georgian technical university akaki tsereteli state...
TRANSCRIPT
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universiteti
Georgian Technical University
Akaki Tsereteli State University
b i z n e s - i n J i n e r i n g i
Business-Engineering
yovelkvartaluri referirebadi da recenzirebadi
samecniero Jurnali
REVIEWABLE QUARTERLY MAGAZINE
Mmesame saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri konferencia _ IEC-2015
`erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis modelebi: guSin, dRes, xval~
Third International Economic Conference _ IEC-2015
Models of National Economy Development: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow
4 2015
2
b i z n e s - i n J i n e r i n g i Business-Engineering
yovelkvartaluri referirebadi da recenzirebadi samecniero Jurnali
uak (UDC) 338.22+62
ბ-666
№4, 2015 weli
a. siWinava (mTavari redaqtori) S. veSapiZe (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile) a. quTaTelaZe (eleqtronuli versiis teqnikuri redaqtori) T. lominaZe (eleqtronuli versiis redaqtoris moadgile)
saredaqcio kolegia: n. abesaZe, g. abaSiZe (baTumi), g. abduSeliSvili, g. abramiSvili, e. baraTaSvili, T. bacikaZe, v. bojari (poloneTi), b. boqoliSvili, z. gasitaSvili, i. gabi-sonia, j. gaxokiZe, l. gvasalia, a. gluSecki (ruseTi), iv. gorgiZe, i. gujabiZe, u. demirai (TurqeTi), c. duruli (gori), m. efimCenko (ruseTi), r. vinTeri (Sveicaria), o. zumburiZe, d. TavxeliZe, l. imnaiSvili, k. isaeva (yazaxeTi), p. ioni (germania), r. Sengelia, ir. vouTer Ten haafi (niderlandi), i. kakubava, z. kovziriZe, i. kveselava, l. klimiaSvili, p. koRua-Svili, j. lanci (poloneTi), e. lobanova (ruseTi), S. lominaSvili (quTaisi), z. lomsaZe, i. lomiZe, g. malaSxia, v. minasiani (ruseTi), r. oTinaSvili, m. osinka (poloneTi), m. pisa-niuki (moldova), g. saluqvaZe, i. Jordania, d. sexniaSvili, r. sturua, J. suleimanovi (yaza-xeTi), g. tyeSelaSvili, a. frangiSvili, l. qarCava, r. quTaTelaZe, g. RavTaZe (quTaisi), l. RoReliani, m. Ciqava, n. CixlaZe, d. ComaxiZe, b. cxadaZe, g. ZiZiguri, n. xundaZe, j. janaSia, d. jafariZe, g. jolia.
EDITOR : A. Sichinava DEPUTY OF CHIEF EDITOR: Sh. Veshapidze EDITOR: A. Kutateladze DEPUTY EDITOR: T. Lominadze
EDITOR STAFF: N. Abesadze, G. Abashidze (Batumi), G. abdushelishvili, G. Abramishvili, M. Chikava, N. Chikhladze, D. Chomakhidze, G. Dzidziguri, E. Baratashvili, T. Batsikadze, W. Bojar (Poland), B. Boqolishvili, A. Frangishvili, G, Gavtadze, L. Gogeliani, Z. Gasitashvili, I. Gabisonia, J. Gakhokidze, L. Gvasalia, A. Glushetsky (Russia), Iv. Gorgidze, I. Gujabidze, L. Imnaishvili, K. Isaeva (Kazakhistan), J. Janashia, D. Japaridze, P. John (Germany), G. Jolia, I. Kakubava, L. Klimiashvili, P. Koguashvili, J. Lancy (Poland), N. Khundadze, I. Kveselava, Z. Kovziridze, E. Lobanova (Russia), I. Lomidze, Sh. Lominashvili (Kutaisi), Z. Lomsadze, G. Malashkhia, V. Minasian (Russia), R. Otinashvili, M. Osinska (Poland), M. Pisaniuk (Moldova), L. Qarchava, R. Qutateladze, G Saluqvadze, D. Sekhniashvili, R. Sturua, J. Suleimanov (Kazakhstan), D. Tavkhelidze, G. Tkeshela-shvili, B. Tskhadadze, R. Winter (Sweden), Ir. Wounter Ten Haap (Netherlands), I. Zhordania, O. Zumburidze.
pasuxismgebeli redaqtoriL: dali sexniaSvili
garekanis dizainis avtori: dali sexniaSvili teqnikuri redaqtori: Tamar abuaSvili, nona cabaZe redaqciis azri SesaZloa ar emTxveodes avtorisas. statiaSi moyvanili faqtebisa da mona-cemebis sizusteze pasuxismgebelia avtori.
misamarTi: saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti kostavas 77, korp. VI, sarT. VI, oT. 610ბ. tel.: 595 71 91 77; 599 51 80 84; 555 36 61 01; 593 30 07 65. www. Business-Engineering.bpengi.com el-fosta: [email protected]
ISSN 1512-0538
Editorial office address: Georgian Technical University Tbilisi, Kostava str. 77. 610 b. Tel.: 595 71 91 77; 599 51 80 84; 555 36 61 01; 593 30 07 65. www. Business-Engineering.bpengi.com E-mail: [email protected]
3
seqcia II. ekonomikis seqtorebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove problemebi
SECTION 2. THE MODERN PROBLEMS OF THE ECONOMIC SECTORS DEVELOPMENT
1. giorgi RavTaZe, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori; aza ifSiraZe, akaki
wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent profesori saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis dafinansebis srulyofis sakiTxisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2. gela lobj(J)aniZe, stu-s profesori saqarTvelos mineraluri resursebi erovnul simdidreSi da maTi efeqtiani aTvisebis mimarTulebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
3. giorgi caava, stu-s profesori; naTia janeliZe, stu-s doqtoranti
grZelvadiani dakreditebis sainvesticio xasiaTis bankebis aucileblobisa da grZelvadiani valis -obligaciis meSveobiT dafinansebis Taviseburebebi . . . . . . . . . . 20
4. Vazha Kakabadze, Doctor of Economics, Geologic engineer Associate fellow of Georgian Academy of Engineering; Nana Maisuradze, Doctor of Economics Competitiveness Management Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
5. giorgi xanTaZe, stu-s asocirebuli profesori; daviT JRenti, stu-s doqtoranti komerciuli bankis risk-menejmentis sistemis Tanamedrove midgomebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
6. goderZi SaniZe, quTaisis universitetisa da akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori saerTaSoriso biznesisaTvis menejerebis SerCevis Taviseburebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7. dali sexniaSvili, stu-s asocirebuli profesori; zaza siWinava, stu-s doqtoranti Tanamedrove midgomebi kompaniis strategiis gansazRvrisa da formirebis sakiTxebisadmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
8. demur siWinava, iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori; Teimuraz gognaZe, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu-s mTavari specialisti; daviT siWinava, stu-s doqtoranti informaciuli usafrTxoeba saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
9. zurab garayaniZe, stu-s profesori; nino maRraZe, saqarTvelos universitetis doqtoranti Tavisufal industriul zonebSi investirebis zogierTi problema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
10. evgeni baraTaSvili, stu-s profesori; irma maxaraSvili, stu-s doqtoranti mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetileba da masze zemoqmedi garemo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
11. ekaterine mowoneliZe, stu-s doqtoranti saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis roli jandacvaSi organizaciul-ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofis saqmeSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
12. elene kamkamiZe, stu-s profesori; ekaterine gvaramia, stu-s asistent-profesori kompiuteruli grafikis SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba swavlebis Tanamedrove etapze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
13. valerian xaritonaSvili, stu-s profesori; nino WiWinaZe, stu-s doqtoranti savtomobilo transportis usafrTxoebis problema erovnul ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi . .61
14. valida sesaZe, stu-s profesori; vladimer kekenaZe, stu-s profesori; gela WikaZe,
stu-s profesori ekologiur procesebSi bifurkaciuli movlenebis marTva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4
15. zurab wveraiZe, stu-s profesori; nino varZiaSvili, stu-s doqtoranti; maia WolikiZe, stu-s doqtoranti sivrculi ekonomikuri procesebis parametruli identifikaciisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
16. giorgi baRaTuria, stu-s profesori; irina iaSvili, stu-s profesori kibernetikuli meTodologiis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba safinanso-ekonomikuri krizisis prognozirebis mizniT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
17. Tamar abuaSvili, stu-s asocirebuli profesori; daviT siWinava, stu-s doqtoranti internet-marketingi - strategiuli Rirebuleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
18. xaTuna SalamberiZe, awsu-s asocirebuli profesori finansuri globalizaciis sabanko aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
19. TinaTin gugeSaSvili, awsu-s asocirebuli profesori; zurab muSkudiani, awsu-s doqtoranti stres-testebis meTodologiis rolis Sesaxeb sabanko seqtorSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
20. kaxaber JRenti, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis doqtoranti korporaciuli marTvis srulyofis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . .87
21. manana alfaiZe, saswavlo erovnuli universitetis (seu) asocirebuli profesori; 22. nazi WikaiZe, stu-s asocirebuli profesori
araswori gadawyetilebebi menejmentSi da maTi Sedegebi biznesSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
23. manana maridaSvili, kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universitetis asocirebuli profesori; irma maxaraSvili, kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universitetis doqtoranti regionuli menejmentis sistemuri analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
24. marina tabataZe, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti regionis strategiuli ganviTarebis finansuri uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebi . . . . . . . . . . . 98
25. marina qurdaZe, stu-s profesori; giorgi murjikneli, stu-s doqtoranti VoWiFi teqnologiis danergva saqarTveloSi da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi Tanamedrove biznes saqmianobaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
26. medea lominaSvili-fruiZe, awsu-s asocirebuli profesori produqciis TvTRirebulebis buRaltruli aRricxvis koncefcia - „direct-costing“ sistema argumentebi, sargeblianoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
27. akaki gvaruciZe, stu-s asoc. პrofesori; nato gegenava, stu-s asistentPპrofesori venCuruli kapitalis roli inovaciuri biznesis ganviTarebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
28. medea Ciqava, stu-s asocirebuli profesori; Tamar cincaZe, stu-s profesori; nodar sulaSvili, saqarTvelos universitetis asistent profesori mikrosocialuri garemos roli daavadebaTa prevenciaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
29. naira galaxvariZe, stu-s profesori; eldar gugava, stu-s profesori
ekologiuri riski, faqtorebis klasifikacia და marTvis RonisZiebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
30. nodar foforaZe, stu-s profesori; olRa seskuria, stu-s akademiuri doqtori yazbeg-omalos zonis TixafiqlebSi bunebrivi airis Semcvelobis perspeqtiuloba . . . . . .126
31. Jujuna Tsiklauri-Shengelia, Professor of GTU; Natia Shengelia, As. Professor of GTU The Audit Report, Its Importance and Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
32. rati abulaZe, stu-s asocirebuli profesori; evgeni baraTaSvili, stu-s profesori eleqtronuli biznes garemos gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
33. tariel kikvaZe, stu-s profesori; irine farseRaSvili, biznesis adminisistrirebis doqtori
5
auditis dagegmva da regulireba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
34. qeTevan kiwmariSvili, stu-s asocirebuli profesori karieris dagegmva. karieris tipologiebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
35. levan miqava, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti marketingis samsaxuris qvedanayofebis ZiriTadi amocanebi da funqciebi . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
36. ciala lomaia, stu-s asocirebuli profesori; Tamar CaxunaSvili, stu-s doqtoranti samedicino xarisxis Sefaseba da organizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi inovaciebi pirvelad jandacvaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
37. julieta gagloSvili, stu-s doqtoranti; sulxan xuciSvili, stu-s profesori modelirebis amocanebi Ria inovaciur procesebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
38. nino qenqaZe, kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universiteti universitetis doqtoranti; irina mamalaZe, stu-s asocirebuli profesori sadazRvevo bazris ganviTarebis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . .156
39. zurab jorbenaZe, stu-s asocirebuli profesori; rivka ben iakov, stu-s doqtoranti
biznesSi warmatebis zogierTi algoriTmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 40. marine gvianiZe, stu-s doqtoranti; evgenia Sengelia, stu-s profesori
baTumis wyalarinebis gamwmendi nagebobა da misi garemosdacviTi mniSvneloba . . . . . . . . .162
41. giorgi molodini, stu-s doqtoranti; giorgi caava, stu-s profesori axali sabanko produqtebis Seqmnis procesebis marTva da sabanko saqmeSi kriptografiis meTodebis gamoyenebis prioritetebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
42. karlo Rurwkaia, stu-s profesori; karli Rurwkaia, stu-s asocirebuli
profesori; TaTia Rurwkaia, stu-s asocirebuli profesori adamianiseuli resursebis saerTaSoriso marTva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 43. leila doliZe, stu-s doqtoranti finansuri menejmenti bankSi: kapitalis, aqtivebisa da pasivebis, Semosavlianobis, riskebis, finansuri marTvis Tanamedrove sistemebi da oqros sabanko wesebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
44. neli sesaZe, stu-s asocirebuli profesori; irma kucia, stu-s asocirebuli profesori;
valida sesaZe, stu-s profesori
ekonomikuri procesebis kvleva sinergetikis meTodebis gamoyenebiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
seqcia IV. erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis samarTlebrivi, politikuri da istoriul-filosofiuri aspeqtebi
Section IV. Legal, Political, Historical and Philosophical Aspects of the National Economy
Development 1. jemal gaxokiZe, stu-s profesori; sofo midelaSvili, stu-s profesori
CineTis saxalxo respublikis honkongis specialuri administraciuli regionis konstituciis politikur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
2. igor kveselva, stu-s profesori kapitalizmis dilema (politikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188
3. irakli gabisonia, stu-s profesori; irakli minaSvili, stu-s ufrosi maswavlebeli
6
iuridiuli piris sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis aspeqtebi sagadasaxado da sxva danaSaulTa sferoSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
4. givi abaSiZe, samarTlis doqtori, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori ekonomikuri danaSauli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5. boris WiWinaZe, ekonomikis doqtori, akaki wereTlis saxelobis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis maswavlebeli
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganviTarebis problemebi da perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
6. milordi siWinava, stu-s profesori RvTaeba odi – fuladqceuli oqros RvTaeba da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis sakiTxi . . 217
7. ivane osaZe, stu-is profesori yirimeli TaTrebis sakiTxi nacisturi germaniis „aRmosavlur“ politikaSi . . . . . . . . . . .222
8. maia amirgulaSvili, stu-s asocirebuli profesori; qeTevan mdinaraZe, stu-s asocirebuli profesori saxelmwifos rolis modifikacia ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
9. mamuka sarCimelia, stu-s profesori Crdilovani ekonomikis samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229
10. naira virsalaZe, awsu-s asocirebuli profesori ojaxuri Zaladobis statistika socialuri problemebis fonze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
11. naira RvedaSvili, SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori kulturisa da xelovnebis sferos organizaciebis marTvis sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
12. xaTuna beriSvili, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori samarTlebrivi garemos cvlis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi da maTi zegavlena biznesis ganviTarebaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
13. nino failoZe, stu-s profesori; giorgi sulaSvili, stu-s asistent profesori; Jana gabaraevi, stu-s doqtoranti auditis Catarebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
14. maia Wedia, q. foTis I saSualo skolis maswavlebli; natalia tabiZe, q. foTis I saSualo skolis maswavlebli stereotipebi, sirTuleebi da maRali molodinebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
15. parmen lemonjava, stu-s profesori; valeri qiria, stu-s asocirebuli profesori; laSa murjikneli, stu-s doqtoranti monrealisa da kiotos oqmebis sabuTebad SemuSaveba da miReba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
16. zurab jorbenaZe, stu-s profesori religia - biznesis warmatebis winapiroba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
17. nino niSnianiZe, stu-s profesori; Sorena wiqariZe, stu-s doqtoranti sasamarTlo-sakonstitucიo kontrolis institutis socialur-samarTlebrivi Sinaarsi da organizaciuli safuZvlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
18. lia metreveli, stu-s asocirebuli profesori; marine lomiZe, stu-s asocirebuli profesori komunikaciiis procesis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
7
seqcia II. ekonomikis seqtorebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove problemebi
SECTION 2. THE MODERN PROBLEMS OF THE ECONOMIC SECTORS DEVELOPMENT
saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis dafinansebis srulyofis sakiTxisaTvis
giorgi RavTaZe _ akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo
universitetis profesori aza ifSiraZe – quTaisi universitetis
asistent profesori
reziume
msoflios ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sa-zogadoebis TiToeuli wevrisaTvis srul-yofili ganaTlebis misaRebad da sakuTari inteleqtualuri potencialis srulad ga-mosavlenad garemos Seqmnas, rac gvevli-neba rogorc calkeuli pirovnebis warma-tebis, ise mTlianad qveynis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli aucilebeli piroba.
ganaTlebaze wvdomis indikatori mWid-rodaa dakavSirebuli ojaxis ekonomikur pirobebTan, regionTan, sacxovrebel ad-gilsa da eTnikur Tu religiur kuTvni-lebasTan. Tumca, yvelaze mniSvnelovani, mainc, ekonomikuri problemebia. Sesabami-sad, gadamwyveti mniSvneoba eniWeba ganaT-lebis dafinansebis sistemis srulyofas, gansakuTrebiT sauniversiteto doneze.
universitetebis mier saganmanaTleb-lo, samecniero, inovaciuri, socialuri Tu sxva funqciebis srulfasovani Sesru-lebabevrad aris damokidebuli mis finan-sur stabilurobaze. swored amitom, ro-gorc TviT universitetebi, ise xelisuf-leba, ganuxrelad unda zrunavdnen, erTi mxriv, umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebulebis Semosalvebis diversificirebaze, mdgra-dobaze da meore mxriv, biujetis xarjebis optimalur ganawilebaze.
Summary
At the present stage of the world development, for each member of the society to receive a proper edu-cation and thoroughly reveal his/her intellectual po-tential, it is of great importance to create relevant envi-ronment, which appears as a necessary condition both for individual success and a country’s development as a whole.
Access to education is closely linked to a family’s economic conditions, region, place of residence and ethnic or religious background. However, it is econo-mic problems that are still most important. Ac-cordingly, improving the education funding system is of paramount importance, especially at the university level.
It is universities’ financial stability that greatly de-fines their full implementation of educational, scien-tific, innovative, social and a number of different fun-ctions. That’s why, universities themselves as well as the government should take great care of the diver-sification and sustainability of revenues of institutions of higher education, on the one hand, and optimal allocation of budget expenditures, on the other hand.
sakvanZo sityvebi: ganaTlebis xelmisa-
wvdomoba; universitetebis finansuri sta-biluroba, Semosavlebis diversificireba; ganaTlebis saxelmwifo dafinanseba.
msoflios ganviTarebis Tanamedrove
etapze Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ga-naTlebas, romelzec mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli rogorc calkeul saxelm-wifoebSi mimdinarereformebis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba, ise miRweuli dadebiTi Se-
8
degebis SenarCuneba da qveynebis mdgradi ganviTareba. ukanasknel wlebSi msoflios masStabiT ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sfe-roSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis Sede-gebi naTeli dasturia imisa, rom sazogado-ebis TiToeuli wevrisaTvis srulyofili ganaTlebis misaRebad da sakuTari inte-leqtualuri potencialis srulad gamo-savlenad garemos Seqmna aris rogorc cal-keuli pirovnebis warmatebis, ise mTlianad qveynis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvreli auci-lebeli piroba [RavTaZe, ifSiraZe 2015:525]. amasTan, saqarTvelos konkurentianoba globalur ekonomikaSi mniSvnelovnad iq-neba damokidebuli mis mier maRalkvalifi-cirebuli adamianuri resursebis momza-debis unarze, rac SesaZlebeli iqneba mxo-lod xarisxiani ganaTlebis uzrunvelyo-fis gziT.
aRniSnuli TvalTaxedviT, saqarTvelo-Si arc Tu saxarbielo mdgomareobaa, rad-gan 2013 wlis monacemebiT, Sesabamisi asa-kobrivi jgufis daaxloebiT mxolod 25%
iyo CarTuli umaRles ganaTlebaSi [EPPM, 2013:10]. amasTan, Sinameurneobebis monace-mebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom CarTulobis maCveneblis mixedviT erTmaneTisgan mkveT-rad gansxvavdeba mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufi. dafinansebadi programebis SemoRe-bam es problema erTgvarad Searbila, mag-ram ver aRmofxvra. rogorc kvlevebi adas-turebs, mTels msoflioSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSic, CarTulobis indikatori mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli ojaxis ekonomi-kur pirobebTan, regionTan, sacxovrebel adgilsa da eTnikur Tu religiur kuTvni-lebasTan.
ganaTlebis sistemis srulyofas gaaCnia politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri, is-toriuli da a.S. datvirTva da Sedegi, rac ganapirobebs misi funqciuri aRWurvis mravalferovnebas Tanamedrove etapze. sistemis warmatebuli funqcionireba mniS-vnelovnad aris damokidebuliganaTlebis procesis uwyvetobasa da sistemaSi Semaval instituciebs Soris mWidro kavSirebis arsebobaze. Tumca, gadamwyveti roli ma-inc universitetsa da umaRles ganalebas eniWeba.
universitetebis mier saganmanaTleb-lo, samecniero, inovaciuri, socialuri Tu sxva funqciebis srulfasovani Sesru-
leba bevrad aris damokidebuli mis finan-sur stabilurobaze. swored amitom, ro-gorc TviT universitetebi, ise xelisuf-leba, ganuxrelad unda zrunavdnen, erTi mxriv, umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebulebis Semosalvebis diversificirebaze, mdgra-dobaze da meore mxriv, biujetis xarjebis optimalur ganawilebaze. gvesmis, rom erTi statiis farglebSi SeuZlebelia aR-niSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebul proble-meTa sruli mocva. amitom, amjerad yurad-Rebas mxolod ramdenime maTganze SevaCe-rebT.
zogadad, Tanamedrove universitetebis bijetebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semosav-lis Semdegi wyaroebi:
Semosavlebi ZiriTadi saqmianobidan: igulisxmeba swavlis qira, miuxedavad imi-sa, Tu ra wyarodan xdeba misi Semosvla. sa-qarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, aqve unda CavTva-loT saxelmwifos mier prioritetuli sa-ganmanaTleblo programebis dafinanseba;
pirdapiri miznobrivi dafinanseba biujetidan: msgavsi Tanxebi, rogorc wesi, xmardeba profesuris xelfass, infrast-ruqturul proeqtebs, materialur-teqni-kuri bazis ganaxleba-gaumjobesebas da a.S.
Semosavlebi sxvadasxva saqmianobidan: es SeiZleba iyos qonebis ijara, ZiriTadi saqmianobis komercializacia, fasiani mom-saxurebis ganviTareba da a.S.
grantebi: erovnuli da saerTaSoriso;
Semowirulobebi: sxvadasxva donore-bidan, saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebidan, kursdamTavrebulebidan usasyidlod mi-Rebuli Tanxebi da a.S.
inteleqtualuri sakuTreba, patente-bi, nou-hau da a.S.
saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareobi-dan analizi cxadyofs, rom Cvens pirobebSi universitetebis Semosavlis wyaroebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ase mravalferovani ar aris. aRniSnuli SeiZleba ganvixiloT akaki we-reTlis saxelmwifo universitetis (awsu) magaliTze, romelic Tavisi masStabebiT saqarTvelos erT-erTi umsxvilesi da mra-valferovani umaRlesi saswavlebelia. (ix. cxrili #1)
cxrili#1. awsu Semosavlebi 2010-2015 ww. (aT. lari)
Semosavlis moculoba da xv. წili # Semosavlis wyaro
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
swavlis qira. m.S: 8525 10867 12305 14293 14966 16795
studentebidan 7282,1 9441,0 10689,1 11707,2 10468,5 10389,7
saxelmwifo grantebi 1242,5 1425,7 1616,2 1712,2 1614,0 1714,0 1
dafinansebadi programebi 0 0 0 873,7 2883,8 4691,8
2 pirdapiri sabiujeto dafinanseba 811,0 350,0 233,4 189,4 9,8 0,0
3 Semosavlebi sxvadasxva saqmianobidan 253,0 246,7 279,5 312,6 420,8 450,0
4 გrantebi 392,0 536,4 445,1 586,9 571,2 482,5
5 Semowirulobebi 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 inteleqtualuri sakuTreba, patentebi, nou-hau da a.S.
0 0 0 0 0 0
sul 9980,5 11999,7 13263,3 15382,0 15968,0 17728,0
wyaro: akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis biujeti, xelmisawvdomia: http://www.atsu.edu.ge/article.php?c=1&a=5
cxrilidan Cans, rom wlebis mixedviT icvleba, rogorc Semosavlis mTliani mo-culoba, ise Semosavlis calkeuli wyaros xvedriTi wilebi. aRniSnuls Tavisi gamomw-vevi mizezebi gaaCnia. kerZod: swavlis qiridan Semosavlebis mateba
mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia studentTa raodenobis Tanmimdevru-li zrdiT.
garda amisa, 2013-2014 saswavlo wli-dan amoqmedda dafinansebis axali mo-deli, romelic gulisxmobs saxelm-wifos mier prioritetulad miCneuli saganamanaTleblo programebis dafi-nansebas.
ekonomikuri saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlebis moculobebis maRali amplituda gamowveuli iyo awsu-s or-ganizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis xSiri cvlilebiT, rac iwvevda gansx-vavebebs universitetis mier mis gan-kargulebaSi arsebuli qonebis komer-cializaciis uflebaSi;
awsu-s yovelTvis kargi maCvenebeli hqonda saerTaSoriso Tu erovnuli
donorebidan grantebis mopovebis kuTxiT, rac mniSvnelovnad gviwyobs xels infrastruqturis ganviTareba-Si, laboratoriuli teqnikis SeZena-Si, kadrebis momzadeba-gadamzadeba-Si, saganamaTleblo programebis Se-qmna-ganviTarebaSi da a.S.
universitets arasdros hqonia mniSv-nelovani Semosavlebi Semowirulo-bebidan. aRniSnulis umTavresi mize-zia rTuli socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT imereTis mxaresa da mis municipali-tetebSi. Tumca, yovelwliurad aqvs adgili araerT kerZo iniciativas, rac gamoixateba saxelobiTi stipen-diebis daniSvnaSi, universitetis bib-lioTekisa Tu muzeumisaTvis wignadi fondisa Tu eqsponatebis usasyid-lod gadacemas, praqtikisa da staJi-rebis organizebas usasyidlod da a.S.
didi xani ar aris, rac saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani yuradReba mieqca in-teleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvas. viTareba swrafad icvleba ukeTeso-
10
bisaken da misi normalizebis kvalo-baze, vfiqrobT, universitetis Semo-savlebi am mxrivadac gaizrdeba.
saqarTveloSi universitetebis dafi-nansebis kuTxiT, dReisaTvis, erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuria Semdegi sakiTxebi: 1. ramdenad uwyobs xels swavla-swavlebis
procesis gaumjobesebas prioritetu-li programebis dafinansebis arsebuli modeli;
2. ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli, rom sa-xelmwifo gadavides universitetebis pirdapir dafinansebaze. imTaviTve SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom es
ukanaskneli, qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomi-kuri da socialuri viTarebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, am etapze, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. xo-lo rac Seexeba pirvels, aRniSnulTan da-kavSirebiT ukve mravlad dagrovda urTi-erTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi, romelTa gaanalizebac vecadeT warmodgenili sta-tiis farglebSi.
miuxedavad garkveuli problemebisa, ar vfiqrobT, rom universitetebis dafinan-sebis arsebuli modeli sruliad miuRebe-lia. mis funqcionirebas Tan sdevs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi momentebi. ker-Zod:
cxrili #2
dadebiTi mxareebi uaryofiTi mxareebi
saganmanaTleblo programebis dafinansebam gazarda umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisawvdo-moba sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebisaTvis;
saxelmwifo xels uwyobs prioritetuli dargebis uzrunvelyofas deficituri kadrebiT, rac unda abalansebdes Sromis bazars;
universitetebs ufleba aqvT, dafinansebadi programebiT miRebuli finansuri resursebis nawili mimarTon maTTvis prioritetuli programebis ganviTarebazec;
gaumjobesda universitetebis finansuri stabilurobis maCvenebeli, radgan saxelm-wifosgan garantirebulad Rebuloben finansur resursebs, im pirobebSi rodesac, studentebs swavlis qiris gadaxda uWirT;
xSir SemTxvevaSi, dafinansebad programebze studentTa akademiuri moswreba ar aris maRa-li, ris gamoc saxelmwifo ver Rebulobs mis mier gaweuli xarjebis adekvatur akademiuri Sedegs;
dafinansebadi programebis gaCenam mniSvne-lovnad daazarala aradafinansebadi progra-mebi, radgan maTze moTxovna mkveTrad Sem-cirda;
Semcirda konkurencia rogorc universite-tebs, ise akademiur programebs Soris, radgan abiturientebi yuradRebas aqceven ara prog-ramis xarisxsa da mosalodnel Sedegebs, ara-med dafinansebis arsebobas;
universitetebma meti yuradRebis miqceva da-iwyes ara proramebis xarisxobrivi maCveneb-lebis gaumjobeseba-ganviTarebaze, aramed da-finansebis mopovebaze;
aradafinansebad programebze studentTa kon-tingentis Semcirebis kvalobaze, rTuli viTa-reba iqmneba maT momsaxure personalTan dakav-SirebiT, rac damatebiTi socialuri proble-mebis warmomqmneli SeiZleba gaxdes da a.S.
mimdinare etapze, saqarTvelos xeli-suflebis mier xorcieldeba Sromis bazris xelaxali Seswavla, rac mogvcems informa-cias imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra profesiebze ra mo-culobis moTxovna aris. vfiqrobT, moma-valSi saxelmwifo prioritetuli (dafi-nansebadi) programebis CamonaTvalis ori-entireba moxdeba swored aRniSnuli kvle-vis Sedegebze.
dafinansebis arsebuli modelis gaum-jobesebisaTvis aseve sasurvelia, rom da-finanseba miebas abiturientis miRwevebs erovnul gamocdebze. vgulisxmobT, rom unda arsebobdes minimaluri kompetenciis zRvari, romlis qvemoT qulebis dagroveba gamoiwvevs dafinansebis vermiRebas. marTa-lia rTulia, magram mizanSewonilad migvaC-nia, rom dafinansebis gansazRvris dros,
11
yovelwliurad xdebodes studentTa mim-dinare moswrebis gaTvaliswinebac, rac aamaRlebs maT Soris konkurencias da dadebiTad aisaxeba akademiur moswrebaze.
