the Provincial Assembly. (2A) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (2), after the twentieth day of March, one thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight, the Governor shall invite the member of the Provincial Assembly to be the Chief Minister who commands the confidence of the majority of the members of the Provincial Assembly, as ascertained in a session of the Assembly summoned for the purpose in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution: Provided that nothing contained in this clause shall apply to a Chief Minister holding office on the twentieth day of March, one thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. (3) The person appointed under clause (2) (or, as the case may be, invited under clause (2A)) shall before entering upon the office, make before the Governor oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule and shall within a period of sixty days thereof obtain a vote of confidence from the Provincial Assembly. (4) The Cabinet shall be collectively responsible to the Provincial Assembly. (5) The Chief Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor, but the Governor shall not exercise his powers under this clause unless he is satisfied that the Chief Minister does not command the confidence of the majority of the members of the Provincial Assembly, in which case he shall summon the Provincial Assembly and require the Chief Minister to obtain a vote of confidence from the Assembly. (6) The Chief Minister may, by writing under his hand addressed to the Governor, resign his office. (7) A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of the Provincial Assembly shall, at the expiration of that period, cease to be a Minister, and shall not before the dissolution of that Assembly be again appointed a Minister unless he is elected a member of that Assembly. (8) Nothing contained in this Article shall be construed as disqualifying the Chief Minister or any other Minister for continuing in office during any period during which the Provincial Assembly stands dissolved, or as preventing the appointment of any person as Chief Minister or other Minister during any such period.

131. Duties of Chief Minister in relation to Governor. It shall be the duty of the Chief Minister— (a) to communicate to the Governor all decisions of the Cabinet relating to the

administration of the affairs of the Province and proposals for legislation; (b) to furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs of the Province and proposals for legislation as the Governor may call for; and (c) if the Governor so requires, to submit for consideration of the Cabinet any matter on which a decision has been taken by the Chief Minister or a Minister but which has not been considered by the Cabinet. 132. Provincial Ministers. (1) Subject to clauses (7) and (8) of Article 130, the Governor shall appoint Provincial Ministers from amongst members of the Provincial Assembly on the advice of the Chief Minister. (2) Before entering upon office, a Provincial Minister shall make before the Governor oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule. (3) A Provincial Minister may, by writing under his hand addressed to the Governor, resign his office or may be removed from office by the Governor on the advice of the chief Minister. 133. Chief Minister continuing in office. The Governor may ask the Chief Minister to continue to hold office until his successor enters upon the office of Chief Minister. 134. Resignation by Chief Minister. Omitted by P.O. No.14 of 1985, Art.2 and Sch. 135. Provincial Minister performing functions of Chief Minister. Omitted by P.O. NO. 14 of 1985, Art.2 and Sch. 136. Vote of non-confidence against Chief Minister (1) A resolution for a vote of non-confidence moved by not less than twenty per centum of the total membership of the Provincial Assembly may be passed against the Chief Minister by the Provincial Assembly. (2) A resolution referred to in clause (1) shall not be voted upon before the expiration of three days, or later than seven days, from the day on which such resolution is moved in the Provincial Assembly. (3) If the resolution referred to in clause (1) is passed by a majority of the total membership of the Provincial Assembly, the Chief Minister shall cease to hold office. 137. Extent of executive authority of Province. Subject to the Constitution, the executive authority of the Province shall extend to

the matters with respect to which the Provincial Assembly has power to make laws: Provided that, in any matter with respect to which both Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) and the Provincial Assembly of a Province have power to make laws, the executive authority of the Province shall be subject to, and limited by, the executive authority expressly conferred by the Constitution or by law made by Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) upon the Federal Government or authorities thereof. 138. Conferring of functions on subordinate authorities. On the recommendation of the Provincial Government, the Provincial Assembly may by law confer functions upon officers or authorities subordinate to the Provincial Government 139. Conduct of business of Provincial Government. (1) All executive actions of the Provincial Government shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the Governor. (2) The Governor shall by rules specify the manner in which orders and other instruments made and executed in his name shall be authenticated, and the validity of any order or instrument so authenticated shall not be questioned in any court on the ground that it was not made or executed by the Governor. (3) The Governor shall also make rules for the allocation and transaction of the business of the Provincial Government. 140. Advocate General for a Province. (1) The Governor of each Province shall appoint a person, being a person qualified to be appointed a Judge of the High Court, to be the Advocate-General for the Province. (2) It shall be the duty of the Advocate-General to give advice to the Provincial Government upon such legal matters, and to perform such other duties of a legal character, as may be referred or assigned to him by the Provincial Government. (3) The Advocate-General shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor. (4) The Advocate-General may, by writing under his hand addressed to the Governor, resign his office. 140A. 1Each Province shall, by law, establish a local government system and devolve political, administrative and financial responsibility and authority to the elected representatives of the local government 1 New Article 140 A ins.by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch.,. Part V Relation Between Federation And Provinces

Chapter 1- Distribution of legislative Powers 141. Extent of Federal and Provincial laws. Subject to the Constitution, Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) may make laws (including laws having extra-territorial operation) for the whole or any part of Pakistan, and a Provincial Assembly may make laws for the Province or any part thereof. 142. Subject-matter of Federal and Provincial laws. Subject to the Constitution— (a) Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) shall have exclusive power to make laws with respect to any matter in the Federal Legislative List; (b) Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) , and a Provincial Assembly also, shall have power to make laws with respect to any matter in the Concurrent Legislative List; (c) a Provincial Assembly shall, and Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) shall not, have power to make laws with respect to any matter not enumerated in either the Federal Legislative List or the Concurrent Legislative List; and (d) Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) shall have exclusive power to make laws with respect to matters not enumerated in either of the Lists for such areas in the Federation as are not included in any Province. 143. Inconsistency between Federal and Provincial laws If any provision of an Act of a Provincial Assembly is repugnant to any provision of an Act of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) which Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) is competent to enact, or to any provision of any existing law with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the Concurrent Legislative List, then the Act of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament), whether passed before or after the Act of the Provincial Assembly, or, as the case may be, the existing law, shall prevail and the Act of the Provincial Assembly shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void. . 144. Power of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) to legislate for two or more Provinces by consent. (1) If two or more Provincial Assemblies pass resolutions to the effect that Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) may by law regulate any matter not enumerated in either List in the Fourth Schedule, it shall be lawful for Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) to pass an Act for regulating that matter accordingly, but any act so passed may, as respects any Province to which it applies, be amended or repealed by Act of the Assembly of that Province. Chapter 2-Administrative Relations Between Federation and Provinces

145. Power of President to direct Governor to discharge certain functions as his Agent. (1) The President may direct the Governor of any Province to discharge as his Agent, either generally or in any particular matter, such functions relating to such areas in the Federation which are not included in any Province as may be specified in the direction. (2) The provisions of Article 105 shall not apply to the discharge by the Governor of his functions under clause (1). 146. Power of Federation to confer powers, etc., on Provinces, in certain cases. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution, the Federal Government may, with the consent of the Government of a Province, entrust either conditionally or unconditionally to that Government, or to its officers functions in relation to any matter to which the executive authority of the Federation extends. (2) An Act of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) may, notwithstanding that it relates to a matter with respect to which a Provincial Assembly has no power to make laws, confer powers and impose duties upon a Province or officers and authorities thereof. (3) Where by virtue of this Article powers and duties have been conferred or imposed upon a Province or officers or authorities thereof, there shall be paid by the Federation to the Province such sum as may be agreed or, in default of agreement, as may be determined by an arbitrator appointed by the Chief Justice of Pakistan, in respect of any extra costs of administration incurred by the Province in connection with the exercise of those powers or the discharge of those duties. 147. Power of the Provinces to entrust functions to the Federation. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution, the government of a Province may, with the consent of the Federal Government, entrust, either conditionally or unconditionally, to the Federal Government, or to its officers, functions in relation to any matter to which the executive authority of the Province extends. 148. Obligation of Provinces and Federation (1) The executive authority of every Province shall be so exercised as to secure compliance with Federal laws which apply in that Province. (2) Without prejudice to any other provision of this Chapter, in the exercise of the executive authority of the Federation in any Province regard shall be had to the interests of that Province. (3) It shall be the duty of the Federation to protect every Province against external aggression and internal disturbances and to ensure that the Government of every

Province is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. 149 Direction to Provinces in certain cases (1) The executive authority of every Province shall be so exercised as not to impede or prejudice the exercise of the executive authority of the Federation, and the executive authority of the Federation shall extend to the giving of such directions to a Province as may appear to the Federal Government to be necessary for that purpose. (2) The executive authority of the Federation shall also extend to the giving of directions to a Province as to the carrying into execution therein of any Federal law which relates to a matter specified in the Concurrent Legislative List and authorizes the giving of such directions. (3) The executive authority of the Federation shall also extend to the giving of directions to a Province as to the construction and maintenance of means of communication declared in the direction to be of national or strategic importance. (4) The executive authority of the Federation shall also extend to the giving of directions to a Province as to the manner in which the executive authority thereof is to be exercised for the purpose of preventing any grave menace to the peace or tranquility or economic life of Pakistan or any part thereof. 150. Full faith and credit for public acts, etc. Full faith and credit shall be given throughout Pakistan to public acts and records, and judicial proceedings of every Province. 151. Inter-Provincial trade (1) Subject to clause (2), trade, commerce and inter-course throughout Pakistan shall be free. (2) Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) may by law impose such restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce or intercourse between one Province and another or within any part of Pakistan as may be required in the public interest. (3) A Provincial Assembly or a Provincial Government shall not have power to— (a) make any law, or take any executive action, prohibiting or restricting the entry into, or the export from, the Province of goods of any class or description, or (b) impose a tax which, as between goods manufactured or produced in the Province and similar goods not so manufactured or produced, discriminates in favour of the former goods or which, in the case of goods manufactured or produced outside the Province discriminates between goods manufactured or produced in any area in Pakistan and similar goods manufactured or produced in any other area in Pakistan. (4) An Act of a Provincial Assembly which imposes any reasonable restriction in the interest of public health, public order or morality, or for the purpose of protecting animals or plants from disease or preventing or alleviating any serious shortage in

the Province of any essential commodity shall not, if it was made with the consent of the President, be invalid. 152. Acquisition of land for Federal purposes. The Federation may, if it deems necessary to acquire any land situate in a Province for any purpose connected with a matter with respect to which Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) has power to make laws, require the Province to acquire the land on behalf, and at the expense, of the Federation or, if the land belongs to the province, to transfer it to the Federation on such terms as may be agreed or, in default of agreement, as may be determined by an arbitrator appointed by the Chief Justice of Pakistan. 152A. Omitted by Act No.III/2003,dt 31-12-2003 153 Council of Common Interests. (1) There shall be a Council of Common Interests, in this Chapter referred to as the Council, to be appointed by the President. (2) The members of the Council shall be – (a) the Chief Ministers of the Provinces, and (b) an equal number of members from the Federal Government to be nominated by the prime Minister from time to time. (3) The Prime Minister, if he is a member of the Council, shall be the Chairman of the Council but, if at any time he is not a member, the President may nominate a Federal Minister who is a member of the Council to be its Chairman. (4) The Council shall be responsible to Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament). 154. Functions and rules of procedure. (1) The Council shall formulate and regulate policies in relation to matters in Part II of the Federal Legislative List and, in so far as it is in relation to the affairs of the Federation, the matter in entry 34 (electricity) in the Concurrent Legislative List, and shall exercise supervision and control over related institutions. (2) The decisions of the Council shall be expressed in terms of the opinion of the majority. (3) Until Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) makes provision by law in this behalf, the Council may make its rules of procedure. 4) Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) in joint sitting may from time to time by resolution issue directions through the Federal Government to the Council generally or in a particular matter to take action as Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) may deem just and proper and such directions shall be binding on the Council. (5) If the Federal Government or a Provincial Government is dissatisfied with a decision of the Council, it may refer the matter to Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) in a joint sitting whose decision in this behalf shall be final.

155. Complaints as to interference with water supplies. (1) If the interests of a Province, the Federal Capital or the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, or any of the inhabitants thereof, in water from any natural source of supply have been or are likely to be affected prejudicially by (a) any executive act or legislation taken or passed or proposed to be taken or passed, or (b) the failure of any authority to exercise any of its powers with respect to the use and distribution or control of water from that source, the Federal Government or the Provincial Government concerned may make a complaint in writing to the Council. (2) Upon receiving such complaint, the Council shall, after having considered the matter, either give its decision or request the President to appoint a commission consisting of such persons having special knowledge and experience in irrigation, engineering, administration, finance or law as he may think fit, hereinafter referred to as the Commission. (3) Until Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) makes provision by law in this behalf, the provisions of the Pakistan commissions of Inquiry Act, 1956, as in force immediately before the commencing day shall apply to the Council or the Commission as if the council or the Commission were a Commission appointed under that Act to which all the provisions of section 5 thereof applied and upon which the power contemplated by section 10A thereof had been conferred. (4) After considering the report and supplementary report, if any, of the Commission, the Council shall record its decision on all matters referred to the Commission. (5) Notwithstanding any law to the contrary, but subject to the provisions of clause (5) of Article 154, it shall be the duty of the Federal Government and the Provincial Government concerned in the matter in issue to give effect to the decision of the Council faithfully according to its terms and tenor. (6) No proceeding shall lie before any court at the instance of any party to a matter which is or has been in issue before the council, or of any person whatsoever, in respect of a matter which is actually or has been or might or ought to have been a proper subject of complaint to the Council under this Article. 156. National Economic Council. (1) The President shall constitute a National Economic Council consisting of the Prime Minister, who shall be its Chairman, and such other members as the President may determine: Provided that the President shall nominate one member from each Province on the recommendation of the Government of that Province. (2) The National Economic Council shall review the overall economic condition of the country and shall, for advising the Federal Government and the Provincial Governments, formulate plans in respect of financial, commercial, social and

economic policies; and in formulating such plans, it shall be guided by the Principles of Policy set out in Chapter 2 of Part II. 157. Electricity. (1) The Federal Government may in any Province construct or cause to be constructed hydro-electric or thermal power installations or grid stations for the generation of electricity and lay or cause to be laid inter-Provincial transmission lines. (2) The Government of a Province may – (a) to the extent electricity is supplied to that Province from the national grid, require supply to be made in bulk for transmission and distribution within the Province; (b) levy tax on consumption of electricity within the Province; (c) construct power houses and grid stations and lay transmission lines for use within the Province; and (d) determine the tariff for distribution of electricity within the Province. 158. Priority of requirements of natural gas. The Province in which a well-head of natural gas is situated shall have precedence over other parts of Pakistan in meeting the requirements from that well-head, subject to the commitments and obligations as on the commencing day. 159. Broadcasting and telecasting. (1) The Federal Government shall not unreasonably refuse to entrust to a Provincial Government such functions with respect to broadcasting and telecasting as may be necessary to enable that Government— (a) to construct and use transmitters in the Province; and (b) to regulate, and impose fees in respect of, the construction and use of transmitters and the use of receiving apparatus in the Province: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as requiring the Federal Government to entrust to any Provincial Government any control over the use of transmitters constructed or maintained by the Federal Government or by persons authorized by the Federal Government, or over the use of receiving apparatus by person so authorized. (2) Any functions so entrusted to a Provincial Government shall be exercised subject to such conditions as may be imposed by the Federal Government, including, notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution, any conditions with respect to finance, but it shall not be lawful for the Federal Government so to impose any conditions regulating the matter broadcast or telecast by, or by authority of, the Provincial Government. (3) Any Federal law with respect to broadcasting and telecasting shall be such as to secure that effect can be given to the foregoing provisions of this Article.

(4) If any question arises whether any conditions imposed on any Provincial Government are lawfully imposed, or whether any refusal by the Federal Government to entrust functions is unreasonable, the question shall be determined by an arbitrator appointed by the Chief Justice of Pakistan. (5) Nothing in this Article shall be construed as restricting the powers of the Federal Government under the Constitution for the prevention of any grave menace to the peace or tranquility of Pakistan or any part thereof. Part VI Finance, Property , Contracts and Suits Chapter 1- Finance Distribution of Revenues between the Federation and the Provinces 160. National Finance Commission (1) Within six months of the commencing day and thereafter at intervals not exceeding five years, the President shall constitute a National Finance Commission consisting of the Minister of Finance of the Federal Government, the Ministers of Finance of the Provincial Governments, and such other persons as may be appointed by the President after consultation with the Governors of the Provinces. (2) It shall be the duty of the National Finance Commission to make recommendations to the President as to— (a) the distribution between the Federation and the Provinces of the net proceeds of the taxes mentioned in clause (3); (b) the making of grants-in-aid by the Federal Government to the Provincial Governments; (c) the exercise by the Federal Government and the Provincial Governments of the borrowing powers conferred by the Constitution; and (d) any other matter relating to finance referred to the Commission by the President. (3)The taxes referred to in paragraph (a) of clause (2 are the following taxes raised under the authority of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament), namely:- (i) taxes on income, including corporation tax but not including taxes on income consisting of remuneration paid out of the Federal Consolidated Fund; (ii) taxes on the sales and purchases of goods imported, exported, produced, manufactured or consumed; (iii) export duties on cotton, and such other export duties as may be specified by the President; (iv) such duties of excise as may be specified by the President; and (v) such other taxes as may be specified by the President. (4) As soon as may be after receiving the recommendations of the National Finance

Commission, the President shall, by Order, specify, in accordance with the recommendations of the Commission under paragraph (a) of clause (2), the share of the net proceeds of the taxes mentioned in clause (3) which is to be allocated to each Province, and that share shall be paid to the Government of the Province concerned, and, notwithstanding the provision of Article 78 shall not form part of the Federal Consolidated Fund. (5) The recommendations of the National Finance Commission, together with an explanatory memorandum as to the action taken thereon, shall be laid before both Houses and the Provincial Assemblies. (6) At any time before an Order under clause (4) is made, the President may, by Order, make such amendments or modifications in the law relating to the distribution of revenues between the Federal Government and the Provincial Governments as he may deem necessary or expedient. (7) The President may, by Order, make grants-in-aid of the revenues of the Provinces in need of assistance and such grants shall be charged upon the Federal Consolidated Fund. .

161. Natural gas and hydro-electric power. (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 78 the net proceeds of the Federal duty of excise on natural gas levied at well-head and collected by the Federal Government, and of the royalty collected by the Federal Government, shall not form part of the Federal Consolidated Fund and shall be paid to the Province in which the well-head of natural gas is situated. (2) The net profits earned by the Federal Government, or any undertaking established or administered by the Federal Government from the bulk generation of power at a hydro-electric station shall be paid to the Province in which the hydro-electric station is situated. Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause “net profits” shall be computed by deducting from the revenues accruing from the bulk supply of power from the bus-bars of a hydro-electric station at a rate to be determined by the Council of Common Interests, the operating expenses of the station, which shall include any sums payable as taxes, duties, interest or return on investment, and depreciations and element of obsolescence, and over-heads, and provision for reserves. 162. Prior sanction of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which Provinces are interested.