SesaZleblad migvaCnia, rom universi-tetebs ganesazRvroT dafinansebadi adgi-lebis saerTo moculoba (rogorc xdeba kidec), romlis farglebSi saxelmwifo mis-cems maT dakveTas garkveul profesiebze, xolo darCenili adgilebis gadanawileba moxdeba universitetebis mier sakuTari prioritetebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aqve dav-ZenT, rom universitetebis qvotebis gaan-gariSeba unda daeyrdnos maCvenebelTa sis-temas, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba sxvadasxva monacemebi, magaliTad: granto-sani studentebis xvedriTi wili student-Ta mTlain moculobaSi, kursdamTavrebul-Ta dasaqmebis maCvenebeli, universitetis mier mopovebuli grantebi, saerTaSoriso proeqtebSi monawileba, administraciuli da akademiuri personalis xvedriTi wili erT studentze gaangariSebiT da sxva. cxa-dia, es aris mxolod mosazreba dasaTanado analizis ganxorcielebis Sedegad maCve-neblebi SeiZleba dazustdes, Seicvalos.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqoned migvaCnia, rom saxelmwifo dafinansebis ganawileba universitetebsa da programeb-ze moxdes SejibrebiTobis principze dayr-dnobiT, Tavisufali da samarTliani kon-kuranciis pirobebSi. aRniSnuli aamaRlebs universitetebisa Tu programis ganmaxor-cielebeli gundis dainteresebas progra-
mis ganviTarebiT, swavlebis xarisxis amaR-lebiT, kursdamTavebulTa dasaqmebis xel-SewyobiT da a.S., xolo saxelmwifo, umaR-les ganaTlebaze gaweuli saxelmwifo xar-jebis efeqtianobas amaRlebis kvalobaze, gacilebiT ukeTes Sedegs miiRebs.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. RavTaZe g., ganaTlebis sistema: Tana-medrove funqciebi da gamowvevebi, J. awsu moambe, #1, awsu, 2013, gv. 112-122;
2. RavTaZe g., ifSiraZe a., Tanamedrove universitetis marTvis principebi: ga-mowvevebi da novaciebi, awsu, pedagogi-uri fakulteti, VI saerTaS. konferen-cia: swavlebisa da aRzrdis aqtualuri problemebi, quTaisi, 6-7.06.2015,gv. 525-531;
3. ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sistemis ganviTarebis strategiuli mimarTule-bebi, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mec-nierebis saministro, Tb., 2014, xel-misawvdomia: http://www.mes.gov.ge/uploads/strategia..pdf
4. umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis strategiuli ganviTareba saqarTvelo-Si, ganaTlebis politikis, dagegmvisa da marTvis saerTaSoriso instituti (EPPM), Tb., 2013, xelmisawvdomia: http://erasmusplus.org.ge/files/publications/Strategic%20Development%20of%20HE%20and%20Science%20in%20Georgia%20-%20ge.pdf
5. akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universi-tetis biujeti (2010-2014 w.w.)
12
saqarTvelos mineraluri resursebi erovnul simdidreSi da maTi efeqtiani aTvisebis mimarTulebebi
gela lobj(J)aniZe _ ekonomikis mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori,
stu-s profesori
reziume
mineraluri resursebis da mineraluri
nedleulis msoflio ekonomika xasiaTdeba iseTi procesebis arsebobiT, rogoricaa mineralur-sanedleulo bazis axali baz-rebis warmoSoba, ganviTareba da am Tval-sazrisiT globalizaciis procesebis in-tensifikacia. msoflios ekonomikurad mo-winave qveynebis gamocdilebidan gamomdi-nare, ekonomikis Zireuli struqturuli gardaqmna warmatebulad ganxorcielda im qveynebSi, romlebmac moaxerxes yvelaze mowinave samecniero-teqnologiuri miRwe-vebis gamoyeneba da SeZles aqtiuri mizan-dasaxuli saxelmwifoebrivi politikis ga-tareba am miRwevebis warmoebaSi realiza-ciis gziT. saerTod, samecniero-teqnikur-teqnologiuri progresi mineraluri re-sursebis warmoebis procesSi CarTvis, ned-leulisa da masalebis kompleqsurad gada-muSavebis, narCenebis gamoyenebis did Se-saZleblobebs ganapirobebs, rac Tavis mxriv, gazrdis mineralur-sanedleulo produqciis warmoebis mogebas da rentabe-lobas, Sesabamisi saxelmwifo mxardaWeris sistemis Seqmnisa da samarTlebrivi bazis uzrunvelyofis pirobebSi.
sakvanZo sityvebi: mineraluri resur-
sebi, globalizacia, mdgradi ganviTareba, erovnuli simdidre, samrewvelo-ekonomi-kuri politika da strategia.
Georgian Mineral Resources in the national wealth and their effective utilization directions
Gela Lobjanidze Associate Professor of GTU,
Academic Doctor of Science Economics
Summary
The article discusses the development of mineral resources in a rational and effective topical issues of the modern world market situation and development strategies. In addition, the analysis of mineral resour-ces reasonable use of the country's economic deve-lopment and social transformation of the role of dif-ferent factors, which is quite remarkable and deter-mines both within individual countries and the regi-on's sustainable development, economic, social, se-curity, competitiveness and other development strate-gies.
Key words: Mineral resources, globalization,
sustainable development, national wealth, industrial- economic policy and strategy.
bolo aTwleulebis kvalobaze aSkarad warmoCinda planetis bunebriv-sanedleu-lo resursebis zrdis deficitis dinamika da, Sesabamisad, maTi wyaroebis msoflio bazarze kontrolis brZolis gamkacreba. msoflio sameurneo kavSirebis transfor-macia, romelic globalizaciiT aris gan-pirobebuli, cvlian msoflio sistemebis struqturas da mmarTvelobiT paramet-rebs.
msoflio meurneoba flobs mravalfe-rovan bunebriv resursebs mineraluri resursebis saxiT, romliTac SesaZlebelia msoflio mosaxleobis gazrdili moTxov-nilebebis dakmayofileba, riTac garkveul antropogenur gavlenas axdens garemoze.
samrewvelo-ekonomikuri saqmianoba, romelic warmoebis moculobazea mimarTu-li, Zlier gavlenas axdens bunebaze da araxelsayrel ekologiur Sedegebs iwvevs, rac – erTis mxriv, resursebis amowurvaSi da, meores mxriv, garemos gauaresebaSi vlindeba.
mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciis pi-robebSi ekonomikur da socialur pasuxis-mgeblobasTan erTad sazogadoeba da biz-nesi ekologiur pasuxismgeblobas iRebs
13
momavali Taobebis winaSe. es pasuxismgeb-loba ramdenime ZiriTad princips eyrd-noba, esenia: urTierTSemcvleli Taobebis uflebebi; ndobaze damyarebuli urTier-Tobebi; kanoniereba da koleqtiuri val-debulebebi; uflebebisa da valdebulebe-bis urTierTkavSiri; uflebebTan mimar-TebaSi valdebulebebis prioriteti; win-daxeduloba. mdgradi ganviTarebis sazo-gadoeba – aris sazogadoeba, romelic `dRevandeli moTxovnebis dakmayofilebiT eWvqveS ar ayenebs momaval TaobaTa mo-Txovnebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblo-bas~[14].
calkeuli qveynebis ekonomikis da mTlianobaSi,M msoflio meurneobis ganvi-Tareba mniSvnelovnad gamomdinareobs im garemoebidan, Tu ramdenad akmayofilebs maT moTxovnebs mineraluri resursebi. praqtikulad mrewvelobis yvela dargs aqvs damokidebulobis maRali xarisxi mineralur-sanedleulo produqciis miwo-debaze.M mineralur-sanedleulo resursebi asruleben sakmao mniSvnelovan rols sa-gareo vaWrobis sasaqonlo struqturaSi.
strategiul mizans warmoadgens sa-kuTari mineralur-sanedleulo resurse-biT qveynis uzrunvelyofis donis amaRle-ba, maTi mopovebisa da racionaluri gamo-yenebis procesis dros garemos mdgomare-obaze uaryofiTi moqmedebis minimizacia. ekonomikuri zrdis problemebi yovelTvis asrulebda gansakuTrebul rols saxelmwi-fos ganviTarebis strategiaSi. bolo dros specialistebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom Se-ukavebelma ekonomikurma zrdam arsebul bazaze SesaZloa kacobrioba miiyvans kata-strofamde da misi arsebobis safrTxemde.
msoflio arealSi mineraluri resur-sebi ganawilebulia qveynebs Soris sakmaod araTanabrad, ase magaliTad, daaxloebiT 25 qveyana flobs sakuTar aqtivSi msoflio maragebis romelime erTi saxeobis mine-raluri nedleulis 5%-ze mets. Mmsoflio ekonomikis didi saxelmwifoebi, iseTebi rogoricaa, aSS, ruseTi, kanada, CineTi, samxreT afrikis respublika da avstralia floben mineralur-sanedleulo resurse-bis sakmaod bevr odenobas da nairsaxeobas, Tumca realurad msoflio ekonomikaSi dRes arcerT qveyanas ar SeuZlia srul-
yofilad arseboba mineralur-sanedleu-lo resursebis importis gareSe.
ganviTarebuli qveynebi, romlebic floben mineraluri resursebis daaxlo-ebiT 40%-s, moixmaren am resursebis 70%-s. aSS wilad modis navTobis msoflio mox-marebis daaxloebiT 25%, maSin roca, misi wili msoflio navTobmopovebaSi Seadgens mxolod 12%-s. amave dros, ganviTarebadi qveynebi (CineTisa da vietnamis CaTvliT), sadac msoflio mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60% cxovrobs da Tavmoyrilia mineraluri resursebis 35%-mde, moixmaren am resur-sebis daaxloebiT 16%-s.
msoflioSi mineraluri resursebis ge-ologiuri maragebi Seadgens daaxloebiT 14 trilion tonas, maTgan naxSiris mara-gebi Seadgens mTeli maragebis 65%-s, 27% modis navTobsa da gazze, 8% atomur sa-wvavze da a.S., msoflio meurneobaSi ener-goresursebis moxmarebis struqtura xa-siaTdeba Semdegnairad: navTobis resursze modis 35%-ze meti, naxSiris resursze 30%, gazze daaxloebiT 25%, atomur sawvavze daaxloebiT 5%, hidroenergetikul re-sursebze 5%-ze meti [12].
amrigad, dedamiwaze mineralur resur-sTa sakmarisi raodenobaa ara marto dRei-saTvis, aramed Tvalmisawvdomi istoriuli momavlisaTvisac. problemas warmoadgens mxolod maTi racionaluri gamoyeneba, ro-melic imgvarad unda warimarTos, rom lan-dSaftebSi ar dairRves maT Soris milioni wlebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli Tanafar-doba da SenarCundes bunebis da garemos mdgradoba, rac cxadia, kompleqsur xa-siaTs unda atarebdes da, romelic erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi saerTo-saxelmwi-foebrivi amocanaa, romelTa efeqtian gadawyvetaze damokidebulia axlandeli da momavali Taobis keTildReoba. mxedvelo-baSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom adamiani Tanamedrove periodSi bunebidan moipo-vebs wiaRiseuli resursebis gazrdil ode-nobas, rac, cxadia, iwvevs bunebrivi wonas-worobis darRvevas da ekosistemis Se-cvlas. Tanamedrove msoflioSi, rodesac xdeba saxelmwifoebis integracia, ekolo-giurma problemebma SeiZina saerTaSoriso xasiTi, rac kidev ufro efeqturs xdis bunebis dacviTi RonisZiebebis gatarebas da ekologiuri katastrofebis mavneobis
14
minimumamde dayvanas, risTvisac mniSvne-lovania maTi gamoyenebis efeqtiani siste-mis Camoyalibeba[2].
yoveli saxelmwifos socialur-ekono-mikuri mdgomareoba, potenciali, ganviTa-rebis tendenciebi da grZelvadiani prog-nozi didad aris damokidebuli iseT umni-Svnelovanes makroekonomikur indikator-ze, rogoric erovnuli simdidrea. misi ra-odenobrivi da xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeb-lebi gansazRvravs ekonomikis mdgradi gan-viTarebisa da usafrTxoebis dones, mni-Svnelovan rols asrulebs mosaxleobis ma-terialuri faseulobebisa da sulieri kulturis CamoyalibebaSi.
mineraluri resursebi da maTi daZie-buli maragis arseboba warmoadgens erov-nuli simdidris erT-erT mniSvnelovan Se-madgenels da warmoadgens qveynis indus-trializaciis, samrewvelo produqciis ga-moSvebis, ekonomikuri damoukideblobisa da Tavdacvisunarianobis zrdis umniSvne-lovanes pirobas bunebriv kapitalSi (miwis,
sasargeblo wiaRiseulis, tyeebis, savar-gulebis, hidromineraluri resursebis po-tenciuri gamoyenebis Rirebuleba), danar-Cen sam jgufTan erTad, kerZod, esenia: fi-zikuri kapitali (materialur-nivTobrivi dovlaTis mTliani Rirebuleba), adamiani-seuli kapitali (unar-Cvevebi, inteleqti, profesiuli codna daxelovnebis mixed-viT, romelic iqmneba investiciebiT ada-mianSi da gansazRvravs mis qmediTunaria-nobis potencials) da finansuri kapitali (monetaruli oqro, valuta da depozitebi, fasiani qaRaldebi, sesxebi, dazRvevis teq-nikuri maragi, movale kreditorebis sxva angariSebi, pirdapiri ucxouri investi-ciebi da a.S.) [3].
mTlianobaSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli simdidre, 2010 wlis mdgomareobiT, eqs-pertuli SefasebiT, oficialur sabanko-safinanso da statistikuri samsaxuris ma-salebze dayrdnobiT, iRebs saxes, romelic mocemulia qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi (ix. cxrili 1).
cxrili 1. saqarTvelos erovnuli simdidre 2010 wels
(finansuri kapitalis gareSe), [3]
ganzomileba maCveneblebi
mlrd aSS dolari
%
erovnuli simdidre:
maT Soris 900 100
erovnuli qoneba 200 22,2
mosaxleobis saSinao qoneba 40 4,4
bunebrivi simdidre
arawarmoebuli materialuri
aqtivebi, aqedan:
340
37,8
sasargeblo wiaRiseuli 250 27,8
miwa sasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebisaTvis (savargulebi:
saxnav-saTesი, saZovari)
60
6,7
tye, hidromineraluri
(mtknari, mineraluri da
Termuli) resursebi
30
3,3
adamianiseuli kapitali 320 35,6
dRes sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopove-bis masStabebs, faqtobrivad, gansazRvravs sami faqtori: mopovebis konkurentuna-riani TviTRirebuleba, investiciebis ode-noba da bazris tevadoba. Tu davuSvebT, rom am SemTxvevaSi problemas ar warmoad-gens bazris segmentis dakaveba da wia-Riseulis mopovebaze Sesabamisi xarjebis gaweva, maSin saqarTvelos mxolod saTbob-energetikuli resursebis maragebis poten-ciuri Rirebuleba, mimdinare sabazro fa-sebiT, TiTqmis 200 mlrd aSS dolars ga-utoldeba, Tumca, geologiur-saZiebo sa-muSaoebis Semdgomi gaZlierebis gamo, Se-iZleba es maCvenebeli jeradad gaizardos. magaliTad, dReisTvis saqarTveloSi moZi-ebulia sabalanso maragis mixedviT daax-loebiT _ 170 mln tona navTobis, 5,2 mlrd kuburi metri bunebrivi airis, 484 mln tona naxSirisa da 100 mln tonamde torfis maragebi, Termuli wylebis didi raodeno-ba. mTlianobaSi, saqarTvelos, aseve didi raodenobiT aqvs manganumis (potenciuri maragi – daaxloebiT 60 mln tona), agreTve feradi, xalasi da iSviaTi liTonebis mniSv-nelovani maragebi. saqarTvelo mdidaria qimiuri, agroqimiuri, inertuli da samSe-neblo resursebiT, mtknari Tu mineraluri wylebiT (marto miwisqveSa mtknari wylis sadReRamiso debiti Seadgens 6,5 mln ku-bur metrs, sufris – 45 aTas kubur metrs, xolo samkurnalo wylebis – 30 aTasamde kubur metrs. qveynis hidroenergoresur-sebis potenciuri sidide 15,5 mln kvt-s, xolo teqnikuri sidide – 7,8 mln kvt-s aRemateba [3, 4].
mokvleuli masalebis analizidan irkve-va, rom saqarTvelos gaaCnia mineraluri resursebis sakmaod mniSvnelovani marage-bi, romelTa ekonomikuri potenciali qvey-nis erovnul simdidreSi sakmaod niSandob-livia da maTi racionalurad da efeqtia-nad aTviseba mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans Cveni qveynis samrewvelo-ekonomikur gan-viTarebaSi.
rogorc Seswavlili masalebidan aris cnobili, saqarTvelos mineraluri resur-suli fondi moicavs 950 sabadosa da ga-movlinebas. resursuli fondis 62.8% war-moadgens msxvil (erovnuli da saerTaSo-riso mniSvnelobis) sabados, 30.9% _ adgi-
lobrivi mniSvnelobis sabados, 6,2% _ ga-movlinebas.
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri midgomis Se-sabamisad, saqarTvelos mineraluri re-sursuli fondi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg ekonomikur tipebad:
1. saTbob-energetikuli resursebi _ 42 obieqti; 2. metalTa da iSviaT element-Ta resursebi _ 70 obieqti; 3. qimiuri, ag-roqimiuri da sxva resursebi _ 96 obieqti; 4. sanakeTo qvebisa da keramikuli resurse-bi _ 80 obieqti; 5. mosapirkeTebeli da saSeni qvebis resursebi _ 231 obieqti; 6. metalurgiuli, inertuli da samSeneblo resursebi _ 262 obieqti; 7. miwisqveSa mi-neraluri wylebi _ 69 obieqti.
cxrilSi 2-Si mkafiod Cans, rom saqarT-velos yvela mxare, qveynis dedaqalaqis Ca-TvliT, mineraluri resursebis sakmao maragis mqonea. amasTan, afxazeTi, aWara, guria, samegrelo da zemo svaneTi, imereTi da qvemo qarTli Seicavs yvela ekonomi-kuri tipis resurss. naxazi 3 asaxavs mine-raluri resursuli fondis ganawilebas mineraluri resursebis ekonomikuri tipe-bis mixedviT. Nnax. 2 da 3 gviCvenebs mine-raluri resursuli fondis ganawilebas (obieqtebis raodenobis Sesabamisad) ro-gorc ekonomikuri tipebis, aseve admini-straciul-teritoriuli erTeulebis mi-xedviT [4].
civilizebul samyaroSi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze gansaku-Trebuli mniSvneloba qveynis mineralur-resursuli potencialis racionalur ga-moyenebas eniWeba. amis sailustraciod mo-viyvanT magaliTs, romelic sayuradReboa saqarTvelosTvis. bunebrivi resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebis TvalsaCino ni-muSia norvegia, romelmac gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aRmoaCina navTobis sabado CrdiloeTis zRvaSi. 1963 wels man miiRo ka-noni, romlis safuZvelzec navTobis mara-gebi gamocxadda saxelmwifo sakuTrebad. 1990 wels norvegiaSi Seiqmna saxelmwifo navTobis fondi, romelsac `momavali Tao-bebis fondi~ ewoda. norvegielebi Tvlian, rom ara aqvT ufleba mTlianad moixmaron navTobidan miRebuli Semosavali, vinaidan igi momaval Taobebsac ekuTvnis.
16
cxrili 2. mineraluri resursuli fondis ganawileba saqarTvelos mxareebSi, [4]
resursebis ekonomikuri tipi, %
maCveneblebi
mxare
saT
bob-ener
get
ikuli
res
urseb
i
Mmet
alebi da iS
viaT
i liT
onebi
Qqimiu
ri, agroqimiuri
da sxva r
esurseb
i
sanak
eTo qvebi da
keramikuli res
urseb
i
mosapir
keTeb
eli da
saS
eni
qveb
i
Mmet
alurgiu
li,
iner
tuli da
samSeneb
lo r
esursebi
miwis
qveS
a mineral
uri
wyl
ebi
mTlianad
Tbilisi 2.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.6 afxazeTis a. r. 19.0 10.1 14.6 1.3 14.3 10.2 14.5 11.6 aWaris a. r. 2.4 4.3 1.0 2.5 2.6 1.7 4.3 2.3 guria 16.7 1.4 3.1 3.8 1.7 2.8 5.8 3.4 samegrelo & zemo svaneTi
23.8 5.8 5.2 7.5 9.1 9.1 5.8 8.7
imereTi 7.1 7.2 34.2 30.0 22.1 19.2 13.0 20.7
raWa-leCxumi & qvemo svaneTi
0.0 31.9 5.5 20.0 6.5 5.2 2.9 8.3
Sida qarTli 0.0 10.1 7.3 8.0 5.6 14.0 8.7 9.3 samcxe-javaxeTi 2.4 0.0 11.5 13.8 7.8 8.3 14.5 8.5 mcxeTa-mTianeTi 0.0 0.0 7.3 7.5 5.2 6.1 14.5 6 qvemo qarTli 7.1 27.5 5.2 8.6 21.2 8.3 8.7 12.5 kaxeTi 19.1 1.5 4.1 0.0 3.5 14.3 7.3 8.1 qarTli 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Aamitom norvegiaSi, kanonis Tanaxmad, mimdinare saxelmwifo saWiroebebze ixa-rjeba fondis mxolod 4%, danarCeni ki inaxeba TaobaTa fondSi, romlis dagrove-bam ukve sakmaod solidur Tanxas miaRwia. magaliTad, danazogma 2005 wels 182 mlrd dolari Seadgina. 2012 wlis eqspertuli SefasebiTa da sxvadasxva publikaciebis SejerebiT am danazogma mSp-is 2/3 Seadgina. igi ganTavsebulia sazRvargareTis fasian
qaRaldebSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, mni-Svnelovan rols asrulebs qveynis ara mxo-lod ekonomikur zrdaSi, aramed mTlianad ekonomikur ganviTarebaSic. norvegia, rom dRes msoflioSi erT-erTi konkurentu-nariani qveyanaa, amaSi lomis wili mecnie-rebatevadi dargebis ganviTarebas miuZR-vis, rac mravali sxva problemis, maT Soris socialuri problemis gadaWris gasaRe-bicaa.
4,4 7,4 10,1 8,4
24,3
38,1
7,3
051015202530354045
saT
bob-
ener
get
ikul
i …
metal
ebi da
iSvi
aTi …
qimi
uri, agr
oqi
miuri d
a sxv
a …
san
akeT
o qve
bi d
a ke
ram
ikuli …
mosap
irke
Teb
eli
da sa
Sen
i qv
ebi
metal
urgi
ul
i, in
ertul
i da …
miwis
qveS
a mi
ner
aluri …
res
ursu
li fond
is
wil
i, %
resursebis ekonomikuri tipi
nax. 2. mineraluri resursuli fondis ganawileba ekonomikuri tipis mixedviT, [4]
17
0,6
11,6
2,33,48,7
20,7
8,39,38,56,012,5
8,1
0510152025
resursul
i f
ondis
wil
i, %
saqarTvelos mxareebi
resursebis ekonomikuri tipi
nax. 2. mineraluri resursuli fondis ganawileba ekonomikuri tipis mixedviT, [4] amrigad, `momuSave~ danazogebi, rom-
lebic, erovnul motivTan erTad, maRal ekonomikur efeqtianobazecaa gaTvlili, norvegiis swrafi ekonomikuri ganviTare-bis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gzaa. saqarT-veloSi savsebiT sawinaaRmdego suraTia. Yyvelaferi iyideba (gansakuTrebiT iyide-boda reformirebis III etapze) maT Soris bunebrivi resursebic, yovelgvari samo-mavlo SesaZleblobebis Tu uaryofiTi ga-re efeqtebis gauTvaliswineblad, rasac araferi aqvs saerTo bunebrivi resursebis racionalur gamoyenebasTan. es procesi garkveulwilad dResac mimdinareobs, Tum-ca SezRuduli formiT[3].
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sferos warmoa-dgens saxelmwifo qonebis marTva, rac gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis ki-dev ufro mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa, romelic saWiroebs gansakuTrebul fr-Txil damokidebulebas. saxelmwifo qone-bis marTvis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas auci-leblad unda gaivlos zRvari qonebis (mi-neraluri resursebis saxiT) marTvasa da sawarmoebis marTvis funqciebs Soris. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia mi-neraluri resursebis saxiT saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis iseTi struqturis gansa-zRvra – `mineraluri resursebis saagen-tos~ saxiT, romelic pasuxismgebeli iqneba am qonebis mizanmimarTuli da gaazrebuli marTvis ekonomikur da samrTlebriv urTi-erTobebze.
axal ekonomikur urTierTobebze gada-svlisas maRalganviTarebuli industriu-li seqtoris Seqmna mniSvnelovnad saWiro-
ebs saxelmwifo samarTlebrivi mareguli-rebeli RonisZiebebiT uzrunvelyofas, wi-naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo SeiZleba gadaiqces msofliosaTvis iafi nedleulis mimwodebel qveynad. saxelmwifom unda ga-naxorcielos moqnili sakanonmdeblo, mas-timulirebeli sagadasaxado da sainvesti-cio mxardaWera, proteqcionistuli saba-Jo politika da, amasTan, mniSvnelovnia mi-neraluri resursebis aTvisebis sferoSi klasterebis da biznes-inkubatorebis Se-qmnis aucilebloba, romlebmac mokle droSi maqsimalurad unda uzrunvelyon ukugeba da xeli Seuwyon warmoebis mocu-lobaTa da Semosavlebis zrdas. amasTan, saxelmwifom ar unda dauSvas yvelaze mom-gebiani wiaRiseuli resursebis mopovebis dausabuTebuli zrdac, ramac SemdgomSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios gadametwarmoebis kri-zisi. Aamitom, yovelTvis gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes Siga da saeqsporto gasaRebis SesaZleblobebi, anu, saxelmwifo zemoqme-debis strategia dafuZnebuli unda iyos Carevis mizanSewonilobaze, xarisxze, efeq-tianobaze, diferencirebul midgomaze sxvadasxva formis sawarmos da regionis mi-marT, rac SesaZlebels gaxdis amaRldes rogorc calkeuli regionis konkurentu-narianoba, aseve, mniSvnelovnad gaumjobes-des mTeli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. abralava a., ekonomikisa da biznesis globalur-inovaciuriPproblemebi, Tbilisi, `universali“, 2014, gv. 84-87.
2. alasania n., lomTaTiZe n., bunebaTsar-gebloba da garemos mdgradi ganviTa-reba, baTumi, `SoTa rusTavelis saxelm-wifo universiteti~, 2011, gv.14-21.
3. asaTiani r., saqarTvelos ekonomika, Tbilisi, 2012, 308gv.
4. TvalWreliZe a., silagaZe a., qeSelaSvi-li g., gegia d., saqarTvelos socialur- ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programa, Tbilisi, `nekeri~, 2011, gv.29-64.
5. mgelaZe z., navTobi: miRwevebi, proble-ma, perspeqtivebi, Tbilisi, 2001, 170gv
18
6. lobJaniZe g., saqarTvelos samTo mre-wvelobis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi, Tbilisi, 2003, 60gv
7. lobJaniZe g., navTobis msoflio bazris Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da ganviTa-rebis tendenciebi, Tbilisi, Jurnali `samTo Jurnali~, 2(31), 2013, gv. 47-53.
8. mircxulava d., ComaxiZe d., cincaZe p. da sxv., saqarTvelos energetikuli stra-tegia, Tbilisi, 2004, 298 gv.
9. nanaZe a., qarTuli navTobis gadamuSave-bisa da gamoyenebis problemebi, Jurna-li `mecniereba da teqnika~, 1993, #1-2, gv. 26-27.
10. ComaxiZe d., saqarTvelos energetikuli usafrTxoeba, socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi, Tbilisi, 2003, 546 gv.
11. Гурова И., Мировая Экономика, 2007, Targmnili prof. SoTa veSapiZis mier 2014 wels, gv.170-179.
12. Мотовиц Т.Г., Колесова В.Г., Вопросы исползо-вания природных ресурсов в мировой эконо-мике, ТГУ, 2014, с. 1-6.
13. Тоскунина, В. Проблемы нефтедобывающего региона, Экономист, 2005, № 6, с. 82-89.14. http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/
14. http://www.gogc.ge/ge/production
15. Станис Е.В., Макарова М.Г., Комплексная оцен-ка природных и производственных потен-циалов территории, М., РУДН, 2008, 356 с.
16. Мальцев А. А., Особенности развития мине-рально-сырьевого комплекса мировой эконо-мики в условиях глобализации, Екатеринбург, 2010, 26 с.
17. Фридман А.А., Экономика истощаемых ресур-сов, Изд. дом Гос. ун-та Высшей школы экономики, 2010, 399 с.
18. Бобылев С.Н., Ходжаев А.Ш. Экономика при-родопользования, Москва, 2003, 567с.
19. Brown T.J., Idoine N. E. and others , World Mineral Production, Keyworth, Nottingham, ritish Geological Survey, 2014, pp.126.
20. Mineral Resources and Economic Development, Gavin Wright and Jesse Czelusta, Stanford University, 2004, pp.41.
21. Mining industry, Sector Report Maija Uusisuo, 2013, MEE’s and ELY Centres’ publication, pp.102.
22. http://bfm.ge/index.php?newsid=8155#.VQa2ao6UcXw
19
grZelvadiani dakreditebis sainvesticio xasiaTis bankebis aucileblobisa da grZelvadiani valis _ obligaciis
meSveobiT dafinansebis Taviseburebebi
giorgi caava _ stu-s profesori ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
naTia janeliZe _ stu-s doqtoranti
reziume Camoyalibebulia grZelvadiani dakre-
ditebis sainvesticio xasiaTi, dazustebu-lia grZelvadiani dakreditebis ZiriTadi wyaroebi, gamoyofilia saproeqto anali-zis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi.
sakvanZo sityvebi: grZelvadiani dakre-diteba; sainvesticio proeqti; teqnikuri analizi.
a) grZelvadiani dakreditebis investi-
ciuri xasiaTi: grZelvadiani dakrediteba iTvaliswi-
nebs bankis mier sesxebis 3 welze meti va-diT gacemas. grZelvadiani dakreditebis mizani _ aris ZiriTadi kapitalis dafi-nanseba (kapitaldabandeba).