No Bill or amendment which imposes or varies a tax or duty the whole or part of the net proceeds whereof is assigned to any Province, or which varies the meaning of the expression “agricultural income” as defined for the purposes of the enactments relating to income-tax, as defined for the purposes of the enactments relating to income-tax, or which affects the principles on which under any of the foregoing provisions of this Chapter moneys are or may be distributable to Provinces, shall be introduced or moved in the National Assembly except with the previous sanction of the President. 163. Provincial taxes in respect of professions, etc. A Provincial Assembly may by Act impose taxes, not exceeding such limits as may from time to time be fixed by Act of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament), on persons engaged in professions, trades, callings or employments, and no such Act of the Assembly shall be regarded as imposing a tax on income. Miscellaneous Financial Provisions 164. Grants out of Consolidated Fund. The Federation or a Province may make grants for any purpose, notwithstanding that the purpose is not one with respect to which Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) or, as the case may be, a Provincial Assembly may make laws. 165 Exemption of certain public property from taxation. (1) The Federal Government shall not, in respect of its property or income, be liable to taxation under any Act of Provincial Assembly and, subject to clause (2) a Provincial Government shall not, in respect of its property or income, be liable to taxation under Act of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) or under Act of the Provincial Assembly of any other Province. (2) If a trade or business of any kind is carried on by or on behalf of the Government of a Province outside that Province, that Government may, in respect of any property used in connection with that trade or business or any income arising from that trade or business, be taxed under Act of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) or under Act of the Provincial Assembly of the Province in which that trade or business is carried on. (3) Nothing in this Article shall prevent the imposition of fees for services rendered. 165A. Power of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) to impose tax on the income of certain corporations, etc. (1) For the removal of doubt, it is hereby declared that Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) has, and shall be deemed always to have had, the power to make a

law to provide for the levy and recovery of a tax on the income of a corporation, company or other body or institution established by or under a Federal law or a Provincial law or an existing law or a corporation, company or other body or institution owned or controlled, either directly of indirectly, by the Federal Government or a provincial Government, regardless of the ultimate destination of such income. (2) All orders made, proceedings taken and acts done by any authority or person, which were made, taken or done, or purported to have been made, taken or done, before the commencement of the Constitution (Amendment) Order, 1985, in exercise of the powers derived from any law referred to in clause (1), or in execution of any orders made by any authority in the exercise or purported exercise of powers as aforesaid, shall, notwithstanding any judgment of any court or tribunal, including the Supreme Court and a High Court, be deemed to be and always to have been validly made, taken or done and shall not be called in question in any court, including the supreme Court and a High Court, on any ground whatsoever. (3) Every judgment or order of any court or tribunal, including the Supreme Court and a High Court, which is repugnant to the provisions of clause (1) or clause (2) shall be, and shall be deemed always to have been, void and of no effect whatsoever. Chapter 2- Borrowing and Audit 166. Borrowing by Federal Government. The executive authority of the Federation extends to borrowing upon the security of the Federal Consolidated Fund within such limits, if any, as may from time to time be fixed by Act of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament), and to the giving of guarantees within such limits, if any, as may be so fixed. 167. Borrowing by Provincial Government (1) Subject to the provisions of this Article, the executive authority of a Province extends to borrowing upon the security of the Provincial Consolidated Fund within such limits, if any, as may from time to time be fixed by Act of the Provincial Assembly, and to the giving of guarantees within such limits, if any, as may be so fixed. (2) The Federal Government may, subject to such conditions, if any, as it may think fit to impose, make loans to, or, so long as any limits fixed under Article 166 are not exceeded give guarantees in respect of loans raised by, any Province, and any sums required for the purpose of making loans to a Province shall be charged upon the Federal Consolidated Fund. (3) A Province may not, without the consent of the Federal Government, raise any loan if there is still outstanding any part of a loan made to the province by the Federal Government, or in respect of which guarantee has been given by the

Federal Government; and consent under this clause may be granted subject to such conditions, if any, as the Federal Government may think fit to impose. . Audit and Accounts 168. Auditor-General of Pakistan. (1) There shall be an Auditor-General of Pakistan, who shall be appointed by the President. (2) Before entering upon office, the Auditor-General shall make before the Chief Justice of Pakistan oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule. (3) The terms and conditions of service, including the term of office, of the Auditor-General shall be determined by Act of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) and, until so determined, by Order of the President. (4) A person who has held office as Auditor-General shall not be eligible for further appointment in the service of Pakistan before the expiration of two years after he has ceased to hold that office. (5) The Auditor-General shall not be removed from office except in the like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court. (6) At any time when the office of the Auditor-General is vacant or the Auditor-General is absent or is unable to perform the functions of his office due to any cause, such other person as the President may direct shall act as Auditor-General and perform the functions of that office. 169. Functions and powers of Auditor-General. The Auditor-General shall, in relation to-- (a) the accounts of the Federation and of the Provinces and (b) the accounts of any authority or body established by the Federation or a Province, perform such functions and exercise such powers as may be determined by or under Act of Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) and, until so determined, by Order of the President. 170. Power of Auditor-General to give directions as to accounts. The accounts of the Federation and of the Provinces shall be kept in such form and in accordance with such principles and methods as the Auditor-General may, with the approval of the President, prescribe. 171. Reports of Auditor-General. The reports of the Auditor-General relating to the accounts of the Federation shall be submitted to the President, who shall cause them to be laid before the National Assembly and the reports of the Auditor-General relating to the accounts of a Province shall be submitted to the governor of the Province, who shall cause them

to be laid before the Provincial Assembly. Chapter 3 Property, Contracts, Liabilities And Suits 172. Ownerless property. (1) Any property which has no rightful owner shall, if located in a Province, vest in the Government of that Province, and in every other case, in the Federal Government. (2) All lands, minerals and other things of value within the continental shelf or underlying the ocean within the territorial waters of Pakistan shall vest in the Federal Government. 173. Power to acquire property and to make contracts etc. (1) The executive authority of the Federation and of a Province shall extend, subject to any Act of the appropriate Legislature, to the grant, sale, disposition or mortgage of any property vested in, and to the purchase or acquisition of property on behalf of, the Federal Government or, as the case may be, the Provincial Government, and to the making of contracts. (2) All property acquired for the purposes of the Federation or of a Province shall vest in the Federal Government or, as the case may be, in the Provincial Government. (3) All contracts made in the exercise of the executive authority of the Federation or of a Province shall be expressed to be made in the name of the President or, as the case may be, the Governor of the Province, and all such contracts and all assurances of property made in the exercise of that authority shall be executed on behalf of the President or Governor by such persons and in such manner as he may direct or authorize. (4) Neither the President, nor the Governor of a Province, shall be personally liable in respect of any contract or assurance made or executed in the exercise of the executive authority of the Federation or, as the case may be, the Province, nor shall any person making or executing any such contract or assurance on behalf of any of them be personally liable in respect thereof. (5) Transfer of land by the Federal Government or a Provincial Government shall be regulated by law. 174. Suits and proceedings. The Federation may sue or be sued by the name of Pakistan and a Province may sue or be sued by the name of the Province.

Part VII The Judicature Chapter 1 The Court 175. Establishment and Jurisdiction of Courts (1) There shall be a Supreme Court of Pakistan, a High Court for each Province and such other Courts as may be established by law. (2) No Court shall have any jurisdiction save as is or may be conferred on it by the Constitution or by or under any law. (3) The Judiciary shall be separated progressively from the Executive within [fourteen] years from the commencing day. Chapter 2-Supreme Court of Pakistan 176. Constitution of Supreme Court The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice to be known as the Chief Justice of Pakistan and so many other Judges as may be determined by Act of [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)] or, until so determined, as may be fixed by the President. 177. Appointment of Supreme Court Judges (1) The Chief Justice of Pakistan shall be appointed by the President, and each of the other Judges shall be appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice. (2) A person shall not be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court unless he is a citizen of Pakistan; and- (a) has for a period of, or for periods aggregating, not less than five years been a judge of a High Court (including High Court which existed in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day); or (b) has for a period of, or for periods aggregating, not less than fifteen years been an Advocate of a High Court (including a High Court which existed in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day). 178. Oath of Office Before entering upon office, the Chief Justice of Pakistan shall make before the President, and any other Judge of the Supreme Court shall make before the Chief Justice, oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule. 179. Retiring Age 1 A Judge of the Supreme Court shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-five years, unless he sooner resigns or is removed from office in accordance with the Constitution. 1 Subs. by Act No III/2003,dated 31-12-2003 180 Acting Chief Justice At any time when- (a) the Office of Chief Justice of Pakistan is vacant; or (b) the Chief Justice of Pakistan is absent or is unable to perform the functions of his office due to any other cause,

the President shall appoint [the most senior of the other Judges of the Supreme Court] to act as Chief Justice of Pakistan. 181. Acting Judges (1) At any time when- (a) the office of a Judge of the Supreme Court is vacant; or (b) a Judge of the Supreme Court is absent or is unable to perform the functions of his office due to any other cause, the President may, in the manner provided in clause (1) of Article 177, appoint a Judge of a High Court who is qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court to act temporarily as a Judge of the Supreme Court. [Explanation._ In this clause ‘Judge of a High Court’ includes a person who has retired as a Judge of a High Court]. (2) An appointment under this Article shall continue in force until it is revoked by the President. 182. Appointment of ad hoc Judges If at any time it is not possible for want of quorum of Judges of the Supreme Court to hold or continue any sitting of the Court, or for any other reason it is necessary to increase temporarily the number of Judges of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice of Pakistan may, in writing,- (a) With the approval of the President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge of that Court and since whose ceasing to hold that office three years have not elapsed; or (b) with the approval of the President and with the consent of the Chief Justice of a High Court, require a Judge of that Court qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court, to attend sittings of the Supreme Court as an ad hoc Judge for such period as may be necessary and while so attending an ad hoc Judge shall have the same power and jurisdiction as a Judge of the Supreme Court. 183. Seat of the Supreme Court (1) The permanent seat of the Supreme Court shall, subject to clause (3), be at Islamabad. (2) The Supreme Court may from time to time sit in such other places as the Chief Justice of Pakistan, with the approval of the President, may appoint. (3) Until provision is made for establishing the Supreme Court at Islamabad, the seat of the Court shall be at such place as the President may appoint. 184. Original Jurisdiction of Supreme Court (1) The Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of every other Court, have original jurisdiction in any dispute between any two or more Governments. Explanation. _ In this clause, “Governments” means the Federal Government and the Provincial Governments. (2) In the exercise of the jurisdiction conferred on it by clause (1), the Supreme Court shall pronounce declaratory judgments only. (3) Without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 199, the Supreme Court shall, if it considers that a question of public importance with reference to the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II is involved, have

the power to make an order of the nature mentioned in the said Article. 185. (1) Subject to this Article, the Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from judgments, decrees, final orders or sentences of a High Court. (2) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree, final order or sentence of a High Court- (a) if the High Court has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death or to transportation for life or imprisonment for life; or, on revision, has enhanced a sentence to a sentence as aforesaid; (b) if the High Court has withdrawn for trial before itself any case from any Court subordinate to it and has in such trial convicted the accused person and sentenced him as aforesaid; or (c) if the High Court has imposed any punishment on any person for contempt of the High Court; or (d) if the amount or value of the subject-matter of the dispute in the Court of first instance was, and also in dispute in appeal is, not less than fifty thousand rupees or such other sum as may be specified in that behalf by Act of [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)] and the judgment, decree or final order appealed from has varied or set aside the judgment, decree or final order of the Court immediately below; or (e) if the judgment, decree or final order involves directly or indirectly some claim or question respecting property of the like amount or value and the judgment, decree or final order appealed from has varied or set aside the judgment, decree or final order of the Court immediately below; or (f) if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution. (3) An appeal to the Supreme Court from a judgment, decree, order or sentence of a High Court in a case to which clause (2) does not apply shall lie only if the Supreme Court grants leave to appeal. 186. Advisory Jurisdiction (1) If, at any time, the President considers that it is desirable to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court on any question of law which he considers of public importance, he may refer the question to the Supreme Court for consideration. (2) The Supreme Court shall consider a question so referred and report its opinion on the question to the President. 186A Power of Supreme Court to transfer cases The Supreme Court may, if it considers it expedient to do so in the interest of justice, transfer any case, appeal or other proceedings pending before any High Court to any other High Court.] 187. Issue and Execution of Processes of Supreme Court (1) [Subject to clause (2) of Article 175, the] Supreme Court shall have power to issue such directions, orders or decrees as may be necessary for doing complete justice in any case or matter pending before it, including an order for the purpose of securing the attendance of any person or the discovery or production of any document.

(2) Any such direction, order or decree shall be enforceable throughout Pakistan and shall, where it is to be executed in a Province, or a territory or an area not forming part of a Province but within the jurisdiction of the High Court of the Province, be executed as if it had been issued by the High Court of that Province. (3) If a question arises as to which High Court shall give effect to a direction, order or decree of the Supreme Court, the decision of the Supreme Court on the question shall be final. 188. Review of Judgments or Orders by the Supreme Court The Supreme Court shall have power, subject to the provisions of any Act of [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)] and of any rules made by the Supreme Court, to review any judgment pronounced or any order made by it. 189. Decisions of Supreme Court binding on other Courts Any decision of the Supreme Court shall, to the extent that it decides a question of law or is based upon or enunciates a principle of law, be binding on all other Courts in Pakistan. 190. Action in aid of Supreme Court All executive and judicial authorities throughout Pakistan shall act in aid of the Supreme Court. 191. Rules of Procedure Subject to the Constitution and law, the Supreme Court may make rules regulating the practice and procedure of the Court. Chapter-3 The High Court 192. Constitution of High Court (1) a High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and so many other Judges as may be determined by law or, until so determined, as may be fixed by the President. [(2) The Sind & Baluchistan High Court shall cease to function as a common High Court for the Provinces of Baluchistan and Sind. (3) The President shall, by Order, establish a High Court for each of the Provinces of Baluchistan and Sind and may make such provision in the Order for the principal seats of the two High Courts, transfer of the Judges of the common High Court, transfer of cases pending in the common High Court immediately before the establishment of two high Courts and, generally, for matters consequential or ancillary to the common High Court ceasing to function and the establishment of the two High Courts as he may deem fit]. (4) The jurisdiction of a High Court may, by act of [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)], be extended to any area in Pakistan not forming part of a Province. 193. Appointment of High Court Judges (1) A Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President after consultation- (a) with the Chief Justice of Pakistan; (b) with the Governor concerned; and (c) except where the appointment is that of Chief Justice, with the Chief Justice of

the High Court. (2) A person shall not be appointed a Judge of a High Court unless he is a citizen of Pakistan, is not less than 1[forty five] years of age, and- (a) he has for a period of, or for periods aggregating, not less than ten years been an advocate of a High Court (including a High Court which existed in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day) ; or (b) he is, and has for a period of not less than ten years been, a member of civil service prescribed by law for the purposes of this paragraph, and has, for a period of not less than three years, served as or exercised the functions of a District Judge in Pakistan; or (c) he has, for a period of not less than ten years, held a judicial office in Pakistan. [Explanation. _ In computing the period during which a person has been an advocate of a High Court or held judicial office, there shall be included any period during which he has held judicial office after he became an advocate or, as the case may be, the period during which he has been an advocate after having held judicial office]. (3) In this Article, “District Judge” means Judge of a principal civil Court of original jurisdiction. Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002(C.E's O. No. 24 of 2002), Art. 3and Sch., for forty years which was further which was further amended by (C.E's O. No. 29 of 2002), Art. 2 194. Oath of Office Before entering upon office, the Chief Justice of a High Court shall make before the Governor, and any other Judge of the Court shall make before the Chief Justice, oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule. 195. Retiring age 6 A Judge of a High Court shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-two years, unless he sooner resigns or is removed from office in accordance with the Constitution. 6 Subs by Act No.III/2003,dt 31-12-2003 196. Acting Chief Justice At any time when- (a) the office of Chief Justice of a High Court is vacant, or (b) the Chief Justice of a High Court is absent or is unable to perform the functions of his office due to any other cause, the President shall appoint [one of the other Judges of the High Court, or may request one of the Judges of the Supreme Court] to act as Chief Justice. 197. Additional Judges At any time when- (a) the office of a Judge of a High Court is vacant; or (b) a Judge of High Court is absent or is unable to perform the functions of his office due to any other cause; or (c) for any reason it is necessary to increase the number of Judges of a High Court, the President may, in the manner provided in clause (i) of Article 193, appoint a person qualified for appointment as a Judge of the High Court to be Additional

Judge of the Court for such period as the President may determine, being a period not exceeding such period, if any, as may be prescribed by law. 198. Seat of the High Court [(1)] Each High Court in existence immediately before the commencing day shall continue to have its principal seat at the place where it had such seat before that day. (2) Each High Court and the Judges and divisional courts thereof shall sit at its principal seat and the seats of its Benches and may hold, at any place within its territorial jurisdiction, circuit courts consisting of such of the Judges as may be nominated by the Chief Justice. (3) The Lahore High Court shall have a Bench each at Bahawalpur, Multan and Rawalpindi, the High Court of Sind shall have a Bench at Sukkur, the Peshawar High Court shall have a Bench each at Abbottabad and Dera Ismail Khan and the High Court of Baluchistan shall have a Bench at Sibi. (4) Each of the High Courts may have Benches at such other places as the Governor may determine on the advice of the Cabinet and in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court. (5) A Bench referred to in clause (3), or established under clause (4), shall consist of such of the Judges of the High Court as may be nominated by the Chief Justice from time to time for a period of not less than one year. (6) The Governor in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court shall make rules to provide the following matters, that is to say,- (a) assigning the area in relation to which each Bench shall exercise jurisdiction vested in the High Court; and (b) for all incidental, supplemental or consequential matters.] 199. Jurisdiction of High Court (1) Subject to the Constitution, a High Court may, if it is satisfied that no other adequate remedy is provided by law,- (a) on the application of any aggrieved party make an order- (i) directing a person performing, within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court, functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority, to refrain from doing anything he is not permitted by law to do, or to do anything he is required by law to do ; or (ii) declaring that any act done or proceeding taken within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court by a person performing functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority has been done or taken without lawful authority and is of no legal effect; or (b) on the application of any person, make an order- (i) directing that a person in custody within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court be brought before it so that the Court may satisfy itself that he is not being held in custody without lawful authority or in an unlawful manner; or (ii) requiring a person within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court holding or purporting to hold a public office to show under what authority of law he claims to hold that office; or (c) on the application of any aggrieved person, make an order giving such

directions to any person or authority, including any Government exercising any power or performing any function in, or in relation to, any territory within the jurisdiction of that Court as may be appropriate for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II. (2) Subject to the Constitution, the right to move a High Court for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II shall not be abridged. (3) An order shall not be made under clause (1) on application made by or in relation to a person who is a member of the Armed Forces of Pakistan, or who is for the time being subject to any law relating to any of those Forces, in respect of his terms and conditions of service, in respect of any matter arising out of his service, or in respect of any action taken in relation to him as a member of the Armed Forces of Pakistan or as a person subject to such law]. * * * * * * * (4) Where- (a) an application is made to a High Court for an order under paragraph (a) or paragraph (c) of clause (1), and (b) the making of an interim order would have the effect of prejudicing or interfering with the carrying out of a public work or of otherwise being harmful to public interest [or State property] or of impeding the assessment or collection of public revenues, the Court shall not make an interim order unless the prescribed law officer has been given notice of the application and he or any person authorised by him in that behalf has had an opportunity of being heard and the Court, for reasons to be recorded in writing, is satisfied that the interim order- (i) would not have such effect as aforesaid; or (ii) would have the effect of suspending an order or proceeding which on the face of the record is without jurisdiction. [(4-A) An interim order made by a High Court on an application made to it to question the validity or legal effect of any order made, proceeding taken or act done by any authority or person, which has been made, taken or done or purports to have been made, taken or done under any law which is specified in Part I of the First Schedule or relates to, or is connected with [State property or] assessment or collection of public revenues shall cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of [six months] following the day on which it is made,2 [Provided that the matter shall be finally decided by the High Court within six months from the date on which interim order is made]. 2 * * * * * (5) In this Article, unless the context otherwise requires,- “person” includes any body politic or corporate, any authority of or under the control of the Federal Government or of a Provincial Government, and any Court or tribunal, other than the Supreme Court, a High Court or a Court or tribunal established under a law relating to the Armed Forces of Pakistan; and “prescribed law officer” means- (a) in relation to an application affecting the Federal Government or an authority of

or under the control of the Federal Government, the Attorney-General, and (b) in any other case, the Advocate-General for the Province in which the application is made. 1 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., for certain words 2 Cl (4B) omitted P.O No 14 of 1985, Art 2 and Sch,. 200 Transfer of High Court 1) The President may transfer a Judge of a High Court from one High Court to another High Court, but no Judge shall be so transferred except with his consent and after consultation by the President with the Chief Justice of Pakistan and the Chief Justices of both High Courts: [Provided that such consent, or consultation with the Chief Justices of the High Courts, shall not be necessary if such transfer is for a period not exceeding [tow years] at a time. Explanation. _ In this Article “Judge” does not include a Chief Justice [but includes a judge for the time being acting as Chief Justice of a High Court other than a judge of the Supreme Court acting as such in pursuance of a request made under paragraph (b) of Article 196]. a High Court.] [(4)] A Judge of a High Court who does not accept transfer another High Court under Clause (1) shall be deemed to have retired from his office and, on such retirement, shall be entitled to receive a pension calculated on the basis of the length of his service as Judge and total service, if any, in the service of Pakistan]. 201. Decision of High Court binding on Subordinate Courts Subject to Article 189, any decision of a High Court shall, to the extent that it decides a question of law or is based upon or enunciates a principle of law, be binding on all Courts subordinate to it 202 Rules of Procedure Subject to the Constitution and law, a High Court may make rules regulating the practice and procedure of the Court or of any Court subordinate to it. 203. High Court to superintend Subordinate Courts Each High Court shall supervise and control all Courts subordinate to it. 203A Provisions of Chapter to override other Provisions of Constitution The provisions of this Chapter shall have effect notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution 203-B. Definitions In this Chapter, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,_ [(a) “Chief Justice” means Chief Justice of the Court;] (b) “Court” means the Federal Shariat Court constituted in pursuance of Article 203-C; [(bb) “Judge” means Judge of the Court]; (c)“Law” includes any custom or usage having the force of law but does not include the Constitution, Muslim Personal Law, any law relating to procedure of any Court or Tribunal or, until the expiration of [ten] years from the commencement of this Chapter, any fiscal law or any law relating to the levy and collection of taxes and

fees or banking of insurance practice and procedure; and * * * * * 203-C. The Federal Shariat Court (1) There shall be constituted for the purposes of this Chapter a Court to be called the Federal Shariat Court. [(2) The Court shall consist of not more than eight Muslim [Judges], including the [Chief Justice], to be appointed by the President]. (3) The [Chief Justice] shall be a person who is, or has been, or is qualified to be, a Judge of the Supreme Court or who is a or has been a permanent of a High Court Judge. (3A) Of the Judges, not more than four shall be persons each one of whom is, or has been, or is qualified to be, a Judge of a High Court and not more than three shall be Ulema who are well-versed in Islamic Law.] (4) The [Chief Justice] and a [Judge] shall hold office for a period not exceeding three years but may be appointed for such further term or terms as the President may determine: Provided that a Judge of a High Court shall not be appointed to be a [Judge] for a period exceeding [two years] except with his consent and [, except where the Judge is himself the Chief Justice,] after consultation by the President with the Chief Justice of the High Court. [(4-A) The [Chief Justice], if he is not a Judge of the Supreme Court, and a [Judge] who is not a Judge of a High Court, may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office.] [(4-B) The President may, at any time, by order in writing,- (a) modify the term of appointment of a Judge; (b) assign to a Judge any other office; and (c) require a Judge to perform such other functions as the President may deem fit; and pass such other order as he may consider appropriate. Explanation._ In this clause and clause (4-C). “Judge” includes Chief Justice. (4-C) While he is performing the functions which he is required under clause (4-B) to perform, or holding any other office assigned to him under that clause, a Judge shall be entitled to the same salary, allowances and privileges as are admissible to the Chief Justice or, as the case may be, Judge of the Court.] (5) A Judge of High Court who does not accept appointment as a [Judge] shall be deemed to have retired from his office and, on such retirement, shall be entitled to receive a pension calculated on the basis of the length of his service as Judge and total service, if any, in the service of Pakistan. (6) The Principal seat of the Court shall be at Islamabad, but the Court may from time to time sit in such other places in Pakistan as the [Chief Justice] may, with the approval of the President appoint. (7) Before entering upon office, the [Chief Justice] the and [Judge] shall make before the President or a person nominated by him oath in the form set out, in the Third Schedule. (8) At any time when the [Chief Justice] or a [Judge] is absent or is unable to perform the functions of the office, the President shall appoint another person

qualified for the purpose to act as [Chief Justice] or, as the case may be, [Judge]. (9) A [Chief Justice] who is not a Judge of the Supreme Court shall be entitled to the same 1remuneration, allowances and privileges as are admissible to a Judge of the Supreme Court and a [Judge] who is not a Judge of High Court shall be entitled to the same 1[remuneration] , allowances and privileges as are admissible to a Judge of a High Court. 2Provided that where a judge is already drawing a pension for any other posts in the service of Pakistan, the amount of such pension shall be deducted from the pension admissible under this clause 1 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., for "salary" 2Subs. and added by Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002 [203-CC [Panel of Ulema and Ulema members.] Omitted by the Constitution (Second Amdt) Order, 1981 (P.O No. 7 of 1981), Art. 3, which was previously ins. By P.O. No. 5 of 1981, Art 2. 203-D. Powers, Jurisdiction and Functions of the Court (1) The Court may, [either of its own motion or] on the petition of a citizen of Pakistan or the Federal Government or a Provincial Government, examine and decide the question whether or not any law or provision of law is repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran’ and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet, (PBUH), hereinafter referred to as the Injunctions of Islam. [(1-A) Where the Court takes up the examination of any law or provision of law under clause (1) and such law or provision of law appears to it to be repugnant to the Inunctions of Islam, the Court shall cause to be given to the Federal Government in the case of a law with respect to a matter in the Federal Legislative List or the Concurrent Legislative List, or to the Provincial Government in the case of a law with respect to a matter not enumerated in the either of those Lists, a notice specifying the particular provisions that appear to it to be so repugnant, and afford to such Government adequate opportunity to have it point of view placed before the Court.] (2) If the Court decides that any law or provision of Law is repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam, it shall set out in its decision.- (a) the reasons for its holding that opinion; and (b) the extent to which such law or provision is so repugnant; and specify the day on which the decision shall take effect: [Provided that no such decision shall be deemed to take effect before the expiration of the period within which an appeal therefrom may be preferred to the Supreme Court or, where an appeal has been so preferred, before the disposal of such appeal]. (3) If any law or provision of law is held by the Court to be repugnant to the Inunctions of Islam,- (a) the President in the case of a law with respect to a matter in the Federal Legislative List or the Concurrent Legislative List, or the Governor in the case of a law with respect to a matter not enumerated in either of those Lists, shall take steps to amend the law so as to bring such law or provision into conformity with the

Inunctions of Islam; and (b) such law or provision shall, to the extent to which it is held to be so repugnant, cease to have effect on the day on which the decision of the Court takes effect. [203-DD. Revision and other Jurisdiction of the Court (1) The Court may call for an examine the record of any case decided by any criminal Court under any law relating to the enforcement of Hudood for the purpose of satisfying itself as to the correctness, legality or propriety of any finding, sentence or order recorded or passed by, and as to the regularity of any proceedings of such Court and may, when calling for such record, direct that the execution of any sentence be suspended and, if the accused is in confinement, that he be released on bail or on his own bond pending the examination of the record. (2) In any case the record of which has been called for by the Court, the Court may pass such order as it may deem fit and may enhance the sentence: Provided that nothing in this Article shall be deemed to authorise the Court to convert a finding of acquittal into one of conviction and no order under this Article shall be made to the prejudice of the accused unless he has had an opportunity of being heard in this own defence. (3) The Court shall have such other jurisdiction as may be conferred on it by or under any law]. 203-E Powers and Procedure of the Court (1) For the purposes of the performance of its functions the Court shall have the powers of a civil Court trying a suit under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act V of 1908), in respect of the following matters, namely:- (a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath; (b) requiring the discovery and production of any document; (c) receiving evidence on affidavits; and (d) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents. (2) The court shall have power to conduct its proceedings and regulate its procedure in all respects as it deems fit. (3) The Court shall have the power of a High Court to punish its own contempt. (4) A party to any proceedings before the Court under clause (1) of Article 203-D may be represented by a legal practitioner who is a Muslim and has been enrolled as an Advocate of a High Court for a period of not less than five years or as an Advocate of the Supreme Court or by a jurisconsult selected by the party from out of a panel of jurisconsults maintained by the Court for the purpose. (5) For being eligible to have his name borne on the panel of jurisconsults referred to in clause (4), a person shall be an Aalim who in the opinion of the Court, is well-versed in Shariat. (6) A legal practitioner or jurisconsult representing a party before the Court shall not plead for the party but shall state, expound and interpret the Injunction of Islam relevant to the proceedings so far as may be known to him and submit to the Court a written statement of his interpretation of such Injunction of Islam. (7) The Court may invite any person in Pakistan or abroad whom the Court considers to be well-versed in Islamic law to appear before it and render such

assistance as may be required of him. (8) No court-fee shall be payable in respect of any petition or application made to the Court under [Article 203-D]. [(9) The Court shall have power to review any decision given or order made by it]. 203-F Appeal to Supreme Court (1) Any party to any proceedings before the Court under Article 203-D aggrieved by the final decision of the Court in such proceedings may, within sixty days of such decision, prefer an appeal to the Supreme Court: [Provided that an appeal on behalf of the Federation or of a Province may be preferred within six months of such decision]. (2) The provisions of clauses (2) and (3) of Article 203-D and clauses (4) to (8) of Article 203-E shall apply to and in relation to the Supreme Court as if reference in those provisions to Court were a reference to the Supreme Court. [(2A) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgement, final order or sentence of the Federal Shariat Court- (a) if the Federal Shariat Court has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death or imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term exceeding fourteen years; or, on revision, has enhanced a sentence as aforesaid; or (b) if the Federal Shariat Court has imposed any punishment on any person for contempt of court. (2B) An appeal to the Supreme Court from a judgment, decision, order or sentence of the Federal Shariat Court in a case to which the preceding clauses do not apply shall lie only if the Supreme Court grants leave to appeal.] (3) For the purpose of the exercise of the jurisdiction conferred by this Article, there shall be constituted in the Supreme Court a Bench to be called the Shariat Appellate Bench and consisting of – (a) three Muslim Judges of the Supreme Court; and (b) not more than two Ulema to be appointed by the President to attend the sitting of the Bench and ad hoc member thereof from amongst the Judges of the Federal Shariat Court or from out of a panel of Ulema to be drawn up by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice. (4) A person appointed under paragraph (b) of clause (3) shall hold office for such period as the President may determine. (5) Reference in clauses (1) and (2) to “Supreme Court” shall be construed as a reference to the Shariat Appellate Bench. (6) While attending sittings of the Shariat Appellate Bench a person, appointed under paragraph (b) of clause (3) shall have the same power and jurisdiction and be entitled to the same privileges, as a Judge of the Supreme Court, and be paid such allowances as the President may determine.] 203-G. Bar of Jurisdiction Save as provided in Article 203-F, no Court or tribunal, including the Supreme Court and a High Court, shall entertain any proceedings or exercise any power or jurisdiction in respect of any matter within the power or jurisdiction of the Court. [203-GG. Decision of Court binding on High Court and Courts sub-ordinate to it

Subject to Articles 203-D and 203-F, any decision of the Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction under this Chapter shall be binding on a High Court and on all Courts subordinate to a High Court.] 203-H Pending proceedings to continue, etc (1) Subject to clause (2) nothing in this Chapter shall be deemed to require any proceedings pending in any Court or tribunal immediately before the commencement of this Chapter or initiated after such ommencement, to be adjourned or stayed by reason only of a petition having been made to the Court for a decision as to whether or not a law or provision of law relevant to the decision of the point in issue in such proceedings is repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam; and all such proceedings shall continue, and the point in issue therein shall be decided, in accordance with the law for the time being in force. (2) All proceedings under clause (1) of Article 203-B of the Constitution that may be pending before any High Court immediately before the commencement of this Chapter shall stand transferred to the Court and shall be dealt with by the Court from the stage from which they are so transferred. (3) Neither the Court nor the Supreme Court shall in the exercise of its jurisdiction under this Chapter have power to grant an injunction or make any interim order in relation to any proceedings pending in any other Court or tribunal. 203-I. [Administrative arrangements, etc., ] Omitted by P.O. 5 of 1982) Art, 8. 203-J. Power to make Rules (1) The Court may, by notification in the official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Chapter. (2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may make provision in respect of all or any of the following matters, namely:- (a) the scale of payment of honoraria to be made to jurisconsults, experts and witnesses summoned by the court to defray the expenses, if any, incurred by them in attending for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court ; (b) the form of oath to be made by a jurisconsult, expert or witness appearing before the Court; [(c) the powers and functions of the Court being exercised or performed by Benches consisting of one or more members constituted by the Chief Justice; (d) the decision of the Court being expressed in terms of the opinion of the majority of its members or, as the case may be, of the members constituting a Bench; and (e) the decision of cases in which the members constituting a Bench are equally divided in their opinion]. (3) Until rules are made under clause (1), the Shariat Benches of Superior Court Rules, 1979, shall, with the necessary modifications and so far as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Chapter, continue in force. Chapter 4 General Provisions Relating To The Judicature

[204 (1) In this Article, “Court” means of Supreme Court or a High Court. (2) A Court shall have power to punish any person who- (a) abuses, interferes with or obstructs the process of the Court in any way or disobeys any order of the Court; (b) scandalizes the Court or otherwise does anything which tends to bring the Court or a Judge of the Court into hatred, ridicule or contempt; (c) does anything which tends to prejudice the determination of a matter pending before the Court; or (d) does any other thing which, by law, constitutes contempt of the Court.] (3) The exercise of the power conferred on a Court by this Article may be regulated by law and, subject to law, by rules made by the Court.] Contempt of Court 205. The remuneration and other terms and conditions of service of a Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court shall be as provided in the Fifth Schedule. Remuneration, etc., of Judges 206. [(1) A Judge of the Supreme Court or for a High Court may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the President. [(2) A Judge of a High Court who does not accept appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court shall be deemed to have retired from his office and, on such retirement, shall be entitled to receive a pension calculated on the basis of the length of his service as Judge and total service, if any, in the service of Pakistan]. Resignation 207. (1) A Judge of the Supreme Court or High Court shall not- (a) hold any other office of profit in the service of Pakistan if his remuneration is thereby increased; or (b) occupy any other position carrying the right to remuneration for the rendering of services. (2) A person who has held office as a Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court shall not hold any office of profit in the service of Pakistan, not being a judicial or quasi-judicial office or the office of Chief Election Commissioner or of Chairman or member of a Law Commission or of Chairman or member of the Council of Islamic Ideology, before the expiration of two years after he has ceased to hold that office. (3) A person who has held office as a permanent Judge- (a) of the Supreme Court shall not plead or act in any Court or before any authority in Pakistan; (b) of a High Court, shall not plead or act in any Court or before any authority within its jurisdiction; and (c) of the High Court of West Pakistan as it existed immediately before the coming into force of the Province of West Pakistan (Dissolution) Order, 1970, shall not plead or act in any Court or before any authority within the jurisdiction of the principal seat of that High Court or, as the case may be, the permanent Bench of

that High Court to which he was assigned. Judge not to hold Office of Profit, etc 208. Officers and Servants of Courts The Supreme Court [and the Federal Shariat Court], with the approval of the President and a High Court, with the approval of the Governor concerned, may make rules providing for the appointment by the Court of officers and servants of the Court and for their terms and conditions of employment 209 (1) There shall be a Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan, in this Chapter referred to as the Council. (2) The Council shall consist of- (a) the Chief Justice of Pakistan; (b) the two next most senior Judges of the Supreme Court; and (c) the two most senior Chief Justices of High Courts. Explanation. _ For the purpose of this clause, the inter se seniority of the Chief Justices of the High Courts shall be determined with reference to their dates of appointment as Chief Justice [otherwise than as Acting Chief Justice], and in case the dates of such appointment are the same, with reference to their dates of appointment as Judges of any of the High Courts. (3) If at any time the Council is inquiring into the capacity or conduct of a Judge who is a member of the Council, or a member of the council is absent or is unable to act due to illness or any other cause, then- (a) if such member is a Judge of the Supreme Court, the Judge of the Supreme Court who is next in seniority below the Judges referred to in paragraph (b) of clause (2), and (b) if such member is the Chief Justice of a High Court, the Chief Justice of another High Court who is next in seniority amongst the Chief Justices of the remaining High Courts, shall act as a member of the Council in his place. (4) If, upon any matter inquired into by the Council, there is a difference of opinion amongst its members, the opinion of the majority shall prevail, and the report of the Council to the President shall be expressed in terms of the view of the majority. (5) If, on information 1 [any source, the Council or] the President is of the opinion that a Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court- (a) may be incapable of properly performing the duties of his office by reason of physical or mental incapacity; or (b) may have been guilty of misconduct, the President shall direct the Council 2[or the Council may, on its own motion] to inquire into the matter. (6) If, after inquiring into the matter, the Council reports to the President that it is of the opinion- (a) that the Judge is incapable of performing the duties of his office or has been guilty of misconduct, and (b) that he should be removed from office, the President may remove the Judge from office. (7) A Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court shall not be removed from

office except as provided by this Article. (8) The Council shall issue a code of conduct to be observed by Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts. 1 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., for certain words 2 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Supreme Judicial Council 210. (1) For the purpose of inquiring into any matter, the Council shall have the same power as the Supreme Court has to issue directions or orders for securing the attendance of any person or the discovery or production of any document; and any such direction or order shall be enforceable as if it had been issued by the Supreme Court. (2) The provisions of Article 204 shall apply to the Council as they apply to the Supreme Court and a High Court. Power of Council to enforce attendance of persons, etc 211. The proceedings before the Council, its reports to the President and removal of a Judge under clause (6) of Article 209 shall not be called in question in any court. Bar of Jurisdiction 212. (1) Notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained, the appropriate Legislature may be Act [Provide for the establishment of] one or more Administrative Courts or Tribunals to exercise exclusive jurisdiction in respect of- (a) matters relating to the terms and conditions of persons [who are or have been] in the service of Pakistan, including disciplinary matters; (b) matters relating to claims arising from tortious acts of Government, or any person in the service of Pakistan, or of any local or other authority empowered by law to levy any tax or cess and any servant of such authority acting in the discharge of his duties as such servant; or (c) matters relating to the acquisition, administration and disposal of any property which is deemed to be enemy property under any law. (2) Notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained, where any Administrative Court or Tribunal is established under clause (1), no other Court shall grant an injunction, make any order or entertain any proceedings in respect of any matter to which the jurisdiction of such Administrative Court or Tribunal extends [and all proceedings in respect of any such matter which may be pending before such other Court immediately before the establishment of the Administrative Court or Tribunal [other than an appeal pending before the Supreme Court], shall abate on such establishment]: Provided that the provisions of this clause shall not apply to an Administrative Court or Tribunal established under an Act of a Provincial Assembly unless, at the request of that Assembly made in the form of a resolution, [Majlis-I- Shoora (Parliament)] by law extends the provisions to such a Court or Tribunal. (3) An appeal to the Supreme Court from a judgment, decree, order or sentence of

an Administrative Court or Tribunal shall lie only if the Supreme Court, being satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law of public importance, grants leave to appeal. Administrative Courts and Tribunals 212A. [Establishment of Military Courts or Tribunals.] Omitted by S.R.O. No. 1278 (I) 85, dated 30.12.1985, read with proclamation of withdrawal of Marsh Law dated 30.12.85 see Gaz. Of P. 1985, ext., Pt. I, dated 30.12.85, pp. 431-432, which was previously added by P.O. No. 21 of 1979, Art 2. “212B. [Establishment of Special Courts for trial of heinous offences.] Replead by the Constitution (Twelfth Amdt) Act, 1991 (14 of 1991), s. 1 (3), (w.e.f. 26th July, 1994), which was previously added by Act 14 of 1991 s. 2, (w.e.f. 27th July, 1991). Part VIII Elections Chapter-1 Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissions 213. Chief Election Commissioner There shall be a Chief Election Commissioner (in this Part referred to as the Commissioner), who shall be appointed by the President [in his discretion.] [(2) No person shall be appointed to be Commissioner unless he is, or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court or is, or has been, a Judge of a High Court and is qualified under paragraph (a) of clause (2) of Article 177 to be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court. (3) The Commissioner shall have such powers and functions as are conferred on him by the Constitution and law. 214. Commissioner’s oath of office Before entering upon office, the Commissioner shall make before the Chief Justice of Pakistan oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule. 215. Term of office of Commissioner (1) The Commissioner shall, subject to this Article, hold office for a term of three years from the day he enters upon his office: Provided that the National Assembly may by resolution extend the term of the Commissioner by a period not exceeding one year. (2) The Commissioner shall not be removed from office except in the manner prescribed in Article 209 for the removal from office of a Judge and, in the application of the Article for the purposes of this clause, any reference in that Article to a Judge shall be construed as a reference to the Commissioner. (3) The Commissioner may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office. 216. Commissioner not to hold office of profit (1) The Commissioner shall not- (a) hold any other office of profit in the service of Pakistan; or (b) occupy any other position carrying the right to remuneration for the rendering of services.

(2) A person who has held office as Commissioner shall not hold any office of profit in the service of Pakistan before the expiration of two years after he has ceased to hold that office: Provided that- (a) this clause shall not be construed as preventing a person who was a Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court immediately before his appointment as Commissioner from resuming his duties as such Judge on the expiration of his term as Commissioner; and (b) a person who has held office as Commissioner may, with the concurrence of both Houses, be reappointed to that office before the expiration of two years after he has ceased to hold that office. 217. Acting Commissioner At any time when- (a) the office of Commissioner is vacant, or (b) the Commissioner is absent or is unable to perform the functions of his office due to any other cause, a Judge of the Supreme Court nominated by the Chief Justice of Pakistan shall act as Commissioner. 218. Election Commission 1[(1) For the purpose of election of both Houses of Majislis-e-Shora (Parliament), Provincial Assemblies and for election of such other public officers as may be specified by law or until such law is made by the Majislis-e-Shora (Parliament) by Order of the President, a permanent Election Commission shall be constituted in accordance with this Article.] (2) The Election Commission shall consist of- (a) the Commissioner, who shall be Chairman of the Commission; and (b) 2[Four] members, each of whom shall be a Judge of a High Court from each province, appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned and with the Commissioner. (3) It shall be the duty of the Election Commission constituted in relation to an election to organise and conduct the election and to make such arrangements as are necessary to ensure that the election is conducted honestly, justly, fairly and in accordance with law, and that corrupt practices are guarded against. 1 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch.,for cl.(1) 2 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., for "two" 219. Duties of Commissioner The Commissioner shall be charged with the duty of- (a) preparing electoral rolls for election to the National Assembly and the Provincial Assemblies, and revising such roll annually; (b) organising and conducting election to the Senate or to fill casual vacancies in a House or Provincial Assembly; and

(c) appointing Election Tribunals. 220. Executive authorities to assist Commission, etc It shall be the duty of all executive authorities in the Federation and in the Province to assist the Commissioner and the Election Commission in the discharge of his or their functions. 221. Officers and servants Until [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)] by law otherwise provides, the Commissioner may, with the approval of the President, make rules providing for the appointment by the Commissioner of officers and servants to be employed in connection with the functions of the Commissioner or an Election Commission and for their terms and conditions of employment. Chapter-2 lectoral Laws and Conduct of Elections 222. Electoral laws Subject to the Constitution, [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)] may be law provide for- (a) the allocation of seats in the National Assembly as required by clauses (3) and (4) of Article 51; (b) the delimitation of constituencies by the Election Commission: (c) the preparation of electoral rolls, the requirements as to residence in a constituency, the determination of objections pertaining to and the commencement of electoral rolls; (d) the conduct of election and election petitions; the decision of doubts and disputes arising in connection with elections; (e) matters relating to corrupt practices and other offences in connection with elections; and (f) all other matters necessary for the due constitution of the two Houses and the Provincial Assemblies; but no such law shall have the effect of taking away or abridging any of the powers of the Commissioner or an Election Commission under this part. 223. Bar against double membership (1) No person shall, at the same time, be a member of- (a) both Houses; (b) a House and a Provincial Assembly; or (c) the Assemblies of two or more Provinces; or (d) a House or a Provincial Assembly in respect of more than one seat. (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall prevent a person from being a candidate for two or more seats at the same time, whether in the same body or in different bodies, but if he is elected to more than one seat he shall, within a period of thirty days after the declaration of the result for the last such seat resign all but one of his seats, and if he does not so resign, all the seats to which he has been elected shall become vacant at the expiration of the said period of thirty days except the seat to which he has been elected last or, if he has been elected to more than one seat on the same day, the seat for election to which his nomination was filed last.