ZiriTad kapitalSi fuladi saxsrebis dabandeba sawarmoebis ganviTarebas uz-runvelyofs. centralizebul ekonomikaSi realuri seqtoris (mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba, mSenebloba, socialuri seqto-ri da a.S.) ganviTarebis ZiriTadi wyaro ka-pitaluri dabandebebis saxelmwifo dafi-nanseba iyo. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvli-sas aRniSnuli wyaro minimumamdea dayvani-li. privatizirebul sawarmoebs perspeq-tiuli zrdisaTvis ori SesaZlebloba gaaC-nia _ sakuTari da nasesxebi kapitalis ga-moyeneba. praqtikaSi orive wyaro gamoi-yeneba.
grZelvadiani dakreditebis wyaroebs miekuTvnebian:
aqcioneruli kapitali (sawesdebo ka-pitali, bankis fondebi) da gaunawile-beli mogeba;
grZelvadiani sesxeba (bankebis kredi-tebi da obligaciebis emisia);
depozitebi erT welze meti vadiT. ganasxvaveben investirebis or tips:
1. finansurs (portfelurs), romelic fu-ladi saxsrebis sxva emitentebis fasian qaRaldebSi dabandebas iTvaliswinebs;
2. realur investirebas (capital investment), romelic fuladi saxsrebis warmoebis saSualebebSi (kapitaldabandebebs) da-bandebas iTvaliswinebs; ramdenad ufro maRalia maTi done, imdenad ufro swrafad viTardeba qveynis ekonomika. grZelvadiani dakreditebis mTavar Ta-
viseburebas _ sainvesticio proeqtis da-krediteba warmoadgens. kreditis miwodeba am SemTxvevaSi msesxeblis mimdinare finan-sur mdgomareobasTan ara imdenad aris da-kavSirebuli, ramdenadac dasafinansebeli proeqtis xasiaTTan da xarisxTan, biznes-gegmis arsebobasTan.
sainvesticio proeqti aris momavalSi Semosavlebis miRebis mizniT sawarmoo obieqtSi fuladi saxsrebis dabandebis kompleqsuri programa.
grZelvadiani kreditis gacemis safu-Zvels emsaxureba sainvesticio (saproeq-to) analizi. saproeqto analizis amocanas misi socialur-ekonomikuri efeqtianobis, faseulobis gansazRvra warmoadgens. saer-TaSoriso praqtikaSi specializirebuli
20
bankebi (aSS-Si ganviTarebis bankebi) sap-roeqto analizis ganxorcielebisas gamo-yofen Semdeg momarTulebebs: teqnikuri analizi _ proeqtis teqni-
kur (sainJinro) Sefasebas, xarjebis xarjTaaRricxvisa da samuSaoebis gra-fikis Sedgenas iTvaliswinebs;
marketinguli analizi _ proeqtis produqciaze mimdinare da perspeqti-uli sabazro moTxovnis Sefasebas iTvaliswinebs;
finansuri analizi _ gansazRvravs fuladi saxsrebis diskontirebuli na-kadis meTodis mixedviT proeqtis ren-tabelobas, anu fulis droiTi Rire-bulebis aRricxvas (kreditorisaTvis danaxarjebis ukugebadobis periodis maqsimalurad zustad dadgenas prin-cipialuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia);
ekologiuri analizi _ proeqtireba-di obieqtis garemomcvel garemoze ze-moqmedebas adgens;
instituciuri analizi _ msesxeblis mier proeqtis realizebis SesaZleb-lobas avlens;
socialuri analizi _ sazogadoebi-saTvis mTlianobaSi proeqtis misa-Rebadobas avlens (samuSao adgilebis uzrunvelyofis, istoriuli Zeglebis SenarCunebis an aRdgenis da a.S. TvalsazrisiT);
ekonomikuri analizi _ aris proeqtis „danaxarjebi/sargeblianobebi“-s pri-ncipiT gavrcobili Sefaseba, romelic iTvaliswinebs saproeqto riskebis xa-risxis gamovlenasa da gansazRvras da saboloo gadawyvetilebis gamotanas imis Sesaxeb, dadebiTma Sewdegebma ga-dawones Tu ara misi ganxircielebisa da eqsploataciis mixedviT xarjebi da riskebi.
proeqtis dakreditebis Sesaxeb gada-wyvetilebebis miRebis pirobebia: investiciebi SedarebiT swrafad uku-
gebadia da mogebis momtania; riski misaRebia, dazRveva saimedoa; krediti kargad aris uzrunvelyofi-
li; investicia mocemul proeqtSi aWar-
bebs alternatiul dabandebebs.
saproeqto dakreditebis praqtika sa-bazro pirobebSi saqarTvelos bankebSi jer-jerobiT umniSvneloa.
arasasurveli makroekonomikuri situa-ciisa da maRali riskebis ZalisxmeviT grZelvadian dakreditebas umsxvilesi ban-kebis sakmaod mcire raodenoba axorcie-lebs. rogorc wesi, isini msesxeblis mier warmodgenili teqnikuri da finansuri ana-liziT, e.w. teqnikur-ekonomikuri dasabu-TebiT an ufro Tanamedrove, ramdenadme gafarToebuli _ biznes-gegmis variantiT izRudebian.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba avRniSnoT, rom arasasurveli makroekono-mikuri situaciisa da maRali riskebis Za-lisxmeviT grZelvadiani dakrediteba ko-merciuli bankebis mier naklebad gamoiye-neba, amdenad specializirebuli „ganviTa-rebis bankis“ Camoyalibeba da sainvesticio proeqtis _ sawarmoo obieqtebSi fuladi saxsrebis miznobrivi dabandebis kompleq-suri programis ganxorcieleba qveynis ekonomikuri aRorZinebisa da realuri seqtoris _ sawarmoebis ganviTarebis sa-fuZvelad gvesaxeba.
b) grZelvadiani kreditis sainvesticio bankebi:
sainvesticio dakreditebis ganmxorci-elebeli bankebis saqmianoba garkveul mo-Txovnilebebs unda Seesabamebodes: gaaCndes sainvesticio strategia; gansazRvruli hqondes saWiro grZel-
vadiani resursebis moculoba, uzrun-velyos maTi mobilizacia;
Seqmnili eqneba bankSi specializire-buli sainvesticio qvedanayofi, rome-lic sainvesticio proeqtebis analizs, maT SerCevasa da realizacias ganaxor-cielebs;
iyenebdes Tanamedrove informaciul teqnologiebs sainvesticio proeqtebis Sefasebisas. sainvesticio dakrediteba investirebis
sferoSi maRalkvalificiuri specialis-tebis Statebis arsebobasac iTvaliswinebs, rasac Tan moyveba maRali danaxarjebi - ufro maRali, vidre saSualod yvela sxva sabanko operaciebis mixedviT.
saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da erov-nuli praqtika specializirebuli bankebis Seqmnis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb mowmobs.
21
ucxoeTSi funqcionireben Semdegi ori tipis sainvesticio bankebi:
I tipis bankebi, romlebic vaWrobas da ZiriTadad korporaciuli fasiani qaRal-debis (porTfeluri investiciebis) ganTav-sebas axorcieleben.
II tipis bankebi, romlebic meurneobis sxvadasxva dargebis, agreTve inovaciuri proeqtebis grZelvadiani dakreditebiT arian dakavebulebi. bankebis aRniSnuli ti-pi SenarCunebulia evropis qveynebSi: sa-frangeTSi („saqmiani bankebi“ da „saSualo-vadiani da grZelvadiani dakreditebis ban-kebi“), italiaSi (naxevradsaxelmwifoebri-vi an saxelmwifoebrivi bankebi), espaneTSi (bankebis sistema), avstriaSi („sainvesti-cio kapitalis bankebi“). germaniaSi, fineT-Si da sxva qveynebSi aRniSnul funqciebs msxvili komerciuli bankebi asruleben. aSS-Si da inglisSi II tipis bankebi ar ar-sebobs, maT specializirebuli sakredito-safinanso institutebi enacvlebian zog-jer, romelTac „ganviTarebis bankebs“ uwodeben. ruseTSi grZelvadiani kredite-bis miwodebis moculobis mixedviT msxvili bankebi lideroben („ruseTis Semnaxveli banki“, „uralsibbanki“, „vneStorgbanki“, „alfa-banki“ da sxv.).
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare mizanSewoni-lad migvaCnia, rom gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da erov-nuli praqtika da saqarTveloSi „ganviTa-rebis bankis“ saxiT grZelvadiani dakredi-tebis specializirebuli bankebi unda iqnas Camoyalibebuli, rac qveynis realuri eko-nomikis ganviTarebis, mSp-s gazrdisa da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis sawindari iqneba.
g) dafinanseba grZelvadiani valis – korporaciuli obligaciebis emisiis meSve-obiT:
axali kapitalis mozidvisaTvis Sesa-Zlebelia Semdegi saxis finansuri instru-mentebis gamoyeneba: savalo valdebulebe-bi, aqciebi da obligaciebisa da aqciebis Tvisebebis mqone hibriduli fasiani qa-Raldebi.
korporacia-emitentisaTvis mniSvnelo-vania obligaciebTan mimarTebaSi procen-tis iseTi done iqnas SeTavazebuli, ro-melic investorebis mozidvas Seuwyobda xels. Tumca investorebisaTvis obligaci-
ebisadmi mimzidveloba ara marto sapro-cento ganakveTis doniT, aramed obligaci-ebTan mimarTebaSi riskis Sefasebaze ze-moqmedi emisiis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaSi ganmt-kicebuli sifrTxilis sxvadasxva RonisZie-bebiTac ganisazRvreba.
korporaciam finansur resursebSi sa-kuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis mizniT SeuZlia valis sxvadasxva saxeobe-bis emisia ganaxorcielos, romelTa Soris grZelvadiani sakredito resursebis mo-zidvis yvalaze gavrcelebul instruments _ obligaciis emisia warmoadgens. obliga-ciis SeZena, Tavisi arsiT, kompaniisaTvis kreditis, mocemuli saprocento ganakve-Tis mixedviT drois garkveuli periodi-TiTqmis 30 wlamdec ki, miwodebas warmo-adgens. amrigad, obligaciis mflobelebi (myidvelebi) korporacia-emitentis kredi-torebs warmoadgenen. aRniSnulis Zalisx-meviT isini korporaciis samomavlo keTil-dReobaSi arian dainteresebulebi da saku-Tari dabandebebis garkveul dacvas moi-Txoven. aRniSnul dacvas Cveulebriv emi-siis Sesaxeb werilobiTi kontraqtis an
saobligacio SeTanxmebis (bond indenture) forma aqvs, romelic korporacia-emitent-sa da obligaciis myidvels Soris emissiis dros gaformebad xelSekrulebas warmoad-gens. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis Sesrule-baze dakvirvebisaTvis ndobiTi piri (tru-stee), rogorc wesi, banki iniSneba, romelic TavisTavze iRebs pasuxismgeblobas imaze, rom korporacia-emitenti emisiis Sesaxeb kontraqtis pirobebs daicavs.
obligaciebze procentebis gadaxdis sxvadasxva variantebma moipoves popula-ruloba, rogorebicaa: obligaciebis emitireba mcuravi sa-
procento ganakveTiT (variable interest rate), romelic romelime gamoqveynebad indeqsTan aris mibmuli, iseTTan, ro-goricaa ganakveTebi saxazino Tamasu-qebTan mimarTebaSi;
obligaciebis emitireba fiqsirebuli saprocento ganakveTiT vadamde adre dafarvis uflebis gareSe (fixed-rate no-ncallable bond), rodesac mTliani sap-rocento riski emitentzea gadatani-li;
22
obligaciebi mcuravi saprocento ga-
nakveTiT (variable-rate bond) da obliga-ciebi vadamde adre dafarvis uflebiT (callable bond), rodesac mTliani saprocento riski investorszea gada-tanili;
obligaciebi nulovani kuponiT (zero coupon bond). aseTi obligaciebi nomi-nalTan mimarTebaSi didi fasdaklebiT ganTavsdebian, xolo Semdeg emitentis mier vadis bolos nominalis mixedviT ifareba. amasTan, vadis bolomde emi-tenti aranair procentul gadaxdebs ar axorcielebs.
obligaciebi nulovani kuponiT korpo-racia-emitents rig sargebels aZlevs. da-farvis vadamde arc ZiriTadi Tanxis da arc procentebis gadaxda ar aris saWiro. garda amisa, gadasaxadebis gaangariSebisas pro-centebis yovelwliuri daricxvebi gaiTva-liswineba, ase rom obligaciis moqmedebis ganmavlobaSi korporacia sagadasaxado ekonomiis dagrovebadi nakadis saxiT Semo-savals Rebulobs.
uzrunvelyofili obligaciebi: kont-raqtebSi ara marto obligaciis moqmedebis xangrZlivobis vadaa miTiTebuli, aramed daufaraobis SemTxvevisaTvis garkveul dacvasac moicavs. dacvis saxiT SeiZleba korporacia-emitentis aqtivebze ufleba iqnas gamoyenebuli. aRniSnulis magaliTs
obligaciebi uZravi qonebis giraoTi (mort-gage bond) warmoadgens. ver dafarvis Sem-TxvevaSi korporacia-emitentis aqtivebi SeiZleba valis dasafarad iqnas gayiduli. magaliTad, axali qarxnis mSnebare korpo-racias SeuZlia aRniSnuli qarxana emitire-badi obligaciebis uzrunvelyofis saxiT gamoiyenos.
obligaciis sakredito xarisxis sauke-Teso saerTo-aRiarebul maCvenebels war-moadgenen reitingebi, rolelTa mikuTv-neba sxvadasxva saagentoebis mier xorci-eldeba. miniWebuli reitingi zemoqmedebs rogorc likvidobaze, aseve obligaciis gayidvadobaze da Semosavalzec, romelic unda dapirdes emitenti damatebiTi saxs-rebis mozidvisaTvis
finansuri organizaciebis umetesoba, romlebic saerToerovnul doneze moqme-deben, saxsrebis SesaZlo investirebis ob-
ligaciebis xarisxis SemzRudav wesebs eq-
vemdebarebian. reitingi Baa an ufro maRa-li sainvesticio xarisxis reitingad iTv-leba, xolo masze dabali nebismieri rei-tingi spekulaciurad (anu sainvesticioze ufro dabal xarisxad) aris miCneuli. kor-poraciuli obligaciebis meorad bazars ori segmenti gaaCnia: birJebi (niu-iorkis safondos saxiT) da birJis gareSe bazari.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba da-vaskvnaT, rom obligaciebis emisia grZel-vadiani kreditis mozidvis mniSvnelovan instruments warmoadgens da finansurma menejerma, romelmac grZelvadiani valis (wyaros) Tanxis emitirebisa da vadis sa-kiTxi unda gadawyvitos _ unda icodes saprocento ganakveTebis instituciona-luri faqtorebi da buneba.
zemoTaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT Sem-degi saxis daskvnis gakeTeba aris Sesa-Zlebeli:
1. grZelvadiani dakrediteba, arasa-surveli makroekonomikuri situaciisa da maRali riskebis ZalisxmeviT, komerciuli bankebis mier naklebad gamoiyeneba, amde-nad specializirebuli „ganviTarebis ban-kis“ Camoyalibeba da miznobrivi grZel-vadiani sainvesticio proeqtebis - fuladi saxsrebis sawarmoo obieqtebSi dabandebis kompleqsuri programis ganxorcieleba _ qveynis ekonomikuri aRoZinebis safuZvls warmoadgens.
2. korporaciebis mier obligaciebis emisia grZelvadiani kreditebis mozidvis mniSvnelovan instruments warmoadgens da qveyanaSi misi damkvidreba ekonomikis realuri seqtoris - sawarmoebis sawindrad gvesaxeba.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Ченг Ф. Ли, Джозеф И. Финерти – Финансы
корпораций: теория, методы и практика. Пер. с англ. – Москва: ИНФРА-М, 2000. – 686 с. (с. 388 - 413).
2. Костерина Т.М. – Банковское дело: Учебно-методический комплекс. – Москва: Изд. центр ЕАОИ, 2008. – 404 с. (с. 191 - 194).
COMPETITIVENESS MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM
Vazha Kakabadze _ Doctor of Economics, Geologic engineer Associate fellow of Georgian Academy of Engineering
Nana Maisuradze _ Doctor of Economics
konkurentunarianobis menejmentis
algoriTmi
vaJa kakbaZe _ ekonomikis doqtori, inJiner-geologi,
saqarTvelos sainJinro akademiis wevr-korespondenti
nana maisuraZe _ ekonomikis doqtori
reziume warmodgenil samecniero statiaSi gan-
xilulia sawarmos konkurentunarianobis menejmentis mniSvneloba da SemuSavebulia konkurentunarianobis mudmivad ganaxle-badi faqtorebis erTiani algoriTmi, ro-melic Sedgeba konvergenciul procesebi-sagan. statiaSi mniSvnelovani yuradReba eTmoba sawarmos konkurentunarianobis ga-movlenis iseT faqtorebs rogoricaa: sa-warmos efeqtianoba, strategiuli pozici-onireba, gadaxdisunarianoba da finansuri damoukidebloba, rommlebic warmoadge-nen, rogorc erTiani algoriTmis Semadge-nel, aseve am algoriTmSi Semavali finan-suri stabilizaciis algoriTmis ZiriTad ganmsazRvrelebs.
Summery
Present scientific essay discusses the importance of competitiveness management of companies and elaborates unified algorithm of constantly renewing factors of competitiveness that is composed of the processes that are characterized with convergence. The article focuses on the factors of determining of company
competitiveness such as: company efficiency, strategic positioning, solvency and financial independence that represent the main determinants of the unified algorithm and the financial stabilization algorithm representing part of the algorithm.
Keywords:competitiveness, selectivity, stabilization. Introduction: Majority of scientists explain econo-
mic aspects of competition notions as rivalry for getting more beneficial conditions. Others believe that the competition is a process that is created when two or more persons fights for success and the result is not available for everyone [2;4;5]. We think that competition is the constantly renewable factor of production that is cha-racterized with the necessity expressed in existence of capital, labor resources and process. Necessity is both, ground for the start and end of the process, while the process itself aims at gaining an advantage.
Research: Research confirmed that the competitive-ness studies are mainly addressed at the analysis of competitiveness, while the ground for emergence of competitiveness in other words, necessity of its objective existence is ignored that frequently results in failure of the given enterprise despite the full availability of its production factors. Therefore, competitiveness as an objective reality is not only process but also the constantly renewing production factor i. e. has creativity and determines: possibility of effective use of economic resources of an enterprise and creativity i. e. competi-tiveness is determined by many inter-connected process since it applies in the competitive environment where many companies carry out business that have their own strategy and tactics for optimization of competitiveness. Consequently, efficiency, strategic positioning, solvency and financial independence of enterprise is important – therefore, in the high competitive environment, the manager responsible for carrying out of economic activities shall always remember that efficiency, in the process of realization of added value, ensures profit.
24
While the strategic positioning, establishes process that provides realization market for the produced goods. Also, it represents this process and one of the types of production cycle. As to the creativity of operational activities, it is expressed in how rationally does manager use the enterprise savings that is the main determinant
for life cycle of economic activities – competitiveness, which is the constantly renewing factor.
Based on the analysis of studies of Georgian and foreign scientists and company management of RMG companies, we identified those three main categories that ensures competitiveness as the constantly renewable factor:
Unified algorithm of constantly renewing factors of competitiveness (fig: 1, algorithm 1)
First category decision Second category decision
Third category decision Result
For maintaining uninterrupted production cycle, carrying out of the works for searching new availabilities of ore and related laboratory studies, justification of examinations; obtaining licenses and patents, sale-purchase; elaboration and implementation of new projects.
Logistics: Marketing studies and sales; sales optimization .
Continuation of material-technical provision of operational activities; permanency of implementation of new technologies and innovative cycle in the operational organization; permanency of development of production infrastructure and uninterrupted communication cycle.
Changing of market value
Result analysis –
determination of financial
stabilization (find algorithm
2) D
istribution of income
Income
Algorithm 1 represents cause-result ground of com-
petition that is determined with different methods. For example, selectivity principle when we compare analogic indicators of research and competitive companies having the same operational activities and production taking into account existing processes. However, in our particular case, since there is no enterprise analogic to RMG Group companies, we apply conditional nature to this study and rely on mathematical parameters while the competitive company is designated as X company [1].
Competitiveness may be determined by selectivity method in accordance with the following formula:
is competitiveness; –operational efficiency indicator; –strategic positioning coefficient; –company creativity.
As we are aware, operational efficiency means better performance of the given company of the same entre-preneurial activities compared to the competitive enterp-
rise or companies that provides revenues in the process of realization of added values for the given company. This indicates that main criteria of operational efficiency is profit. However, at the same time, we have to note that determination of competitiveness that, in case of perfect competition, comparative analysis of profit of competitive companies of different scale and power does not provide the full picture determining operational efficiency [36]. Consequently, the comparing competitive companies shall be carried out based on their economic activities not taking into the amount of their profit, but in accordance with profitability of their economic activities since the notion refers to perspective of operational activities.
Among the profitability indicators, we note the com-pany profitability and production realization capabilities that is determined in proportion of the profit received from the realized goods, compared to the expenses of production of those goods and its realizations. Therefore, for determining operational efficiency, we apply the method of proportionality of revenues of realized pro-
The updated process
25
ducts and the expenses undertaken for their production and realization.
However, as already mentioned above, for determi-ning the competitiveness and for making correct com-parison for this purpose, for identifying weeks and strengths of economic activities of competitor enterprises, as well as for determining exact indicator and optimal direction of management, selectivity method has a great importance. This is the reasons, they use the indicators determining selectivity of operational efficiency that requires the need for competitive subjects to identify competitiveness of the subject based on the equal (similar) parameters.
For due assessment of competitiveness of any corporation, we need to identify the coefficient of operational efficiency that is a relative value of the opera-tional efficiency of the company in question and its com-petitor. After identifying the coefficient of operational ef-ficiency, based on the same approach, we need to deter-mine and assess the strategic positioning, which is the se-cond indicator and means carrying out of such kind of ac-tivities that ensures establishment of unique environment of consumer values i.e. strategic positioning creates, maintains and widens the realization market and ensures the process of creation of added value. The most impor-tant result and determining criteria for strategic posi-tioning is the obtained market share, which is determined by correlation of the sales proceeds and market size.
Known notion: the company that has greater share on the market compared to other company has greater competitiveness and is characterized with the innovative management style – is correct. However, we believe that this does not mean that the strategic positioning is lower of the company that has the relatively smaller market share (this approach is just even in the case when we talk about creativity of company) since the strategic positio-ning is the process expressing the activity which result is expressed in the changing market share and not with the amount of hare since the chance is indicative of the pers-pective nature of the operational activities. Such appro-ach should be applied to the competitor company and for creation of actual picture while determining its market share. As we are aware, change of company share on mar-ket is determined by the proceeds of the share of study and basic share and consequently, multiplication of cor-relation of market sizes. Therefore, same method applies in case of selectivity. While, the correlation of the indica-tors explains relation between the change of market share and respectively, proceeds (taking into account the basic period and research periods), while the equation explains the inter-dependence. In other words, the dependence of strategic positioning indicators and proceeds indexes expresses dependence and behavior identity that provides possibility for making comparisons based on shares.
In order to identify competitiveness of the company of our research we should take into account the changing nature of the proceeds that requires identification of
coefficient of strategic positioning, based on the index of proceeds of the companies in study and its competitors that equals to the square root of correlation of changing index of the size of their proceeds. In addition, we need to identify the creativity of corporation since the indi-cator will play an important role in case of high com-petition. As already mentioned above, this is rational use of savings, and their placement in the entrepreneurial activities that would provide the company with revenues (meaning savings that are related to acquisition-impleme-ntation of patents, laboratory examinations and adverti-sing activities). Companies subject of study and their competitors determine them by correlation of the saving proceeds with the expenses related to its implementation. While, the lower is the indicator, the higher is the share of creativity of the company subject to study in the competitive environment.
Based on the above discussions, the competitiveness formula based on the selectivity method may be determined as follows:
Where, r is the operational efficiency of the company
subject to study, R –operational efficiency of the company taking into account selectivity, its correlation equals the efficiency coefficient; G is creativity of the competitor enterprise, H – creativity of the company subject to study, those indicators do indirectly evidence the possibility of company management that is related to identification of new opportunities and their implemen-tation; given correlation represents coefficient of strategic positioning where I is an index of changing value of the proceeds of the target company, while Is is the index of changing value of the proceeds of competitor company based on selectivity.
Given correlation explains the following: the higher K indicator is, the greater is competitiveness of the compa-ny. It is evident that corporation acts within 0 . Also, in case 0 company competitiveness is low (closer it gets to zero, the lower is competitiveness and when K indicator equals zero, we say that corporation has zero opportunity in competitive environment). If K = 1, corporation competitiveness is identical of the one of competitor enterprises, if K > 1, the target (RMG Copper) company competitiveness is higher than the one of competitor taking into account the selectivity.
Unified algorithm determining competitiveness inclu-des (find algorithm 1) the indicators determining finan-cial stabilization algorithm of company while the main totalizator of financial stabilization algorithm is the fi-nancial independence and solvency restoration coeff-icient.
Based on RMG companies’ analysis, we were able to make the financial stabilization algorithm (find the figure 2):
26
Figure 2. "RMG" companies’ financial stabilization algorithm
Main stages of financial stabilization of RMG companies
Assessment of indicators
Suspension of insolvency Ensuring financial balance Maintaining financial balance
Calculation formula
1. Suspension of insolvency. In the competitive environment, the emergency objective is to ensure effect of solvency restoration coefficient in the system of financial stabilization activities of companies taking into account the due financial liabilities of companies. Goal: elimination of possible cases of bankruptcy [1;3].
After studying of RMG companies, we found out that the period during which the company has to restore its solvency equals 6 months and indeed, this should be the accepted norm despite the field of business the company is acting in.
Solvency restoration coefficient is calculated based on the following formula:
Where, is solvency restoration coefficient, –actual value of current liquidity coefficient for the end of the calculation period, - actual value of current liquidity coefficient for the start of the calculation period, while –normative value of current liquidity coefficient.
Practical observations of different researchers con-firmed, that if the solvency coefficient is more than one, the enterprise is solvent in the given period. Ba-sed on the calculations we made based on this notion, we identified that the companies: JSC RMG Copper and RMG Gold LLC are highly liquid enterprises with their potential and therefore, are characterized with the high indicator of restoration of the solvency that also determines competitiveness of the companies [3].
Table1.Solvency restoration coefficients of JSC RMG Copper and RMG Gold LLC
Current liquidity coefficients
2010
2011
2012
Solvency restoration coefficients
Analyzed enterprises
Begi
nnin
g
End
Begi
nnin
g
End
Begi
nnin
g
End
2010
2011
2012
RMG Gold LLC 1.035 10.673 10.673 9.405 9.405 9.060 7.746 4.385 4.44 JSC RMG Copper 1.3610 3.1720 3.1720 3.6903 3.6903 3.920 2.03 1.97 2.01
Solvency coefficient: JSC RMG Gold - 2010 წელს
equaled 7.746, 2011 - 4.385 and 2012 - 4.44. JSC RMG Copper - 2010 - equaled 2.03, 2011 - 1.97 and 2012 - 2.01. (find the table of solvency restoration coefficients). The data confirms that the enterprises are solvent since the coefficient is more than 1. Similar picture is available in 2013-2014. In addition, we need to identify the bankruptcy indicator of the companies. RMG companies apply Richard Taffler prognosis model for this indicator. Based on the model, it was identified that for JSC RMG Copper, the indicator was 0.7 on average in 2009-2012, while for RMG Gold LLC – 0.9. And, if the value of the indicator is more than 0.3, the companies have development potential.
Therefore, it was confirmed that the strategic planning process of the company includes analysis of such financial indicators that are asset indicator, liquidity and solvency indicator that represent strategic elements of competitiveness.
2. Ensuring financial balance. Reasons for insolvency may remain if RMG companies’ financial independence coefficient exceeds one significantly. While, financial independence coefficient is calculated based on the following formula:
(3) Where,Fk is financial independence coefficient,
–total assets, –own capital.Among other
26
27
coefficients of financial sustainability, financial independence coefficient is the most important. This is the reverted value of the own capital concentration and indicates how many times are assets greater than the own capital. Growth of the indicator indicates on the increase of borrowings and undesirable financial environment, therefore, decrease of products realization and diminishing of corporate governance. If the coefficient goes down to one, this means that the assets are totally financed by the owners [1; 3].
After calculating financial independence coefficient of RMG companies, it was found that financial independence coefficient of JSC RMG Copper was 1.68 in 2009; 1.06 in 2010; 0.9 in 2011; 0.93 in 2012; while for RMG Gold LLC: 1.31 in 2009, 2.28 in 2010; 2.7 in 2011; 2.7 in 2012 (find the chart 1). The calculations evidence that the value of the coefficient is mostly within the desired parameters [3].
Chart1.Financial independence coefficient of RGM companies
3. Maintaining financial balance. Maintaining of
financial balance for the long-term period is only possible if the companies ensure the long-term financial balance in their economic development process and when the companies, in case of technical capital saving policies (direction of enhancement of production techniques and technologies) and low increase of main and operational capital, the amount of extracted ore is increased and the market value of the companies does also constantly increase. The above mentioned RMG companies’ financial stabili-zation stages comply with the determined internal mechanisms that are divided into operational, tactical and strategic mechanisms and represent main part of the financial policy.
Literature
1. V. Kakabadze– Business Administration (12 Steps of Perfection), Meridiani Publishing, Tbilisi 2012.
2. Z. Lipartia, R. Tateshvili – Innovations in Business (problems, perspectives, challenges), International Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to 75th anniversary of Shota Rustaveli State University, Batumi, April 16-17, Universal Publishing, Tbilisi 2010.
3. N. Maisuradze – Role of Strategic Planning and its Importance in the Corporate Governance System, Journal Economics, #3-4, 2014 (Georgian);
4. Allen, F. “Corporate Governance in Emerging Markets,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 21, 2005.
5. P. F. Drucker, Management Challenges for the 21st Century, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kiev, 2000, p. 386
28
komerciuli bankis risk-menejmentis sistemis Tanamedrove midgomebi
giorgi xanTaZe_ stu-s asocirebuli profesori
daviT JRenti _ stu-s doqtoranti
reziume risk-menejmentis integrirebuli sis-
tema warmoadgens strategiuli finansuri marTvis qvesistemas, romelic uzrunvel-yofs strategiuli Sesabamisobis uwyvet gansazRvras da Tanmimdevrul mxardaWeras bankis saqmianobis riskebs, likvidurobasa da efeqturobas Soris, aseve, riskebsa da maT dasafarad gamoyofil risk-kapitalis Sesabamis moculobas Soris.
marTvis sistemis SeqmnisaTvis SeiZleba ganisazRvros risk-menejmentis organiza-ciul-funqcionaluri elementebi. maT sa-fuZvels warmoadgens universaluri finan-suri struqtura. am struqturis subieq-tebi risk-menejmentis procesebSi urTi-erTqmedeben damtkicebul reglamentebTan SesabamisobaSi da am dros iyeneben riskebis Sefasebis universalur da integrirebul meTodebs.
finansuri struqturis farglebSi risk-menejmentis miznebis misaRwevad aucilebe-lia riskebis idenTifikaciis, monitorin-gisa da kontrolis mravaldoniani ierar-qiuli sistemis formireba.
sakvanZo sityvebi: riski, risk-menejmen-ti, bazelis principebi, sakredito organi-zacia, banki, mravaldoniani.