Explanation._ In this clause, “body” means either House or a Provincial Assembly. (3) A person to whom clause (2) applies shall not take a seat in either House of the Provincial Assembly to which he has been elected until he has resigned all but one of his seats. (4) Subject to clause (2) if a member of either House or of a Provincial Assembly becomes a candidate for a second seat which, in accordance with clause (1), he may not hold concurrently with his first seat, then his first seat shall become vacant as soon as he is elected to the second seat. 224. Election dispute (1) A general election to the National Assembly or a Provincial Assembly shall be held within a period of sixty days immediately 1[following] preceding the day on which the term of the Assembly is due to expire, unless the Assembly has been sooner dissolved, and the results of the election shall be declared not later than fourteen days before that day. provided that on dissolution of an assembly on completion of its term, the president, in his discretion, or , as the case may be, the Governor, in his discretion but with the previous approval of the President, shall appoint a caretaker Cabinet. (2) When the National Assembly or a Provincial Assembly is dissolved, a general election to the Assembly shall be held within a period of ninety days after the dissolution, and the results of the election shall be declared not later than fourteen days after the conclusion of the polls. (3) An election to fill the seats in the Senate which are to become vacant on the expiration of the term of the members of the Senate shall be held not earlier than thirty days immediately preceding the day on which the vacancies are due to occur. (4) When, except by dissolution of the National Assembly or a Provincial Assembly, a general seat in any such Assembly has become vacant, not later than one hundred and twenty days before the term of that Assembly is due to expire, an election to fill the seat shall be held within sixty days from the occurrence of the vacancy. (5) When a seat in the Senate has become vacant, an election to fill the seat shall be held within thirty days from the occurrence of the vacancy. 2(6) When a seat reserved for women or non-Muslims in the National Assembly or Provincial Assembly falls vacant, for death, resignation or disqualification of a member, it shall be filled by the next person in order of precedence from the party list of the candidate submitted to the Election Commission for the last general election by the political party whose member has vacated such seat. 2[(7) When a care-taker Cabinet is appointed, on dissolution of the National Assembly under Article 58 or a Provincial Assembly under Article 112, or on Dissolution of any such Assembly on completion of its term, the Prime Minister or, as the case may be, the Chief Minister of the care-taker Cabinet shall not be eligible to contest the immediately following election of such Assembly.] 1 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., for "Preceding" 2 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and

Sch., Time of election and by-election 225. No election to a House or a Provincial Assembly shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to such tribunal and in such manner as may be determined by Act of [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)]. 226. Elections to be by secret ballot All elections under the Constitution *** shall be by secret ballot.

Part VII The Judicature Chapter 1 The Court 175. Establishment and Jurisdiction of Courts (1) There shall be a Supreme Court of Pakistan, a High Court for each Province and such other Courts as may be established by law. (2) No Court shall have any jurisdiction save as is or may be conferred on it by the Constitution or by or under any law. (3) The Judiciary shall be separated progressively from the Executive within [fourteen] years from the commencing day. Chapter 2-Supreme Court of Pakistan 176. Constitution of Supreme Court The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice to be known as the Chief Justice of Pakistan and so many other Judges as may be determined by Act of [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)] or, until so determined, as may be fixed by the President. 177. Appointment of Supreme Court Judges (1) The Chief Justice of Pakistan shall be appointed by the President, and each of the other Judges shall be appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice. (2) A person shall not be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court unless he is a citizen of Pakistan; and- (a) has for a period of, or for periods aggregating, not less than five years been a judge of a High Court (including High Court which existed in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day); or (b) has for a period of, or for periods aggregating, not less than fifteen years been an Advocate of a High Court (including a High Court which existed in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day).

178. Oath of Office Before entering upon office, the Chief Justice of Pakistan shall make before the President, and any other Judge of the Supreme Court shall make before the Chief Justice, oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule. 179. Retiring Age 1 A Judge of the Supreme Court shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-five years, unless he sooner resigns or is removed from office in accordance with the Constitution. 1 Subs. by Act No III/2003,dated 31-12-2003 180 Acting Chief Justice At any time when- (a) the Office of Chief Justice of Pakistan is vacant; or (b) the Chief Justice of Pakistan is absent or is unable to perform the functions of his office due to any other cause, the President shall appoint [the most senior of the other Judges of the Supreme Court] to act as Chief Justice of Pakistan. 181. Acting Judges (1) At any time when- (a) the office of a Judge of the Supreme Court is vacant; or (b) a Judge of the Supreme Court is absent or is unable to perform the functions of his office due to any other cause, the President may, in the manner provided in clause (1) of Article 177, appoint a Judge of a High Court who is qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court to act temporarily as a Judge of the Supreme Court. [Explanation._ In this clause ‘Judge of a High Court’ includes a person who has retired as a Judge of a High Court]. (2) An appointment under this Article shall continue in force until it is revoked by the President. 182. Appointment of ad hoc Judges If at any time it is not possible for want of quorum of Judges of the Supreme Court to hold or continue any sitting of the Court, or for any other reason it is necessary to increase temporarily the number of Judges of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice of Pakistan may, in writing,- (a) With the approval of the President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge of that Court and since whose ceasing to hold that office three years have not elapsed; or (b) with the approval of the President and with the consent of the Chief Justice of a High Court, require a Judge of that Court qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court, to attend sittings of the Supreme Court as an ad hoc Judge for such period as may be necessary and while so attending an ad hoc Judge shall have the same power and jurisdiction as a Judge of the Supreme Court. 183. Seat of the Supreme Court (1) The permanent seat of the Supreme Court shall, subject to clause (3), be at

Islamabad. (2) The Supreme Court may from time to time sit in such other places as the Chief Justice of Pakistan, with the approval of the President, may appoint. (3) Until provision is made for establishing the Supreme Court at Islamabad, the seat of the Court shall be at such place as the President may appoint. 184. Original Jurisdiction of Supreme Court (1) The Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of every other Court, have original jurisdiction in any dispute between any two or more Governments. Explanation. _ In this clause, “Governments” means the Federal Government and the Provincial Governments. (2) In the exercise of the jurisdiction conferred on it by clause (1), the Supreme Court shall pronounce declaratory judgments only. (3) Without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 199, the Supreme Court shall, if it considers that a question of public importance with reference to the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II is involved, have the power to make an order of the nature mentioned in the said Article. 185. (1) Subject to this Article, the Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from judgments, decrees, final orders or sentences of a High Court. (2) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree, final order or sentence of a High Court- (a) if the High Court has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death or to transportation for life or imprisonment for life; or, on revision, has enhanced a sentence to a sentence as aforesaid; (b) if the High Court has withdrawn for trial before itself any case from any Court subordinate to it and has in such trial convicted the accused person and sentenced him as aforesaid; or (c) if the High Court has imposed any punishment on any person for contempt of the High Court; or (d) if the amount or value of the subject-matter of the dispute in the Court of first instance was, and also in dispute in appeal is, not less than fifty thousand rupees or such other sum as may be specified in that behalf by Act of [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)] and the judgment, decree or final order appealed from has varied or set aside the judgment, decree or final order of the Court immediately below; or (e) if the judgment, decree or final order involves directly or indirectly some claim or question respecting property of the like amount or value and the judgment, decree or final order appealed from has varied or set aside the judgment, decree or final order of the Court immediately below; or (f) if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution. (3) An appeal to the Supreme Court from a judgment, decree, order or sentence of a High Court in a case to which clause (2) does not apply shall lie only if the Supreme Court grants leave to appeal. 186. Advisory Jurisdiction (1) If, at any time, the President considers that it is desirable to obtain the opinion

of the Supreme Court on any question of law which he considers of public importance, he may refer the question to the Supreme Court for consideration. (2) The Supreme Court shall consider a question so referred and report its opinion on the question to the President. 186A Power of Supreme Court to transfer cases The Supreme Court may, if it considers it expedient to do so in the interest of justice, transfer any case, appeal or other proceedings pending before any High Court to any other High Court.] 187. Issue and Execution of Processes of Supreme Court (1) [Subject to clause (2) of Article 175, the] Supreme Court shall have power to issue such directions, orders or decrees as may be necessary for doing complete justice in any case or matter pending before it, including an order for the purpose of securing the attendance of any person or the discovery or production of any document. (2) Any such direction, order or decree shall be enforceable throughout Pakistan and shall, where it is to be executed in a Province, or a territory or an area not forming part of a Province but within the jurisdiction of the High Court of the Province, be executed as if it had been issued by the High Court of that Province. (3) If a question arises as to which High Court shall give effect to a direction, order or decree of the Supreme Court, the decision of the Supreme Court on the question shall be final. 188. Review of Judgments or Orders by the Supreme Court The Supreme Court shall have power, subject to the provisions of any Act of [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)] and of any rules made by the Supreme Court, to review any judgment pronounced or any order made by it. 189. Decisions of Supreme Court binding on other Courts Any decision of the Supreme Court shall, to the extent that it decides a question of law or is based upon or enunciates a principle of law, be binding on all other Courts in Pakistan. 190. Action in aid of Supreme Court All executive and judicial authorities throughout Pakistan shall act in aid of the Supreme Court. 191. Rules of Procedure Subject to the Constitution and law, the Supreme Court may make rules regulating the practice and procedure of the Court. Chapter-3 The High Court 192. Constitution of High Court (1) a High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and so many other Judges as may be determined by law or, until so determined, as may be fixed by the President. [(2) The Sind & Baluchistan High Court shall cease to function as a common High

Court for the Provinces of Baluchistan and Sind. (3) The President shall, by Order, establish a High Court for each of the Provinces of Baluchistan and Sind and may make such provision in the Order for the principal seats of the two High Courts, transfer of the Judges of the common High Court, transfer of cases pending in the common High Court immediately before the establishment of two high Courts and, generally, for matters consequential or ancillary to the common High Court ceasing to function and the establishment of the two High Courts as he may deem fit]. (4) The jurisdiction of a High Court may, by act of [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)], be extended to any area in Pakistan not forming part of a Province. 193. Appointment of High Court Judges (1) A Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President after consultation- (a) with the Chief Justice of Pakistan; (b) with the Governor concerned; and (c) except where the appointment is that of Chief Justice, with the Chief Justice of the High Court. (2) A person shall not be appointed a Judge of a High Court unless he is a citizen of Pakistan, is not less than 1[forty five] years of age, and- (a) he has for a period of, or for periods aggregating, not less than ten years been an advocate of a High Court (including a High Court which existed in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day) ; or (b) he is, and has for a period of not less than ten years been, a member of civil service prescribed by law for the purposes of this paragraph, and has, for a period of not less than three years, served as or exercised the functions of a District Judge in Pakistan; or (c) he has, for a period of not less than ten years, held a judicial office in Pakistan. [Explanation. _ In computing the period during which a person has been an advocate of a High Court or held judicial office, there shall be included any period during which he has held judicial office after he became an advocate or, as the case may be, the period during which he has been an advocate after having held judicial office]. (3) In this Article, “District Judge” means Judge of a principal civil Court of original jurisdiction. Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002(C.E's O. No. 24 of 2002), Art. 3and Sch., for forty years which was further which was further amended by (C.E's O. No. 29 of 2002), Art. 2 194. Oath of Office Before entering upon office, the Chief Justice of a High Court shall make before the Governor, and any other Judge of the Court shall make before the Chief Justice, oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule. 195. Retiring age 6 A Judge of a High Court shall hold office until he attains the age of sixty-two years, unless he sooner resigns or is removed from office in accordance with the Constitution. 6 Subs by Act No.III/2003,dt 31-12-2003

196. Acting Chief Justice At any time when- (a) the office of Chief Justice of a High Court is vacant, or (b) the Chief Justice of a High Court is absent or is unable to perform the functions of his office due to any other cause, the President shall appoint [one of the other Judges of the High Court, or may request one of the Judges of the Supreme Court] to act as Chief Justice. 197. Additional Judges At any time when- (a) the office of a Judge of a High Court is vacant; or (b) a Judge of High Court is absent or is unable to perform the functions of his office due to any other cause; or (c) for any reason it is necessary to increase the number of Judges of a High Court, the President may, in the manner provided in clause (i) of Article 193, appoint a person qualified for appointment as a Judge of the High Court to be Additional Judge of the Court for such period as the President may determine, being a period not exceeding such period, if any, as may be prescribed by law. 198. Seat of the High Court [(1)] Each High Court in existence immediately before the commencing day shall continue to have its principal seat at the place where it had such seat before that day. (2) Each High Court and the Judges and divisional courts thereof shall sit at its principal seat and the seats of its Benches and may hold, at any place within its territorial jurisdiction, circuit courts consisting of such of the Judges as may be nominated by the Chief Justice. (3) The Lahore High Court shall have a Bench each at Bahawalpur, Multan and Rawalpindi, the High Court of Sind shall have a Bench at Sukkur, the Peshawar High Court shall have a Bench each at Abbottabad and Dera Ismail Khan and the High Court of Baluchistan shall have a Bench at Sibi. (4) Each of the High Courts may have Benches at such other places as the Governor may determine on the advice of the Cabinet and in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court. (5) A Bench referred to in clause (3), or established under clause (4), shall consist of such of the Judges of the High Court as may be nominated by the Chief Justice from time to time for a period of not less than one year. (6) The Governor in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court shall make rules to provide the following matters, that is to say,- (a) assigning the area in relation to which each Bench shall exercise jurisdiction vested in the High Court; and (b) for all incidental, supplemental or consequential matters.] 199. Jurisdiction of High Court (1) Subject to the Constitution, a High Court may, if it is satisfied that no other adequate remedy is provided by law,- (a) on the application of any aggrieved party make an order- (i) directing a person performing, within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court,

functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority, to refrain from doing anything he is not permitted by law to do, or to do anything he is required by law to do ; or (ii) declaring that any act done or proceeding taken within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court by a person performing functions in connection with the affairs of the Federation, a Province or a local authority has been done or taken without lawful authority and is of no legal effect; or (b) on the application of any person, make an order- (i) directing that a person in custody within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court be brought before it so that the Court may satisfy itself that he is not being held in custody without lawful authority or in an unlawful manner; or (ii) requiring a person within the territorial jurisdiction of the Court holding or purporting to hold a public office to show under what authority of law he claims to hold that office; or (c) on the application of any aggrieved person, make an order giving such directions to any person or authority, including any Government exercising any power or performing any function in, or in relation to, any territory within the jurisdiction of that Court as may be appropriate for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II. (2) Subject to the Constitution, the right to move a High Court for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II shall not be abridged. (3) An order shall not be made under clause (1) on application made by or in relation to a person who is a member of the Armed Forces of Pakistan, or who is for the time being subject to any law relating to any of those Forces, in respect of his terms and conditions of service, in respect of any matter arising out of his service, or in respect of any action taken in relation to him as a member of the Armed Forces of Pakistan or as a person subject to such law]. * * * * * * * (4) Where- (a) an application is made to a High Court for an order under paragraph (a) or paragraph (c) of clause (1), and (b) the making of an interim order would have the effect of prejudicing or interfering with the carrying out of a public work or of otherwise being harmful to public interest [or State property] or of impeding the assessment or collection of public revenues, the Court shall not make an interim order unless the prescribed law officer has been given notice of the application and he or any person authorised by him in that behalf has had an opportunity of being heard and the Court, for reasons to be recorded in writing, is satisfied that the interim order- (i) would not have such effect as aforesaid; or (ii) would have the effect of suspending an order or proceeding which on the face of the record is without jurisdiction. [(4-A) An interim order made by a High Court on an application made to it to question the validity or legal effect of any order made, proceeding taken or act

done by any authority or person, which has been made, taken or done or purports to have been made, taken or done under any law which is specified in Part I of the First Schedule or relates to, or is connected with [State property or] assessment or collection of public revenues shall cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of [six months] following the day on which it is made,2 [Provided that the matter shall be finally decided by the High Court within six months from the date on which interim order is made]. 2 * * * * * (5) In this Article, unless the context otherwise requires,- “person” includes any body politic or corporate, any authority of or under the control of the Federal Government or of a Provincial Government, and any Court or tribunal, other than the Supreme Court, a High Court or a Court or tribunal established under a law relating to the Armed Forces of Pakistan; and “prescribed law officer” means- (a) in relation to an application affecting the Federal Government or an authority of or under the control of the Federal Government, the Attorney-General, and (b) in any other case, the Advocate-General for the Province in which the application is made. 1 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., for certain words 2 Cl (4B) omitted P.O No 14 of 1985, Art 2 and Sch,. 200 Transfer of High Court 1) The President may transfer a Judge of a High Court from one High Court to another High Court, but no Judge shall be so transferred except with his consent and after consultation by the President with the Chief Justice of Pakistan and the Chief Justices of both High Courts: [Provided that such consent, or consultation with the Chief Justices of the High Courts, shall not be necessary if such transfer is for a period not exceeding [tow years] at a time. Explanation. _ In this Article “Judge” does not include a Chief Justice [but includes a judge for the time being acting as Chief Justice of a High Court other than a judge of the Supreme Court acting as such in pursuance of a request made under paragraph (b) of Article 196]. a High Court.] [(4)] A Judge of a High Court who does not accept transfer another High Court under Clause (1) shall be deemed to have retired from his office and, on such retirement, shall be entitled to receive a pension calculated on the basis of the length of his service as Judge and total service, if any, in the service of Pakistan]. 201. Decision of High Court binding on Subordinate Courts Subject to Article 189, any decision of a High Court shall, to the extent that it decides a question of law or is based upon or enunciates a principle of law, be binding on all Courts subordinate to it 202 Rules of Procedure Subject to the Constitution and law, a High Court may make rules regulating the practice and procedure of the Court or of any Court subordinate to it.

203. High Court to superintend Subordinate Courts Each High Court shall supervise and control all Courts subordinate to it. 203A Provisions of Chapter to override other Provisions of Constitution The provisions of this Chapter shall have effect notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution 203-B. Definitions In this Chapter, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,_ [(a) “Chief Justice” means Chief Justice of the Court;] (b) “Court” means the Federal Shariat Court constituted in pursuance of Article 203-C; [(bb) “Judge” means Judge of the Court]; (c)“Law” includes any custom or usage having the force of law but does not include the Constitution, Muslim Personal Law, any law relating to procedure of any Court or Tribunal or, until the expiration of [ten] years from the commencement of this Chapter, any fiscal law or any law relating to the levy and collection of taxes and fees or banking of insurance practice and procedure; and * * * * * 203-C. The Federal Shariat Court (1) There shall be constituted for the purposes of this Chapter a Court to be called the Federal Shariat Court. [(2) The Court shall consist of not more than eight Muslim [Judges], including the [Chief Justice], to be appointed by the President]. (3) The [Chief Justice] shall be a person who is, or has been, or is qualified to be, a Judge of the Supreme Court or who is a or has been a permanent of a High Court Judge. (3A) Of the Judges, not more than four shall be persons each one of whom is, or has been, or is qualified to be, a Judge of a High Court and not more than three shall be Ulema who are well-versed in Islamic Law.] (4) The [Chief Justice] and a [Judge] shall hold office for a period not exceeding three years but may be appointed for such further term or terms as the President may determine: Provided that a Judge of a High Court shall not be appointed to be a [Judge] for a period exceeding [two years] except with his consent and [, except where the Judge is himself the Chief Justice,] after consultation by the President with the Chief Justice of the High Court. [(4-A) The [Chief Justice], if he is not a Judge of the Supreme Court, and a [Judge] who is not a Judge of a High Court, may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office.] [(4-B) The President may, at any time, by order in writing,- (a) modify the term of appointment of a Judge; (b) assign to a Judge any other office; and (c) require a Judge to perform such other functions as the President may deem fit; and pass such other order as he may consider appropriate. Explanation._ In this clause and clause (4-C). “Judge” includes Chief Justice. (4-C) While he is performing the functions which he is required under clause (4-B)

to perform, or holding any other office assigned to him under that clause, a Judge shall be entitled to the same salary, allowances and privileges as are admissible to the Chief Justice or, as the case may be, Judge of the Court.] (5) A Judge of High Court who does not accept appointment as a [Judge] shall be deemed to have retired from his office and, on such retirement, shall be entitled to receive a pension calculated on the basis of the length of his service as Judge and total service, if any, in the service of Pakistan. (6) The Principal seat of the Court shall be at Islamabad, but the Court may from time to time sit in such other places in Pakistan as the [Chief Justice] may, with the approval of the President appoint. (7) Before entering upon office, the [Chief Justice] the and [Judge] shall make before the President or a person nominated by him oath in the form set out, in the Third Schedule. (8) At any time when the [Chief Justice] or a [Judge] is absent or is unable to perform the functions of the office, the President shall appoint another person qualified for the purpose to act as [Chief Justice] or, as the case may be, [Judge]. (9) A [Chief Justice] who is not a Judge of the Supreme Court shall be entitled to the same 1remuneration, allowances and privileges as are admissible to a Judge of the Supreme Court and a [Judge] who is not a Judge of High Court shall be entitled to the same 1[remuneration] , allowances and privileges as are admissible to a Judge of a High Court. 2Provided that where a judge is already drawing a pension for any other posts in the service of Pakistan, the amount of such pension shall be deducted from the pension admissible under this clause 1 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., for "salary" 2Subs. and added by Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002 [203-CC [Panel of Ulema and Ulema members.] Omitted by the Constitution (Second Amdt) Order, 1981 (P.O No. 7 of 1981), Art. 3, which was previously ins. By P.O. No. 5 of 1981, Art 2. 203-D. Powers, Jurisdiction and Functions of the Court (1) The Court may, [either of its own motion or] on the petition of a citizen of Pakistan or the Federal Government or a Provincial Government, examine and decide the question whether or not any law or provision of law is repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran’ and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet, (PBUH), hereinafter referred to as the Injunctions of Islam. [(1-A) Where the Court takes up the examination of any law or provision of law under clause (1) and such law or provision of law appears to it to be repugnant to the Inunctions of Islam, the Court shall cause to be given to the Federal Government in the case of a law with respect to a matter in the Federal Legislative List or the Concurrent Legislative List, or to the Provincial Government in the case of a law with respect to a matter not enumerated in the either of those Lists, a notice specifying the particular provisions that appear to it to be so repugnant, and afford to such Government adequate opportunity to have it point of view placed before the Court.]

(2) If the Court decides that any law or provision of Law is repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam, it shall set out in its decision.- (a) the reasons for its holding that opinion; and (b) the extent to which such law or provision is so repugnant; and specify the day on which the decision shall take effect: [Provided that no such decision shall be deemed to take effect before the expiration of the period within which an appeal therefrom may be preferred to the Supreme Court or, where an appeal has been so preferred, before the disposal of such appeal]. (3) If any law or provision of law is held by the Court to be repugnant to the Inunctions of Islam,- (a) the President in the case of a law with respect to a matter in the Federal Legislative List or the Concurrent Legislative List, or the Governor in the case of a law with respect to a matter not enumerated in either of those Lists, shall take steps to amend the law so as to bring such law or provision into conformity with the Inunctions of Islam; and (b) such law or provision shall, to the extent to which it is held to be so repugnant, cease to have effect on the day on which the decision of the Court takes effect. [203-DD. Revision and other Jurisdiction of the Court (1) The Court may call for an examine the record of any case decided by any criminal Court under any law relating to the enforcement of Hudood for the purpose of satisfying itself as to the correctness, legality or propriety of any finding, sentence or order recorded or passed by, and as to the regularity of any proceedings of such Court and may, when calling for such record, direct that the execution of any sentence be suspended and, if the accused is in confinement, that he be released on bail or on his own bond pending the examination of the record. (2) In any case the record of which has been called for by the Court, the Court may pass such order as it may deem fit and may enhance the sentence: Provided that nothing in this Article shall be deemed to authorise the Court to convert a finding of acquittal into one of conviction and no order under this Article shall be made to the prejudice of the accused unless he has had an opportunity of being heard in this own defence. (3) The Court shall have such other jurisdiction as may be conferred on it by or under any law]. 203-E Powers and Procedure of the Court (1) For the purposes of the performance of its functions the Court shall have the powers of a civil Court trying a suit under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act V of 1908), in respect of the following matters, namely:- (a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath; (b) requiring the discovery and production of any document; (c) receiving evidence on affidavits; and (d) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents. (2) The court shall have power to conduct its proceedings and regulate its procedure in all respects as it deems fit.

(3) The Court shall have the power of a High Court to punish its own contempt. (4) A party to any proceedings before the Court under clause (1) of Article 203-D may be represented by a legal practitioner who is a Muslim and has been enrolled as an Advocate of a High Court for a period of not less than five years or as an Advocate of the Supreme Court or by a jurisconsult selected by the party from out of a panel of jurisconsults maintained by the Court for the purpose. (5) For being eligible to have his name borne on the panel of jurisconsults referred to in clause (4), a person shall be an Aalim who in the opinion of the Court, is well-versed in Shariat. (6) A legal practitioner or jurisconsult representing a party before the Court shall not plead for the party but shall state, expound and interpret the Injunction of Islam relevant to the proceedings so far as may be known to him and submit to the Court a written statement of his interpretation of such Injunction of Islam. (7) The Court may invite any person in Pakistan or abroad whom the Court considers to be well-versed in Islamic law to appear before it and render such assistance as may be required of him. (8) No court-fee shall be payable in respect of any petition or application made to the Court under [Article 203-D]. [(9) The Court shall have power to review any decision given or order made by it]. 203-F Appeal to Supreme Court (1) Any party to any proceedings before the Court under Article 203-D aggrieved by the final decision of the Court in such proceedings may, within sixty days of such decision, prefer an appeal to the Supreme Court: [Provided that an appeal on behalf of the Federation or of a Province may be preferred within six months of such decision]. (2) The provisions of clauses (2) and (3) of Article 203-D and clauses (4) to (8) of Article 203-E shall apply to and in relation to the Supreme Court as if reference in those provisions to Court were a reference to the Supreme Court. [(2A) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgement, final order or sentence of the Federal Shariat Court- (a) if the Federal Shariat Court has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death or imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term exceeding fourteen years; or, on revision, has enhanced a sentence as aforesaid; or (b) if the Federal Shariat Court has imposed any punishment on any person for contempt of court. (2B) An appeal to the Supreme Court from a judgment, decision, order or sentence of the Federal Shariat Court in a case to which the preceding clauses do not apply shall lie only if the Supreme Court grants leave to appeal.] (3) For the purpose of the exercise of the jurisdiction conferred by this Article, there shall be constituted in the Supreme Court a Bench to be called the Shariat Appellate Bench and consisting of – (a) three Muslim Judges of the Supreme Court; and (b) not more than two Ulema to be appointed by the President to attend the sitting of the Bench and ad hoc member thereof from amongst the Judges of the Federal

Shariat Court or from out of a panel of Ulema to be drawn up by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice. (4) A person appointed under paragraph (b) of clause (3) shall hold office for such period as the President may determine. (5) Reference in clauses (1) and (2) to “Supreme Court” shall be construed as a reference to the Shariat Appellate Bench. (6) While attending sittings of the Shariat Appellate Bench a person, appointed under paragraph (b) of clause (3) shall have the same power and jurisdiction and be entitled to the same privileges, as a Judge of the Supreme Court, and be paid such allowances as the President may determine.] 203-G. Bar of Jurisdiction Save as provided in Article 203-F, no Court or tribunal, including the Supreme Court and a High Court, shall entertain any proceedings or exercise any power or jurisdiction in respect of any matter within the power or jurisdiction of the Court. [203-GG. Decision of Court binding on High Court and Courts sub-ordinate to it Subject to Articles 203-D and 203-F, any decision of the Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction under this Chapter shall be binding on a High Court and on all Courts subordinate to a High Court.] 203-H Pending proceedings to continue, etc (1) Subject to clause (2) nothing in this Chapter shall be deemed to require any proceedings pending in any Court or tribunal immediately before the commencement of this Chapter or initiated after such ommencement, to be adjourned or stayed by reason only of a petition having been made to the Court for a decision as to whether or not a law or provision of law relevant to the decision of the point in issue in such proceedings is repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam; and all such proceedings shall continue, and the point in issue therein shall be decided, in accordance with the law for the time being in force. (2) All proceedings under clause (1) of Article 203-B of the Constitution that may be pending before any High Court immediately before the commencement of this Chapter shall stand transferred to the Court and shall be dealt with by the Court from the stage from which they are so transferred. (3) Neither the Court nor the Supreme Court shall in the exercise of its jurisdiction under this Chapter have power to grant an injunction or make any interim order in relation to any proceedings pending in any other Court or tribunal. 203-I. [Administrative arrangements, etc., ] Omitted by P.O. 5 of 1982) Art, 8. 203-J. Power to make Rules (1) The Court may, by notification in the official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Chapter. (2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may make provision in respect of all or any of the following matters, namely:- (a) the scale of payment of honoraria to be made to jurisconsults, experts and witnesses summoned by the court to defray the expenses, if any, incurred by them

in attending for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court ; (b) the form of oath to be made by a jurisconsult, expert or witness appearing before the Court; [(c) the powers and functions of the Court being exercised or performed by Benches consisting of one or more members constituted by the Chief Justice; (d) the decision of the Court being expressed in terms of the opinion of the majority of its members or, as the case may be, of the members constituting a Bench; and (e) the decision of cases in which the members constituting a Bench are equally divided in their opinion]. (3) Until rules are made under clause (1), the Shariat Benches of Superior Court Rules, 1979, shall, with the necessary modifications and so far as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Chapter, continue in force. Chapter 4 General Provisions Relating To The Judicature [204 (1) In this Article, “Court” means of Supreme Court or a High Court. (2) A Court shall have power to punish any person who- (a) abuses, interferes with or obstructs the process of the Court in any way or disobeys any order of the Court; (b) scandalizes the Court or otherwise does anything which tends to bring the Court or a Judge of the Court into hatred, ridicule or contempt; (c) does anything which tends to prejudice the determination of a matter pending before the Court; or (d) does any other thing which, by law, constitutes contempt of the Court.] (3) The exercise of the power conferred on a Court by this Article may be regulated by law and, subject to law, by rules made by the Court.] Contempt of Court 205. The remuneration and other terms and conditions of service of a Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court shall be as provided in the Fifth Schedule. Remuneration, etc., of Judges 206. [(1) A Judge of the Supreme Court or for a High Court may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the President. [(2) A Judge of a High Court who does not accept appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court shall be deemed to have retired from his office and, on such retirement, shall be entitled to receive a pension calculated on the basis of the length of his service as Judge and total service, if any, in the service of Pakistan]. Resignation 207. (1) A Judge of the Supreme Court or High Court shall not- (a) hold any other office of profit in the service of Pakistan if his remuneration is thereby increased; or (b) occupy any other position carrying the right to remuneration for the rendering of services.

(2) A person who has held office as a Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court shall not hold any office of profit in the service of Pakistan, not being a judicial or quasi-judicial office or the office of Chief Election Commissioner or of Chairman or member of a Law Commission or of Chairman or member of the Council of Islamic Ideology, before the expiration of two years after he has ceased to hold that office. (3) A person who has held office as a permanent Judge- (a) of the Supreme Court shall not plead or act in any Court or before any authority in Pakistan; (b) of a High Court, shall not plead or act in any Court or before any authority within its jurisdiction; and (c) of the High Court of West Pakistan as it existed immediately before the coming into force of the Province of West Pakistan (Dissolution) Order, 1970, shall not plead or act in any Court or before any authority within the jurisdiction of the principal seat of that High Court or, as the case may be, the permanent Bench of that High Court to which he was assigned. Judge not to hold Office of Profit, etc 208. Officers and Servants of Courts The Supreme Court [and the Federal Shariat Court], with the approval of the President and a High Court, with the approval of the Governor concerned, may make rules providing for the appointment by the Court of officers and servants of the Court and for their terms and conditions of employment 209 (1) There shall be a Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan, in this Chapter referred to as the Council. (2) The Council shall consist of- (a) the Chief Justice of Pakistan; (b) the two next most senior Judges of the Supreme Court; and (c) the two most senior Chief Justices of High Courts. Explanation. _ For the purpose of this clause, the inter se seniority of the Chief Justices of the High Courts shall be determined with reference to their dates of appointment as Chief Justice [otherwise than as Acting Chief Justice], and in case the dates of such appointment are the same, with reference to their dates of appointment as Judges of any of the High Courts. (3) If at any time the Council is inquiring into the capacity or conduct of a Judge who is a member of the Council, or a member of the council is absent or is unable to act due to illness or any other cause, then- (a) if such member is a Judge of the Supreme Court, the Judge of the Supreme Court who is next in seniority below the Judges referred to in paragraph (b) of clause (2), and (b) if such member is the Chief Justice of a High Court, the Chief Justice of another High Court who is next in seniority amongst the Chief Justices of the remaining High Courts, shall act as a member of the Council in his place. (4) If, upon any matter inquired into by the Council, there is a difference of opinion amongst its members, the opinion of the majority shall prevail, and the report of

the Council to the President shall be expressed in terms of the view of the majority. (5) If, on information 1 [any source, the Council or] the President is of the opinion that a Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court- (a) may be incapable of properly performing the duties of his office by reason of physical or mental incapacity; or (b) may have been guilty of misconduct, the President shall direct the Council 2[or the Council may, on its own motion] to inquire into the matter. (6) If, after inquiring into the matter, the Council reports to the President that it is of the opinion- (a) that the Judge is incapable of performing the duties of his office or has been guilty of misconduct, and (b) that he should be removed from office, the President may remove the Judge from office. (7) A Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court shall not be removed from office except as provided by this Article. (8) The Council shall issue a code of conduct to be observed by Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts. 1 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., for certain words 2 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Supreme Judicial Council 210. (1) For the purpose of inquiring into any matter, the Council shall have the same power as the Supreme Court has to issue directions or orders for securing the attendance of any person or the discovery or production of any document; and any such direction or order shall be enforceable as if it had been issued by the Supreme Court. (2) The provisions of Article 204 shall apply to the Council as they apply to the Supreme Court and a High Court. Power of Council to enforce attendance of persons, etc 211. The proceedings before the Council, its reports to the President and removal of a Judge under clause (6) of Article 209 shall not be called in question in any court. Bar of Jurisdiction 212. (1) Notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained, the appropriate Legislature may be Act [Provide for the establishment of] one or more Administrative Courts or Tribunals to exercise exclusive jurisdiction in respect of- (a) matters relating to the terms and conditions of persons [who are or have been] in the service of Pakistan, including disciplinary matters; (b) matters relating to claims arising from tortious acts of Government, or any person in the service of Pakistan, or of any local or other authority empowered by law to levy any tax or cess and any servant of such authority acting in the discharge of his duties as such servant; or

(c) matters relating to the acquisition, administration and disposal of any property which is deemed to be enemy property under any law. (2) Notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained, where any Administrative Court or Tribunal is established under clause (1), no other Court shall grant an injunction, make any order or entertain any proceedings in respect of any matter to which the jurisdiction of such Administrative Court or Tribunal extends [and all proceedings in respect of any such matter which may be pending before such other Court immediately before the establishment of the Administrative Court or Tribunal [other than an appeal pending before the Supreme Court], shall abate on such establishment]: Provided that the provisions of this clause shall not apply to an Administrative Court or Tribunal established under an Act of a Provincial Assembly unless, at the request of that Assembly made in the form of a resolution, [Majlis-I- Shoora (Parliament)] by law extends the provisions to such a Court or Tribunal. (3) An appeal to the Supreme Court from a judgment, decree, order or sentence of an Administrative Court or Tribunal shall lie only if the Supreme Court, being satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law of public importance, grants leave to appeal. Administrative Courts and Tribunals 212A. [Establishment of Military Courts or Tribunals.] Omitted by S.R.O. No. 1278 (I) 85, dated 30.12.1985, read with proclamation of withdrawal of Marsh Law dated 30.12.85 see Gaz. Of P. 1985, ext., Pt. I, dated 30.12.85, pp. 431-432, which was previously added by P.O. No. 21 of 1979, Art 2. “212B. [Establishment of Special Courts for trial of heinous offences.] Replead by the Constitution (Twelfth Amdt) Act, 1991 (14 of 1991), s. 1 (3), (w.e.f. 26th July, 1994), which was previously added by Act 14 of 1991 s. 2, (w.e.f. 27th July, 1991). Part VIII Elections Chapter-1 Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissions 213. Chief Election Commissioner There shall be a Chief Election Commissioner (in this Part referred to as the Commissioner), who shall be appointed by the President [in his discretion.] [(2) No person shall be appointed to be Commissioner unless he is, or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court or is, or has been, a Judge of a High Court and is qualified under paragraph (a) of clause (2) of Article 177 to be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court. (3) The Commissioner shall have such powers and functions as are conferred on him by the Constitution and law. 214. Commissioner’s oath of office Before entering upon office, the Commissioner shall make before the Chief Justice of Pakistan oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule. 215. Term of office of Commissioner (1) The Commissioner shall, subject to this Article, hold office for a term of three

years from the day he enters upon his office: Provided that the National Assembly may by resolution extend the term of the Commissioner by a period not exceeding one year. (2) The Commissioner shall not be removed from office except in the manner prescribed in Article 209 for the removal from office of a Judge and, in the application of the Article for the purposes of this clause, any reference in that Article to a Judge shall be construed as a reference to the Commissioner. (3) The Commissioner may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office. 216. Commissioner not to hold office of profit (1) The Commissioner shall not- (a) hold any other office of profit in the service of Pakistan; or (b) occupy any other position carrying the right to remuneration for the rendering of services. (2) A person who has held office as Commissioner shall not hold any office of profit in the service of Pakistan before the expiration of two years after he has ceased to hold that office: Provided that- (a) this clause shall not be construed as preventing a person who was a Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court immediately before his appointment as Commissioner from resuming his duties as such Judge on the expiration of his term as Commissioner; and (b) a person who has held office as Commissioner may, with the concurrence of both Houses, be reappointed to that office before the expiration of two years after he has ceased to hold that office. 217. Acting Commissioner At any time when- (a) the office of Commissioner is vacant, or (b) the Commissioner is absent or is unable to perform the functions of his office due to any other cause, a Judge of the Supreme Court nominated by the Chief Justice of Pakistan shall act as Commissioner. 218. Election Commission 1[(1) For the purpose of election of both Houses of Majislis-e-Shora (Parliament), Provincial Assemblies and for election of such other public officers as may be specified by law or until such law is made by the Majislis-e-Shora (Parliament) by Order of the President, a permanent Election Commission shall be constituted in accordance with this Article.] (2) The Election Commission shall consist of- (a) the Commissioner, who shall be Chairman of the Commission; and (b) 2[Four] members, each of whom shall be a Judge of a High Court from each province, appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned and with the Commissioner.

(3) It shall be the duty of the Election Commission constituted in relation to an election to organise and conduct the election and to make such arrangements as are necessary to ensure that the election is conducted honestly, justly, fairly and in accordance with law, and that corrupt practices are guarded against. 1 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch.,for cl.(1) 2 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., for "two" 219. Duties of Commissioner The Commissioner shall be charged with the duty of- (a) preparing electoral rolls for election to the National Assembly and the Provincial Assemblies, and revising such roll annually; (b) organising and conducting election to the Senate or to fill casual vacancies in a House or Provincial Assembly; and (c) appointing Election Tribunals. 220. Executive authorities to assist Commission, etc It shall be the duty of all executive authorities in the Federation and in the Province to assist the Commissioner and the Election Commission in the discharge of his or their functions. 221. Officers and servants Until [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)] by law otherwise provides, the Commissioner may, with the approval of the President, make rules providing for the appointment by the Commissioner of officers and servants to be employed in connection with the functions of the Commissioner or an Election Commission and for their terms and conditions of employment. Chapter-2 lectoral Laws and Conduct of Elections 222. Electoral laws Subject to the Constitution, [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)] may be law provide for- (a) the allocation of seats in the National Assembly as required by clauses (3) and (4) of Article 51; (b) the delimitation of constituencies by the Election Commission: (c) the preparation of electoral rolls, the requirements as to residence in a constituency, the determination of objections pertaining to and the commencement of electoral rolls; (d) the conduct of election and election petitions; the decision of doubts and disputes arising in connection with elections; (e) matters relating to corrupt practices and other offences in connection with elections; and (f) all other matters necessary for the due constitution of the two Houses and the Provincial Assemblies; but no such law shall have the effect of taking away or abridging any of the powers

of the Commissioner or an Election Commission under this part. 223. Bar against double membership (1) No person shall, at the same time, be a member of- (a) both Houses; (b) a House and a Provincial Assembly; or (c) the Assemblies of two or more Provinces; or (d) a House or a Provincial Assembly in respect of more than one seat. (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall prevent a person from being a candidate for two or more seats at the same time, whether in the same body or in different bodies, but if he is elected to more than one seat he shall, within a period of thirty days after the declaration of the result for the last such seat resign all but one of his seats, and if he does not so resign, all the seats to which he has been elected shall become vacant at the expiration of the said period of thirty days except the seat to which he has been elected last or, if he has been elected to more than one seat on the same day, the seat for election to which his nomination was filed last. Explanation._ In this clause, “body” means either House or a Provincial Assembly. (3) A person to whom clause (2) applies shall not take a seat in either House of the Provincial Assembly to which he has been elected until he has resigned all but one of his seats. (4) Subject to clause (2) if a member of either House or of a Provincial Assembly becomes a candidate for a second seat which, in accordance with clause (1), he may not hold concurrently with his first seat, then his first seat shall become vacant as soon as he is elected to the second seat. 224. Election dispute (1) A general election to the National Assembly or a Provincial Assembly shall be held within a period of sixty days immediately 1[following] preceding the day on which the term of the Assembly is due to expire, unless the Assembly has been sooner dissolved, and the results of the election shall be declared not later than fourteen days before that day. provided that on dissolution of an assembly on completion of its term, the president, in his discretion, or , as the case may be, the Governor, in his discretion but with the previous approval of the President, shall appoint a caretaker Cabinet. (2) When the National Assembly or a Provincial Assembly is dissolved, a general election to the Assembly shall be held within a period of ninety days after the dissolution, and the results of the election shall be declared not later than fourteen days after the conclusion of the polls. (3) An election to fill the seats in the Senate which are to become vacant on the expiration of the term of the members of the Senate shall be held not earlier than thirty days immediately preceding the day on which the vacancies are due to occur. (4) When, except by dissolution of the National Assembly or a Provincial Assembly, a general seat in any such Assembly has become vacant, not later than one hundred and twenty days before the term of that Assembly is due to expire, an election to fill the seat shall be held within sixty days from the occurrence of the vacancy.