Modern Approaches of Commercial Bank Risk-
Management System
Giorgi Khantadze David Zhghenti
Summary
Integrated system of risk-management represents a strategic sub-system of financial management, which provides determination of continuous strategic correspondence and consistent support between bank activity risks, liquidity and effectiveness, also between the appropriate capacities of risk-capital allocated to cover them.
For creation of the management system can be determined the organizational-functional elements of risk-management. The ground of which is the univer-sal functional structure. The subjects of this structure in the process of risk-management interact in comp-liance with the regulations approved and at this time use the universal and integrated methods of risks assessment.
In the framework of the financial structure to achieve the risk-management aims it is needed the risk identification, monitoring and control multilevel hierarchical system formation.
riski _ es aris bankis mier Tavisi saq-
mianobis ganxorcielebis procesSi saxs-rebis nawilis dakargvis, arasruli mogebis an damatebiTi xarjebis warmoqmnis alba-Toba. mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT is faq-ti, rom riskis miRebis gareSe SeuZlebelia mogeba. amasTan, arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom es mogeba gadaaWarbebs saSualo sabaz-ro dones. amitom j. fridmani da n. orduei gvTavazoben, riski ganvixiloT rogorc „aramudmivi da cvalebadi“.
riski _ es aris periodis bolos dafiq-sirebuli maCveneblis funqciuri mniSvne-lobis gadaxra im maCveneblis mniSvnelo-bidan, romelic dagegmili iyo periodis dasawyisSi.
erTmaneTisgan unda gavarCioT, aseve, riskis saerTo/zogadi gageba da ekonomi-kuri riskis viwro gageba. ekonomikuri ris-
27
29
kis arsi dakavSirebulia sameurneo gadawy-vetilebebis miRebis procesTan, roca ar aris garkveuli maTi Sedegi. es gulisxmobs misi dasrulebis erTi an ramdenime vari-antis arsebobas, romelTac ganxorciele-bis gansxvavebuli albaToba gaaCniaT. msga-vsi situaciis gacnobiereba adamians saSua-lebas aZlevs gaurkvevloba gadawyvitos riskis Sefasebis kriteriumebis gaTvalis-winebiT, gamosavlis ramdenime variantidan erTis miRebiT. amitom SeiZleba Zalian warmatebulad CavTvaloT riskis is ganmar-teba, romelic risks ganixilavs, rogorc sameurneo cxovrebis subieqtebis saqmia-nobas, romelic dakavSirebulia gamouvali arCevanis situaciaSi gaurkvevlobis daZ-levasTan, romlis procesSic arsebobs sa-surveli Sedegis miRwevis warumatebloba da miznidan gadaxvevis albaTobis Sesa-Zlebloba.
banks, iseve, rogorc nebismier komer-ciul organizacias, ar aqvs ufleba riskis qveS daayenos nasesxebi kapitali da sxva moziduli resursebi. kompaniis saqmiano-basTan dakavSirebuli riskebis sidide un-da imyofebodes sakuTari saxsrebis sazRv-rebSi. aqedan gamomdinareobs bankis kapita-lis umniSvnelovanesi funqcia-riskebis dacva.
sakredito organizaciis saqmianobis strategiuli da operatiuli marTvis pro-cesebSi risk-menejeris qmedebebi mimarTu-lia riskis zomis gamovlenisken, maTi zRvrulad dasaSvebi donis gansazRvrisken da riskis mimdinare sididis SenarCunebi-saken mocemuli SezRudvebis farglebSi, romlebic gansazRvrulia rogorc re-gulatorebiT, aseve, Sinagani wesebiT. amas-Tan, unda gvesmodes, rom regulatoris normatiuli moTxovnebi efuZneba sabanko sistemis saSualo riskebis maCveneblebs, amitom mizanSewonilia riskis Sefasebis sa-kuTari sistemis formireba.
sakredito organizaciis finansuri marTvis sistemis farglebSi integrire-buli risk-menejmentis sistemis funqcio-nirebis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens bankis muSaobis procesSi misaRebi riskebis miRe-bis uzrunvelyofa, romelic biznesis mas-Stabis da sakuTari saxsrebis sididis adek-vaturi iqneba. am mizniT, bankis mier xdeba Semdegi amocanebis gadaWra:
riskebis identifikaciis meqanizmebis SemuSaveba, romlebic dakavSirebulia bankis sxvadasxva sferos saqmianobas-Tan;
bankis gansxvavebuli mimarTulebis saq-mianobisa da riskis sxvadasxva saxeobi-saTvis meTodebis gansazRvra da riskis Sefasebis modelebis Seqmna;
diagnostikis, kontrolisa da riskebis Semcirebis efeqturi procedurebis Se-qmna, rogorc sabanko da sameurneo ope-raciebis ganxorcielebisas gadawyveti-lebis miRebis, ise maTi realizaciis etapze;
riskebis marTvis strategiebis SemuSa-veba, risk-Semosavlianobis koordina-tebSi yvela strategiuli da operati-uli mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uzrunvelyofa;
im RonisZiebaTa kompleqsebis SemuSa-veba da srulyofa, romlebic mimarTu-li iqneba krizisul situaciebSi bankis saqmianobis SenarCunebisaken. Tanamedrove sabanko praqtikasa da eko-
nomikur literaturaSi, ZiriTadad, gada-wyvetilia monitoringis da calkeuli sa-banko operaciis riskebis Sefasebis siste-mebis Seqmnis amocanebi. naklebadaa Semu-Savebuli bankis riskis Sefasebis Sesabamisi da sakredito organizaciis saqmianobis momavali riskebis cvlilebis modelebi. Tumca, swored es modelebia yvelaze metad valenturi strategiuli finansuri gada-wyvetilebebis miRebisas, bazel II/III-is mid-gomebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
2014 wels srulyofilad amoqmedda ba-el II/III-ze dafuZnebuli kapitalis adekva-turobis CarCos 1-li da me-2 pilaris kom-onentebi. ganaxlebuli regulacia 2013 wels Sevida ZalaSi da sawyisi etapisaTvis is iTvaliswinebda mxolod angariSgebis valdebulebas, xolo 2014 wlis meore na-xevridan misi moTxovnebis dacva savalde-buloa saqarTveloSi moqmedi yvela ko-merciuli bankisaTvis. bazel II/III-is 1-li pilari ufro metadaa riskebze dafuZne-buli bazel I-is dokumentTan SedarebiT. mis farglebSi komerciul bankebs moeTxo-vebaT minimaluri kapitali sakredito, sa-bazro da saoperacio riskebisaTvis da mxedvelobaSi iRebs mitigaciis (riskis Semsubuqebis) maRali xarisxis instrumen-
30
tebs. komerciuli bankebi mocemuli etapi-saTvis axorcieleben angariSgebas ganaxle-buli da arsebuli CarCoebis farglebSi. bazel I-iT gaTvaliswinebuli minimaluri moTxovnebi uaxloesi sami wlis ganmavlo-baSi etapobrivad Semcirdeba da sruliad Canacvldeba bazel II/III-is CarCoTi.
bazel II/III-is me-2 pilaris farglebSi komerciuli bankebi sakuTari riskis pro-filis gaTvaliswinebiT axdenen maTTvis materialuri riskebis identificirebas da iTvlian saWiro kapitalis odenobas. 1-li pilarisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic yvela bankisaTvis erTgvarovan meTodologias warmoadgens, me-2 pilari iZleva ekonomi-kuri kapitalis gaangariSebis saSualebas, romelic kidev ufro metad aris morge-buli bankis uSualo riskebze da maTi ma-terilaizaciis SemTxvevaSi, iZleva zara-lis dafarvisaTvis saWiro kapitalis gaan-gariSebis SesaZleblobas. 2014 wels komer-ciulma bankebma warmoadgines Sida kapi-talis adekvaturobis Sefasebis (ICAAP) Se-degebi, romelic eqvemdebareba saqarTve-los erovnuli bankis mxridan sazedamxed-velo ganxilvisa da Sefsebis process. 2014 wels erovnulma bankma SeimuSava bankebi-saTvis individualuri kapitalis moTxov-nebis gansazRvris instruqcia, romelic mimdinare wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebuli iqneba angariSgebisa da kalibraciisaTvis (Sedegebis winaswar gazomvisaTvis). aRniS-nuli instruqciis mixedviT jamuri kapita-lis moTxovna ganisazRvreba 1-li pilaris minimaluri moTxovnisa da 1-li da me-2 pi-laris buferebis saxiT. aseTebs miekuTv-neba konservaciis, kontrcikluri, siste-murobis, stres-testebis, koncentraciis buferebi da riskebis Sefasebis saerTo programis farglebSi gansazRvruli dama-tebiTi moTxovnebi. 2014 wels aseve ZalaSi Sevida riskebis Sefasebis saerTo prog-ramis (GRAPE) moqmedebis wesi, romlis mi-zans warmoadgens komerciuli bankebis riskebze orientirebuli zedamxedvelobis procesis formalizacia. masSi mocemulia riskebze dafuZnebuli zedamxedvelobis uwyveti ciklis sxvadasxva komponentis aR-wera da pasuxismgebeli struqturuli er-Teulebi. riskebis saerTo Sefasebis pro-grama aerTianebs riskebis identifikaciis, sxvadasxva etapebze maTi analizisa da Se-
fasebis, perioduli jamuri Sefasebebisa da sazedamxedvelo qmedebebis etapebs. programis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens me-2 pilaris farglebSi bankebis Sida kapi-talis adekvaturobis Sefaseba da stres-testebi. programis farglebSi zedamxed-veli gansazRvravs riskebze dafuZnebul sazedamxedvelo qmedebebs.
risk-menejmentis efeqturi sistemis formirebisaTvis sakredito organizaciam unda aarCios misi Seqmnis principebi, rom-lebic TanxvedraSi iqnebian riskebis finan-suri marTvis zogad koncefciasTan. isini SeiZleba Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT: bankis mosalodneli da gauTvaliswi-
nebeli riskebis sruli dafarva misi kapitaliT, risk-kapitalis ganawile-bis proceduris safuZvelze limite-bis formireba;
riskebis zemoqmedebis gaTvaliswineba operatiul saqmianobasa da strategi-is realizaciaze;
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis upirobo dac-va, maT Soris, qveynis bankis normati-uli aqtebisa;
sifrTxile da gonieri konservatizmi sabanko operaciebis ganxorcielebi-sas;
riskebis miRebisa da kontrolis funq-ciebis ganawilebis principi;
riskebisa da efeqturobis centrali-zebuli kontrolis finansuri direq-torisaTvis uflebamosilebebis ward-gena;
riskebis kontrolis yvela procedu-ris standartizacia da normatiuli gamyareba;
yvela ganxorcielebuli operaciis wi-naswari da Tanmdevi riskis Sefasebis Tanxvedra;
mimdinare operaciebis riskebis gazom-visa da idenTifikaciis procesebis uw-yvetoba;
riskebis Sefasebis procesSi bankis personalis profesionaluri gansje-bis regularuli formirebebis proce-durebis gamoyeneba, romelic efuZneba mmarTvelobiTi angariSis sistemaSi asaxuli bankis funqcionirebis Sinaga-ni da garegani garemos mdgomareobis analizs;
31
riskis Sefasebisa da mimdinare opera-ciebis efeqturobis SefasebisaTvis universaluri informaciuli sistemis gamoyeneba.
risk-menejmentis integrirebuli sis-tema warmoadgens strategiuli finansuri marTvis qvesistemas, romelic uzrunvel-yofs strategiuli Sesabamisobis uwyvet gansazRvras da Tanmimdevrul mxardaWeras bankis saqmianobis riskebs, likvidurobasa da efeqturobas Soris, aseve, riskebsa da maT dasafarad gamoyofil risk-kapitalis Sesabamis moculobas Soris.
marTvis sistemis SeqmnisaTvis SeiZleba ganisazRvros risk-menejmentis organiza-ciul-funqcionaluri elementebi. maT sa-fuZvels warmoadgens universaluri fi-nansuri struqtura. am struqturis subi-eqtebi risk-menejmentis procesebSi urTi-erTqmedeben damtkicebul reglamentebTan SesabamisobaSi da am dros iyeneben riskebis Sefasebis universalur da integrirebul meTodebs.
finansuri struqturis farglebSi risk-menejmentis miznebis misaRwevad aucile-belia riskebis idenTifikaciis, monito-ringisa da kontrolis mravaldoniani ierarqiuli sistemis formireba, romelic unda moicavdes: qveda doneze _ beq-ofisis qvegan-
yofilebebis TanamSromlebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian ganxorcielebu-li operaciebis buRaltrul da mmarT-velobiT angariSSi asaxvasa da dadge-nil limitebTan maTi Sesabamisobis winaswar kontrolze;
meore doneze _ centraluri finan-suri ofisis xelmZRvanelebs, romlebic axorcieleben operaciebis sawyis san-qcionirebas, aseve, qmnian mmarTvelo-biT angariSSi asaxuli finansuri mxaris profesionalur msjelobebs riskebis Sesaxeb;
mesame doneze _ riskebis kontrolis qveganyofileba, romelic axorcielebs sanqcionirebuli operaciebis riskebis
damoukidebel Sefasebas da amzadebs damtkicebuli strategiuli SezRud-vebis farglebSi operaciuli limitebis dadgenis winadadebebs. aseve, gasaTva-liswinebelia xazinac, romelic gansa-zRvravs dagegmili operaciebis gavle-nas bankis likvidurobaze.
meoTxe doneze _ riskebis kontrols axorcieleben bankis kolegiuri orga-noebi (safinanso da sakredito komite-tebi), romlebic nebas rTaven filia-lebs mimdinare operaciebis gasatareb-lad da amtkiceben am operaciebis Ri-rebulebiT parametrebsa da riskebis miRebis limitebs.
riskebis monitoringisa da kontrolis mexuTe done _ varaudobs mimdinare operaciebisa da maTi riskebis zemo-qmedebis Sefasebis strategiis reali-zaciis SesaZleblobas. Tu zemoCamoTvlili kontrolis donee-
bidan gamovlenil iqna riskebis faqtob-rivi maCveneblebis mniSvnelovani gadaxre-bi dasaxuli miznebidan, maSin xdeba adap-taciis procedurebis inicireba an stra-tegiis gadaxedva.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Ramakrishna S.- Enterprise Compliance Risk
Management: An Essential Toolkit for Banks and Financial Services (Wiley Corporate F&A) Hard-cover – 2015.
2. McMillan J. - The End of Banking: Money, Credit, and the Digital Revolution, 2014.
3. Lessambo F. - The International Banking System: Capital Adequacy, Core Businesses and Risk Management, 2013.
4. xanTaZe g. caava g. –sabanko operaciebi, gamomc.D”wignis saxelosno”, 2012.
5. https://www.nbg.gov.ge/uploads/publications/annualreport/2015/annual2014.pdf.
32
saerTaSoriso biznesisaTvis menejerebis SerCevis Taviseburebebi
goderZi SaniZe _ quTaisis universiteti, biznesisa da marTvis doqtori,
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori
PSeculiarities of Selecting Managers for
International Business
Summary Transnational corporations pay extremely much
importance to the qualified staff, on which depends the realization of the corporations’ objectives abroad. In international companies majority of the positions are occupied by the local staff and not by the expa-triates, but there are some exceptions that concerns to developing countries.
Local staff is characterized by priorities for several reasons. They are: mobility; adaptation to the local conditions; local image; stimulating local staff; orien-tation. on the long-term goals.
Expatriates are the minority of transnational cor-porations, there are a few thousands of them in the world. The main reasons for the use of expatriates are: technical competence; raising the qualification of the head staff and control.
In the selection process for the desired managers, corporations sometimes ask for the help of so-called "headhunters". The "head hunters" are recruit firms that are actively looking for qualified managers and for other professionals for the available vacancies in other organizations. .Headhunters’ activities are considered as unethical one in many developed countries, as it means to win over the staff, although it is not prohibited by the law.
For attracting managers in international compa-nies there are certain peculiarities and this is the very thing that should be taken into consideration by the company owners before they make final decisions about employing their desired managers.
reziume
transnacionalur korporaciebSi uaR-resad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kvalifi-cirebul personals, romelzedac damoki-debulia sazRvargareT korporaciis miz-nebis realizacia. saerTaSoriso kompanieb-Si Tanamdebobebis umravlesoba dakavebu-li aqvT adgilobriv kadrebs da ara eqs-patriantebs, Tumca aris gamonaklisebic, romlebic Seexeba ganviTarebad qveynebs.
adgilobrivi kadrebi xasiaTdebian pri-oritetulobiT, ramdenime mizezis gamo, esenia: mobiluroba; adgilobrivi pirobe-bisadmi adaptacia; adgilobrivi imiji; ad-gilobrivi personalis stimulireba; grZelvadian miznebze orientacia.
eqspatriantebi warmoadgenen tnk-is personalis umciresobas, msoflioSi isini ramodenime aTasia. eqspatriantebis gamoye-nebis ZiriTad mizezebs warmoadgens: teqni-kuri kompetencia; xelmZRvaneli persona-lis kvalifikaciis amaRleba; kontroli.
sasurveli menejerebis SerCevis pro-cesSi korporacia zogjer mimarTavs e.w. „hedhanterebis“ _ „Tavebze monadireTa“ daxmarebas. hedhanterebi-rekruteruli firmebia, romlebic aqtiurad eZeben kva-lificiur menejerebs da sxva profesiona-lebs SesaZlo vakansiebisaTvis sxva orga-nizaciebSi. mraval ganviTarebul qveyanaSi hedhanteruli saqmianoba iTvleba araeTi-kurad, radganac is gulisxmobs kadrebis
33
gadabirebas, Tumca is ar ikrZaleba kanon-mdeblobiT.
saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi menejerebis mozidvas aqvs garkveuli Taviseburebebi da kompaniis mflobelebma swored es unda gaiTvaliswinon sanam saboloo gadawyveti-lebebs miiRebdnen maTTvis sasurveli me-nejerebis asayvanad.
sakvanZo sityvebi: transnacionaluri
korporacia; adgilobrivi kadrebi; eqspat-riantebi; „hedhanterebi“
transnacionalur korporaciebSi uaR-
resad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kvalifi-cirebul personals, romelzedac damoki-debulia sazRvargareT korporaciis miz-nebis realizacia. kadrebis moZieba, maTi swavleba da kvalifikaciis amaRleba, re-patrianti menejerebis samuSaoze gagzavna, maTi Sromis anazRaureba, samSobloSi da-bruneba da kompaniis saqmianobaSi integra-cia uaRresad rTuli amocanebia, romelTa gadawyvetis SesaZlebloba damokidebulia im TaviseburebaTa doneze, riTac xasiaT-deba adamianuri resursebis menejmenti samSobloSi da sazRvargareT.
amrigad, firmis doneze adamianuri re-sursebis menejmentis strategiuli roli rTulia, magram am mxriv saqmianoba ufro rTulia globaluri biznesis menejmentSi, sadac personalis SerCevis, misi menejmen-tis ganviTarebis, samuSaos Sefasebisa da anazRaurebis TvalsazrisiT gaweuli saq-mianoba moiTxovs did Zalauflebas, rad-ganac qveynebis mixedviT am sferoSi saq-mianoba arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Sromis baz-rebis, kulturis, samarTlebrivi da eko-nomikuri sistemebis mixedviT.
adamianuri resursebis menejmentisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania im problemebis gada-wyveta, romlebic dakavSirebulia eqspat-riant menejerebTan. aq mniSvnelovania da-vadginoT, Tu vin gavagzavnoT sazRvarga-reT samuSaod, gavarkvioT Sromis anazRau-rebisa da adaptaciis pirobebi, aucilebe-lia davrwmundeT imaSi, rom isini arian orientirebulni repatriaciaze.
rogorc tnk-Si, aseve sazRvargareTis filialSi Tanamdebobebis umravlesoba da-kavebuli aqvT adgilobriv kadrebs da ara
eqspatriantebs, Tumca aris gamonakli-sebic, romlebic Seexeba ganviTarebad qvey-nebs. magaliTad, saudis arabeTSi didi de-ficitia navTobis mompovebel mrewvelobis xelmZRvanel kvalificiur kadrebTan da-kavSirebiT, amitom is prioritets aniWebs eqspatriantebs.
adgilobrivi kadrebi xasiaTdebian pri-oritetulobiT, ramdenime mizezis gamo, esenia:
mobiluroba. adamianTa nawils miuxeda-vad maTi erovnulobisa ar surs sazRvar-gareT samuSaod wasvla, rac dakavSirebu-lia adaptaciis sirTuleebTan. amitom, kompaniebi adgilebze qmnian kadrebis mo-zidvis pirobebs. kidev erTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom aris rentabeluri adgilobrivi kadrebis gamoyeneba dakavSirebulia eqs-patriantebis Sromis RirebulebasTan, ro-melic adgilobriv specialistebTan Seda-rebiT maRalia.
adgilobrivi pirobebisadmi adaptacia. rac ufro rTulia adgilobriv pirobebi-sadmi adaptacia, miT ufro mizanSewonilia adgilobrivi kadrebis gamoyeneba, radga-nac maT ukeT esmiT mocemuli qveynis Tavi-seburebani, vidre Camosul specialistebs.
adgilobrivi imiji. rig qveynebSi tnk-is filialis adgilobriv xelmZRvanelebs aRiqvamen, rogorc „did patriotebs“, rad-ganac isini adgilobriv interesebs korpo-raciis globalur miznebze ufro maRla ayeneben. adgilobrivi imiji aseve dadebi-Tad moqmedebs maspinZeli qveynis muSebze, romlebic prioritets adgilobriv da ara Camosul xelmZRvanels aniWeben.
adgilobrivi personalis stimulireba. adgilobrivi kadrebis daqiravebis momxre-ebi miiCneven, rom maTi gadaadgileba Tanam-debobrivi safexurebiT zemoT, aris efeq-tiani muSaobis motivaciis ZiriTadi faq-tori. organizaciis nebismier wevrs unda gaaCndes SesaZlebloba, avides Tanamdebob-rivi ierarqiis nebismier safexurze.
grZelvadian miznebze orientacia. im-denad, ramdenadac filialSi gadayvanili tnk-is TanamSromlebi gegmaven dahyon iq ramdenime weli, isini adgilobrivi xelmZR-vanelebisagan gansxvavebiT orientacias iReben moklevadian amocanebze, rac xels uSlis korporaciis grZelvadiani miznebis miRwevas. amitom, adgilobriv xelmZRvane-
34
lebs, romlebic imyofebian korporaciis filialebSi ufro xangrZlivi droiT Se-uZliaT grZelvadian miznebze oriantacia.
eqspatriantebi warmoadgenen tnk-is personalis umciresobas, msoflioSi isini ramodenime aTasia. eqspatriantebis gamo-yenebis ZiriTad mizezebs warmoadgens:
teqnikuri kompetencia. rig SemTxvevaSi Znelia moZebno sakmarisi kompetenciis mqone adgilobrivi kadri, romelsac gaaC-nia aucilebeli teqnikuri codna proeqtis realizaciisaTvis. personalis teqnikuri kompetencia damokidebulia qveynis ganvi-Tarebis doneze. aRniSnulidan gamomdina-re, eqspatriantebi Seadgenen SedarebiT dabal xvedriT wils ganviTarebul da ma-RalganviTarebad qveynebSi. garda amisa, ma-Ralkvalificiuri kadrebi aucilebelia filialebSi im teqnikuri novaciebis dasa-nergad, romlebic ukve gamoiyeneba tnk-Si. am mizniT ki mizanSewonilia am specifikis mqone eqspatriantebis filialebSi gagzav-na.
xelmZRvaneli personalis kvalifikaci-is amaRleba. tnk-ebi agzavnian adgilobriv kadrebs sazRvargareT samuSaod da piri-qiT, sazRvargareTis filialebidan gadmo-yavT saTavo firmebSi adgilobrivi (anu ucxoeli) xelmZRvaneli muSakebi, rac iZleva SesaZleblobas aramarto gaicva-los kvalificirebuli codna da gamocdi-leba, aramed amaRldes korporaciuli kultura.
kontroli. tnk-ebi personalis geogra-fiul gadaadgilebas saTavo firmidan fi-lialSi iyeneben sawarmoo saqmianobis kon-trolis mizniT. es mizani miiRweva imitom, rom saTavo firmidan igzavneba maRali kva-lifikaciis xelmZRvaneli, romelsac gaaC-nia maRali teqnikuri kompetencia da Sesa-bamisi Tvisebebi.
mas Semdeg, rac gavarkieT, Tu ra Tvise-bebi da codna unda gaaCndes saerTaSoriso biznesis menejerebs, tnk-ma aucilebelia moZebnos da SearCios kandidati aRniSnul Tanamdebobaze.
gamocdili menejerebis rekrutireba saerTaSoriso biznesSi xorcieldeba ram-denime arxis gamoyenebiT. erT-erTi aris sakuTriv kompania, misi is TanamSromlebi, romlebic muSaoben mimReb qveyanaSi an is pirebi, romlebic saqmianoben saTavo fir-
maSi da mzad arian gaemgzavron sazRvar-gareT. ukanasknelSi Sedis is menejerebi, romlebic manamde ar muSaobdnen sazRvar-gareT da isini, vinc asrulebdnen firmis davalebebs ucxoeTSi. rogorc wesi, tnk-ebi am mizniT iyeneben sarezervo perso-nals an im muSakebis bazas, romlebic gavid-nen pensiaze da gaaCniaT davalebis Sesas-ruleblad Sesabamisi codna da gamocdi-leba. pensiaze gasuli muSakebi, rogorc wesi siamovnebiT Tanxmdebian sazRvarga-reT wasvlaze.
tnk-s aseve SeuZlia moiZios aseTi muSa-kebi sxva firmebSi. es SeiZleba iyos is menejerebi, romlebic saqmianoben mimRebi qveynis firmebSi, an saerTod menejerebi, romlebic saqmianoben sxva kompaniebSi da gaaCniaT Sesabamisi codna da kvalifikacia. sasurveli menejerebis SerCevis procesSi korporacia zogjer mimarTavs e.w. „hed-hanterebis“ _ „Tavebze monadireTa“ dax-marebas. hedhanterebi-rekruteruli fir-mebia, romlebic aqtiurad eZeben kvalifi-ciur menejerebs da sxva profesionalebs SesaZlo vakansiebisaTvis sxva organizaci-ebSi. mraval ganviTarebul qveyanaSi hedha-nteruli saqmianoba iTvleba araeTikurad, radganac is gulisxmobs kadrebis gadabi-rebas, Tumca is ar ikrZaleba kanonmdeb-lobiT.
SeiZleba Tamamad vamtkicoT, rom glo-balizaciis procesi Seexo Sromis bazrebs. magaliTad, umsxviles britanul korpora-cia Imperial Chemical Indastry-Si 150 meneje-ridan mxolod 50% aris ingliseli. tnk-bi erovnulobaze ufro maRla ayeneben Sromis efeqtianobas.
menejerebis moZiebis kidev erTi gzaa axalgazrda menejerebis SerCeva. msxvil tnk-bi xSirad umaRlesi saswavleblebidan im mizniT qiraoben axalgazrda kadrebs, rom isini gaagzavnon sazRvargareT. zogi-erTi korporacia asaqmebs kursdamTavre-bulebs, xolo maT mier gamocdilebis miRebis Semdeg agzavnis maT sazRvargareT.
mas Semdeg, rac saerTaSoriso biznesis menejerebis vakansiaze moizides kandida-tebis garkveuli raodenoba, adamianuri resursebis menejerebma aucilebelia da-adginon is kandidati, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba mocemul vakansias. per-
35
speqtiul kandidatebs unda gaaCndeT Sem-degi Tvisebebi: sammarTvelo kompetencia (teqnikuri
Cvevebi, lideris Tvisebebi, korpora-ciuli kulturis codna);
Sesabamisi kvalifikacia (formaluri ganaTleba, maspinZeli qveynis kultu-risa da enis codna);
axali situaciisadmi adaptaciis unari (axali garemosa da samuSaosadmi Tav-sebadoba, kulturuli Taviseburebe-bis aRqmis unari).
saerTaSoriso biznesSi cnobilia per-sonalis SerCevis iseTi problema, rogo-ricaa e.w. „eqspatriantebis marcxi“, rac gulisxmobs maT droze adre dabrunebas samSobloSi. es termini asaxavs firmis kad-rebis SerCevis negatiur politikis Sede-gebs, anu mis mier iseTi individebis Ser-Cevas, romlebic ver aRweven warmatebas ucxoeTSi, ris gamo vadaze adre brunde-bian samSobloSi. gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom sazRvargareT gagzavnili amerikeli specialistebis 16%-dan 40%-mde brundeba samSobloSi kontraqtis dasrulebamde da muSakebis TiTqmis 70%, gagzavnili ganvi-Tarebad qveynebSi brundeba ukan droze adre. miuxedavad imisa, rom dawvrilebiTi informacia yvela qveynis mixedviT miuwv-domelia SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom „eqs-patriantebis marcxi“ aris universaluri problema. „eqspatriantebis marcxis“ dana-xarjebi aris maRali. erTi „marcxis“ saSua-lo danaxarji firmisaTvis aris eqspat-
rianti menejeris yovelwliur samjerad xelfass damatebuli mivlinebis danaxar-jebi. TanxaSi gamoxatuli TiToeuli „mar-cxis“ danaxarji meryeobs 250000 aTasidan 1 milion dolaramde.
daskvnis saxiT ki SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom saerTaSoriso biznesisaTvis menejerebis SerCeva sakmaod did sirTuleebTanaa da-kavSirebuli da aseve did Zalisxmevas mo-iTxovs kompaniisaTvis sasurveli xelmZR-vanelis mozidva. menejerebis mozidvas aqvs garkveuli Taviseburebebi da kompa-niis mflobelebma swored es unda gaiTva-liswinon sanam saboloo gadawyvetilebebs miiRebdnen maTTvis sasurveli menejerebis asayvanad.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Sengelia T., globaluri biznesi, gamom-
cemloba „axali saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi 2010.
2. gurabaniZe v. adamianuri resursebis me-nejmenti, gamomcemloba „inovacia“, Tbilisi 2009w.
3. Rurwkaia k., Rurwkaia T., saerTaSoriso biznesi (leqciebis kursi), stu, Tbilisi 2011w.
4. SaniZe g. gurabaniZe v., globaluri biz-nesis menejmenti (leqciebis kursi) ga-momcemloba „qu“, q. quTaisi 2013 w.
36
Tanamedrove midgomebi kompaniis strategiis gansazRvrisa da formirebis sakiTxebisadmi
dali sexniaSvili _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori
zaza siWinava _ stu-s doqtoranti
Modern Approaches to the Issues of Identify and Formation of the Company's Strategy
Dali Sekhniashvili
Associate Professor of GTU Zaza Sichinava
PhD student of GTU
Summary Improve the functioning of enterprises is largely
achieved by choosing the style (behavior) of the en-terprise at the moment. At the same time that is con-sidered as the beginning of his future. This choice is determined by the company's strategy, but to the for-mation of the strategy there is no uniform approach.