(5) When a seat in the Senate has become vacant, an election to fill the seat shall be held within thirty days from the occurrence of the vacancy. 2(6) When a seat reserved for women or non-Muslims in the National Assembly or Provincial Assembly falls vacant, for death, resignation or disqualification of a member, it shall be filled by the next person in order of precedence from the party list of the candidate submitted to the Election Commission for the last general election by the political party whose member has vacated such seat. 2[(7) When a care-taker Cabinet is appointed, on dissolution of the National Assembly under Article 58 or a Provincial Assembly under Article 112, or on Dissolution of any such Assembly on completion of its term, the Prime Minister or, as the case may be, the Chief Minister of the care-taker Cabinet shall not be eligible to contest the immediately following election of such Assembly.] 1 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., for "Preceding" 2 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., Time of election and by-election 225. No election to a House or a Provincial Assembly shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to such tribunal and in such manner as may be determined by Act of [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)]. 226. Elections to be by secret ballot All elections under the Constitution *** shall be by secret ballot.

Part IX Islamic Provisions 227. (1) All existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the Inunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah, in this Part referred to as the Injunctions of Islam, and no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to such Injunctions. [Explanation. _ In the application of this clause to the personal law of any Muslim sect, the expression “Qur’an and Sunnah” shall mean the Qur’an and Sunnah as interpreted by that sect]. (2) Effect shall be given to the provisions of clause (1) only in the manner provided in this Part. (3) Nothing in this Part shall affect the personal laws of non-Muslim citizens or their status as citizens.

Composition, etc of Islamic Council 228. (1) There shall be constituted within a period of ninety days from the commencing day a Council of Islamic Ideology, in this Part referred to as the Islamic Council. (2) The Islamic Council shall consist of such members, being not less than eight and not more than [twenty] as the President may appoint from amongst persons having knowledge of the principles and philosophy of Islam as enunciated in the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah, or understanding of the economic, political, legal or administrative problems of Pakistan. (3) While appointing members of the Islamic Council, the President shall ensure that- (a) so far as practicable various schools of thought are represented in the Council; (b) not less than two of the members are persons each of whom is, or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court; (c) not less than four of the members are persons each of whom has been engaged, for a period of not less than fifteen years, in Islamic research or instruction; and (d) at least one member is a woman. [(4) The President shall appoint one of the members of the Islamic Council to be the Chairman thereof]. (5) Subject to clause (6), a member of the Islamic Council shall hold office for a period of three years. (6) A member may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office or may be removed by the President upon the passing of a resolution for his removal by a majority of the total membership of the Islamic Council. Reference by [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)], etc. to Islamic Council 229. The President or the Governor of a Province may, or if two-fifths of its total membership so requires, a House or a Provincial Assembly shall, refer to the Islamic Council for advice any question as to whether a proposed law is or is not repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam. Functions of Islamic Council 230. (1) The functions of the Islamic Council shall be- (a) to make recommendations to [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)] and the Provincial Assemblies as to the ways and means of enabling and encouraging the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives individually and collectively in all respects in accordance with the principles and concepts of Islam as enunciated in the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah. (b) to advise a House, a Provincial Assembly, the President or a Governor on any question referred to the Council as to whether a proposed law is or is not repugnant

to the Injunctions of Islam; (c) to make recommendations as to the measures for bringing existing laws into conformity with the Injunctions of Islam and the stages by which such measures should be brought into effect; and (d) to compile in a suitable form, for the guidance of [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)] and the Provincial Assemblies, such Injunctions of Islam as can be given legislative effect. (2) When, under Article 229, a question is referred by a House, a Provincial Assembly, the President or a Governor to the Islamic Council, the Council shall, within fifteen days thereof, inform the House, the Assembly, the President or the Governor, as the case may be, of the period within which the Council expects to be able to furnish that advice. (3) Where a House, a Provincial Assembly, the President or the Governor, as the case may be, considers that, in the public interest, the making of the proposed law in relation to which the question arose should not be postponed until the advice of the Islamic Council is furnished, the law may be made before the advice is furnished: Provided that, where a law is referred for advice to the Islamic Council and the Council advises that the law is repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam, the House or, as the case may be, the Provincial Assembly, the President or the Governor shall reconsider the law so made. (4) The Islamic Council shall submit its final report within seven years of its appointment, and shall submit and annual interim report. The report, whether interim or final, shall be laid for discussion before both Houses and each Provincial Assembly within six months of its receipt, and [Majlis-I-Shoora (Parliament)] and the Assembly, after considering the report, shall enact laws in respect thereof within a period of two years of the final report. Rules of Procedure 231. The proceedings of the Islamic Council shall be regulated by rules of procedure to be made by the Council with approval of the President.

Emergency Provisions Proclamation of emergency on account of war, internal disturbance, etc

232. (1) If the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists in which the security of Pakistan, or any part thereof, is threatened by war or external aggression, or by internal disturbance beyond the power of a Provincial Government to control, he may issue a Proclamation of Emergency. (2) Notwithstanding anything in the Constitution, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in force, -- [(a) Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) shall have power to make laws for a Province, or any part thereof, with respect to any matter not enumerated in the Federal Legislative List or the Concurrent Legislative List;] (b) the executive authority of the Federation shall extend to the giving of directions to a Province as to the manner in which the executive authority of the Province is to be exercised; and (c) the Federal Government may by Order assume to itself, or direct the Governor of a Province to assume on behalf of the Federal Government, all or any of the functions of the Government of the Province, and all or any of the powers vested in, or exercisable by, any body or authority in the Province other than the Provincial Assembly, and make such incidental and consequential provisions as appear to the Federal Government to be necessary or desirable for giving effect to the objects of the Proclamation, including provisions for suspending, in whole or in part, the operation of any provisions of the Constitution relating to any body or authority in the Province: Provided that nothing in paragraph (c) shall authorise the Federal Government to assume to itself, or direct the Governor of the Province to assume on its behalf, any of the powers vested in or exercisable by a High Court, or to suspend either in whole or in part the operation of any provisions of the Constitution relating to High Courts. (3) The Power of [(Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] to make laws for a Province with respect to any matter shall include power to make laws conferring powers and imposing duties, or authorizing the conferring of powers and the imposition of duties upon the Federation, or officers and authorities of the Federation, as respects that matter. (4) Nothing in this Article shall restrict the power of a Provincial Assembly to make any law which under the Constitution it has power to make, but if any provision of a Provincial law is repugnant to any provision of an Act of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] which [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] has under this Article power to make, the Act of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)], whether passed before or after the Provincial law, shall prevail and the Provincial law shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, but so long only as the Act of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] continuous to have effect, be void. (5) A law made by [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)], which [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] would not but for the issue of a Proclamation of Emergency have been competent to make, shall, to the extent of the incompetency, cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of six months after the Proclamation of Emergency has ceased to be in force, except as respects things done or omitted to be done before the expiration of the said period.

(6) While a Proclamation of Emergency is in force, [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] may by law extend the term of the National Assembly for a period not exceeding one year and not extending in any case beyond a period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to be in force. (7) A Proclamation of Emergency shall be laid before a joint sitting which shall be summoned by the President to meet within thirty days of the Proclamation being issued and - (a) shall cease to be in force at the expiration of two months unless before the expiration of that period it has been approved by a resolution of the joint sitting; and [(b) shall, subject to the provisions of paragraph (a), cease to be in force upon a resolution disapproving the Proclamation being passed by the votes of the majority of the total membership of the two Houses in joint sitting.] (8) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (7), if the National Assembly stands dissolved at the time when a Proclamation of Emergency is issued, the Proclamation shall continue in force for period of four months but, if a general election to the Assembly is not held before the expiration of that period, it shall cease to be in force at the expiration of that period unless it has earlier been approved by a resolution of the Senate. Power to suspend Fundamental Rights, etc., during emergency period 233. (1) Nothing contained in Articles 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 24 shall, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in force, restrict the power of the State as defined in Article 7 to make any law or to take any executive action which it would, but for the provisions in the said Articles, be competent to make or to take, but any law so made shall, to the extent of the incompetency, cease to have effect, and shall be deemed to have been repealed, at the time when the Proclamation is revoked or has ceased to be in force. (2) While a Proclamation of Emergency is in force, the President may, by Order, declare that the right to move any court for the enforcement of such of the Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter 1 of Part II as may be specified in the Order, and any proceeding in any court which is for the enforcement, or involves the determination of any question as to the infringement, of any of the Rights so specified, shall remain suspended for the period during which the Proclamation is in force, and any such Order may be made in respect of the whole or any part of Pakistan. (3) Every Order made under this Article shall, as soon as may be, be laid before a joint sitting for approval and the provisions of clauses (7) and (8) of Article 232 shall apply to such an Order as they apply to a Proclamation of Emergency. Power to issue Proclamation in case of failure of constitutional machinery in a Province

234. (1) If the President, on receipt of a report from the Governor of a Province or otherwise is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the Government of the Province cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, the President may, or if a resolution in this behalf is passed at a joint sitting shall, by Proclamation, – (a) assume to himself, or direct the Governor of the Province to assume on behalf of the President, all or any of the functions of the Government of the Province, and all or any of the powers vested in, or exercisable by, any body or authority in the Province, other than the Provincial Assembly; (b) declare that the powers of the Provincial Assembly shall be exercisable by, or under the authority of, [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)]; and (c) make such incidental and consequential provisions as appear to the President to be necessary or desirable for giving effect to the objects of the Proclamation, including provisions for suspending in whole or in part the operation of any provisions of the Constitution relating to any body or authority in the Province: Provided that nothing in this Article shall authorise the President to assume to himself, or direct the Governor of the Province to assume on his behalf, any of the powers vested in, or exercisable by, a High Court, or to suspend either in whole or in part the operation of any provisions of the Constitution relating to High Courts. (2) The provisions of Article 105 shall not apply to the discharge by the Governor of his functions under clause (1). (3) A Proclamation issued under this Article shall be laid before a joint sitting and shall cease to be in force at the expiration of two months, unless before the expiration of that period it has been approved by resolution of the joint sitting and may by like resolution be extended for further period not exceeding two months at a time; but no such Proclamation shall in any case remain in force for more that six months. (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in clause (3), if the National Assembly stands dissolved at the time when a Proclamation is issued under this Article, the Proclamation shall continue in force for a period of three months but, if a general election to the Assembly is not held before the expiration of that period unless it has earlier been approved by a resolution of the Senate. (5) Where by a Proclamation issued under this Article it has been declared that the powers of the Provincial Assembly shall be exercisable by or under the authority of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)], it shall be competent – (a) to [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] in joint sitting to confer on the President the power to make laws with respect to any matter within the legislative competence of the Provincial Assembly; (b) to [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] in joint sitting, of the President, when he is empowered under paragraph (a), to make laws conferring powers and imposing duties, or authorizing the conferring of powers and the imposition of duties, upon the Federation, or officers and authorities thereof; (c) to the President, when [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] is not in session, to

authorise expenditure from the Provincial consolidated Fund, whether the expenditure is charged by the Constitution upon that fund or not, pending the sanction of such expenditure by [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] in joint sitting; and (d) to [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] in joint sitting by resolution to sanction expenditure authorised by the President under paragraph (c). (6) Any law made by [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] or the President which [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] or the President would not, but for the issue of a Proclamation under this Article, have been competent to make, shall, to the extent of the incompetency, cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of six months after the Proclamation under this Article has ceased to be in force, except as to things, done or omitted to be done before the expiration of the said period. Proclamation in case of financial Emergency 235. (1) If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the economic life, financial stability or credit of Pakistan, or any part thereof, is threatened, he may, after consultation with the Governors of the Provinces, or as the case may be, the Governor of the Province concerned, by Proclamation make a declaration to that effect, and, while such a Proclamation is in force, the executive authority of the Federation shall extend to the giving of directions to any Province to observe such principles of financial propriety as may be specified in the directions, and to the giving of such other directions as the President may deem necessary in the interest of the economic life, financial stability or credit of Pakistan or any part thereof. (2) Notwithstanding anything in the Constitution, any such directions may include a provision requiring a reduction of the salary and allowances of all or any class of persons serving in connection with the affairs of a Province. (3) While a Proclamation issued under this Article is in force the President may issue directions for the reduction of the salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons serving in connection with the affairs of the Federation. (4) The provisions of clauses (3) and (4) of Article 234 shall apply to a Proclamation issued under this Article as they apply to a Proclamation issued under that Article. Revocation of Proclamation, etc. 236. (1) A Proclamation issued under this Part may be varied or revoked by a subsequent Proclamation. (2) The validity of any Proclamation issued or Order made under this Part shall not be called in question in any court. [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] may make laws of indemnity, etc. 237. Nothing in the Constitution shall prevent [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] from making any law indemnifying any person in the service of the Federal Government or a Provincial Government, or any other person, in respect of any act done in connection with the maintenance or restoration of order in any area in Pakistan.

PART XI Amendment of Constitution Amendment of Constitution. 238. Subject to this Part, the Constitution may be amended by Act of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)]. Constitution, amendment Bill. 239. (1) A Bill to amend the Constitution may originate in either House and, when the Bill has been passed by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House, it shall be transmitted to the other House. (2) If the Bill is passed without amendment by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House to which it is transmitted under clause (1), it shall, subject to the provisions of clause (4), be presented to the President for assent. (3) If the Bill is passed with amendment by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the House to which it is transmitted under clause (1), it shall be reconsidered by the House in which it had originated, and if the Bill as amended by the former House is passed by the latter by the votes of not less than two-thirds of its total membership it shall, subject to the provisions of clause (4), be presented to the President for assent. (4) A Bill to amend the Constitution which would have the effect of altering the limits of a Province shall not be presented to the President for assent unless it has been passed by the Provincial Assembly of that Province by the votes of not less than two-thirds of its total membership. (5) No amendment of the Constitution shall be called in question in any court on any ground whatsoever. (6) For the removal of doubt, it is hereby declared that there is no limitation whatever on the power of the [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] to amend any of the provisions of the Constitution.] PART XII Miscellaneous CHAPTER 1, – SERVICES Appointment to service of Pakistan and conditions of service 240. Subject to the Constitution, the appointments to and the conditions of service of persons in the service of Pakistan shall be determined – (a) in the case of the services of the Federation, posts in connection with the affairs of the Federation and All Pakistan Services, by or under Act of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)]; and (b) in the case of the services of a Province and posts in connection with the affairs of a Province, by or under Act of the Provincial Assembly. Explanation. – In this Article, “All-Pakistan Service” means a service common to the

Federation and the Provinces, which was in existence immediately before the commencing day or which may be created by Act of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)]. Existing rules, etc., to continue 241. Until the appropriate Legislature makes a law under Article 240, all rules and orders in force immediately before the commencing day shall, so far as consistent with the provisions of the Constitution, continue in force and may be amended from time to time by the Federal Government or, as the case may be, the Provincial Government. Public Service Commission. 242. (1) [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] in relation to the affairs of the Federation, and the Provincial Assembly of a Province in relation to the affairs of the Province, may, by law, provide for the establishment and constitution of a Public Service Commission. [(1A) The Chairman of the Public Service Commission constituted in relation to the affairs of the Federation shall be appointed by the Preasident in his discretion.] (2) A Public Service Commission shall perform such functions as may be prescribed by law. CHAPTER 2. – ARMED FORCES Command of Armed Forces. 243. (1) The Federal Government shall have control and command of the Armed Forces. (1A). Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision, the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces shall vest in the President.] (2) The President shall subject to law, have power. – (a) to raise and maintain the Military, Naval and Air Forces of Pakistan; and the Reserves of such Forces; 1and (b) to grant Commissions in such Forces. (c) omitted 2 (3) The President shall in consultation with the Prime Minister shall be - (a) the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee; (b) the Chief of Army Staff; (c) the Chief of Naval Staff; and (d) the Chief of Air Staff; and shall also determine their salaries and allowances 1 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., 2 Subs. by Act no III/2003 dated 31/12/2003 Oath of Armed Forces.

244. Every member of the Armed Forces shall make oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule. Functions of Armed Forces. 245. [(1)] The Armed Forces shall, under the directions of the Federal Government defend Pakistan against external aggression or threat of war, and, subject to law, act in aid of civil power when called upon to do so. Functions of Armed Forces. [(2)] The validity of any direction issued by the Federal Government under clause (1) shall not be called in question in any court. (3) A High Court shall not exercise any jurisdiction under Article 199 in relation to any area in which the Armed Forces of Pakistan are, for the time being, acting in aid of civil power in pursuance of Article 245: Provided that this clause shall not be deemed to affect the jurisdiction of the High Court in respect of any proceeding pending immediately before the day on which the Armed Forces start acting in aid of civil power. (4) Any proceeding in relation to an area referred to in clause (3) instituted on or after the day the Armed Forces start acting in aid of civil power and pending in any High Court shall remain suspended for the period during which the Armed Forces are so acting.] CHAPTER 3. – TRIBAL AREAS 246. In the Constitution, – (a) “Tribal Areas” means the areas in Pakistan which, immediately before the commencing day, were Tribal Areas, and includes – (i) the Tribal Areas of Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier Province; and (ii) the former States of Amb, Chitral, Dir and Swat; (b) “Provincially Administered Tribal Areas” means – (i) the districts of Chitral, Dir and Swat (which includes Kalam) [the Tribal Area in Kohistan district,] Malakand Protected Area, the Tribal Area adjoining [Mansehra] district and the former State of Amb; and (ii) Zhob district, Loralai district (excluding Duki Tehsil), Dalbandin Tehsil of Chagai district and Marri and Bugti tribal territories of Sibi district; and (c) “Federally Administered Tribal Areas” includes – (i) Tribal Areas, adjoining Peshawar district; (ii) Tribal Areas adjoining Kohat district; (iii) Tribal Areas adjoining Bannu district; (iv) Tribal Areas adjoining Dera Ismail Khan district; [(v) Bajaur Agency; (va) Orakzai Agency;] (vi) Mohamad Agency; (vii) Khyber Agency; (viii) Kurram Agency; (ix) North Waziristan Agency; and (x) South Waziristan Agency.

Administration of Tribal Areas 247. (1) Subject to the Constitution, the executive authority of the Federation shall extend to the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and the executive authority of a Province shall extend to the Provincially Administered Tribal Areas therein. (2) The President may, from time to time, give such directions to the Governor of a Province relating to the whole or any part of a Tribal Area within the Province as he may deem necessary, and the Governor shall, in the exercise of his functions under this Article, comply with such directions. (3) No Act of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] shall apply to any Federally Administered Tribal Area or to any part thereof, unless the President so directs, and no Act of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] or a Provincial Assembly shall apply to a Provincially Administered Tribal Area, or to any part thereof, unless the Governor of the Province in which the Tribal Area is situate, with the approval of the President, so directs; and in giving such a direction with respect to any law, the President or, as the case may be, the Governor, may direct that the law shall, in its application to a Tribal Area, or to a specified part thereof, have effect subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in the direction. (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution, the President may, with respect to any matter within the legislative competence of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)], and the Governor of a Province, with the prior approval of the President, may, with respect to any matter within the legislative competence of the Provincial Assembly make regulations for the peace and good government of a Provincially Administered Tribal Area or any part thereof, situated in the Province. (5) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution, the President may, with respect to any matter, make regulations for the peace and good government of a Federally Administered Tribal Area or any part thereof. (6) The President may, at any time, by Order, direct that the whole or any part of a Tribal Area shall cease to be Tribal Area, and such Order may contain such incidental and consequential provisions as appear to the President to be necessary and proper: Provided that before making any Order under this clause, the President shall ascertain, in such manner, as he considers appropriate, the views of the people of the Tribal Area concerned, as represented in tribal jirga. (7) Neither the Supreme Court nor a High Court shall exercise any jurisdiction under the Constitution in relation to a Tribal Area, unless [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] by law otherwise provides: Provided that nothing in this clause shall affect the jurisdiction, which the Supreme Court or a High Court exercised in relation to a Tribal Area immediately before the commencing day. CHAPTER 4. – GENERAL Protection to President, Governor, Minister, etc. 248. (1) The President, a Governor, the Prime Minister, a Federal Minister, a Minister of State, the Chief Minister and a Provincial Minister shall not be

answerable to any court for the exercise of powers and performance of functions of their respective officers or for any act done or purported to be done in the exercise of those powers and performance of those functions: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as restricting the right of any person to bring appropriate proceedings against the Federation or a Province. (2) No criminal proceedings whatsoever shall be instituted or continued against the President or a Governor in any court during his term of office. (3) No process for the arrest or imprisonment of the President or a Governor shall issue from any court during his term of office. (4) No civil proceedings in which relief is claimed against the President or a Governor shall be instituted during his term of office in respect of any thing done or not done by him in his personal capacity whether before or after he enters upon his office unless, at least sixty days before the proceedings are instituted, notice in writing has been delivered to him, or sent to him in the manner prescribed by law, stating the nature of the proceedings, the cause of action, the name, description and place of residence of the party by whom the proceedings are to be instituted and the relief which the party claims. Legal Proceedings 249. (1) Any legal proceedings which, but for the Constitution, could have been brought by or against the Federation in respect of a matter which, immediately before the commencing day, was the responsibility of the Federation and has, under the Constitution, become the responsibility of a Province, shall be brought by or against Province concerned; and if any such legal proceedings were pending in any court immediately before the commencing day then, in those proceedings, for the Federation the Province concerned shall, as from that day, be deemed to have been substituted. (2) Any legal proceedings which, but for the Constitution, could have been brought by or against a Province in respect of a matter which, immediately before the commencing day, was the responsibility of the Province and has under the Constitution become the responsibility of the Federation, shall be brought by or against the Federation; and if any such legal proceedings were pending in any court immediately before the commencing day then, in those proceedings, for the Province the Federation shall, as from that day, be deemed to have been substituted. Salaries, allowances, etc., of the President, etc. 250. (1) Within two years from the commencing day, provision shall be made by law for determining the salaries, allowances and privileges of the President, the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and member of the National Assembly or a Provincial Assembly, the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and a member of the Senate, the Prime Minister, a Federal Minister, a Minister of State, * * a Chief Minister, a Provincial Minister and the Chief Election Commissioner.

(2) Until other provision is made by law, – (a) the salaries, allowances and privileges of the President, the Speaker or Deputy Speaker or a member of the National Assembly or a Provincial Assembly, a Federal Minister, a Minister of State * * a Chief Minister, a Provincial Minister and the Chief Election Commissioner shall be the same as the salaries, allowances and privileges to which the President, the Speaker or Deputy Speaker or member of the National Assembly of Pakistan or a Provincial Assembly, a Federal Minister, a Minister of State, * * a Chief Minister, a Provincial Minister or, as the case may be, the Chief Election Commissioner was entitled immediately before the commencing day; and (b) the salaries, allowances and privileges of the Chairman, the Deputy Chairman, the Prime Minister and a member of the Senate shall be such as the President may by Order determine. (3) The salary, allowances and privileges of a person holding officer as – (a) the President; (b) the Chairman or Deputy Chairman; (c) the Speaker of Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly or Provincial Assembly; (d) a Governor; (e) the Chief Election Commissioner; or (f) the Auditor-General. shall not be varied to his disadvantage during his term of office. (4) At any time when the Chairman or Speaker is acting as President, he shall be entitled to the same salary, allowances and privileges as a President but shall not exercise any of the functions of the office of Chairman or Speaker or a member of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] or be entitled to salary, allowances or privileges as Chairman, Speaker or such a member. National language. 251. (1) The National language of Pakistan is Urdu, and arrangements shall be made for its being used for official and other purposes within fifteen years from the commencing day. (2) Subject to clause (1), the English language may be used for official purposes until arrangements are made for its replacement by Urdu. (3) Without prejudice to the status of the National language, a Provincial Assembly may by law prescribe measures for the teaching, promotion and use of a provincial language in addition to the national language. Special provisions in relation to major ports and aerodromes 252. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution or in any law, the President may, by public notification, direct that, for a period not exceeding three

months from a specified date, a specified law, whether a Federal law or a Provincial law, shall not apply to a specified major port or major aerodrome, or shall apply to a specified major port or major aerodrome subject to specified exceptions or modifications. (2) The giving of a direction under this Article in relation to any law shall not affect the operation of the law prior to the date specified in the direction. Maximum limits as to property, etc. 253. (1) [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] may by law – (a) prescribe the maximum limits as to property or any class thereof which may be owned, held, possessed or controlled by any person; and (b) declare that any trade, business, industry or service specified in such law shall be carried on or owned, to the exclusion, complete or partial, of other persons, by the Federal Government or a Provincial Government, or by a corporation controlled by any such Government. (2) Any law which permits a person to own beneficially or possess beneficially an area of land greater than that which, immediately before the commencing day, he could have law-fully owned beneficially or possessed beneficially shall be invalid. Failure to comply with requirement as to time does not render an act invalid. 254. When any act or thing is required by the Constitution to be done within a particular period and it is not done within that period, the doing of the act or thing shall not be invalid or otherwise ineffective by reason only that it was not done within that period. Oath of office. 255. (1) An oath required to be made by a person under the Constitution shall [preferably be made in Urdu or] a language that is understood by that person. (2) Where, under the Constitution, an oath is required to be made before a specified person and, for any reason, it is impracticable for the oath to be made before that person, it may be made before such other person as may be nominated by that person. (3) Where, under the Constitution, a person is required to make an oath before he enters upon an office, he shall be deemed to have entered upon the office on the day on which he makes the oath. Private armies forbidden. 256. No private organisation capable of functioning as a military organisation shall be formed, and any such organization shall be illegal. Provision relating to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

257. When the people of the State of Jammu and Kashmir decide to accede to Pakistan, the relationship between Pakistan and that State shall be determined in accordance with the wishes of the people of that State. Government of territories outside Provinces 258. Subject to the Constitution, until [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] by law otherwise provides, the President may, by Order, make provision for peace and good government of any part of Pakistan not forming part of a Province. Awards 259. (1) No citizen shall accept any title, honour or decoration from any foreign State except with the approval of the Federal Government. Awards. (2) No title, honour or decoration shall be conferred by the Federal Government or any Provincial Government on any citizen, but the President may award decorations in recognition of gallantry [, meritorious service in the Armed Forces] [academic distinction or distinction in the field of sports or nursing], as provided by Federal law. (3) All titles, honours and decorations awarded to citizens by any authority in Pakistan before the commencing day otherwise than in recognition of gallantry [, meritorious service in the Armed Forces] or academic distinction shall stand annulled. CHAPTER 5. – INTERPRETATION Definitions. 260. (1) In the Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires, the following expressions have the meaning hereby respectively assigned to them, that is to say, – Act of “[Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)]” means an Act passed by [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] or the National Assembly and assented to, or deemed to have been assented to, by the President; “Act of Provincial Assembly” means an Act passed by the Provincial Assembly of a Province and assented to, or deemed to have been assented to, by the Governor; “Agricultural income” means agricultural income as defined for the purposes of the law relating to income-tax; “Article” means Article of the Constitution; ”Borrow” includes the raising of money by the grant of annuities, and “loans” shall be construed accordingly; “Chairman” means Chairman of the Senate and, except in Article 49, includes a person acting as Chairman of the Senate; [“Chief Justice”, in relation to the Supreme Court or a High Court, includes the Judge for the time being acting as Chief Justice of the Court;] “Citizen” means a citizen of Pakistan as defined by law;

“Clause” clause means of the Article in which it occurs; 1["consulatation" shall, save in respect of appointments of Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts, means discussion and deliberations which shall not be binding on the President.] 1 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., “Corporation Tax” means any tax on income that is payable by companies and in respect of which the following conditions apply: – (a) the tax is not chargeable in respect of agricultural income; (b) no deduction in respect of the tax paid by companies is, by any law which may apply to the tax, authorised to be made from dividends payable by the companies to individuals; (c) no provision exists for taking the tax so paid into account in computing for the purposes of income-tax the total income of individual receiving such dividends, or in computing the income-tax payable by, or refundable to, such individuals; “Debt” includes any liability in respect of any obligation to repay capital sums by way of annuities and any liability under any guarantee, and “debt charges” shall be construed accordingly; “Estate duty” means a duty assessed on, or by reference to, the value of property passing upon death; “Existing law” has the same meaning as in clause (7) of Article 268; “Federal law” means a law made by or under the authority of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)]; “Financial year” means a year commencing on the first day of July; “Goods” includes all materials, commodities and articles; “Governor” means the Governor of a Province and includes any person for the time being acting as the Governor of a Province; “Guarantee” includes any obligation undertaken before the commencing day to make payments in the event of the profits of an undertaking falling short of a specified amount; “House” means the Senate or the National Assembly; “Joint sitting” means a joint sitting of the two Houses; “Judge” in relation to the Supreme Court or a High Court, includes the Chief Justice of the Court and also includes – (a) in relation to the Supreme Court, a person who is acting as a Judge of the Court; and b) in relation to the High Court, a person who is an Additional Judge of the Court; “Members of the Armed Forces” does not include persons who are not, for the time being, subject to any law relating to the members of the Armed Forces; “Net proceeds” means, in relation to any tax or duty, the proceeds thereof, reduced by the cost of collection as ascertained and certified by the Auditor-General; “Oath” includes affirmation; “Part” means Part of the Constitution; “Pension” means a pension, whether contributory or not, of any kind whatsoever payable to, or in respect of, any person and includes retired pay so payable, a

gratuity so payable, and any sum or sums so payable by way of the return, with or without interest thereon or any addition thereto, of subscriptions to a provident fund; “Person” includes any body politic or corporate; “President” means the President of Pakistan and includes a person for the time being acting as, or performing the functions of, the President of Pakistan and, as respects anything required to be done under the Constitution before the commencing day, the President under the Interim Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan; “Property” includes any right, title or interest in property, movable or immovable, and any means and instruments of production; “Provincial law” means a law made by or under the authority of the Provincial Assembly; “Remuneration” includes salary and pension; “Schedule” means Schedule to the Constitution; “Security of Pakistan” includes the safety, welfare, stability and integrity of Pakistan and of each part of Pakistan, but shall not include public safety as such; “Service of Pakistan” means any service, post or office in connection with the affairs of the Federation or of a Province, and includes an All-Pakistan Service, service in the Armed Forces and any other service declared to be a service of Pakistan by or under Act of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] or of a Provincial Assembly, but does not include service as Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Chairman, Deputy Chairman, Prime Minister, Federal Minister, Minister of State, Chief Minister, Provincial Minister, (Attorney General, [Advocate General,] Parliamentary Secretary] or [Chairman or member of a Law Commission, Chairman or member of the Council of Islamic Ideology, Special Assistant to the Prime Minister, Adviser to the Prime Minister, Special Assistant to a Chief Minister, Adviser to a Chief Minister], or member of a House or a Provincial Assembly; “Speaker” means the Speaker of the National Assembly or a Provincial Assembly, and includes any person acting as the Speaker of the Assembly; “Taxation” includes the imposition of any tax or duty, whether general, local or special, and “tax” shall be construed accordingly; “Tax on income” includes a tax in the nature of an excess profits tax or a business profits tax. (2) In the Constitution “Act of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)]” or “Federal law” or “Act of Provincial Assembly” or “Provincial law” shall include an Ordinance promulgated by the President or, as the case may be, a Governor. (3) In the Constitution and all enactments and other legal instruments, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, – (a) “Muslim” means a person who believes in the unity and oneness of Almighty Allah, in the absolute and unqualified finality of the Prohethood of Muhammad (peace be upon him), the last of the prophets, and does not believe in, or recognize as a prophet or religious reformer, any person who claimed or claims to be a prophet, in any sense of the word or of any description whatsoever, after Muhammad (peace be upon him); and

(b) “Non-Muslim” means a person who is not a Muslim and includes a person belonging to the Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist or Parsi community, a person of the Quadiani group or the Lahori group (who call themselves ‘Ahmadis’ or by any other name), or a Bahai, and a person belonging to any of the scheduled castes.] Person acting in office not to be regarded as successor to previous occupant or office, etc. 261. For the purpose of the Constitution, a person who acts in an office shall not be regarded as the successor to the person who held that office before him or as the predecessor to the person who holds that office after him. Gregorian calendar to be used. 262. For the purposes of the Constitution, periods of time shall be reckoned according to the Gregorian calendar. Gender and number. 263. In the Constitution, – (a) words importing the masculine gender shall be taken to include females; and (b) words in the singular shall include the plural, and words in the plural shall include the singular. Effect or repeal of laws. 264. Where a law is repealed, or is deemed to have been repealed, by, under, or by virtue of the Constitution, the repeal shall not, except as otherwise provided in the Constitution. (a) revive anything not in force or existing at the time at which the repeal takes effect; (b) affect the previous operation of the law or anything duly done or suffered under the law; (c) affect any right, privilege, obligation or liability acquired, accrued or incurred under the law; (d) affect any penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred in respect of any offence committed against the law; or (e) affect any investigation, legal proceeding or remedy in respect of any such right, privilege, obligation, liability, penalty, forfeiture or punishment; And any such investigation, legal proceeding or remedy may be instituted, continued or enforced, and any such penalty, forfeiture or punishment may be imposed, as if the law had not been repealed. CHAPTER 6. – TITLE, COMMENCEMENT AND REPEAL Repeal. 265. (1) This Constitution shall be known as the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Title of Constitution and commencement. (2) Subject to clauses (3) and (4), the Constitution shall come into force on the

fourteenth day of August, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-three or on such earlier day as the President may, by notification in the official Gazette, appoint, in the Constitution referred to as the “commencing day”. (3) The Constitution shall, to the extent necessary – (a) for the constitution of the first Senate; (b) for the first meeting of a House or a joint sitting to be held; (c) for the election of the President and the Prime Minister to be held; and (d) to enable any other thing to be done which, for the purposes of the Constitution, it is necessary to do before the commencing day, come into force upon the enactment of the Constitution, but the person elected as President or Prime Minister shall not enter upon his office before the commencing day. (4) Where by the Constitution a power is conferred to make rules or to issue orders with respect to the enforcement of any provision thereof, or with respect to the establishment of any court or office, or the appointment of any Judge or officer thereunder, or with respect to the person by whom, or the time when, or the place where, or the manner in which, anything is to be done under any such provision, then that power may be exercised at any time between the enactment of the Constitution and its commencement. 266. The Interim Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, together with the Acts and President’s Orders making omissions from, additions to, modifications of, or amendments in, that Constitution is hereby repealed. CHAPTER 7. – TRANSITIONAL Power of president to remove difficulties. 267. (1) At any time before the commencing day or before the expiration of three months from the commencing day, the President may, for the purpose of removing any difficulties, or for bringing the provisions of the Constitution into effective operation, by Order, direct that the provisions of the Constitution shall, during such period as may be specified in the Order, have effect, subject to such adaptations, whether by way of modification, addition or omission, as he may deem to be necessary or expedient. (2) An Order made under clause (1) shall be laid before both Houses without undue delay, and shall remain in force until a resolution disapproving it is passed by each House or, in case of disagreement between the two Houses, until such resolution is passed at a joint sitting. Continuance in force, and adaptation of certain laws. 268. (1) Except as provided by this Article, all existing laws shall, subject to the Constitution, continue in force, so far as applicable and with the necessary adaptations, until altered, repealed or amended by the appropriate Legislature. (2) The laws specified in the Sixth Schedule shall not be altered, repealed or amended 1[, expressly or impliedly,] without the previous sanction of the President

accorded after consultation with the Prime Minister: 2Provided that the laws mentioned at entries 27 to 30 and entry 35 in the sixth Schedule shall stand omitted after six years. (3) For the purpose of bringing the provisions of any existing law into accord with the provisions of the Constitution (other than Part II of the Constitution), the President may by Order, within a period of two years from the commencing day, make such adaptations, whether by way of modification, addition or omission, as he may deem to be necessary or expedient, and any such Order may be made so as to have effect from such day, not being a day earlier than the commencing day, as may be specified in the Order. (4) The President may authorise the Governor of a Province to exercise, in relation to the Province, the powers conferred on the President by clause (3) in respect of laws relating to matters with respect to which the Provincial Assembly has power to make laws. (5) The powers exercisable under clauses (3) and (4) shall be subject to the provisions of an Act of the appropriate Legislature. (6) Any court, tribunal or authority required or empowered to enforce and existing law shall, notwithstanding that no adaptations have been made in such law by an Order made under clause (3) or clause (4), construe the law with all such adaptations as are necessary to bring it into accord with the provisions of the Constitution. (7) In this Article, “existing laws” means all laws (including Ordinances, Orders-in-Council, Orders, rules, bye-laws, regulations and Letters Patent constituting a High Court, and any notifications and other legal instruments having the force of law) in force in Pakistan or any part thereof, or having extra-territorial validity, immediately before the commencing day. Explanation. – In this Article, “In force”, in relation to any law, means having effect as law whether or not the law has been brought into operation. 1 Subs. by the Legal Framework Order, 2002, (C.E's. O. No. 24 of 2002) Art.3 and Sch., 2 Subs. and added by Act No III/2003, dated 31/12/2003 Validation of laws, acts, etc. 269. (1) All Proclamations, President’s Orders, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders and all other laws made between the twentieth day of December, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-one and the twentieth day of April, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-two (both days inclusive), are hereby declared notwithstanding any judgment of any court, to have been validly made by competent authority and shall not be called in question in any court on any ground whatsoever. (2) All orders made, proceedings taken and acts done by any authority, or by any person, which were made, taken or done, or purported to have been made, taken or done, between the twentieth day of December, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-one, and the twentieth day of April, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-two (both days inclusive), in exercise of the powers derived from any

President’s Orders, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders, enactments, notifications, rules, orders or bye-laws, or in execution of any orders made or sentences passed by any authority in the exercise or purported exercise of powers as aforesaid, shall, notwithstanding any judgment of any court, be deemed to be and always to have been validly made, taken or done and shall not be called in question in any court on any ground whatsoever. (3) No suit or other legal proceedings shall lie in any court against any authority or any person for or on account of or in respect of any order made, proceedings taken or act done whether in the exercise or purported exercise of the powers referred to in clause (2) or in execution of or in compliance with orders made or sentences passed in exercise or purported exercise of such powers. Temporary validation of certain laws, etc. 270. (1) [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] may by law made in the manner prescribed for legislation for a matter in Part I of the Federal Legislative List validate all Proclamations, President’s Orders, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders and other laws made between the twenty-fifth day of March, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-nine, and the nineteenth day of December, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-one (both days inclusive). (2) Notwithstanding a judgment of any court, a law made by [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] under clause (1) shall not be questioned in any court on any ground, whatsoever. (3) Notwithstanding the provisions of clause (1), and a judgment of any court to the contrary, for a period of two years from the commencing day, the validity of all such instruments as are referred to in clause (1) shall not be called in questioned before any court on any ground whatsoever. (4) All orders made, proceedings taken, and acts done by any authority, or any person, which were made, taken or done, or purported to have been made, taken or done, between the twenty-fifth day of March, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-nine and nineteenth day of December, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-one (both days inclusive), in exercise of powers derived from any President’s Orders, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders, enactments, notifications, rules, orders or bye-laws, or in execution of any order made or sentence passed by any authority in the exercise or purported exercise of power as aforesaid shall, notwithstanding any judgment of any court, be deemed to be and always to have been validly made, taken or done, so however that any such order, proceeding or act may be declared invalid by [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] at any time within a period of two years from the commencing day by resolution of both Houses, or in case of disagreement between the two Houses, by such resolution passed at a joint sitting and shall not be called in question before any court on any ground, whatsoever. Affirmation of President’s Orders, etc. 270(A) (1) The Proclamation of the fifth day of July, 1977, all President’s Orders,