Analysis of theoretical approaches makes it possible to justify methodologically the need to carry out research from the perspective of multi-level multi-criteria strategic development. The given approach allows to allocate all management tasks organization by specialized element of the system, This determines lower costs for the management and minimization of errors leading to losses.
Keywords: company, strategy, management.
Sesavali Tanamedrove organizaciebis marTvis
sferoSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da Zi-riTadi aqcentebi marTvis strategiuli aspeqtebis mimarTulebiT gadanacvlda. mkvlevarTa interesi da kompaniebis mo-
Txovnileba dakavSirebulia swrafad cva-lebad gare garemoSi biznesis mdgradi gan-viTarebis problemis gadawyvetasTan. am-gvarad, kompaniebis funqcionirebis efeq-turobis amaRlebisaTvis ufro metad mniS-vnelovani strategiuli marTvis upirate-sobebis gamoyeneba, aseve, yovel calkeul momentSi kompaniis stilis (qcevis) SerCeva xdeba. es arCevani ki kompaniis strategiiT ganisazRvreba, romlis formirebisadmi erTiani midgoma ar arsebobs.
bolo wlebSi ucxoeTSi gamoqveynebuli literaturis mixedviT aTi samecniero skola gamoikveTa: „dizainis“, „dagegmvis“, „pozicirebis“, @„mewarmeobis“, „kognituri“, „swavlebis“, „xelisuflebis“, „organizaci-uli kulturis“, „gare garemos“ da „kon-figuraciis“, romlebic Tavis mxriv, sam jgufad iyofa. pirveli sami skolis mimdev-rebi yuradRebas upiratesad imaze amaxvi-leben, Tu rogor unda Camoyalibdes stra-tegia. magaliTad, „dizainis“ skolis war-momadgenlebi (1960 w.) strategias ganixi-laven rogorc araformaluri dizainis (konstruireba), proeqtirebisa da modeli-rebis process. meore skola _ „dagegmvis“ (1970 w.) strategias formaluri dagegmvis SedarebiT damoukidebel procesad miiC-nevs. mesame, „pozicirebis“ skolis, (1980 w.) safuZvelia strategiis Sinaarsi da ara misi dagegmva [1, gv. 98]. saxelwodeba `pozi-
37
cirebis skola" dakavSirebulia im faqt-Tan, rom misi mimdevrebi strategiis arCe-vis umniSvnelovan principebad bazarze kompaniis pozicionirebasTan mis Sesabami-sobas miiCneven.
Semdegi eqvsi skola strategiis Semu-Savebis procesis konkretul aspeqtebs aq-cevs ufro met yuradRebas. isini cdilo-ben strategia firmis realur qcevas da-ukavSiron da misi mimdevrebi strategias momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis Sedegis ran-gSi ganixilaven. amdenad, maTTvis strate-gia dakavSirebulia menejeris gonebaSi mim-dinare procesebTan. ufro Tanamimdevru-lad aRniSnuli pozicia SemecnebiTi sko-lis mimdevrebis mier ganixileba. am skolam Tavis meTodologiur safuZvlad kogni-turi fsiqologia airCia da masze dayrdno-biT strategis cnobierebaSi SeRwevas cdi-lobs [2, gv. 23].
momdevno oTxi skolis: „swavlebis“, „xelisuflebis“, „organizaciuli kultu-ris“, „gare garemos“ warmomadgenlebi cdi-loben daZlion gaurkvevloba, romelic dakavSirebulia individis qcevasTan. maga-liTad, „swavlebis“ skolis warmomadgen-lebi Tvlian, rom strategia etapobrivad, organizaciis ganviTarebisa da TviTSeswav-lis kvaldakval unda SemuSavdes. „xeli-suflebis“ skolis warmomadgenlebi stra-tegias ganixilaven rogorc organizaciis SigniT, an organizaciasa da gare garemos konfliqtur jgufebs Soris molaparake-bebis process. „kulturis“ skolis mimde-varTa SexedulebiT, strategia damokide-bulia organizaciis kulturaze, xolo mi-si momzadebis procesi koleqtiuri saqmia-nobaa. „gare samyaros“ skolis Teoretiko-sebi Tvlian, rom strategiis ageba re-aqtiuli procesia da is unda ganisazRv-rebodes, rogorc gare garemoSi mimdinare cvlilebebze reaqcia. skola, romelsac g. mincbergma da sxva mkvlevarebma „konfigu-raciis skola" uwodes, winamorbedi sko-lebis winaSe mdgari amocanebis gaerTia-nebas cdilobs. kerZod, es amocanebia: strategiis SemuSavebis procesi, misi Si-naarsi, organizaciuli struqtura da misi garemo. aRniSnuli skola organizaciuli ganviTarebis principebsa da meTodebs efuZneba da strategiuli cvlilebebis ka-nonzomierebebi gamohyavs; am skolis mim-
devrebis mier strategia ganixileba ro-gorc transformaciis procesi [3, gv. 11].
ucxoeli da qarTveli mkvlevarebis Te-oriuli mignebebi adasturebs da praqti-kuli gamocdileba cxadyofs im garemoe-bas, rom strategia gadawyvetilebaTa miRe-bis logikurad Tanmimdevruli integrire-buli sqemaa.
ZiriTadi nawili
strategiis gansazRvra, rogorc wesi, damokidebulia erovnuli ekonomikuri mo-delis formirebis specifikaze, istoriul tradiciebsa da kompaniis miznebis miwevis strategiiuli instrumentebis gamoyenebis gamocdilebis arsebobaze. mag., a. Candle-ris, a. stiklendis da sxva avtorebis Tval-sazrisiT, mTavar strategiul orientirad unda ganisazRvros kompaniis grZelvadiani miznebi da maTi miRwevis gzebi, rac arse-buli resursebis racionalur gamoyenebas unda efuZnebodes [4]. eTanxmebian ra aR-niSnul meTodologiur midgomas, m. kolen-so, m. porteri, t. bogdanovi da sxvebi strategiis mTavar maxasiaTeblad konku-rentuli upiratesobis miRwevis aucileb-lobas miiCneven, rac bazarze kompaniis po-zicias unda mianiSnebdes. [5]
mecnierTa erTi nawilis, mag., i. ansofi, g. mincbergi, j. kuini, s. goSali da sxv. 6] Teoriul kvlevebSi aqcentebi gadatanilia koordinirebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba-ze, rac, maTi azriT, arsebiTad ganapiro-bebs kompaniis saqmianobaze zemoqmedebis mimarTulebas.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom dRes biznesisTvis arsebobs farTo sain-formacio garemo, romelic, mmarTvelo-biTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tvalsazri-siT, didwilad ganmsazRvreli gaxda da arsebiTad ganapirobebs detalurad Semu-Savebuli instrumentebis gamoyenebas, ro-melTa danergvac Slis sazRvrebs strate-giuli gegmebis SemuSavebasa da maT gan-xorcielebas Soris. amis safuZvels qmnis cnobili iteraciuli mmarTvelobiTi cik-li „dagegme - akeTe - Seamowme - moaxdine ze-moqmedeba» (PDCA anu, Plan-Do-Check-Act).
PDCA farTod gamoiyeneba xarisxis mar-TvaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod t. jeqsonis mier SemoTavazebuli "HosinKanri" modeli (marTva, kontroli, menejmenti)
38
aerTianebs strategiasa da taqtikas [7] rTuli mmarTvelobiTi informaciis mat-riculi wamodgenis safuZvelze, rac sa-Sualebas iZleva misi SesaZleblobebi sis-tematurad da mTeli kompaniis masStabiT iyos realizebuli. cnobilia, rom mTel rig ucxour da qarTul kompaniaSi es ori sfero damoukidebeli cxovrebiT cxovro-ben.
"HosinKanri"-is efeqtianoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aRniSnuli meTodis ganxorcie-lebis safuZvelia e.w. marTvis vizualuri teqnika, rodesac mTeli korporatiuli
strategia ganTavsebuliaA A3 formatis
ramdenime furcelze. es aris "sistema A3", romelic iyenebs e.w. faseulobaTa Seqmnis
nakadebis ruka (Value Stream Maps). garda amisa, mravali mkvlevari miuTi-
Tebs imis Sesaxeb, rom strategiaze saub-risas, aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnas is faqti, rom, erTis mxriv, strategia aris determinirebuli, anu kargad dagegmili da meores mxriv _ stoqasturi, anu, yalib-deba SemTxveviTi faqtorebis zemoqmede-biT. ase, rom strategiaSi ama Tu im kompo-nentis arseboba damokidebulia garemos arastabilurobis doneze [8, gv. 86].
amdenad, strategia _ kompaniis dageg-mili qmedebebisa da axal situaciisadmi adaptaciis, konkurentuli upiratesobis mopovebis axali SesaZleblobebisa da axali safrTxeebis ganeitralebisaTvis swrafi gadawyvetilebebis kombinaciaa.
strategia, rogorc koncefcia, cneba gamoiyeneba ara marto biznesSi, aramed saq-mianobis nebismieri sferoSi, miuxedavad kompaniis zomisa da ekonomikuri maxasia-Teblebisa. strategia mxolod warmodgene-bi ki ar aris imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda moiqce konkurentis an mtris mimarT, ara-med is organizaciis bunebis ufro funda-mentur aspeqtebs, rogorc koleqtiuri aR-qmisa da qmedebis instrumentebs, exeba. sworad Camoyalibebuli strategia saSua-lebas iZleva organizaciis SezRuduli re-sursebi Sida da gare garemoSi mimdinare cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT yvelaze efeqturi gziT iqnas ganawilebuli da ga-moyenebuli.
strategia, rogorc gegma gulisxmobs, rom xelmZRvanelebi arian sruliad Tavi-
sufalni airCion miznis miRwevis mimarTu-leba da gza. praqtikaSi ki organizaciis SigniT da gareT aris mravali faqtori, romlebic naklebad kontrolirdeba xel-mZRvanelobis mxridan. garda amisa, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze kargad mofiqrebuli da Se-muSavebuli gegmis Sesrulebisas aucileb-lad Cndeba gauTvaliswinebeli garemoe-bebi. amgvarad, TiTqmis yovelTvis, realu-ri strategia Tavisuflad gansazRvris ki ara, qmedebebis iZulebiTi Tanmimdevrobaa. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom strategiuli menejmentisa da strategiis SemuSavebis problemebis mravali mkvlevari, strate-gias ganixilavs, rogorc erTgvar process.
rogorc literaturis analizi aCve-nebs, zogadad, strategiis SemuSavebis procesi Sedgeba rigi Tanmimdevruli eta-pebisagan. zogierTi avtori strategiis Se-muSavebas (strategia, rogorc procesi) strategiuli menejmentis etapebTan aigi-vebs. mag., v. dikani, a. deineka da sxvebi Tvlian, rom strategiis SemuSaveba aris „strategiuli menejmentis modeli"; a. sti-klandi da a. tompsoni mas miiCneven „stra-tegiuli menejmentis xuT amocanad" [1, gv. 99]. amasTan, TiToeuli mkvlevari strate-giis SemuSavebis procesSi sxvadasxva rao-denobis nabijebis aucileblobaze miuTi-Tebs, Tumca zogadi sqema ar icvleba da ganzogadebuli saxiT strategia, rogorc procesi aris urTierTdakavSirebuli mmarTvelobiTi procesebis (funqcionire-bis sferos analizi _ misiisa da miznebis gansazRvra _ strategiis realizacia _ strategiis ganxorcielebis monitoringi) dinamiuri erToblioba. es procesebi erTi meorisgan logikurad gamomdinareobs (an mihyveba). Tumca, arsebobs stabiluri uku-kavSiri da, Sesabamisad, ukugavlenac Ti-Toeuli procesisa sxvebze an maT mTlia-nobaze.
yvela biznesisTvis erTiani strategia ar arsebobs. Tundac erT dargSi funq-cionirebadi yvela kompania unikaluria da maTi strategiis gansazRvrac aseve ori-ginaluria. es garemoeba dakavSirebulia kompaniebis poziciebze, misi potencialze, ganviTarebis dinamikaze, konkurentebis qcevaze, produqciis an momsaxurebis Ta-viseburebebze, ekonomikis, socialuri ga-
39
remos mdgomareobasa da mraval sxva faq-torze.
strategiis SemuSaveba rTuli da mra-valmxrivi procesia da ar SeiZleba misi da-yvana rutinul sqemebsa da algoriTmebam-de. amave dros, arsebobs garkveuli fun-damenturi wesebi da biznesis strategiis SemuSavebis ganzogadebuli modelebi. igu-lisxmeba, rom strategia realizdeba gar-kveuli wesebiTa da procedurebiT. wesebi adgenen organizaciaSi saqmianobis da qce-vis sazRvrebs, mimarTaven mis funqcioni-rebas strategiis ganxorcielebis mimar-TulebiT. procedura, wesebisgan gansxva-vebiT, aRwers qmedebebs, romlebic konkre-tul situaciaSi unda iqnas gamoyenebuli. strategiis SemuSavebis wesebi da pro-cedurebi SeiZleba mxolod rekomenda-ciebis saxiT iqnas SeTavazebuli, ramde-nadac TiToeuli kompania Taviseburad ud-geba strategiuli alternativebis arCevis process.
strategiam unda uzrunvelyos mdgradi ekonomikuri zrda da kompaniis ganviTare-ba, warmoebuli produqciisa da gaweuli momsaxurebis konkurentunarianobis amaR-leba.
amave dros, cneba „zrda" da „ganviTa-reba" miuxedavad imisa, rom urTierTda-kavSirebuli cnebebia, SesaZlebelia Tavisi SinaarsiT ar emTxveodes erTmaneTs. war-moebis sferoSi, iseve, rogorc bunebaSi, kompaniis ganviTarebas ara mxolod misi zrdisas, aramed misi saqmianobis masSta-bebis ucvlelobis pirobebSic hqondes adgili.
zrda, upiratesad, kompaniis zomebis gadideba da warmoebis gafarToebaa (pro-duqciis warmoeba, gayidvebis moculoba, TanamSromelTa raodenoba, da sxv.). efeq-turi ekonomikuri zrda mdgrad wanamZRv-rebsa da winapirobebs emyareba da socia-luri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis grZel-vadiani strategiis Semadgeneli nawilia. ganviTareba niSnavs Tvisebriv cvlilebasa da ekonomikuri sistemis ganaxlebas, mis yvela struqturul erTeulSi aRWurvi-lobis, teqnikisa da muSaobis organizaciis efeqturobis gaumjobesebas, aseve pro-duqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebas.
mdgradi stabiluri ganviTareba eko-nomikuri sistemis iseTi transformaciiT
xasiaTdeba, romelic xels uwyobs ekono-mikuri zrdis ufro maRali tempebiT grZelvadian zrdas. amasTan, sistemis Sida struqtura xdeba moqnili da garemosTan advilad adaptirdebi, TviT sistema ki, miz-nad isaxavs gacilebiT ukeTesi momavlis formirebas (axali teqnologiuri wyoba, axali bazrebi, adamianuri kapitalis ganvi-Tareba da a.S.).
amdenad, Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs Camovayali-boT „strategiis" ganmarteba. strategia mizanmimarTulad Seqmnili da mudmiv ko-reqtirebas daqvemdebarebuli Tanamimdev-ruli mmarTvelobiTi qmedebaa, romelic iwvevs ekonomikuri sistemis grZelvadian Tvisebriv cvlilebebs konkurentuli upi-ratesobis Seqmnisa da gaZlierebis meSve-obiT.
zemoT moyvanili meTodologiuri mid-gomebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom dRes arsebu-li ekonomikuri viTareba gacilebiT maRal moTxovnebs uyenebs strategiis SemuSave-bisa da ganxorcielebis process.
daskvna organizaciis ganviTarebis organizaci-
uli, samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri maCve-neblebis (pirobebis) erToblioba gansa-zRvravs biznesis ganviTarebis strategi-uli prioritetebs, romelTa Soris, yve-laze xSirad, swored konkurentunaria-nobis maRali donis miRwevas isaxaven miz-nad. kompaniis strategiuli saqmianobis diversifikacia mowmobs sawarmoo saqmia-nobis alternatiuli SerCevis SesaZleb-lobasa da samewarmeo subieqtebis eko-nomikuri interesebis mravalferovnebaze.
am mxriv, p. drukeris bolo kvlevebi [9], romlebic kompaniebis marTvis Tanamedro-ve sistemis Sefasebas exeba, miuTiTebs, rom XXI saukunis realoba ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom gamoyenebul iqnas orga-nizaciebis marTvis erT dros metad efeq-turi gzebi, da axla saWiroa strategiis SemuSavebisadmi sruliad axali midgomebi da menejmentis axali paradigma. misi az-riT, biznesis gare ekonomikuri garemo, ise rogorc arasdros, warmoSobs alternati-
40
ul gamowvevebsa da safrTxeebs, romelTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia iseTi stra-tegiuli gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebisas, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba kompaniis mier biznessaqmianobisaTvis momgebiani pirobe-bis misaRwevad.
amasTan, menejmentis Tanamedrove pa-radigmis pirobebSi mniSvnelovania Semdegi garemoebebis mxedvelobaSi miReba: yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, orga-
nizaciuli struqtura unda Seesaba-mebodes gadasawyvet amocanebs, da is SeiZleba metad gansxvavebulic iyos Tundac erTi da igive organizaciis sxvadasxva ganyofilebebSi;
TanamSromlebi, yvelaze qveda pozici-ebzec ki, sul ufro naklebad arian „qveSevrdomebi" _ isini ukve „codnis muSakebi» («knowledge workers») arian; SeuZlebelia maTi samuSaos standar-tizeba da optimizeba; maTi „Sromis procesi" uxilavia, Cven mxolod maTi Sromis Sedegs vxedavT; codna da ara mowyobilobebi xdeba ZiriTadi sawar-moo Zala da TanamSromlebi gacile-biT naklebad damokidebulni arian organizaciaze, vidre organizacia maTze;
teqnologiuri progresis axali rea-lobebi, menejmentis fundamenturi cvlilebi unda aisaxos imaSi, rom kompaniam sakuTari teqnologiebi da saboloo momxmareblebi unda ganixi-los ara rogorc biznesis safuZveli, aramed rogorc SemzRudvelebi. ami-tom, amJamad kompaniebis strategia efuZneba imis gagebas, Tu ra aris kli-entisaTvis faseuloba, sakuTari Semo-savlebis gamoyenebisas ra aris misi prioriteti da midrekilebebi;
menejmenti sul ufro metad aris iZu-lebuli gascdes formaluri ufleba-mosilebebis sazRvrebs da moicvas mo-mxmareblebisaTvis faseulobaTa jaW-vis Seqmnis mTeli procesi;
nebismieri organizaciis saqmianobis Sedegebi ufro metad gare garemozea dmokidebuli, vidre Sida garemoze.
p. drukeris „axali paradigma" aris sruliad sapirispiro Zveli Sexedulebe-bisa da is winmswrebi mmarTvelobiTi gada-wyvetilebebis moZebnis saSualebas iZleva,
rac kompaniis mier miRebuli strategiis ganxorcielebas uzrunvelyofs.
strategiis koncefciis daxasiaTebi-saTvis Teoriuli midgomebis analizi sa-Sualebas iZleva, biznesis ganviTarebis Ta-namedrove praqtikis Sesabamisad, meTodo-logiurad dasabuTdes kompaniis mraval-kriteriumiani mravaldoniani strategiu-li ganviTarebis xedviT kvlevebis Cata-rebis aucilebloba. swored aseTi midgoma iZleva saSualebas organizaciis marTvis yvela amocana ganawildes mravaldoniani sistemis marTvis specializebul elemen-tebad, rac iwvevs marTvis procesze da-naxarjebis Semcirebas da im Secdomebis mi-nimizebas, romlebic kompaniisTvis mniSv-nelovani danakargebis wyaroa.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Баранова Н.А. Стратегия: концептуальные
подходы к определению сущности. Ростов н/Д.: Изд-во ЮРИФ РАНХиГС, 2013.
2. Михайличенко А.А. Стратегия развития организации и управленческие проекты в ней.. Сборник научных трудов. 2010. Т. 11. № 1.
3. Шевченко Б.И., Шушян А.А. Современные походы к стратегии развития организации. Вестник экономической интеграции. 2013. № 7.
4. Chandler, Alfred D., Jr. Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise, 1962; Томпсон А. А., Стрикленд А. Дж. III. Стратегический менеджмент: концеп-ции и ситуации для анализа. М.: Вильямс, 2008; Минцберг Г. Структура в кулаке: создание эффективной организации. Питер. 2006.
5. Портер М. Международная конкуренция. М.: Международные отношения, 2008; Коленсо М. Стратегия кайзен для успешных организа-ционных перемен. М.: Инфра-М, 2005; Богда-нова Т.А., Градов А.П. Стратегия и тактика антикризисного управления фирмой, 2010.
6. Ансофф И. Стратегический менеджмент. Кла-ссическое издание; Пер. с англ. Под ред. А.Н. Петрова. СПб.; Питер, 2009; Минцберг Г., Куинн Дж. Б., Гошал С. Стратегический процесс. Пи-тер, 2001
7. Джексон Т. Хосинканри: как заставить стра-тегию работать, 2008.
8. Пласкова Н. Стратегический анализ и его роль в обосновании стратегии развития организации. 2008. № 1.
9. Друкер П. Ф. Менеджмент. Вызовы XXI века. М. : Изд-во «Манн, Иванов и Фербер», 2012.
informaciuli usafrTxoeba saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi
demur siWinava _ Tsu-s profesori
Teimuraz gognaZe _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu-s mTavari specialisti
daviT siWinava _ stu-s doqtoranti
reziume statiaSi dasmulia sakiTxi saganmnaT-
leblo dawesebulebebis yvela saxis in-formaciuli resursebis dacvis aucileb-lobis Sesaxeb. Camoyalibebulia moTxov-nebi, romelic unda daakmayofilos sagan-mnaTleblo dawesebulebebSi Seqmnilma in-formaciuli usafrTxoebis sistemam. gan-xilulia kompiuteruli danaSaulis saxee-bi da maTi aRmofxvris meTodebi da saSua-lebebi. mocemulia informaciiis dacvis eSelonirebuli sistema Tsu-is magaliTze. SemoTavazebulia informaciuli sisteme-bis dacvis saimedo da efeqturi saSualebi
Informational Safety in Educational Institutions
Demur Sichinava Ivane Javakhishvili State University, Professor
Teimuraz Gognadze Economics academic doctor, TSU chief specialist
Davit Sichinava PhD Student of GTU
Summary In the article the issue of protection for the
informational resources of all types in the educational institutions is considered. We have drawn up the requirements that the informational safety system must meet in the educational institutions. Shown are the computer crime types and the ways and methods of fighting them. We have shown the echeloned
system of information protection on the example of TSU. The safe and effective means for protection of information systems are offered.
msoflioSi internetis momxmarebelTa
raodenobam ramdenime miliards gadaaWar-ba. amitom globalur qselSi cirkulire-badi informaciuli nakadebissruli ga-kontroleba faqtiurad SeuZlebelia. dRi-TidRe izrdeba informaciis moparvis, ga-yalbebis, fuladi saSualebebis arakanoni-eri gziT miTvisebisa da konfidencialur informaciasTan arasanqcirebuli SeRwevis SemTxvevebi.
adamiani-damnaSaveebi, romelebmac Sei-Zines garkveuli codna informaciul teq-nologiebSi, informaciis miTvisebis miz-niT, amowmeben ra TavianT profesiul Se-saZleblobebs, ar iTvaliswineben danaSau-lis Sedegs. xSir SemTxvevaSi isini infor-maciuli xulgnobiTmopovebul informaci-as iyeneben garTobis mizniT. magaliTad, ha-kerebi adgenen virusul programebs, ro-melTa moqmedeba arRvevs momxmareblis programebis mTlianobas, mwyobridan gamo-hyavs personaluri kompiuteri an mTlia-nad gamoTvliTi qseli, ris Sedegadac sa-
42
zogadoebas adgeba didi materialuri, fi-nansuri da moraluri zarali [1, 4].
internetis kriminalizacias xels uw-yobs damnaSavis anonimuroba, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi danaSaulis adgilidan ramdenime aTas kilometrze imyofeba.
kompiuteruli danaSaulis profilaq-tikis gaxsnisa da damnaSaveTa dasjis miz-niT saWiroa gairkves danaSaulis arsi, mo-qmedebis adgili, misi ganxorcielebis Se-degad miyenebuli materialuri da mora-luri zarali, danaSaulis Cadenis mizani.
dReisaTvis SedarebiT daculia samar-Taldamcav organoebSi ganTavsebuli in-formacia, xolo sxva dawesebulebebSi in-formacia naklebadaa daculi. am ukanask-nels miekuTvnebian saganmanaTleblo da-wesebulebebi.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare statiaSi ga-analizebulia saganmanaTleblo dawesebu-lebebSi informaciuli usafrTxoebis ar-sebuli mdgomareoba da SemoTavazebulia moTxovnebi, romelic unda daakmayofilos am dawesebulebebSi arsebulma usafrTxo-ebis sistemam.
informaciuli usafrTxoeba aris in-formaciisa da informaciuli sistemebis dacva araavtorizebuli wvdomisagan. in-formaciasa da informaciul sistemebs mni-Svnelovani adgili ukavia Cvens cxovre-baSi. Sesabamisad problematuria informa-ciis usafrTxoebis sakiTxic.
xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac kompanie-bis mxridan organizaciebis marTvisas yu-radReba eqceva mxolod kompiuterul sistemebs da ar xorcieldeba informaciis dacva, ris Sedegadac maT xSirad daukar-gavT wlebis ganmavlobaSi Segrovili in-formacia da amiT kompaniis muSaoba iZu-lebiT SeCerebula.
informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoye-nebiT kompaniis marTvis srulyofisaTvis, romelic saSualebas iZleva aviciloT uam-ravi gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebi da mivi-RoT maqsimaluri sargebeli aucilebelia: informaciuli usafrTxoebis politikis SemuSaveba, danergva da periodulad gaum-jobesebac ki.
organizaciebi TavianTi informaciuli sistemebiTa da qselebiT uSualod dganan iseTi safrTxeebis winaSe, rogoricaa: kom-piuteruli TaRliToba, SpionaJi, sabota-
Ji, vandalizmi, xanZari, wyaldidoba da sxva. momxmareblisaTvis servisis Seferxe-biT miwodebis mizniT mavne kodis Semcveli programebi, kompiuteruli hakeroba, kom-piuterul programebze Tavdasxma ufro da ufro daxvewili xerxebiT xorcieldeba. aseTi qmedebebiT gamowveuli zarali mud-mivad izrdeba [7, 8].
informaciuli usafrTxoeba mniSvnelo-vania rogorc sajaro, aseve kerZo seqto-ris saqmianobisTvis. igi gamoiyeneba eleq-tronuli mmarTvelobis an eleqtronuli saqmiswarmoebis miznebisTvis. aseve am pro-cesebTan dakavSirebuli riskebis Sesamci-reblad an Tavidan asacileblad.
dReisaTvis respublikis wamyvan sagan-manaTleblo dawesebulebebSi kompiuter-Ta raodenoba ramdenime aTasia, romlebic ganTavsebulia kompiuterul centrebsa da laboratoriebSi, akademiuri da administ-raciuli personalis samuSao oTaxebSi, biblioTekebSi. 2010 wlidan saganmanaTleb-lo dawesebulebebs SemouerTdaT umaRle-si saswavleblebi da samecniero kvleviTi institutebi, romlebsac sakuTari kompiu-teruli parki gaaCniaT.
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis yve-la saswavlo korpusi uzrunvelyofilia internetiT. sakomunikacio saSualebad ga-moyenebulia optikur-boWkovani kabeli an ADSL-teqnologia. saswavleblis studen-tebisa da akademiuri personalisaTvis programuli paketebiT uzrunvelyofa xorcieldeba moTxovnilebis mixedviT, sa-ganmanaTleblo specifikisa da saWiroebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis kv-leviTi saqmianobis marTvaSi gamoiyeneba Semdegi sainformacio-sakomunikacio teq-nologiebi: internet-servisebi: Web, FTP, SMTP,
IMAP, POP3; qselis marTvisa da monitoringis ser-
visi SNMP da NetFlow; saswavlo procesis marTvis eleqtro-
nuli sistema; dacvisa da usafrTxoebis samsaxuris
servisi IP kamerebiT; TanamSromelTa samsaxurSi gamocxade-
bisa da wasvlis registraciis servisi (UDP protokoliT);
43
distanciuri kavSirisa da video-konfe-renciebis servisi (H323 protokoliT);
banki-klientis servisi (VPN kavSire-biT);
eleqtronuli Jurnalebi da eleqtro-nuli sabiblioTeko katalogi;
eleqtronuli swavlebis komponenti-eleqtronuli swavleba (Moodle);
mokle teqsturi Setyobinebebis gagzav-nis sistema (SMPP protokoliT) da a.S.A informaciis usafrTxoeba mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli eleqtronul-cifrul xel-mowerasTan da identifikaciisa da auten-tifikaciis saSualebebTan [2, 5, 6].
eleqtronul-cifruli xelmowera aris eleqtronuli dokumentis rekviziti, rom-lis daniSnulebaa kriptografiuli garda-qmnis Sedegad miRebuli eleqtronuli do-kumenti daicvas gayalbebisagan. daadgi-nos, rom dokumentSi adgili ara aqvs da-maxinjebas da moxdes eleqtronuli xel-moweris gasaRebis sertifikatis mflobe-lis identificireba [3].