Ordinances, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders, including the Referendum Order, 1984 (P.O. No. 11 of 1984), under which, in consequence of the result of the referendum held on the nineteenth day of December, 1984, General Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq became the President of Pakistan on the day of the first meeting of the Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) in joint sitting for the term specified in clause (7) of Article 41, the Revival of the Constitution of 1973 Order, 1985 (P.O. No. 14 of 1985), the Constitution (Second Amendment) Order, 1985 (P.O. No. 20 of 1985), the Constitution (Third Amendment) Order, 1985 (P.O. No. 24 of 1985), and all other laws made between the fifth day of July, 1977, and the date on which this Article comes into force are hereby affirmed, adopted and declared, notwithstanding any judgment of any court, to have been validly made by competent authority and, notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution, shall not be called in question in any court on any ground whatsoever. Provided that a President’s Order, Martial Law Regulation or Martial Law Order made after the thirtieth day of September, 1985, shall be confined only to making such provisions as facilitate, or are incidental to, the revocation of the Proclamation of the fifth day of July, 1977. (2) All orders made, proceedings taken and acts done by any authority or by any person, which were made, taken or done, or purported to have been made, taken or done, between the fifth day of July, 1977, and the date on which this Article comes into force, in exercise of the powers derived from any Proclamation, President’s Orders, Ordinances, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders, enactments, notifications, rules, orders or bye-laws, or in execution of or in compliance with any order made or sentence passed by any authority in the exercise or purported exercise of powers as aforesaid, shall, notwithstanding any judgment of any court, be deemed to be and always to have been validly made, taken or done and shall not be called in question in any court on any ground whatsoever. (3) All President’s Orders, Ordinances, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders, enactments, notifications, rules, orders or bye-laws in force immediately before the date on which this Article comes into force shall continue in force until altered, repealed or amended by competent authority. Explanation, – In this clause, “competent authority” means, (a) in respect of President’s Orders, Ordinances, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders and enactments, the appropriate Legislature; and (b) in respect of notifications, rules, orders and bye-laws, the authority in which the power to make, alter, repeal or amend the same vests under the law. (4) No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie in any court against any authority or any person, for or on account of or in respect of any order made, proceedings taken or act done whether in the exercise or purported exercise of the powers referred to in clause (2) or in execution of or in compliance with orders made or sentences passed in exercise or purported exercise of such powers. (5) For the purposes of clauses (1), (2) and (4), all orders made, proceedings taken, acts done or purporting to be made, taken or done by any authority or person shall be deemed to have been made, taken or done in good faith and for the

purpose intended to be served thereby. (6) Such of the President’s Orders and Ordinances referred to in clause (1) as are specified in the Seventh Schedule may be amended in the manner provided for amendment of the Constitution, and all other laws referred to in the said clause may be amended by the appropriate Legislature in the manner provided for amendment of such laws. Explanation. – In this Article “President’s Orders” includes “President and Chief Martial Law Administrator’s Orders” and “Chief Martial Law Administrator’s Orders”] Validation and affirmation of laws 270AA. (l) The Proclamation of Emergency of the fourteenth day of October, 1999, all President's Orders, Ordinances, Chief Executive's Orders, including the Provisional Constitution Order No.1 of 1999, the Oath of Office (Judges) Order, 2000 (No.1 of 2000), Chief Executive's Order No. 12 of 2002, the amendments made in the Constitution through the Legal Framework Order, 2002 (Chief Executive's Order No. 24 of 2002), the Legal Framework (Amendment) Order, 2002 (Chief Executive's Order No. 29 of 2002), the Legal Framework (Second Amendment) Order, 2002 (Chief Executive's Order No. 32 of 2002) and all other laws made between the twelfth day of October, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine and the date on which this Article comes into force (both days inclusive), having been duly made are accordingly affirmed, adopted and declared to have been validly made by the competent authority and notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution shall not be called in question in any court or forum on any ground whatsoever. (2) All orders made, proceedings taken, appointments made, including secondments and deputations, and acts done by any authority, or by any person, which were made; taken or done, or purported to have been made, taken or done, between the twelfth day of October, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine, and the date on which this Article comes into force (both days inclusive), in exercise of the powers derived from any Proclamation, President's Orders, Ordinances, Chief Executive's Orders, enactments, including amendments in the Constitution, notifications, rules, orders, bye-laws, or in execution of or in compliance with any orders made or sentences passed by any authority in the exercise or purported exercise of powers as aforesaid, shall, notwithstanding any judgment of any court, be deemed to be and always to have been validly made, taken or done and shall not be called in question in any court or forum on any ground whatsoever. (3) All Proclamations, President's Orders, Ordinances, Chief Executive's Orders, laws, regulations, enactments, including amendments in the Constitution, notifications, rules, orders or bye-laws in force immediately before the date on which this Article comes into force shall continue in force until altered, repealed or amended by the competent austhority. Explanation.--In this clause, "competent authority" means,- (a) in respect of Presidents' Orders, Ordinances, Chief Executive's Orders and

enactments, including amendments in the Constitution, the appropriate Legislature; and (b) in respect of notifications, rules, orders and bye-laws, the authority in which the power to make, alter, repeal or amend the same vests under the law. (4)No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings, including writ petitions, shall lie in any court or forum against any authority or any person, for or on account of or in respect of any order made, proceedings taken or act done whether in the exercise or purported exercise of the powers referred to in clause (2) or in execution of or in compliance with orders made or sentences passed in exercise or purported exercise of such powers. (5) For the purposes of clauses (1), (2) and (4), all orders made, proceedings taken, appointments made, including secondments and deputations, acts done or purporting to be made, taken or done by any authority or person shall be deemed to have been made, taken or done in good faith and for the purpose intended to be served thereby.". 1Subs by Act No III/2003,dt 31/12/2003 Elections to be deemed to be held under Constitution. 270B. (2) All orders made, proceedings taken and acts done by any authority or by any person, which were made, taken or done, or purported to have been made, taken or done, between the fifth day of July, 1977, and the date on which this Article comes into force, in exercise of the powers derived from any Proclamation, President’s Orders, Ordinances, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders, enactments, notifications, rules, orders or bye-laws, or in execution of or in compliance with any order made or sentence passed by any authority in the exercise or purported exercise of powers as aforesaid, shall, notwithstanding any judgment of any court, be deemed to be and always to have been validly made, taken or done and shall not be called in question in any court on any ground whatsoever. Oath of Office of Judges, etc 270C 1Notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution, all persons appointed as Judges of the Supreme Court, High Courts and Federal Shariat Court who have taken oath under the Oath of Office (Judges) Order, 2000 (1 of 2000), or not having been given or taken oath under that Order have ceased to continue to hold the office of a Judge shall be deemed to have been appointed or ceased to continue to hold such office, as the case may be, under the Constitution and such appointment or cessation of office shall have effect accordingly. 1New Article added ibid First National Assembly. 271. (3) All President’s Orders, Ordinances, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders, enactments, notifications, rules, orders or bye-laws in force immediately before the date on which this Article comes into force shall continue in force until altered, repealed or amended by competent authority.

272. Explanation, – In this clause, “competent authority” means, – First [Constitution of] Senate. 273. (a) in respect of President’s Orders, Ordinances, Martial Law Regulations, Martial Law Orders and enactments, the appropriate Legislature; and First Provincial Assembly. (b) in respect of notifications, rules, orders and bye-laws, the authority in which the power to make, alter, repeal or amend the same vests under the law. (4) No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie in any court against any authority or any person, for or on account of or in respect of any order made, proceedings taken or act done whether in the exercise or purported exercise of the powers referred to in clause (2) or in execution of or in compliance with orders made or sentences passed in exercise or purported exercise of such powers. (5) For the purposes of clauses (1), (2) and (4), all orders made, proceedings taken, acts done or purporting to be made, taken or done by any authority or person shall be deemed to have been made, taken or done in good faith and for the purpose intended to be served thereby. (6) Such of the President’s Orders and Ordinances referred to in clause (1) as are specified in the Seventh Schedule may be amended in the manner provided for amendment of the Constitution, and all other laws referred to in the said clause may be amended by the appropriate Legislature in the manner provided for amendment of such laws. Explanation. – In this Article “President’s Orders” includes “President and Chief Martial Law Administrator’s Orders” and “Chief Martial Law Administrator’s Orders”] Provided that no person holding an office of profit in the service of Pakistan shall continue to be a member of the Assembly after the expiration of three months from the commencing day. (2) A casual vacancy in a seat in the first Assembly of a Province, including a vacancy in a seat in the Assembly of that Province in existence immediately before the commencing day which was not filled before that day, caused by reason of death or resignation of a member or consequent upon his incurring a disqualification or ceasing to be a member as a result of the final decision of an election petition may be filled in the same manner in which it would have been filled before the commencing day. (3) A member referred to in paragraph (a) of clause (1) shall not sit or vote in the Provincial Assembly until he has made the oath prescribed by Article 65 read with Article 127 and, if, without leave of the Speaker of the Provincial Assembly granted

on reasonable cause shown, he fails to make the oath with twenty-one days from the day of the first meeting of the Provincial Assembly, his seat shall become vacant at the expiration of that period. 274. (1) All property and assets which, immediately before the commencing day, were vested in the President or the Federal Government shall, as from that day, vest in the Federal Government unless they were used for purposes which, on that day, became purposes of the Government of a Province, in which case they shall, as from that day, vest in the Government of the Province. Vesting of property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations. (2) All property and assets which, immediately before the commencing day, were vested in the Government of a Province, shall, as from that day, continue to be vested in the Government of that Province, unless they were used for purposes, which on that day, became purposes of the Federal Government in which case they shall, as from that day, vest in the Federal Government. (3) All rights, liabilities and obligations of the Federal Government or of the Government of a Province, whether arising out of contract or otherwise, shall as from the commencing day, continue to be respectively the rights, liabilities and obligations of the Federal Government or of the Government of the Province, except that – (a) all rights, liabilities and obligations relating to any matter which, immediately before that day, was the responsibility of the Federal Government, but which under the Constitution, has become the responsibility of the Government of a Province, shall devolve upon the Government of that Province; and (b) all rights, liabilities and obligations relating to any matter which, immediately before that day, was the responsibility of the Government of a Province, but which under the Constitution, has become the responsibility of the Federal Government, shall devolve upon the Federal Government. Continuance in office of persons in service of Pakistan, etc. 275. (1) Subject to the Constitution and until law is made under Article 240 any person who, immediately before the commencing day, was in the service of Pakistan shall, as from that day, continue in the service of Pakistan on the same terms and conditions as were applicable to him under the Interim Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan immediately before that day. (2) Clause (1) shall also apply in relation to a person holding office immediately before the commencing day as – (a) Chief Justice of Pakistan or other Judge of the Supreme Court, or Chief Justice or other Judge of a High Court;

(b) Governor of a Province; (c) Chief Minister of a Province; (d) Speaker or Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly or a Provincial Assembly; (e) Chief Election Commissioner; (f) Attorney-General for Pakistan or Advocate-General for a Province; (g) Auditor-General of Pakistan. (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution, for a period of six months from the commencing day, a Federal Minister or a Minister of State or the Chief Minister of a Province or a Provincial Minister may be a person who is not a member of [Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)] or, as the case may be, the Provincial Assembly of that Province; and such Chief Minister and Provincial Minister shall have the right to speak and otherwise take part in the proceedings of the Provincial Assembly or any committee thereof of which he may be named a member, but shall not by virtue of this clause be entitled to vote. (4) Any person who, under this Article, is continued in an office in respect of which a form of oath is set out in the Third Schedule shall, as soon as is practicable after the commencing day make before the appropriate person oath in that form. (5) Subject to the Constitution and law – (a) all civil, criminal and revenue courts exercising jurisdiction and functions immediately before the commencing day shall, as from that day, continue to exercise their respective jurisdictions and functions; and (b) all authorities and all officers (whether judicial, executive, revenue or ministerial) throughout Pakistan exercising functions immediately before the commencing day shall, as from that day, continue to exercise their respective functions. Oath of first President. 276. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution, the first President may, in the absence of the Chief Justice of Pakistan, make the oath referred to in Article 42 before the Speaker of the National Assembly. Transitional financial, provisions. 277. (1) The schedule or authorized expenditure authenticated by the President for the financial year ending on the thirtieth day of June, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-four, shall continue to remain a valid authority for expenditure from

the Federal Consolidated Fund for that year. (2) The President may, in respect of expenditure of the Federal Government for any financial year preceding the financial year commencing on the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-three (being expenditure in excess of the authorized expenditure for that year), authorize the withdrawal of moneys from the Federal Consolidated Fund. (3) The provisions of clauses (1) and (2) shall apply to and in relation to a Province, and for that purpose – (a) any reference in those provisions to the President shall be read as a reference to the Governor of the Province; (b) any reference in those provisions to the Federal Government shall be read as a reference to the Government of the Province; and (c) any reference in those provisions to the Federal Consolidated Fund shall be read as a reference to the Provincial Consolidated Fund of the Province. Accounts not audited before commencing day. 278. The Auditor-General shall perform the same functions and exercise the same powers in relation to accounts which have not been completed or audited before the commencing day as, by virtue of the Constitution, he is empowered to perform or exercise in relation to other accounts, and Article 171 shall, with the necessary modifications, apply accordingly. Continuance of taxes 279. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Constitution, all taxes and fees levied under any law in force immediately before the commencing day shall continue to be levied until they are varied or abolished by Act of the appropriate Legislature. 280. The Proclamation of Emergency issued on the twenty-third day of November, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-one shall be deemed to be a Proclamation of Emergency issued under Article 232, and for the purposes of clause (7) and clause (8) thereof to have been issued on the commencing day, and any law, rule or order made or purporting to have been made in pursuance of that Proclamation shall be deemed to have been validly made [and shall not be called in question in any Court on the ground of inconsistency with any of the rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II.] Continuance of Proclamation of Emergency.

CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN 1[ANNEX (Article 2 A) The Objectives Resolution (In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent the most Merciful). Whereas sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah Almighty alone and the authority which. He has delegated to the State of Pakistan, through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust; This Constitutent Assembly representing the people of Pakistan resolves to frame a constitution for the sovereign independent State of Pakistan; Wherein the State shall exercise its powers and authority through the chosen representatives of the people; Wherein the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed; Wherein the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah; 1 New Annex ins. by P.O.No.14 of 1985, Art. 2 and Sch. Wherein adequate provision shall be made for the minorities to profess and practise their religions and develop their cultures; Wherein the territories now included in or in accession with Pakistan and such other territories as may hereafter be included in or accede to Pakistan shall form a Federation wherein the units will be autonomous with such boundaries and limitations on their powers and authority as may be prescribed; Wherein shall be guaranteed fundamental rights including equality of status, of opportunity and before law, social, economic and political justice, and freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship and association, subject to law and public morality; Wherein adequate provision shall be made to safeguard the legitimate interests of minorities and backward and depressed classes; Wherein the independence of the Judiciary shall be fully secured; Wherein the integrity of the territories of the Federation, its independence and all its rights including its sovereign rights on land, sea and air shall be safeguarded; So that the people of Pakistan may prosper and attain their rightful and honoured place amongst the nations of the World and make their full contribution towards international peace and progress and happiness of humanity.] 1[FIRST SCHEDULE] [Article 8 (3) (b) (4)]

Laws exempted from the operation of Article 8 (1) and (2). PART I I. President’s Orders 1. The Acceding State (Property) Order, 1961 (P.O.No. 12 of 1961). 2. The Economic Reforms Order, 1972 (P.O.No.1 of 1972). II. Regulations 1. The Land Reforms Regulation, 1972. 2. The Land Reforms (Baluchistan Pat Feeder Canal) Regulation, 1972. 3. The Economic Reforms (Protection of Industries) Regulation, 1972. 4. The Distribution of Property (Chitral) Regulation, 1974 (II of 1974). 5. The Settlement of Disputes of Immovable Property (Chitral) Regulation, 1974 (III of 1974). 1 The First Schedule as amended by the Constitution (First Amdt.) Act, 1974(33 of 1974.) s.17 (w.e.f. the 4th May, 1974), has been subs. by the Constitution (Fourth Amdt.) Act, 1975 (71 of 1975), s 12 (w.e.f. the 21st November, 1975). 6. The Dir and Swat (Devolution and Distribution of Property and Settlement of Disputes of Immovable Property) (Amendment) Regulation, 1975 (II 0f 1975). 7. 1[7. The Settlement of Disputes of Immovable Property (Chitral) (Amendment) Regulation, 1976 (II of 1976)]. III. Federal Acts. 1. The Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1974 (XXX of 1974). 2. The Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1975 (XXXIX of 1975). 3. 2[3. The Flour Milling Control and Development Act, 1976 (LVII of 1976) 4. The Rice Milling Control and Development Act, 1976 (LVIII of 1976). 5. The Cotton Ginning Control and Development Act, 1976 (LIX of 1976)]. IV. Ordinances Promulgated by the President. The Land Reforms (Amendment) Ordinance 1975 (XXI of 1975), and the Federal Act enacted to replace the said Ordinance. 1 Entry 7 added by the Constitution (Fifth Amdt.) Act, 1976 (62 of 1976), s.18 (w.e.f. the 13th September, 1976). 2 Entries 3 to 5 added ibid. (w.e.f. the 13th September, 1976). III. Provincial Acts. 1. The Land Reforms (Baluchistan Amendment) Act, 1974 (Baluchistan Act XI of 1974). 2. The Land Reforms (Pat Feeder Canal Regulation) (Amendment) Act, 1975 (Baluchistan Act VII of 1975). 1[VI Provincial Ordinance The Land Reforms (Pat Feeder Canal)(Amendment) Ordinance, 1976]. 1 Sub-heading VI and the entry added by the Constitution (Fifth Amdt). Act, 1976

(62 of 1976) s.18 (w.e.f. the 13th September, 1976). PART II I. President’s Orders 1. The Minerals (Acquisition and Transfer) Order, 1961 (P.O. No.8 of 1961). 2. The Companies (Managing Agency and Election of Directors) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 2 of 1972). 3. The Co-operative Societies (Reforms) Order, 1992 (P.O.No.9 of 1972). 4. The Life Insurance (Nationalization) Order, 1972 (P.O.No.10 of 1972). 5. The Martial Law (Pending Proceedings) Order, 1972 (P.O.No.14 of 1972). 6. The Rulers of Acceding States (Abolition of Privy Purses and Privileges) Order, 1972 (P.O.No. 15 of 1972). 7 The Industrial Sanctions and Licences (Cancellation) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 16 of 1972). 8. The Criminal Law Amendment (Special Court) Order, 1972 (P.O. No. 20 of 1972). II. Regulations 1. Rawalpindi (Requisition of Property) Regulation, 1959. 2. The Pakistan Capital Regulation, 1960. 3. The Scrutiny of Claims (Evacuee Property) Regulation, 1961. 4. The Income Tax (Correction of Returns and False Declaration) Regulation, 1969. 5. Improper Acquisition of Property Regulation, 1969. 6. The Removal from Service (Special Provisions) Regulation, 1969. 7. The Living Beyond Ostensible Means (Punishment) Regulation, 1969. 8. The Government Agricultural Land (Recovery of Illegal Possession) Regulation, 1969. 9. The Enemy Property (Payment of Money Due to Enemy) Regulation, 1970. 10. The Withdrawal of Currency Notes (High Denomination) Regulation, 1971. 11. The Price of Evacuee Property and Public Dues (Recovery) Regulation, 1971. 12. The Peshawar District and Tribal Areas (Settlement of Disputes) Regulation, 1971. 13. The Convention Muslim League and Awami League (Scrutiny of Funds) Regulation, 1971. 14. The Foreign Exchange Repatriation Regulation, 1972. 15. The Foreign Assets (Declaration) Regulation, 1972. 16. The Removal from Service (Review Petition) Regulation, 1972. 17. The Privately Managed Schools and Colleges (Taking Over) Regulation, 1972. 18. The Enemy Property (Revocation of Sales) Regulation, 1972. 19. The Dir and Swat (Devolution and Distribution of Property) Regulation, 1972. 20. The Dir and Swat (Settlement of Disputes of Immovable Property) Regulation, 1972. 21. The West Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (Revocation of Sale or Transfer) Regulation, 1972.

22. The National Press Trust (Suspension of Board of Trustees and Directors) Regulation, 1972. 23. The Co-operative Banks (Repayment of Loans) (Punjab) Regulation, 1972. 24. The Co-operative Societies (Repayment of Loans) (Sind) Regulation, 1972. III. Ordinances Promulgated by the President. 1. The Control of Shipping Ordinance, 1959 (XIII of 1959). 2. The Jammu and Kashmir (Administration of Property) Ordinance, 1961 (III of 1961). 3. The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961 (VIII of 1961). 4. The Security of Pakistan (Amendment) Ordinance, 1961 (XIV of 1961). 5. The Associated Press of Pakistan (Taking Over) Ordinance, 1961 (XX of 1961). 6. The Trade Organisations Ordinance, 1961 (XLV of 1961). IV. Federal Acts. The Censorship of Films Act, 1963 (XVIII of 1963) V. Ordinances Promulgated by the Governor of Former Province of West Pakistan. 1. The West Pakistan Government Educational and Training Institutions Ordinance, 1960 (W.P.Ordinance No.XI of 1960). 2. The West Pakistan Wakf Properties Ordinance, 1961 (W.P.Ordinance No.XXVIII of 1961). 3. The Societies Registration (West Pakistan Amendment) Ordinance, 1962 (W.P. Ordinance No.IX of 1962). 4. The West Pakistan Industries (Control on Establishment and Enlargement) Ordinance, 1963 (W.P.Ordinance No.IV of 1963). VI. Ordinances Promulgated by the Governor of the North West Frontier Province. 1. The North-West Frontier Province Government Educational and Training Institutions Ordinance, 1971 (N.W.F.P. Ordinance No. III of 1971). 2. The North-West Frontier Province Chashma Right Bank Canal Project (Control and Prevention of Speculation in Land) Ordinance, 1971 (N.W.F.P. Ordinance No. V of 1971) . 3 The North West Frontier Province Gomal Zam Project (Control and Prevention of Speculation in Land) Ordinance, 1971 (N.W.F.P. Ordinance No. VIII of 1971)].

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