Tanamedrove korporaciuli qselebis usafrTxoebis dacvis amocanebi yovel-dRiurad rTuldeba da Sesabamisad, iqmneba
aparatul-programuli produqtebi am amo-canebis Sesasruleblad. Tumca, interne-
tis da veb-teqnolgiebis ganviTarebis ma-Rali tempis gamo, iseTi standartuli usa-frTxoebis mowyobilobebi da programebi,
rogorebicaa faiervoli, proqsi-servisi, VPN, Antimalware, spam-filtri da sxv. veRar uzrunvelyofen korporaciuli usafr-Txoebis dacvis maRal dones. amitom sa-Wiroa integrirebuli midgomebi da usa-frTxoebis eSelonirebuli sistemebis Se-qmna.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis monacemTa centrSi moqmedebs monacemTa usafrTxoebis eSelonirebuli sistema.
organizaciis Sidasainformacio infra-struqtura garSemortymulia internetiT, romlisganac igi gamijnulia pirveli eSe-loniT – qselis perimetriT (Network Edge). qselis perimetri moicavs Semdeg ZiriTad qselur mowyobilobebsa da aplikaciebs: mTavari marSrutizatori (ruTeri,
geiTvei) _ sainformacio infrastruq-turis WiSkari garesamyarosTan (in-ternetTan);
garebrandmaueri (faiervoli) _ in-ternetSi gamavali da internetidan Semomavali sainformacio nakadebis kontroli;
VPN-servisi (ruTerze an faiervolze) _ daSifruli wvdomis uzrunvelyofa sainformacio infrastruqturasTan.
meore eSeloni _ `demilitarizebuli zona~ (DMZ) perimetrsa da Sidaqsels So-
risaa ganlagebuli. masSi ganTavsebulia sainformacio infrastruqturis komponen-
tebi (magaliTad veb-gverdi). DMZ-Si ganTavsebulia Semdegi mowyo-
bilobebi da servisebi: proqsi-servisi _ internetSi momxma-
rebelTa muSaobis kontroli (arasa-surveli saitebis blokireba) da veb-kontentis qeSireba;
IDS/IPS-sistemebi _ organizaciis sain-formaciosivrceSiarasanqcirebuliwvdomebis (Intrusions) aRmoCena an/da pre-vencia (magaliTad, romelime mavne programis meSveobiT botnetis nawi-lad qceuli kompiuterebis aRmoCena;
Sidabrandmaueri (faiervoli) _ kli-entTa da serverTa qselebs Soris mo-
nacemTa nakadebis kontroli. Tavdacvis mesame eSeloni organizaciis
Sidasainformacio sivrces moicavs da Sem-
degi komponetebis ganSedgeba: centraluri antivirusi _ mavne pro-
gramuli uzrunvelyofis (virusebi, qselis Wiebi, troas cxenebi da sxva.) aRmoCenisa da uvnebelyofis erTiani sistema;
organizaciis domenis jgufuri poli-tika (Group Policy) _ wvdomebis SezRud-
va organizaciis domenSi (mag. Active Di-rectory) Casmuli kompiuterebis, momxma-reblebisa da sxva resursebisTvis (ma-
galiTad, Download-funqciis gaTiSva, parolebis iZulebiTi Secvla garkve-uli drois Semdeg) winaswar gansa-zRvruli Sida IT-politikis mixedviT.
Tavdacvis meoTxe eSelonad uSualod klientTa da serverul gamoTvliT siste-mebze gamarTuli dacvis sistemebi (magali-Tad, operaciul sistemaSi gaaqtiurebuli
faiervoli da Antimalware) moiazreba.
44
Tanamedrove korporaciul qselebSi usafrTxoebis problemebTan gasamklaveb-
lad sul ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba UTM-mo-
wyobilobebi, romlebsac sxvanairad NG-faiervolebsac uwodeben. pirveli abrevia-
tura iSifreba rogorc Unified Threat Mana-gement _ safrTxeTa unificirebuli marT-
va, xolo meore Next Generation Firewall _ mo-
mavali Taobis faiervoli. orive SemTxve-vaSi erTi mowyobilobis farglebSi ramde-nime funqciis Sesabamisi programuli mo-
dulia integrirebuli, romelTa Soris gvxvdeba usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis
rogorc tradiciuli (faiervoli, proqsi-servisi, VPN, Antimalware, spam-filtri), ise bolo wlebSi gavrcelebuli instrumen-
tebi, romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania: veb-filtri - veb-gverdebis SigTavsis
(kontentis) filtraciis aparaturul-programuli saSualeba;
IDS/IPS-sistema – informaciul siste-maSi arasanqcirebuli SeRwevebis gamo-
vlenisa (Intrusion Detection) dapreven-
ciis (Intrusion Prevention) sistema; DLP-sistema (Data Leak Prevention) in-
formaciis gaJonvasTan sabrZolve-
lad. Tanamedrove UTM (Unified Threat Mana-
gement) – safrTxeTa unificirebuli marT-vis sistemebi xSirad sakuTari aparatuli platformis TanxlebiT miewodeba moxma-
rebels. amgvari midgomis upiratesoba specia-
lur konkretul amocanebze orientire-
buli aparaturis (ASIC _ application-specific integrated circuit) gamoyenebaSi mdgomareobs, romlis saSualebiTac usafrTxoebis dac-vis amocanaTa gadawyvetis efeqturoba
mkveTrad izrdeba. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, integri-
rebuli sistemebi informaciuli sisteme-bis dacvis saimedo saSualebebs warmoad-genen da efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT tra-diciuli dacvis sistemebs mkveTrad aRe-matebian.
garda aRniSnulisa aucilebelia: umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebu-
lebebSi informaciis kompleqsuri
dacvis ganxorcieleba, rac gulisx-mobs informaciis, fizikur, teqnikur da inteleqtualur dacvas. kompiute-ruli sistemebi daculi unda iqnes mi-tacebisagan, yaCaRuri Tavdasxmebisa-gan, fizikuri ganadgurebisagan, wyal-didobisagan da sxva sagangebo situa-ciebisagan.
ramdenadac, informaciis dacvaSi did rols TamaSobs kompiuteruli siste-mis uSualo momxmarebeli, saWiroa am mimarTulebiT zogierTi ganviTarebu-li qveynis gamocdilebis gadmoReba (mag., aSS). aSS-s warmoeba-dawesebule-bebSi SemuSavebulia kompiuteruli sistemis momxmareblis qcevis norme-bis eTikuri kodeqsi, romlis mixedvi-Tac araeTikurad iTvleba kompiute-ruli sistemis momxmareblis winaswar-ganzraxuli an uneblie moqmedeba, romlis gamoc adgili eqneba kompiu-teruli sistemis normaluri funq-cionirebis darRvevas da darRveuli funqcionirebis aRsadgenad damatebi-Ti resursebis xarjvas [1].
informaciis dacvis mizniT umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi au-cilebelia organizaciuli RonisZie-bebis ganxorcieleba. kerZod saWiroa saTanado kadrebis SerCeva informa-ciul usafrTxoebaze dakavebuli kad-rebis pasuxismgeblobis gazrda, usa-frTxoebis sakiTxebze treningebis Ca-tareba.
informaciuli usafrTxoebis sistemis gaumjobesebis mizniT aucilebelia informaciuli usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb (kompiuteruli danaSaulis Sesaxeb ka-nonis) samarTleblivi regulirebis srulyofa.
amrigad, saganmanaTleblo dawesebule-bebSi integrirebuli sistemebis danergvis paralelurad zemoTCamoTvlili RonisZi-ebebis gatareba informaciuli usafrTxo-ebis dones mniSvnelovnad aamaRlebs.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. maRraZe m. informaciuli menejmenti.
Tb., `samarTali~, 2013. 2. Soniao., SeroziaT. informaciuli teq-
nologiebi da usafrTxoeba. stu, 2008.
45
3. kuciava v., kacaZe g., diakoniZe q. in-formaciis dacva. Tb., „teqnikuri uni-versiteti“, 2005.
4. Joseph T. Wells. (2010) Internet Fraud Casebook. 5. Экономическая информатика. Учебник и
практикум для бакалавриата и магистратуры. Под. редакцией Ю. Д. Романовой М., "Юрайт", 2014.
6. Информационные технологии в экономике и управлении. Под редакцией В. В. Трофимова. М., "Юрайт", 2014.
7. Гафнер В. В. Информационная безопасность. Учебное пособие. Ростов-на-Дону, „Феникс“, 2010.
8. Блинов А. М. Информационная безопасность. Учебное посбие. Санкт-Петербург. Санкт-Петербургский Гос. университет экономики и финансов. 2010.
Tavisufal industriul zonebSi investirebis zogierTi problema
zurab garayaniZe _ stu-s profesori, ekonomikis doqtori nino maRraZe _ saqarTvelos universitetis doqtoranti
Некоторые проблемы инвестирования в
свободных индустриальных зонах
Гараканидзе Зураб Георгиевич доктор экономики, профессор ГТУ
Резюме
В настоящее время, в связи с обострившей ге-ополитической ситуацией в регионе, экономика Грузии находится в непростой ситуации. Под угрозу ставится экономическая безопасность, так как основной проблемой, в условиях колебания обменного курса Лари, является зависимость на-шей экономики от ПИН (FDI), ее самодостаточ-ность. В таких условиях, вопрос инвестиционной безопасности, которая является составной часть экономической безопасности, становится наиболее актуальным.
Экономическая Наука понятие экономической безопасности определяет, как «состояние нацио-нальной социально-экономической системы, при котором она поступательно развивается, становясь все более устойчивой к воздействию непредсказуе-мых или плохо предсказуемых эндогенных и экзо-генных факторов». Таким образом, чем выше усто-йчивость производства, занятости, инвестиций,
и одновременно больше возможности дальнейше-го увеличения роста экономики, ее модернизации и развития, повышения конкурентоспособности, тем выше экономическая безопасность страны. Исходя из определения видно, что экономическая безопасность включает в себя и инвестиционную безопасность. Ее можно охарактеризовать, как спо-собность национальной хозяйственной системы воздействовать на инвестиционный процесс, кото-рый может оказывать влияние на стратегическую конкурентоспособность экономики и устойчивый рост.
Обеспечение мер по усилению инвестицион-ной безопасности может происходить по сле-дующим направлениям:
- обеспечение экономики достаточным коли-чеством инвестиций для поддержания ее устойчивого развития;
- формирование оптимальной отраслевой и территориальной структуры, специальных зон, инвестиций;
- максимальное осуществление всех реализуемых внутри страны инвестиционных проектов на рынке ценных бумаг. При реализации инвестиционных проектов
необходимо учитывать ряд изменении в сущест-вующих законах, которые оказывают влияние на деятельность иностранных инвесторов на терри-тории Грузии.
sakvanZo sityvebi: evrokavSiri, zonebi, investiciebi, kapitalizacia, fasiani qa-Raldebi, afxazeTi.
Sesavali
sainvesticio usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs saqarTveloSi TiTqmis arasdros ar eq-ceoda saTanado yuradReba. Sedegi saxezea: xan qseroqsebis kompaniaze ramdenjerme gayiduli „WiaTurmanganumi“, xanac ofSo-rebSi registrirebuli rusuli kapitalis e.w. crumagier firmebze privatizebuli madneulis kombinati da saeWvo reputa-ciis Turq biznesmenze privatizebuli „fe-ro“. Sedegi – qveynis Selaxuli sainvesti-cio imiji da pirdapiri ucxouri investi-ciebis nakadebis Semcireba... amas emateba qveyanaSi specialuri ekonomikuri zonebis arseboba, romelTa saqmianoba absolutur gaxsnilobazea damyarebuli.
Tavisufali industriuli zonebis pro-blemebi. saqarTveloSi Tavisufali indu-
46
striuli zonebis sakiTxze erTmniSvnelo-vani pozicia ar arsebobs. erTis mxriv, qveyanaSi ekonomikuri da sagadasaxado ga-remo sakmaod liberaluria. amdenad, Ta-visufali industriuli zonebisaTvis dama-xasiaTebelma damatebiTma SeRavaTebma in-vestorebs damatebiTi stimulebi unda Seuqmnas. meores mxriv, dRes moqmedma foTisa da quTaisis Tavisufalma indus-triulma zonebma aseTi stimulebis Seqmna ver SesZles. Tumca, foTis Tavisufali in-dustriuli zonis mmarTvelma kompaniam RAKIA Georgia-m konfidencialur pirobeb-Si daiwyo zonis marTvis modelis cvlile-baze muSaoba, xolo 2015 wlis gazafxulze quTaisTan Cinelebis mier axali _ „hua-lingis“ Tavisufali industriuli zonis Seqmna daiwyo. amave dros, zonebis arse-bobis eWvqveS dayeneba, rogorc amas zo-gierTi eqsperti cdilobs ar migvaCnia swo-rad. piriqiT, maTi efeqtianobis gazrda savsebiT SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos mTav-robis instituciuri da sakanonmdeblo xelSewyobiT.
ekonomikis sferos eqspertebis mier dadgenilia, rom saqarTvelosTvis idea-luria yvela saxis investicia, magram maT Soris prioritetuli unda iyos e.w. „ku-mulatiuri ekonomikis“ damaxasiaTebeli maRalteqnologiuri, codnaze damyarebu-li telesakomunikacio dargebis ganviTa-reba. kerZod, Dream List-Si unda iyvnen iseTi eqsportze orientiebuli struqturebi, rogorebicaa: Apple, Henkel, Tesla, HP, Google, Facebook, Intel, sxvadasxva saxis venCuruli kompaniebi da a.S. amasTan gasaTvaliswine-belia, rom msoflioSi dRes arsebuli Ta-visufali industriuli zonebis (Tiz) umravlesoba Seiqmna swored eqsportis xelSewyobisTvis (Export Processing Zones).
amitom migvaCnia, rom Sesabamisi cvli-lebebi unda Sevides saqarTvelos kanonSi „Tavisufali industriuli zonebis Sesa-xeb“ . kerZod, unda Seicvalos:
„muxli 3. punqti 3. Tavisufali indus-triuli zona gansazRvruli vadiT gamoi-yofa ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis da mis farglebSi pirebi eqvemdebarebian specia-lur ekonomikur da samarTlebriv reJims, romelic dadgenilia am kanoniT.“
saWiroa dazustdes, rom „...industriu-li zona gansazRvruli vadiT, magram ara-
nakleb 5 wliT, gamoiyofa...“. investorma unda icodes, rom im dros moqmedi parla-mentis maqsimaluri vadis – 4 wlis ganmav-lobaSi, raime cvlileba mosalodneli ar aris da mTavroba ar gaauqmebs zonas sa-xelmwifo valis, pensiebis an sxva raime valdebulebebis warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi.
aseve, saWiroa aRniSnuli kanonis me-9 muxls („gadasaxadebi Tavisufal indust-riul zonaSi“) daematos punqti aqcizuri saqonlis saqarTvelos teritoriidan zo-naSi Setanisas aqcizis gadasaxadidan saban-ko garantiis qveS gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, rogorc es msoflioSi moqmedi zonebis um-ravlesobaSia.
saqme isaa, rom wels adgilobriv mwar-moeblebs seriozuli problema SeeqmnaT Tambaqos nawarmze, ludze da alkoholur sasmelebze aqcizis ganakveTebis gazrdis gamo. aseve, marTalia 2012 wlidan impor-tuli da adgilobrivi sakoniake spirti aq-cizis gadasaxadiT im SemTxvevaSi aRar ibe-greba, Tu mwarmoebli spirts aqcizuri al-koholuri sasmelebis mwarmoebel kompa-nias awvdis, magram 2015 wlis dasawyisidan aqcizis ganakveTi gaormagda mza alkohol-ze. anu spirtze aqcizis moxsniT 2012 wels miRebuli SeRavaTi, 2015 wlis 1 ianvridan, mza prduqciis dabegvris „tvirTiT dam-Zimda“.
industriul zonaSi aqcizis SeRavaTiT, aq momavalSi agebuli koniakis qarxnebi miiReben uaqcizo spirts, romliTac awarmoeben iaf koniaks. amiT isargebleben ara marto adgilobrivi, aramed CrdiloeT-kavkasieli, somexi da azerbaijaneli koniakis spirtis mwarmoeblebic.
es SeRavaTi gansakuTrebiT waadgeba qu-Taisis Tiz-Si mSenebare qarTul-egvipturi FRESH-GEORGIA LTD-is yurZnis gadamamuSave-bel qarxanas. am investorebma ukve 30 heq-tari venaxi SeiZines kaxeTSi da ar ga-moricxaven koniakis Camosxmas.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas ludzec. magali-Tad, kanonis „Tavisufali industriuli zonebis Sesaxeb“ me-9 muxliT Tiz-Si, lu-dis Camomsxmeli qarxnis agebis SemTxvevaSi, marTalia mas exsneba nedleulis (romelic qarTul ludsaxarSebSi TiTqmis mTlianad importulia) importis gadasaxadi da im-portis dRg, magram misi produqcia a/wlis 1 martidan gazrdili aqciziT ibegreba,
47
rac amcirebs mis konkurentunarianobas saerTaSoriso bazrebze.
amrigad, Tiz-Si Setanil aqcizur pro-duqciaze aqcizis gauqmebiT iq saqarT-velosTvis mniSvnelovani saeqsporto pro-duqciis – koniakisa da ludis Camomsxmeli qarxnebi ganlagdebian, rac am zonebSi bizness „gamoacocxlebs“.
gadasaxedia aseve zemoaRniSnuli kano-nis muxli 7. punqti 4, romliTac „...Tavisu-fal industriul zonaSi dauSvebelia Se-nobis sacxovreblad gamoyeneba.“ msoflio-Si arsebul warmatebul zonebSi, magali-Tad, emiratebis „jabel aliSi“ (Jafza) in-vestors SeuZlia airCios zonaSi arsebuli 9 aTasamde sastumro nomridan erT-erTi. analogiuradaa mdgomareoba CineTis zo-nebSic. amitom, Cvens zonebSi cxovrebis akrZalva ar migvCnia sworad.
saWiroa, rom Tiz-ebis saqmianoba evro-kavSiri–saqarTvelos DCFTA-is ganxorcie-lebas daeqvemdebaros. am mizniT saWiroa:
pirvel rigSi, saqarTvelo-evrokavSi-ris savizo liberalizaciamde am zonebSi gauqmdes evrokavSirTan savizo akrZalvebi da SromiTi migraciis SezRudva. es ga-moricxavs Tiz-Si yovelgvari naxevradle-galuri saqmianobis SesaZleblobas;
meore, zonaSi ar unda gavrceldes sa-qarTvelos kanoniT „licenzirebisa da ne-barTvebis Sesaxeb“ dawesebuli iseTi Se-zRudvebi, rogorebicaa:
„muxli 24. ...... 23. mSeneblobis (garda gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis, radiaciuli an birTvuli obieqtebis mSeneblobisa) nebarTva.
26. adgilobrivi saqalaqo regularuli samgzavro gadayvanis nebarTva.
29. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSek-rulebiT dadgenili saerTaSoriso saavto-mobilo samgzavro gadayvanis erTjeradi da mravaljeradi nebarTva. (22.02.2011. N4214 amoqmeddes 2011 wlis 1 noembridan.)
30. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSek-rulebebis safuZvelze dadgenili saerTa-Soriso satvirTo gadazidvis erTjeradi da mravaljeradi nebarTva. (22.02.2011. N4214 amoqmeddes 2011 wlis 1 noembridan.)
31. saqarTvelos teritoriidan saerTa-Soriso satvirTo gadazidvis (saerTaSo-riso xelSekrulebis safuZvelze dadgeni-
li kvotis zeviT) nebarTva, romelsac axorcielebs ucxo qveynis gadamzidveli.
32. Tavisufali vaWrobis punqtis saq-mianobis nebarTva. (12.11.2010. N3806 amoqmed-des 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan)
33. sabaJo sawyobis saqmianobis nebarT-va. (27.03.2012. N5957)
53. gare reklamis ganTavsebis nebarTva. (5.12.2008 N 628)
54. stacionaruli dawesebulebis nebar-Tva. (21.07.2010. N3550 amoqmeddes 2010 wlis 1 dekembridan.)“
sasurvelia, uaxloes momavalSi am tipis saqmianobebze saqarTvelos Tiz-ebSi moxdes evrokavSiris standartebis da teqnikuri pirobebis gamoyeneba.
mesame, zonaSi arsebul sameurneo subi-etebs Soris sadavo sakiTxebi unda gada-wydes evropis samarTlebrivi normebis safuZvelze.
zemoaRniSnuli cvlilebebis Semdeg unda Seiqmnas „2020 wlamde saqarTveloSi Tavisufali (specialuri) ekonomikuri zo-nebis da investirebis specialuri reJimis mqone teritoriebis ganviTarebis prog-rama“.
zemoaRniSnuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad saqarTveloSi warmoiqmneba regionebi, romlebSic: 1) kapitals daabandeben aziis qveynebis biznesmenebi, romlebic evrokav-SirSi gaitanen aq awyobil produqcias Made in Georgia-s sertifikatiT; 2) saqarTvelo saSualovadian perspeqtivaSi gaxdeba evr-opis kompaniebisaTvis e.w. „auTsoursin-giT“, anu iafi muSaxeliT da sxva resur-sebiT zonebSi iafi saqonlis warmoebis ad-gili; 3) specialurma da savaWro zonebma xeli unda Seuwyon investiciebis mozidvas saqarTvelosTvis strategiul, _ infra-struqturul seqtorSi.
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa Cveni re-gionis erT-erTi msxvili geopolitikuri aqtoris _ iranis gamocdileba. swored am zonebis damsaxurebaa is, rom 1992-dan 2009 wlamde, iranSi ganxorcielebul 485 msxvil proeqtSi moziduli iqna 34.6 mlrd do-lari. am maCvenebliT 2010 wlisaTvis, es qveyana msoflioSi meeqvse iyo.
iranSi ekonomikuri zonebi sakmaod war-matebiT funqcionireben jer kidev gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebidan. maTgan yvelaze warmatebulia 6 Tavisufali vaWrobisa (an-
48
zali, Cabahari, kiSi, arvandi, arazi, qeSmi, maku) da 16 specialuri ekonomikuri zona (buSeri, saraxsi, lorestani da a.S.). dasav-leTis sanqciebis miuxedavad, maTSi dasav-luri kompaniebi ZiriTadad energetikul proeqtebs axorcieleben. saerTaSoriso kompaniebs am zonebSi izidavs iseTi upira-tesobebi, rogorebicaa: 20 wliani sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi (2014
wlamde es SeRavaTebi mxolod 15 welze vrceldeboda);
zonaSi Sesasvlelad araa saWiro aranai-ri vizis aReba;
SesaZlebelia produqciis 100%-iani uc-xouri sakuTreba (iranis danarCen teri-toriaze ucxouri kapitaliT warmoebu-li ar unda iyos produqciis 25% rome-lime seqtorSi an 35% romelime darg-Si);
moqnili dasaqmebis regulaciebi; moqnili safinanso-sabanko servisebi; vrceli sagarantio samarTlebrivi da
dacvis paketi. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis fonze, sain-
teresoa a/wlis 20 agvistos azerbaijanul „trendis“ sagentosTvis iranis sainforma-cio-sakomunikacio teqnologiebis minist-ris, ori qveynis samTavrobaTaSoriso ko-misiis TanaTavmjdomaris, mahmud vaezis in-terviu. man miuTiTa, rom irani iTanamS-romlebs azerbaijanTan evropaSi „samxre-Tis gazis derefniT“ airis transporti-rebaSi. cnobilia, rom „Sah-denizis“ gazis dadasturebuli rezervebi 1.2 trln kub-metria da misi nawili ara marto aziaSi, aramed evropaSi ruseTis alternatiuli gziT eqsportisaTvisaa gamiznuli. m. vae-zim xazi gausva, rom iranis mTavrobis az-riT, azerbaijanis gavliT „derefniT“ ev-ropaSi iranuli gazic SeiZleba gaigzavnos. ministris informaciiT, aseTi TanamSrom-loba orive qveynis interesebSia.
aseTi TanamSromlobis kargi magaliTi, ministris azriT „svopis“ kontraqtia, rom-liTac azerbaijanis naxWevanis avtonomia iranul gazs iRebs.
sul male, 2014 wlis 20 seqtembris kon-traqtiT, „derefnis“ Semadgeneli saqarT-veloze gamavali „samxreTkavkasiuri“, Tur-qeTSi mSenebare „transanatoliuri“ da sa-berZneTSi daproeqtebuli „transadriati-kuli gazsadenebiT“, gaTvalsiwinebulia
wliurad 16 mlrd kubmetri gazis „Sah-denizi 2“-s gazis (10 mlrd evrokavSirisT-vis, 6 mlrd kubmetri _ TurqeTisTvis) tranziti, rasac yovelwliurad emateba „Sah-denizi 1“-is 4-5 mlrd kubmetramde ga-zi.
Tu anti-iranuli sanqciebis moxsnis Semdeg, airis zemoaRniSnul raodenobas daemateba iranuli bunebrivi airi, SesaZ-loa „samxreTkavkasiuri“ gazsadenis war-madoba (maqsimaluri sapasporto simZlavre _ 25 mlrd kubmetria) sakmarisi aRar aR-moCndes. am SemTxvevaSi ar aris gamoricxu-li, rom kvlav daisvas bunebrivi airis sa-qarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiroze degaza-ciis (gaTxevadebis) da rumineTisa da uk-rainis regazaciis terminalebSi tankere-biT reeqsportis proeqti. e.i. am axal pro-eqts eqneba e.w. agris (azerbaijani-saqarT-velo-rumineTi-ungreTi) Txevadi gazis proeqtis axali formiT „reinkarnaciis“ Sansi. maSasadame, Tu iranuli gazis trans-potireba azerbaijanisa da saqarTvelos gavliT gadawydeba, maSin sasurveli iqneba degazaciis terminalis Savi zRvis specia-lur industriul zonaSi Seqmna.
investirebis efeqtianobis zrda kapit-alizaciiT. investiciebze saubrisas tra-diciulad ucxour pirdapir an portfe-lur investiciebs gulisxmoben xolme. mag-ram aranakleb aqtualuria Sida investi-rebac. kerZod, postkomunisturi refor-mebis Sedegad saqarTveloSi warmoebis faq-torebis kapitalizaciis done kvlav ma-sobrivad dabalia. erTis mxriv, saxelm-wifo sakuTrebis mniSvnelovani nawilis privatizebis miuxedavad, fasiani qaRal-debis bazari oc welze metia ganviTarebis sawyis stadiazea. meores mxriv, 400-ze meti saxelmwifo sawarmos privatizeba, laris kursis vardnis gamo, gadaudebeli amoca-naa. maTgan umravlesoba Sps-s organiza-ciul-samarTlebrivi formis sawarmoa. amasTan, maT umravlesobaSi privatize-bamde saWiroa restruqturizebis samuSa-oebis Catareba, rac sakmao finansur da-naxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
saWirod migvaCnia maTi saaqcio sa-zogadoebebad gardaqmna („mewarmeTa kano-niT“ es SesaZlebelia). amis Semdeg, maTi aqciebiT (51%-49% gayofiT) unda Seiqmnas holdingi „saxelmwifo sawarmoebi“. misi sa-
49
wesdebo kapitali yvela saxelmwifo sawar-mos aqciebis 51%-iani paketebiT Seivseba, sawarmoebs ki darCebaT 49% (ix. sqema). hol-dings eyoleba sameTvalyureo sabWo eko-nomikuri ganviTarebis, finansTa ministre-bis, parlamentis ekonomikuri profilis komitetebis xelmZRvanelebis da arasam-Tavroboebis SemadgenlobiT.
aqciebis gayidva safondo birJaze. hol-dingis aqciebis gayidvisas safondo bir-Jaze moxdeba maTi kotireba, anu realuri sabazro Rirebulebis gansazRvra. _ kapi-talizacia aqciebis gayidvidan miRebuli investicia ara biujetSi, aramed holdin-gis angariSze Cairicxeba, riTic moxdeba holdingSi Semavali gaCerebuli saxelmwi-fo sawarmoebis restruqturizacia-amuSa-veba. am aqciebis safondo birJaze yidva Se-saZlebeli iqneba rogorc pirdapiri inves-ticiis, ise arapirdapiri (sainvesticio fondebis) da portfeluri investiciebis formiT. holdingis sameTvalyureo sabWo, romelSic ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da finansTa ministrebi Sedian, gadawyvets, Tu holdingis romeli sawarmos restruqtu-rirebaze daixarjeba aqciebis gayidvidan miRebuli amonagebi. aRniSnuliT moxdeba saqarTvelos sabazro ekonomikaze trans-formirebis dasruleba, qveynis finansuri stabilurobisa da mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva.
amasTan, msgavsi ekonomikuri meTodebi SesaZloa qveynis teritoriuli mTliano-bis aRdgenisaTvisac iqnas gamoyenebuli. magaliTad, ramdenime dRis win afxazeTis marionetulma mTavrobam gamoacxada qone-bis ucxoelebze gasxvisebis akrZalvis Se-saZlo gauqmebis Sesaxeb. Tu soxumSi es gadawyvetileba iqneba miRebuli, maSin te-ritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis SemTxve-vaSic ki, iq devnilTa dabruleba azrs da-kargavs, vinaidan maTi qoneba ukve „ke-Tilsindisieri myidvelebis“ kerZo sakuT-reba aRmoCndeba. ra unda davupirispiroT am mzakvrul gegmas?
migvaCnia, rom unda gamoviyenoT 80-iani wlebis miwuruls momxdari germaniis ga-erTianebis gamocdileba. kerZod, yofili gdr-is qonebis privatizebisaTvis, maSinde-li gfr-s dedaqalaq bonSi Seiqmna „germa-niis reunifikaciis fondi“, romelsac av-sebda fizikuri pirebis Semosavlis 1%-is
sididis gadasaxadi germaniis 16-ive mi-widan. misi administrireba saSemosavlo ga-dasaxadis paralelurad xdeboda. am fon-dis SeqmniT germanelebma SeZles yofili gdr-is qonebis restruqturizacia, maTi saaqcio sazogadoebebad gardaqmna da Sem-deg aqciebis privatizeba germanuli fasia-ni qaRaldebis bazris saSualebiT. marTa-lia, am bazarze ucxoelebic operireben, magram aqciebis umetesoba dasavleT germa-nulma mZlavrma korporaciebma Seisyides.
sasurvelia, afxazeTis marionetuli reJimis mier privatizebis dawyebis momen-tisaTvis TbilisSi ukve arsebobdes amgva-ri „reunifikaciis fondi“, romelic oku-pirebul teritoriaze arsebuli qonebis privatizebas ofSorul zonebSi daregist-rirebuli iuridiuli pirebis, sainvesti-cio fondebis saSualebiT moaxdens. aR-niSnuli fondis operirebis mizani imdenad patriotulia, rom savaraudod, masSi Tan-xas saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqe uyoyma-nod gadaricxavs. es okupirebul terito-riebze arsebuli qonebis ucxoelTa xelSi moxvedris albaTobas minimumamde Tu ar daiyvans, marionetul reJims masobrivi privatizebis dawyebas mainc gadaafiqrebi-nebs.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Z. Garakanidze. Some problems of Investment Security in Georgia. Magazine `Bulletin #107, Strategic researches and development Centre~, March 2008.
2. Z. Garakanidze. Development of the diversified infrastructure with the purpose of extraction and transit of the Caspian Sea energy resources. Leaflet, ~Strategic researches and development Centre~, July 2007.
3. Z. Garakanidze. Security of the Transit Corridor in Georgia:Geo-economic Aspects; Georgian-European Policy and Legal Advice Centre, GEPLAC-Georgian Economic Trends,Tbilisi, 2007, I, II quarter www.geplac.org.
4. Natural gas Europe 2013, BP in Georgia: Interview with NeilDunn. viewed 21 June 2013 <http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/interview-neil-dunn-bp-georgia-shah-deniz>.
5. Euractiv 2013, Oettinger: Investment in building renovations is a priority. Viewed 31 May, 2013. <http://www.euractiv.com/energy-efficiency/oettinger-investment-energy-effinews-513371?utm>.
6. Rbc-daily 2013, Газпрому» аукнется «сланцевая революция», viewed 28 June 2013, <http://rbcdaily.ru/tek/562949986687136~>.275
50
7. Gazeta 2103, Российский бюджет испытали на сланцевый прорыв, viewed 20 May 2013, http://www.gazeta.ru/business/2013/04/11/5252025.shtml.
8. Валерштаин И. Глобализация или переходный период. Экономические стратегии.
9. Ukraine’s Naftogaz stands on brink of bank ruptcy By CATRINA STEWART and MARIA DANILOVA 03.05.09, Associated Press: http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2009/03/05/ap6130743.html.
10. Eastweek. Issue 8 (158). 25 February, 2009. http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/.
11. http://www.oilvoice.com/n/Gazprom_Neft_Completes_the_Acquisition_of_51_of_NIS_Shares/442766d3.aspx.
12. Газета «Коммерсантъ» № 22/П(4077) от 09.02.2009.
13. http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/yazarDetay.do?haberno=107964.
14. http://www.iran.ru/rus/news_iran.php?act=news_by_id&_n=1&news_id=56174.
15. http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2000/blacksea2000.pdf.
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Armenia_Natural_Gas_Pipeline.
mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetileba da masze zemoqmedi garemo E
evgeni baraTaSvili _ stu-s profesori irma maxaraSvili _ stu-s doqtoranti
reziume
samecniero da teqnikuri procesi da-
axlovda XVI-XVIII saukuneSi, rodesac manu-faqturuli warmoebis, vaWrobis, naosnobis ganviTareba saWiroebda praqtikuli amoca-nebis Teoriul da eqsperimentalur gada-wyvetilebebs. XVIII saukunis bolos mecni-ereba da teqnika sabolood daaxlovda. mas Semdeg SesaZlebelia visaubroT erTian samecniero-teqnikur progresze. SezRu-duli droisa da finansuri resursebis pi-robebSi, makro da mikrogaremos gamowve-vebs zrdis fonze, produqtisa da momsaxu-rebis Seqmnis procesSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs dagegmva da sawarmoo pro-cesebis optimizacia. dagegmvis mZlavr in-struments, gamoyenebis sferoSi, romelic moicavs srul inovaciur cikls, gvevli-neba gadawyvetilebis miRebis Teoriis me-Todebis gamoyeneba.
sakvanZo sityvebi: kognitiuri procese-bi, mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetileba, qcevis universalur forma, dekompoziciis prob-leba, aradaprogramebuli gadawyvetile-bebi, sajaro politikur-mmarTvelobiTi cikli.
M MManagerial Decision and Applicable Environment
Summary
Scientific and technical process become closer in XVI-XVIII century, when manufacturing production, trade, navigation practical tasks required to develop theoretical and experimental solutions. In XVIII cen-tury science and technology came closer. Since then possible to talk about a unified scientific and technical
progress. In the condition of Limited time and finan-cial resources,, product and service development pro-cess plays an essential role in the planning and opti-mization of manufacturing processes. Planning is a powerful tool, for use in the field, covering the full in-novation cycle, stand as the decision-making theory methods.
Key Words: cognitive processes, managerial de-cision, the universal form of behavior, problem de-composition, nonprogrammer Solutions, a public poli-cy and management cycle .
mmarTveli gadawyetilebas iRebs Ta-
namdebobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis miz-niT, gadawyvetilebis mizani organizaciis winaSe arsebuli amocanaTa Sesrulebisaken moZraoba da miznisken swrafvaa.
organizaciaSi mmarTvelobiTi gadawy-vetileba warmoadgens mmarTveli subieq-tis SemoqmedebiT aqts, koleqtivis saqmia-nobis gansazRvruli programa, minimaluri danaxarjebiT (SromiTi, materialuri, fi-nansuri resursebis) miznis miRwevisaTvis, mmarTvadi obieqtis funqcionirebis piro-bebis codnisa da aucilebeli informaciis analizis safuZvelze.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis gan-xilvisas, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is, rom swori gadawyvetilebis miReba Zneli da rTulia. igi, aseve, fsiqologiuri pro-cesia. adamianTa qceva yovelTvis logiku-ri ar aris: mas zogjer goneba warmarTavs, zogjer _ grZnoba. amdenad, gasakviri ar aris, rom xelmZRvanelis mier gadawyveti-lebis misaRebad gamoyenebuli qmedebebi an spontanuria (grZnobaayolilia), an umaR-
50
51
lesad logikuri (gonebiT gadawyvetili). Sesabamisad, gadawyvetilebebi arsebobs: intuiciuri, msjelobaze dafuZnebuli da racionaluri.
strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba xorcieldeba kolegialurad. Tumca, gada-wyvetilebis miRebaSi monawile pirTa wre unda iyos profesionalurad specialize-buli. amasTan, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas „tvinis Sturmis“ meTodi, romlis drosac SesaZlo gadawyvetilebebi ar izRudeba da mxolod Semdeg xdeba yvelaze racionalu-ri winadadebebis SerCeva. zogjer gamoiye-neba gadawyvetilebis miRebis wriuli sis-tema, romlis drosac problemis ganxilva SeTavazebulia garkveuli pirebisaTvis, romelTa siasac adgens dawesebulebebis xelmZRvaneli.
regionuli da korporaciuli struq-turebis amocanebis realizacia ZiriTadad xorcieldeba saorientacio gadawyvetile-bebis miRebiT. gadawyvetilebebis miRebis aucilebloba Cndeba garkveul problemur situaciaSi, romelic obieqturad iZleva SesaZlo gadawyvetis garkveul kriteriu-mebs. menejerebi ikvlevs problemuri si-tuaciebidan gamosvlis SesaZlo alterna-tivebs da irCevs yvelaze xelsayreli da-sasrulis mqone alternativas. miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba iyos formalu-ri da araformalur-SemoqmedebiTi, evris-tuli (gadawyvetilebis axali meTodi). es ukanaskneli moiTxovs menejeris ganviTa-rebul analitikur unars.
aRsaniSnavia, rom globaluri ekono-mikuri krizisis Semdeg aqcentebi keTdeba personalur mmaTvelobiT gadawyvetile-bebsa da pasuxismgeblobaze. magaliTad, globaluri gamowvevbis fonze Semcirebu-li amonagebebis gamo investiciebma gadai-nacvla mZime mrewvelobidan maRali teqno-logiebisa da servisis sferoSi. axali rea-lobis pirobebSi, mkacri konkurenciis dros, sul ufro didi roli eniWeba azrov-nebisa da damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis individualur unars, vidre jgu-furad gadawyvetilebis miRebis praqtikas.
menejerebis mTavari safiqrali dasaq-mebulebis motivaciaa. harvardis universi-tetis fsiqologis d. maklelandis mier ganxilulia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi arsebuli motivaciis gansxvavebuli paternebi, sadac
gamoyofilia motivebis sami tipi: miRweva, afilacia da Zalaufleba.Zalauflebrivi distanciis gansxvavebebi korporaciul da regionul mmarTvelobaze zemoqmedeben.
aRsaniSnavia, rom menejerebi, daqvemde-barebulTa koordinaciisas, kolegebTan da zemdgom pirebTan urTierTmimarTebi-sas avlenen zemoqmedebis unars. maTi gav-lena damokidebulia, rogorc Tanamdebob-riv statusze, aseve maT pirovnul Tvise-bebze. jon koteris azriT, mxolod imis gamo, rom vinme viRacis ufrosia, aravin asrulebs brZanebebs _ amisaTvis saWiroa Zalaufleba. Zalaufleba asaxavs sxvaTa qcevaze gavlenis moxdenis SesaZleblobas. mas iyeneben xelmZRvanelebi movlenaTa sa-Tanado mimarTulebis wasamarTad. menej-mentSi Zalauflebis pirovnul wyarod mi-iCneva eqspertuli Zalaufleba, qarizma, Zalauflebis kanoniereba, informaciis floba, Zaluflebaze moTxovnileba (moti-vacia). Zalauflebis organizaciul sawyi-sebs miekuTvneba: gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba, daqvemdebarebulTa dajildoveba, iZuleba, resursebze Zalaufleba, gavleni-ani kavSirebis Zala. misgan gansxvavebiT, gavlena aris urTierTdamokidebulebaTa procesi, romelSic erT-erTi mxare, xelT arsebuli Zalauflebis mobilizaciiT cdi-lobs Secvalos meore mxaris qceva.
Zalauflebis arsi es aris garSemom-yofTa moqmedebaze kontroli. Zalaufle-ba es aris Zala, romelsac iyeneben movle-nebis warmarTvisaTvis sasurveli mimarTu-lebiT, xolo zemoqmedeba _ esaa berkete-bi, rasac iyeneben Zalauflebis gamoyenebis dros. is gamovlindeba garSemomyofTa re-aqciiT menejeris Zalauflebaze. meneje-rebi iReben Zalauflebas organizaciuli da pirovnuli wyaroebidan.
Zalaufleba adamianis zegavlenisa da kontrolis saSualebas iZleva, risTvisac menejerebi iyeneben ramdenime strategias: logika, keTilganwyoba, koalicia, vaWroba, Tavisgatana, zemdgomi adamianebis mxarda-Wera da sanqcia. Zalauflebis mniSvnelo-vani gasaRebia delegireba, romelic aris procesi, romlis saSualebiTac menejerebi exmarebian garSemomyofebs SeiZinon zemo-qmedebis gamoyenebis Cvevebi, romelic aucilebelia gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. Zalauflebisa da gavlenis kvleva yovelT-
52
vis politikasTan kavSirSia. Sesabamisad, organizaciuli politikis analizis ori gansxvavebuli tradicia arsebobs:
1. pirveli tradicia dafuZnebulia n. makiavelis filosofiaze da gansazRv-ravs politikas egoisturi interesebidan gamomdinare da arasanqcirebuli saSuale-bebis gamoyenebiT. tradiciis Tanaxmad, organizaciuli politika formalurad SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc zegavlenis marTva Sedegebis misaRebad, an sanqcire-buli Sedegebis miReba arasanqcirebuli saSualebebis zemoqmedebiT. menejerebs na-wilobriv Tvlian politikosebad, Tu isini cdiloben miaRwion sakuTar dasaxul miz-nebs an iyeneben saSualebebs, romlebic ga-modian kanonis sazRvrebs miRma;
2. meore tradicia politikas ganixi-lavs, rogorc aucilebel funqcias, rome-lic dakavSirebulia adamianebis sxvadasxva interesebTan. aq organizaciul politikas ganixilaven, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi komp-romisebis miRwevis xelovneba. heteroge-nul sazogadoebaSi adamianebs Soris ar-sebobs uTanxmoeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu visi in-teresebia ufro mniSvnelovani, pirvelxa-risxovani da koleqtiur interesebTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli. politika ibadeba adamianis moTxovnilebebidan: miaRwion kompromiss, Tavi daaRwios konfrontaci-ebs, da sxvebTan erTad icxovros sazoga-doebis srulfasovani wevris statusiT. amgvarad, organizaciuli politika war-moadgens Zalauflebis gamoyenebas socia-lurad misaRebiamocanebisdasaSualebebis gamomuSavebisaTvis, romlebic xels Seu-wyoben individualur da koleqtiur inte-resebs Soris balansis SenarCunebas.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi me-nejerebi mravali faqtoris gavlenas gani-cdian. riCard d. daftis mixedviT, es faq-torebia: riski. gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sedegi
albaTuria. riskis pirobebSi gadawyve-tilebis miReba mravalnair informa-cias saWiroebs;
undobloba. menejerma icis mizani, is-wrafvis misken, Tumca ar aqvs infor-macia gadawyvetilebis sxvadasxva vari-antebze da momavlis movlenebze, ris gamoc riskebis Sefaseba ar ZaluZs. aseT dros xelmZRvaneli gadawyvetilebas
garkveuli varaudiT iRebs, rac mis pi-rad gamocdilebasa da intuicias eyrd-noba;
gaurkvevloba. aseT dros problema ga-mokveTili ar aris, mniSvnelovani in-formacia xelmiuwvdomelia da gadawy-vetilebis alternatiuli variantebis identificirebac ar xerxdeba. es Ziri-Tadad xdeba maSin, roca situacia swra-fad icvleba;
garkveuloba anu ndoba. menejeri gada-wyvetilebis misaRebad yvela saWiro in-formacias flobs da Sedegad iRebs ga-dawyvetilebas, romlis sisworeSi ab-soluturad darwmunebulia. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia gadawyvetile-
bis miRebaze zemoqmedi faqtorebi, rome-lic menejmentis cnobilma specialistebma meskonma, albertma da xedourma wamoayena. kerZod, maT gadawyvetilebis miRebis ze-moqmed faqtorebs daumates pirovnuli faqtorebi, informaciuli da qceviTi Se-zRudvebi.
ganixilaven gadawyvetilebis miRebaze sxva faqtorebis gavlenasac, es aris gada-wyvetilebis miRebis 4 stili: direqtiuli, analitikuri, konceptualuri da qceviTi stili.
gadawyvetilebis miReba SeiZleba dafu-Znebuli iqnas daqvemdebarebulTa mier pro-cesSi CarTvis an maT gareSe. CarTuloba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva gziT. xelmZRvanelma gadawyvetleba SeiZleba mi-iRos daqvemdebarebulebTan konsultaci-ebis gziT, aseve, maTze gadawyvetilebis miRebaze uflebamosilebis delegirebiT. cxrilSi mocemulia kvlevis safuZvelze detalizebuli direqtiulobis xarisxi.
Lgamoyenebuli literatura:
1. baraTaSvili e., maridaSvili m., maxara-Svili i., gadawyvetilebis miRebis xe-lovneba biznes procesebis marTvaSi, „axali ekonomisti“, Tb., №1, 2014, gv. 21.
2. baraTaSvili e., maridaSvili m., maxara-Svili i., gadawyvetilebis miRebis Teo-ria da praqtika Tanamedrove menejment-Si, „ekonomika“, Tb., №3-4, 2014, gv. 142.
3. baraTaSvili e., maridaSvili m., maxara-Svili i., gadawyvetilebis miRebis pro-cesis mimoxilava, mniSvneloba da maxa-
53
siaTeblebi, „axali ekonomisti“, Tb., №1, 2015, gv. 33-39.
4. baraTaSvili e., maridaSvili m., maxara-Svili i., gadawyvetilebis miRebis prob-lemebisadmi meTodologiuri midgome-bi Tanamedrove pirobebSi, „ekonomika“, Tb., №3-4, 2015, gv. 125-139.
5. baraTaSvili e., maridaSvili m., maxara-Svili i., gadawyvetilebis SemuSavebis,
miRebisa da realizebis teqnologiebi, „socialuri ekonomika”, 2015. №2.
6. Андрейчиков А. В. Андрейчикова О.Н. Сис-темный анализ и синтез. стратегических ре-шений в инноватике. модели многокритери-ального анализа деятельности инновационных организаций. учебное пособие. M.: книжный дом "либроком". москва . 2012
7. Качалина Л.Н. Конкурентоспособный Менед-жмент. М.: Изд-во Эксмо, 2006. с. 464
saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis roli jandacvaSi organizaciul-ekonomikuri sistemis srulyofis saqmeSi
ekaterine mowoneliZe _ stu-s doqtoranti
The role of public-private partnership in the enhancement of organizational-economic system
issues in healthcare
Catherine Motsonelidze Summary
Directions of development of public-private part-
nership in healthcare system of Georgia are con-sidered in this work, promoting enhancement of qua-lity of medical service and improvement of healthcare effectiveness.
Public-private partnership has a substantial role in developed countries in the healthcare funding, imple-mentation of new technologies and application and distribution of innovative methods of treatment in medical service.
Directions of public-private partnership are mul-tilateral and implementation of each goal of partner-ship causes reduction of costs of public budget as well as private company, and the decrease of time of their implementation.
According to our viewpoint public-private part-nership can be effectively developed in the healthcare system of Georgia. The last one can be implemented in the following way: purchasing products, medical service and other services, by means of investment agreement and lease, primary health institutions infra-structure to be managed by private investor, also by means of creating various associations and partner-ship, by preparing specialists for Physician’s and Doc-toral practice and management for healthcare objects of private medical higher institution.
We consider that development of public-private partnership in healthcare will enhance the manage-ment of organizational-economic system.
reziume
naSromSi ganxilulia saqarTveloSi jan-
dacvis sistemaSi saxelmwifo-kerZo part-niorobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi, rac xels uwyobs samedicino momsaxurebis xa-risxis amaRlebasa da jandacvis efeqtia-nobis amaRlebas.
saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobas mniSv-nelovani adgili uWiravs ganviTarebul qveynebSi jandacvis sistemis dafinansebis, axali teqnologiebis danergvisa da same-dicino momsaxurebaSi inovaciuri mkurna-lobis gamoyenebisa da gavrcelebis saq-meSi. saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis mi-marTulebebi mravalferovania da part-niorobis TiToeuli amocanis Sesruleba iwvevs rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve kerZo firmis mxridan xarjebis Semcirebas, maTi Sesrulebis drois Semcirebas da sxva.
Cveni azriT saqarTveloSi jandacvis sistemaSi saxelmwifo-kerZo partnioroba SeiZleba efeqtianad ganviTardes: saqon-lis, samuSaoebis, samedicino da sxva mom-saxurebis SesyidvebiT, sainvesticio Se-Tanxmebisa da arendis gamoyenebiT, janda-cvis pirveladi dawesebulebis infrasruq-turis gadacemiT kerZo investorze samar-Tavad, sxvadasxva gaerTianebebisa da part-niorobis SeqmniT, kerZo samedicino umaR-les saswavleblebSi jandacvis obieqtebi-saTvis saWiro saeqimo, menejeruli da sa-eqTno specialistebis momzadebiT.
Cven migvaCnia, rom saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis ganviTareba jandacvaSi ga-aumjobesebs organizaciul-ekonomikuri sistemis marTvas.
54
sakvanZo sityvebi: saxelmwifo-kerZo partnioroba, jandacva, samedicino momsa-xureba, ganviTareba, marTva, efeqtianoba.
Keywords: public-private partnership, healthcare,
medical service, development, management, effecti-veness.
saqarTveloSi warmatebiT viTardeba
saxelmwifo da kerZo partnioroba. mniSv-nelovania TviT partniorobis mimarTu-lebebi da Sedegebi, rac sazogadoebis yu-radRebis centrSi eqceva.
saxelmwifo kerZo partnioroba viTar-deba Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: saxelmwifos mier dafuZnebuli sawar-
moebi, romlebic moqmedeben kerZo sa-marTlis mimarTulebiT anu isini Seqm-nili arian saqarTvelos kanonis „me-warmeTa Sesaxeb“ safuZvelze;
biznesis organizaciebis mier saxelm-wifo programebSi Cadebuli investi-ciebis gamoyenebis regulireba da mar-Tva;
kerZo sakuTrebaze Seqmnili firmebis mier saxelmwifo programebSi monawi-leoba, an programebis Sesruleba da marTva;
saxelmwifo da kerZo partniorobis farglebSi resursebis gaerTianeba konkretuli programis (amocanebis) Sesasruleblad.
mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs da gan-sakuTrebuli wvlili Seaqvs saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobas jandacvis sistemaSi. es TanamSromloba gamoxatavs qveynis eko-nomikis ganviTarebis mimarTulebas, rac safuZvlad udevs saxelmwifo socialuri politikis amocanebis ganviTarebis pers-peqtivas mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gazrdis, mkurnalobis meTodebis da axali teqnologiebis danergvis, ganviTarebis da saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili resursuli bazris ganviTarebis saqmeSi da am resur-suli bazris ufro efeqtianad gamoyene-bisa da marTvisaTvis saWiroa biznesis potencialis mozidva.
esaa mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba, rom-lis meSveobiT xdeba saxelmwifo - kerZo partniorobis ganviTareba, am partnioro-biT gaerTiandeba saxelmwifo da kerZo in-teresi, raTa efeqtianad moxdes jandacvis sistemaSi proeqtebis realizeba.
saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis efeq-tianad gamoyeneba xels Seuwyobs jandac-
vis sistemis reformirebasa da moderni-zebas, gaaumjobesebs organizaciul-eko-nomikur sistemas, efeqtiani gaxdeba same-dicino momsaxureba da amaRldeba momsa-xurebis xarisxi.
saxelmwifo-kerZo partnioroba janda-cvis sistemaSi SeiZleba ganviTardes: sa-qonlis, samuSaoebis, momsaxurebis Sesyid-vebiT, riTac gaaumjobesebs jandacvis obieqtebis infrastruqturas; sainvesti-cio SeTanxmebebisa da arendis gamoyenebiT; jandacvis pirveladi dawesebulebebis in-frastruqturis gadacemiT kerZo inves-torze samarTavad; sxvadasxva gaerTiane-bebisa da partniorebis SeqmniT romelTa saqmianoba warmoadgens inteleqtualuri saqmianobis Sedegebis gamoyenebas; kerZo samedicino umaRles saswavleblebSi jan-dacvis obieqtebis moTxovniT saWiro sae-qimo, menejeruli da saeqTno specialis-tebis momzadebiT.
jandacvaSi saxelmwifo-kerZo partnio-roba farTo masStabiT viTardeba infra-struqturuli proeqtebiT im samuSaoebis SesrulebiT rogoricaa: jandacvis obieq-tebis gaz-wyal-elenergiiT momarageba, teqnikuri momsaxureba, eqspluatacia, re-konstruqcia da modernizacia, infrast-ruqturis axali obieqtebis mSenebloba, sxvadasxva momsaxurebis miwodeba, axali teqnologiebis gawyoba da momsaxureba, sa-informacio, kompiuteruli servisebi, sa-medicino momsaxurebis momxmarebelTa (pacientebis) internetiT momsaxureba.
saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis mimar-Tulebebi mravalferovania da partnio-robis TiToeuli amocanis Sesruleba iw-vevs rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve kerZo firmis mxridan xarjebis Semcirebas, maTi Sesrulebis drois Semcirebas da sxva, rac mniSvnelovnad efeqtianad aisaxeba saqmia-nobis Sedegebze.
saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis ganvi-Tarebis saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-baa misaqcevi Semdeg tendencias, jandacvis obieqtebis saqmianobis organizebisas aq-tiurad xdeba kerZo struqturebze ara-profiluri saqmianobis gadacema. arapro-filuri momsaxureba mravalsaxaa da gaaC-nia farTo speqtri, misgan ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba Semdegi momsaxureobis saxeebi: jandacvis obieqtebis pacientTa da
TanamSromelTa kvebis organizeba, aseve samkurnalo kvebis organizeba;
samrecxao momsaxureba;
55
samedicino danadgarebis remonti da momsaxureba;
nagvisa da biologiuri narCenebis ga-tana da utilizeba;
samedicino obieqtis dacva da sazoga-doebrivi wesrigis uzrunvelyofa;
teqnologiuri danadgarebisa da ko-munikaciebis momsaxureba da Senobis remonti.
komunaluri meurneobis momsaxureba; administraciuli funqciebis Sesru-
leba maT Soris buRaltruli aRri-cxva, saqmis warmoeba, iuridiuli kon-sultaciebi;
laboratoriul-sadiagnostiko gamo-kvlevebis Catareba;
saxelmwifo-kerZo partnioroba marTa-lia iZleva mniSvnelovan efeqtianobas, magram yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi TiTo-euli programa araprofiluri saqmiano-bidan gamomdinare, ekonomikurad, mewarme-uli midgomiT Rrmad unda iyos gaTvlili, monacemebi da maCveneblebi erTmaneTTan unda iyos Sedarebuli da Semdeg unda mox-des am partniorobis ganviTareba. cnobi-lia, rom nebismieri biznes-organizaciis ZiriTad interess warmoadgens mogebis mi-Reba da sakuTari bazris gafarToeba, Se-sabamisad jandacvis obieqtis finansuri SesaZleblobebi saSualebas unda iZleodes partnioruli saqmianobis ganviTarebaze, sxvagvarad saqme dazaraldeba.
Cvenis azriT bizness dRes saqarTve-loSi gaaCnia Zlieri finansuri berketebi da kerZo seqtors SeuZlia saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis mixedviT iseT mimar-TulebebSi monawileobis miReba da saqmia-nobis warmarTva, romlebzec didi mo-Txovnaa samkurnalo dawesebulebebSi, mag-ram misi danergva finansebis ukmarisobis gamo SeuZlebelia. aseTebs miekuTvneba: pozitronul-emisiuri da kompiuteru-
li tomografiis sadiagnostiko cent-ris Seqmna da saqmianobis warmarTva;
gemodializis centris Seqmna da saq-mianobis marTva;
damxmare reproduqtiuli teqnologi-is centris Seqmna da saqmianobis war-marTva;
CamoTvlili da gansakuTrebiT saWiro da aucilebeli teqnologiebis gamoyene-biT sxvadasxva saxis daavadebaTa diagno-zis dasadastureblad centrebis Seqmnisas unda gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas rogorc sa-qarTveloSi, aseve regionebSi socialur-
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, regionis jan-mrTelobis dacvis sistemisa da mosaxleo-bis demografiuli mdgomareoba.
jandacvis sistemaSi saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis TiToeul mxares Seaqvs Ta-visi wvlili saerTo proeqtSi. biznesis mxridan aseTi wvlili SeiZleba iyos: fi-nansuri resursebi, profesiuli gamocdi-leba, efeqtiani marTva, moqniloba da ope-ratiuloba gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, me-warmeuli goniereba, inovaciebis gamoyene-bis unari. samewarmeo seqtoris monawileo-bas saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobaSi yo-velTvis Tan sdevs muSaobis ufro efeqtia-ni meTodebis gamoyeneba, teqnologiebisa da teqnikis gaumjobeseba, samedicino mom-saxurebis organizebis axali formebis gan-viTareba, pirveladi jandacvis dawesebu-lebis inovaciuri teqnologiebiT aRWur-va.
jandacvis sistemaSi saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis proeqtebSi saxelmwifo mxa-re warmoadgens Semdegs: mesakuTris ufle-bamosileba, sagadasaxado da sxva SeRava-Tebis SesaZlebloba, garantiebi, aseve fi-nansuri resursebis raRac nawilis miwo-deba. saxelmwifo, rogorc ZiriTadi mare-gulirebeli partniorobisa aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia resursebi gadaanawi-los mxolod janmrTelobisa da socialu-ri dacvis programebze. aseTi midgoma yo-velTvis xels uwyobs socialur-ekonomi-kuri klimatis gaumjobesebas, amaRlebs qveynis sainvesticio reitings, magram rac mTavaria pirdapir vlindeba partniorul proeqtebSi. saxelmwifo iyenebs Tavis Sesa-Zleblobas gaakontrolos, daareguliros da daicvas sazogadoebrivi interesebi.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdebloba iZleva imis saSualebas, rom daregulire-buli iqnas nebismieri saxis partnioruli urTierToba, rac daSvebulia kanoniT. mag-ram gasaTvaliswinebelia janmrTelobis dacvis specifika da radganac qveyanaSi janmrTelobis dacva prioritetul darga-daa gamokveTili da janmrTelobis dacvas gaaCnia mravalsaxa specifikuri Tavisebu-rebebi, amitom Cvenis azriT mizanSewo-nilia qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi gamokveTi-li iqnas „saxelmwifo-kerZo partnioroba jandacvaSi“ kanoni, an da am partniorobis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT Sromis, janmr-Telobisa da socialuri dacvis ministris brZaneba. yvela SemTxvevaSi garkveuli un-da iqnas da dafiqsirebuli yvela sakiTxi,
56
problema, urTierTobebi, valdebulebebi Tu pasuxismgebloba.
kanonSi (brZanebaSi) Riad da gamWvirva-led unda iqnas gansazRvruli jandacvaSi saxelmwifo-kerZo partnioroba, misi prin-cipebi, formebi, SeTanxmebis gaformeba, kerZo investirebisa da xelisuflebis uf-lebebi; saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis SeTanxmebis realizaciaze gadawyvetile-bis miRebis uflebebi da wesebi, urTier-Tobebis damyarebis grZelvadiani progra-mebis damuSaveba da damtkiceba, resurse-bis gaerTianebis wesebi, pasuxismgeblobisa
da riskebis ganawilebis wesebi mxareebs So-ris, saxelmwifosa da kerZo firmas Soris.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. g. amyolaZe, m. fircxalava, m. lomsaZe-kuWava da sxv. jandacvis, gamajansaRe-bel-profilaqtikuri da rekreaciuli obieqtebis, menejmentis, marketinguli mimzidvelobisa da ekonomikuri meqaniz-mis damuSaveba. Tb., 2011.
2. Г.Э Улумбекова „ Здравоохранение России – Что надо делать – Москва „ Гэотар-Медиа “ – 2010.
kompiuteruli grafikis SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba swavlebis Tanamedrove etapze
E elene kamkamiZe _ stu-s profesori
ekaterine gvaramia _ stu-s asistent profesori
reziume ganxilulia kompiuteruli grafikis
programuli paketebis gamoyenebis axali mimarTulebebi swavlebis Tanamedrove etapze. aRniSnulia, rom kompiuteruli grafika gamoiyeneba TiTqmis yvela samec-niero da sainJinro disciplinaSi aRqmis TvalsaCinoebisTvis da informaciis gada-sacemad. Aarsebobs mZlavri aparaturuli da programuli uzrunvelyofa mravalfe-rovani grafikuli gamosaxulebis misaRe-bad _ ubralo naxaziT dawyebuli da bu-nebrivi obieqtebis realuri gamosaxule-biT damTavrebuli. Sefasebulia rastru-li, veqtoruli, fraqtaluri grafikis upi-ratesoba da naklovaneba, Sedgenilia me-tad gamoyenebadi grafikuli programebis SesaZleblobebis SedarebiTi cxrilebi. mocemulia cifruli gamosaxulebis vizua-lizirebis, gardaqmnis, masStabirebis, kodirebis meTodebi. sakvanZo sityvebi: veqtoruli, rastruli, fraqtaluri grafika; splaini, vizuali-zacia.
Применение возможностей компьютерной графики на этапе современного обучения
Резюме
Рассмотрены новые направления применения программных пакетов компьютерной графики на
современном этапе обучения студентов. Компью-терная графика используется почти во всех на-учных и инженерных дисциплинах для отобра-жения и обработки передаваемой информации. На сегодняшний день применяется довольно мощ-ное аппаратурное и программное обеспечение для создания разнообразных графических изображе-ний, начиная с простого чертежа до создания ре-алистичных изображений сложных объектов. Дае-тся оценка преимуществ и недостатков растровой, векторной, фрактальной графики. Представлены таблицы, отображающие характеристики и воз-можности популярных графических программ. Описаны соответствующие методы графической визуализации, преображения, масштабирования, кодирования информации.
sainformacio teqnologiebis Tanamed-
rove swavlebis etapze, kompiuteruli gra-fika gamoiyeneba TiTqmis yvela samecniero da sainJinro disciplinaSi aRqmis Tval-saCinoebisTvis da informaciis gadasace-mad. arsebobs mZlavri aparatuli da pro-gramuli uzrunvelyofa mravalferovani gamosaxulebis misaRebad _ ubralo naxa-ziT dawyebuli da bunebrivi obieqtebis realuri gamosaxulebiT damTavrebuli. grafikaze muSaoba ikavebs masobrivi mox-marebis programebze momuSave programis-tebis muSaobis drois 90%-s. Cveulebriv kompiuterul grafikas yofen veqtorulad da rastrulad, Tumca gamoyofen aseve gamosaxulebis warmodgenis fraqtalur tips. grafikuli redaqtorebi iyofa rast-
57
rul, veqtorul da samganzomilebiani gra-fikis redaqtorebad.
veqtoruli grafika gamosaxulebas war-mogvidgens rogorc geometriuli primiti-vebis nakrebs. gamosaxuleba veqtorul formatSi gvaZlevs sivrces redaqtirebis-Tvis. gamosaxuleba SeiZleba danakargebis gareSe masStabirdes, Semobrundes, defor-mirdes. aseve samganzomilebianobis imita-cia veqtorul grafikaSi ufro martivia, vidre rastrulSi. saqme imaSia, rom yoveli aseTi gardaqmna faqtiurad sruldeba ase: Zveli gamosaxuleba (an fragmenti) iSleba, da mis magivrad igeba axali. veqtoruli na-xatis maTematikuri aRwera rCeba uwinde-li, icvleba mxolod zogierTi cvladis, magaliTad, koeficientebis mniSvneloba. splaini aris veqtoruli grafikis mTavari cneba. xazobrivi suraTebi _ es splainebia. splainebze agebulia Tanamedrove Srif-tebi TrueType da PostScript. splainebis arsia SemdegSi mdgomareobs: nebismieri elemen-taruli mrudi SeiZleba aigos oTxi koefi-cientis codniT P0, P1, P2, da P3, romlebic Seesabameba oTx wertils sibrtyeze. am wer-tilebis gadaadgilebiT, vcvliT mrudis formas.
veqtoruli gamosaxulebebi ikaveben Se-darebiT mcire moculobas da advilia re-daqtirebaSi. suraTis nebismieri elementi SeiZleba iyos Secvlili sxva elementisgan damoukideblad. gamosaxuleba advilad ic-vlis zomas, ar kargavs xarisxs da inarCu-nebs Tavdapirvel kompozicias. veqtori plastikuria, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs av-saxoT is gansxvavebuli gafarToebis mqone mowyobilobebze. magram veqtoruli gra-fikis gamosaxulebebi martivia vizualuri aRqmisaTvis da ZiriTadad gamoiyureba „daxatulad“.
veqtoruli grafika moxerxebulia ga-mosaxulebis Sesaqmnelad, Tumca praqtiku-lad ar gamoiyeneba mza suraTebis dasamu-Saveblad. man farTo gamoyeneba hpova sa-reklamo biznesSi, poligrafiaSi ydebis ga-saformeblad da yvelgan, sadac mxatvruli samuSaos stili axlos aris naxazTan. veq-toruli grafikis Seqmnisa da damuSavebis programul saSualebebs miekuTvneba gra-fikuli redaqtorebi: Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw.
rastruli naxatis gardaqmnis dros sawyis monacemebs warmoadgens mxolod piqselebis nakrebis aRwera, amitom Cndeba piqselebis ricxvis Secvlis problema. umartives process warmoadgens erTi piq-selis Secvla ramodenime imave feris piq-seliT Secvla (uaxloesi piqselis kopire-bis meTodi Nearest Neighbour). ufro srul-yofil meTodebs iyenebs interpolaciis algoriTmebi, romlis drosac axali piq-selebi iReben zogierT fers, romelTa kodi gamoiTvleba mezobeli piqselebis ferTa kodebis safuZvelze. msgavsi meTodiT xdeba masStabireba Adobe Photoshop-is programaSi (bilinearuli da bikuburi interpolacia).
rastruli grafika yovelTvis operi-rebs piqselebis organzomilebiani masiviT (matriciT). yovel piqsels Seesabameba mniSvneloba _ sikaSkaSis, feris, gamWvir-valobis _ an am mniSvnelobaTa kombinacia. rastruli gamosaxuleba gansakuTrebuli danakargebis gareSe SeiZleba mxolod Se-vamciroT, Tumca gamosaxulebis zogierTi detalebi maSin qreba samudamod, rac sxva-gvaradaa veqtoruli obieqtis warmodge-nisas. rastruli gamosaxulebis gazrda ki gvibrundeba „lamazi“ Sesaxedaobis mraval-ferovani gadidebuli kvadratebis erTob-liobiT, romelic sawyis etapze warmoad-genda piqselebis nakrebs.
wertilovani grafikis principis arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: Tu saWiroa rome-lime obieqtis kodireba, maSin masze „va-debT“ bades da vqmniT igive ganzomilebis matricas (cxrils), vavsebT obieqtze da-debul ujrebs erTianebiT, da nulebiT - obieqtis gareT. Tu originaluri obieqtis sazRvrebi badis ujrebis sazRvrebis para-leluria, miiReba idealuri matrica (bit-map) nulovani da erTeuli bitebiT, rome-lic warmoadgens obieqtis kodirebul gamosaxulebas. Tu am matricas gamoviyvanT ekranze an printerze an diskze Sesanaxad, maSin miviRebT obieqtis anabeWds. amgva-rad, calkeuli blokebis daxmarebiT Sei-Zleba kodireba gavukeToT nebismieri obi-eqtis gamosaxulebas _ ujrebSi xatvis cnobili uZvelesi meTodis analogiurad. Mmagram, idealuri SemTxveva, rodesac obi-eqtis sazRvrebi emTxveva matricis mim-marTvel xazebs, iSviaTad realizdeba. cxa-
58
dia, rom Tu carieli da mTlianad savse kvadratebi gvaqvs _ esaa bitebi 0 da 1. magram Tu ar aris sruliad savse da sru-liad carieli? aSkaraa, rom saerTo jamSi, unda davayenoT zRurbli: am zRurbls qveviT _ nulebia, xolo zemoT _ erTia-nebi. magaliTad Tu zRurbli 1/2 naklebia, maSin _ 0, Tu metia, maSin _ 1.
rastruli grafikis tipiuri magaliTia skanirebuli fotografiebi an gamosaxule-bebi Seqmnili grafikul redaqtor Photo-Shop-Si. rastruli grafikis gamoyeneba sa-Sualebas gvaZlevs mivaRwioT gamosaxule-bis umaRles fotorealistur xarisxs. Tumca Senaxvis am meTods aqvs Tavisi nakli, magaliTad, gamosaxulebebTan muSaobisT-vis saWiro mexsierebis didi moculoba.
samganzomilebiani grafikis redaqto-rebs aqvT ori damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebu-reba: pirvel rigSi, isini saSualebas gva-Zlevs moqnilad vmarToT gamosaxuli obi-eqtebis zedapirebis Taviseburebebis gana-Tebis wyaroebis TaviseburebebTan urTi-erTqmedeba. meore rigSi, saSualebas gvaZ-levs SevqmnaT samganzomilebiani animacia (amitom maT xSirad uwodeben 3D animato-rebs). samganzomilebiani grafikis dasamu-Savebeli programuli saSualebebis bazris ZiriTad wils ikavebs Semdegi paketebi: 3D Studio Max, 3D Viz, Softimage – 3D, Maya.
fraqtaluri grafika, rogorc veqto-ruli, dafuZnebulia maTematikur gamoTv-lebze. Tumca mis bazur elements warmo-adgens TviT maTematikuri formula, e.i. kompiuteris mexsierebaSi aranairi obieq-tebi ar inaxeba da gamosaxuleba aigeba mxo-lod gantolebebiT. am meTodiT ageben ro-gorc umartives regularul struqtu-rebs, aseve rTul ilustraciebs, romlebic bunebis landSaftebs imitirebas axdenen, agreTve, originalur samganzomilebian obieqtebs.
kompiuteruli grafikis failebis yve-laze gavrcelebul gafarToebebi asaxulia cxrilSi:
cxrili 1.
gafarToeba aRwera popularoba
.apt kodirebuli wertilivani naxati
gamoiyeneba iSviaTad
.bmp wertilovani naxati gamoiyeneba Zalian
xSirad
.bmp gamosaxuleba Award gamoiyeneba iSviaTad
.dds Direct Draw zedapirebis faili
gamoiyeneba Zalian xSirad
.djvu Djvu faili gamoiyeneba saSualod
.dng Digital Negative gamosaxulebebis faili
gamoiyeneba Zalian xSirad
.gbr GIMP funjis faili gamoiyeneba saSualod
.gif gamosaxuleba formatSi GIF
gamoiyeneba Zalian xSirad
.gz gamosaxuleba GIMP gamoiyeneba iSviaTad
.iff gamosaxuleba Autodesk Maya
gamoiyeneba saSualod
.iso grafikuli rastruli faili CALS ISO 8613
gamoiyeneba iSviaTad
.jpeg gamosaxuleba formatSi JPEG
gamoiyeneba xSirad
.jpg gamosaxuleba formatSi JPEG
gamoiyeneba Zalian xSirad
.kdc Kodak-is gamosaxulebis faili
gamoiyeneba saSualod
.mng gamosaxuleba formatSi MNG
gamoiyeneba xSirad
.php slaid-Sou faili Collisto Photo Parade
gamoiyeneba iSviaTad
.php Microsoft Picture It! proeqtis faili
gamoiyeneba saSualod
.png gamosaxuleba formatSi PNG
gamoiyeneba Zalian xSirad
.png Adobe Fireworks-is gamosaxulebis faili
gamoiyeneba saSualod
.pot fraqtal Fractinti-s gamosaxuleba
gamoiyeneba saSualod
.psd Adobe Photoshop-is gamosaxulebis faili
gamoiyeneba Zalian xSirad
.pspimage gamosaxuleba PaintDhop Pro
gamoiyeneba Zalian xSirad
.scr Sun Raster-is gamosaxulebis faili
gamoiyeneba iSviaTad
.scr fail ZXSpectrum-is gamosaxuleba
gamoiyeneba iSviaTad
.tga rastruli gamosaxuleba Truevision TarGA
gamoiyeneba Zalian xSirad
.thm gamosaxulebis faili (eskizi)
gamoiyeneba Zalian xSirad
.thm eskiz video-faili gamoiyeneba xSirad
.tif gamosaxuleba TIF gamoiyeneba Zalian xSirad
.tif gamosaxuleba GeoTIFF
gamoiyeneba xSirad
.tiff gamosaxuleba TIFF gamoiyeneba xSirad
.xcf gamosaxuleba GIMP-is faili
gamoiyeneba xSirad
59
.yuy gamosaxuleba YUV kodirebuli faili
gamoiyeneba Zalian xSirad
veqtorul da rastrul programaSi Seq-
mnili gamosaxulebis Sedareba warmodgeni-lia Semdegi cxrilis saxiT:
cxrili 2.
rastruli grafika veqtoruli grafika
gamosaxuleba warmoadgens
wertilebis (piqselebis) marTkuTxa nakrebs, romelTagan yvelasTvis inaxeba feri.
obieqtebis nakrebs, romelTagan yvelasTvis inaxeba maxasiaTeblebis mniSvneloba: zoma, mdgomareoba, feri, konturebis tipi, feri
grafikuli failis zoma damokidebulia
gamosaxulebis zomaze da masSi gamoyenebuli ferebis raodenobaze
obieqtebis raodenobasa da sirTuleze
grafikuli failis zoma ar aris damokidebuli
naxatis sirTuleze gamosaxulebis zomaze
gamosaxuleba iqmneba
figura - primitivebiT (monakveTebiT, marTkuTxedebiT, elifsebiT, maTematikuri mrudebiT da a.S.) an TviTneburad SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxbagvarad rTuli
primitivebiT da maTi jgufebiT; obieqtebis mimarT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT logikuri operaciebi: gaerTianeba, gadakveTa da a.S.
grafikuli gardaqmna gamoiyeneba
suraTis sworkuTxa aresTan mimarTebiT
obieqtebTan da maT jgufebTan mimarTebiT
suraTis masStabirebis drois xarisxi
yovelTvis uaresdeba ar uaresdeba
grafikis Seqmnis Taviseburebebi
daskanerebuli gamosaxulebebs, cifruli fotos, skrinSotebs (ekranis suraTi) da a.S. yovelTvis aqvs rastruli formati; rastruli grafika SeiZleba Seiqmnas aseve PC-ze.
veqtoruli grafika
iqmneba mxolod PV-ze - ixateba an veqtorizdeba (gardaiqmneba veqtorul formatSi) rastrulidan.
kompiuteruli grafikis yvelaze popu-laruli da efeqturi programebis Sesa-Zleblobebis Sedarebam aCvena veqtoruli da rastruli grafikis Sesabamisi upira-tesobebi da naklovanebebi, agreTve, dasa-xul amocanasTan mimarTebaSi maTi gamo-yenebis marTebuloba.
Ggamoyenebuli literatura: 1. John F. Hughes. Andries van Dam , Morgan
McGuire , David F. Sklar , James D. Foley. Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice (3rd Edition). ISBN-13: 078-5342399523
2. Peter Shirley , Michael Ashikhmin, Steve Marschner. Fundamentals of Computer Graphics.
ISBN-10: 156881469 3. http://www.journals.elsevier.com/computers-
and-graphics/ 4. https://graphics.ethz.ch 5. http://www.3dmax.ru 6. http://www.3dviz.ru
60
saavtomobilo transportis usafrTxoebis problema erovnul ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi
valerian xaritonaSvili _ stu-s profesori
nino WiWinaZe _ stu-s doqtoranti
reziume dasabuTebulia, rom saqarTvelos Ta-
namedrove saavtomobilo parki ganicdis stiqiur Sevsebas, parki gajerebulia sazR-vargareTis qveynebSi warmoebuli avtomo-bilebiT, romlebic nawilobriv ver uzrun-velyofen moZraobis usafrTxoebas, miuxe-davad imisa, rom isini akmayofileben saer-TaSoriso da erovnul standartebs. `marj-venasaWiani” avtomobilebis eqsluataciaSi daSveba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTveloSi saav-tomobilo transportis ganviTarebis po-litikas, kerZod, misi efeqturobis gazr-das momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis, mo-Zraobisa da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisi parkis racionaluri formire-bis procesis xelSewyobiT. saWiro xdeba saxelmwifos Careva aRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetisaTvis.
sakvanZo sityvebi: saavtomobilo tran-
sporti, moZraobis usafrTxoeba, marjve-nasaWiani avtomobili.
Summay
It is proved that modern park of an automobile
transort are sated with cars made abroad which can't ensure safety of the movement, despite that they udovetvoryat the international and national stan-dards. The admission in operation of right-hand drive
cars contradicts policy of development of park of the motor transport in the country, in particular taking into account protect increases of its efficiency the rights of consumers, traffic safety and ecological safety in compliance modern the requirement of process of rational formation of park. To be put by need of intervention of the state for the solution of the specified problem.
saavtomobilo transporti warmoad-gens ra qveynis ekonomikis erT-erT mniSv-nelovan dargs igi wyvets gadazidvebze mosaxleobis moTxovnebis uzrunvelyofis rTul ekonomikur da socialur amocanebs. igi arsebiT gavlenas axdens qveynis gan-viTarebis tempebze da socialur-ekono-mikur efeqtianobaze. praqtikulad mas ar gaaCnia alternativa satransporto momsa-xurebis bazris seqtorebis logistikur uzrunvelyofaSi. amave dros, saavtomobi-lo gzebze safrTxis maRali donis prob-lema rCeba gadauwyveteli, es problema ki Tavis mxriv warmoadgens qveynis perspeq-tiuli ganviTarebis gadamwyvet faqtors. saavtomobilo transportze safrTxis ga-zrdis mizezebia: saavtomobilo parkSi av-tosatransporto (as) saSualebebis raode-nobis arakontrolirebadi zrda; sagzao infrastruqturis ganviTarebis neli tempi; sagzao moZraobis monawileTa mier moZraobis wesebis ugulebelyofa; mZRol-
61
Ta arasakmarisi momzadeba; myari norma-tiul-samarTlebrivi bazis ararseboba.
amJamad saavtomobilo parkSi as saSua-lebebis raodenobam gadaaWarba 1 mln. er-Teuls. saavtomobilo parkis 80%-s Sead-gens msubuqi avtomobilebi. importiori qveynebidan liderobs iaponia, saidanac 2014 wels wina welTan SedarebiT 2,5-iT ga-izarda avtomobilebis importi da Seadgina saerTo importis (100,0 aT.) 39%, xolo mar-jvenasaWiani avtomobilebis importma mkveTrad imata da Seadgina mTeli impor-tis 33 %.
`marjvenasaWiani” avtomobilebi Tavisi konstruqciuli SesrulebiT daniSnulia marcxena mxares moZraobisTvis da ar Se-esabameba saqarTveloSi moZraobis usafr-Txoebis moTxovnebs, sadac moZraoba dasaS-vebia marjvena mxares.
satransporto nakadSi moZraobisas mZRolis mier Sesrulebuli manevrebidan rTul da saxifaTo manevrs warmoadgens ga-swreba. gaswrebis sirTule mdgomareobs imaSi, rom am manevris Sesruleba exeba sagzao moZraobis ramdenime monawiles, kerZod Tanmxvedri da Semxvedri mimarTu-lebiT satransporto saSualebebis mZRo-lebs, qveiTebs (fexiTmosiarules) da sxva. gawrebis xifaTi gamomdinareobs Tanmxved-ri mimarTulebiT moZrav satransparto saSualebaze ufro maRali siCqariT mo-Zraobidan SezRuduli xilvadobisa da mxedvelobis pirobebidan. gaswrebis Se-srulebis xifaTi arsebiTad izrdeba `marjvenasaWiani~ satransporto saSuale-bis mZRolis mier manevris Sesrulebisas, imis gamo, rom is imyofeba daaxloebiT er-Ti metriT marjvniv “«marcxenasaWiani»” satransporto saSualebis mZRolTan Se-darebiT.”
satransporto nakadebis alternatiu-li Teoria _ kerneris sami fazis Teoria efuZneba Tavisufali moZraobidan mWidro nakadSi gadasvlis fizikis axsnas da am ga-dasvlis Sedegad sivrciT-droiT struq-turas magistralze mWidro satransporto nakadSi, sadac fazebi (Tavisufali nakadi, sinqronizebuli nakadi, satransporto sa-Sualebebis farTo moZravi klasteri) ga-nisazRvreba rogorc satransporto naka-dis mdgomareoba, droSi da sivrceSi. siC-qareebis sinqronizaciis distancia warmo-
adgens lideramde manZils, romlis zRv-rebSi satransporto saSualeba cdilobs Tavisi siCqaris adaptirebas lideris siC-qaresTan, imis miuxedavad Tu ramdeni iq-neba lidersa da mimyols Soris manZili. manamde sanam es manZili iqneba ara nakleb usafrTxo manZilsa (`siCqaris adaptacia”).
satransporto nakadSi as satranspor-to saSualebebis erTi meoris miyolebiT moZraobis procesis Tvisebas ewinaaRmde-geba nakadSi xvadasxva mxares saWis siste-mebiT (“marjvenasaWiani” da “marcxenasa-Wiani”) sinqronizebul fazaSi moZraoba.
sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis kon-cefciis analizi gviCvenebs, rom moZraobis pirobebisa da mZRolebis mier usafr-Txoebis uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad SeiZleba gamoiyos usafrTxo-ebis oTxi situaciuri zona: SedarebiTi usafrTxoebis zona, riskis zona, kritiku-li pirobebis zona da avariuli zona. or-zolian saavtomobilo gzaze moZraobisas gaswrebis manevris Sesrulebisas `marjve-nasaWiani” avtomobilis mZRoli imyofeba riskis zonaSi, maSin roca “marcxenasaWiani” avtomobilis mZRoli imyofeba SedarebiTi usafrTxoebis zonaSi.
`marjvenasaWiani~ avtomobilis marTvi-sas mZRolis informaciuloba sagzao pi-robebze da situaciebze mcirdeba. mZRoli iZulebulia gadawyvetileba miiRos manev-ris dawyebaze, roca mas ar gaaCnia am ma-nevris usafrTxo Sesrulebaze sruli in-formacia, an sagzao moZraobis Sesaxeb in-formaciulobis gazrdis mizniT Secvalos moZraobis traeqtoria (Semxvedr moZrao-bis zolSi gadasvliT), rac ewinaaRmdegeba sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebis kanonis normebs. sagzao situaciis Sfasebisas gas-wrebis manevris Sesrulebis dasawyisSi, `marjvenasaWiani” avtomobilis mZRols ar SeuZlia srulad Seafasos am manevris Se-srulebis usafrTxoeba, imis gamo, rom mZRolis samuSao adgili mdebareobs mo-Zraobis mimarTulebis marjvniv.
imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes `marjvenasaWiani“ avtomobilis moZraobis usafrTxoeba saWiro xdeba mZRolma mniS-vnelovnad gazardos distancia, xolo Sem-deg ganaxorcielos avtomobilis gaqaneba gaswrebis mizniT. magram am SemTxvevaSic saWiro xdeba marcxena Semxvedr zolSi ga-
62
dasvla, Tumca mZRoli mainc ver iRebs in-formacias gasaswrebi avtomobilis win moZravi avtomobilis Sesaxeb da rac mTa-varia mniSvnelovnad izrdeba gaswrebis manZili da dro. amiT xifaTi eqmneba ro-gorc TviT am `marjvenasaWian” avtomobi-lis mZRolsa da mgzavrebs, ise moZraobis sxva monawileebs. distanciis gazrdis miz-niT mZRolma unda Seamciros moZraobis siCqare, riTac provocirebas ukeTebs ga-swrebis ganxorcielebaze mis ukan mimyoli avtomobilis mZRols, radgan distanciis gazrdiT izrdeba intervali nakadSi moZ-rav avtomobilebs Soris, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs nakadSi moZravi avtomobilebis ga-swrebebis raodenobis gazrdas, anu saxi-faTo manevrebis Sesrulebis raodenoba, rac Tavis mxriv arRvevs satransporto na-kadis moZraobis kanonzomierebas, izrdeba sawvavis xarji da Sesabamisad garemos da-binZureba gamonabolqvi airebiT, agreTve mcirdeba gzis gamtarunarianoba. satrans-porto nakadSi usafrTxoebis saukeTeso pirobebi uzrunvelyofil iqneba, roca as saSualeba moZraobs nakadis siCqariT. sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoeba mcirdeba satransporto nakadis siCqaresTan Sedare-biT ara mxolod as saSualebis siCqaris ga-zrdiT, aramed SemcirebiTac.
gaswrebis usafrTxo siCqare damokide-bulia satransporto nakadis maxasiaTeb-lebze: Semxvedri mimarTulebiT satrans-porto nakadebis siCqareebze, Semxvedri da gamswrebi as saSualebebis dinamikur gaba-ritul siganeze, maT Soris usafrTxo dis-tanciaze da Semxvedr as saSualebamde xilvadobis manZilze. am maxasiaTeblebze damokidebulebiT erTeuli as saSualebis gaswrebis usafrTxo moZraobis siCqaris minimaluri mniSvneloba.
nax.-ze naCvenebia `marcxenasaWiani“ da `marjvenasaWiani“ avtomobilebis mZRole-bis (a,b) xilvadobis zonebi, sadacnaTlad Cans ,,marjvenasaWiani“ avtomobilis mZRo-lis (b) mkveTrad SezRuduli zona.
naxazi: avtomobilebis mZRolebis
xilvadobis zonebi,
1xS _ ,,marcxenasaWiani“,
2xS _
,,marjvenasaWiani“
marTkuTxa samkuTxedebidan adf da
bck kaTeti hdf ; kaTeti hck
;
1hmarTkuTxa samkuTxedis kuTxis mo-
pirdapire kaTeti, romelic gadis ga-saswrebi avtomobilis ukana gabaritul
siganeze; 1h
marTkuTxa samkuTxedis kuTxis mopirdapire kaTeti, romelic ga-dis gasaswrebi avtomobilis ukana gabari-
tul siganeze; uD
usafrTxoebis distan-cia.
„marjvenasaWiani“ avtomobilis mZRo-lis (b) xilvadobis manZili
12
hhD
S ux
(1)
63
„marcxenasaWiani“ avtomobilis mZRo-
lis (a) xilvadobis manZili
11
hhDS u
x
(2)
`marjvenasaWiani” as saSualebis xilva-
dobis manZilis Semcirebis koeficienti SeiZleba gamoisaxos
./ tgtgk (3)
sadac , aris Sesabamisad `marcxena-saWiani” da ,,marjvenasaWiani” as saSualebis savarZlidan mZRolis mxedvelobis orga-
nodan ),( ba lideri as saSualebis marcxena ukana kidura nawilis wertilze gatarebul wrfesa da horizontalur wrfes Soris kuTxe.
martivi gaangariSebis Sedegi gviCve-nebs, rom lideri da mimyoli as saSuale-bebis 60 km/sT siCqariT moZraobisas 15...20%-iT mcirdeba mimyoli `marjvenasa-Wiani” as saSualebis mxedvelobis manZili. roca gasaswrebia avtomatarebeli sigrZiT 16 m, gamswrebi msubuqi ,,marjvenasaWiani“ 5 m, maSin gaswrebis dro izrdeba 3,6 wm-iT, rac aSkarad miuTiTebs imaze, rom `marjve-nasaWiani” avtomobili safrTxes uqmnis mo-Zraobis sxva monawileebs avariuli situa-ciebis warmoqmniT da arsebiTad amcirebs moZraobis usafrTxoebas.
saqarTvelos konstituciis Sesabamisad adamianis sicocxle xelSeuvalia da mas ic-avs kanoni, yvelas aqvs ufleba cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi. `sa-gzao moZraobis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos ka-noni calsaxad ar krZalavs `marjvenasaWia-
ni” avtomobilebis eqspluatacias, magram sagzao moZraobaSi monawile as saSualebis teqnikuri mdgomareoba unda uzrunvel-yofdes sagzao moZraobis usafrTxoebas.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabam-isad mesakuTres SeuZlia, Tavisuflad flobdes da sargeblobdes qonebiT (niv-TiT), gankargos igi, Tuki amiT ar ilaxeba sxva mesame pirTa uflebebi, Tu es qmedeba ar warmoadgens uflebebis borotad ga-moyenebas, xolo uflebis borotad gamo-yenebad CaiTvleba sakuTrebiT iseTi sar-gebloba, romliTac sxvebs adgebaT ziani, ise rom ar aris gamokveTili mesakuTris interesis upiratesoba, da misi qmedebis aucilebloba gaumarTlebelia; qonebis ga-moyeneba unda iyos usafrTxo moqalaqeTa sicocxlis, janmrTelobisa da garemosT-vis, xolo saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis orga-noebi valdebulni arian aucileblobis Sem-TxvevaSi SeaCeron safrTxeSemcveli pro-duqciis realizacia da eqspluatacia. usa-frTxo produqcia aris, saqoneli an momsa-xureba, romelic normalurad da gonivru-lad gamoyenebisas ar Seicavs risks. `marj-venasaWiani“ avtomobili warmoadgens saf-rTxeSemcvel produqcias da misi gonivru-lad gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia da warmoad-gens saxifaTo produqcias.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. saqarTvelos konstitucia 2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi 3. saqarTvelos kanoni `sagzao moZraobis
Sesaxeb”.
64
ekologiur procesebSi bifurkaciuli movlenebis marTva
valida sesaZe _ stu-s profesori vladimer kekenaZe _ stu-s profesori
gela WikaZe _ stu-s profesori
reziume naSromSi ganxilulia sinergetikuli
midgomis roli ekologiuri procesebis marTvaSi. konkretulad, martivi arawrfi-vi amocanis magaliTze naCvenebia, Tu ro-gor gardaiqmneba erTi tipis bifurkacia meoreSi Sesabamisi mmarTveli zemoqmede-bis SemotaniT. naCvenebia, Tu rogor Se-iZleba marTvis Teoriis gamoyenebiT Tavi-dan aviciloT populaciis katastrofuli ganadgureba, romelic gamowveulia Tevz-Weris maqsimalurad xisti gegmiT. ekolo-giuri procesis mmarTveli parametrebis SerCevis gziT mdgomareobis sivrceSi Se-saZlebelia sasurvel atraqtorze gasvla da uzrunvelyofil iqnes TviTorganizeba – mizidva invariantul mravalsaxeobisaken (atraqtorisaken) nebismieri sawyisi mdgo-mareobis dros.
sakvanZo sityvebi: ekologiuri proce-
si, sinergetika, bifurkacia, sistemebis marTva, arawrfivi sistemebi.
Control of the Bifurcation Phenomena
in Ecological Systems
Valida Sesadze Vladimer Kekenadze
Gela Chikadze Summary
In article the role of synergetic the approach in
control of nonlinear systems is considered. Particu-larly, on the elementary example of nonlinear system it is shown, as turns one types of bifurcation to others by change of entrance influences. It is shown, that a corresponding choice of control parameters in func-tion of coordinates of system it is possible to achieve an output on desirable attractor in its space of con-ditions and with that to provide directed a self-organizing - attraction to attractor.
sinergetika adgens saerTo kanonzomie-
rebebs da qmnis Teoriul models evolu-ciis, TviTorganizaciis, fizikur-qimiuri, biologiuri, ekologiuri, socialuri da gamoTvliTi sistemebisaTvis.
sinergetika disciplinaTa Sorisi mi-marTulebaa mecnierebaSi, romelic Seis-wavlis rTuli sistemebis TviTorganize-bisa da evoluciis saerTo kanonzomiere-bebs. Sinergetikis zogadsasistemo kanon-zomierebaTa dadgenam naTelyo cocxali
65
da aracocxali bunebis sistemaTa mowyobis erTiani – sayovelTao suraTi.
marTvis sinergetikuli Teoria gvaZ-levs saSualebas axleburad daisvas da Sem-deg efeqturad amoixsnas arawrfivi sis-temebis marTvis iseTi amocanebi, romelTa amoxsnac ver xerxdeba marTvis Teoriis klasikuri meTodebiT. rogorc cnobilia, dinamikuri sistemis funqcionirebis pro-cesSi misi wonasworuli mdgomareobebi sistemis parametrebis cvlilebis gamo xSi-rad kargaven mdgradobas, ris Sedegadac sistemaSi warmoiSobian miulevadi, mcire amplitudis mqone perioduli rxevebi. parametrebis aseT mniSvnelobas uwodeben sistemis bifurkaciis wertilebs. bifur-kaciis momentSi sistema xdeba struqtu-rulad aramdgradi, rac dakavSirebulia misi fazuri portretis cvlilebasTan. e.i. struqturulad aramdgradi sistemebi mgrZnobiareni arian mcire gareSe zemoqme-debazec ki. amisaTvis mniSvnelovani xdeba sxvadasxva bunebis mqone obieqtebis marTva araZalismieri marTvis Tanamedrove Sesa-Zleblobebis gamoyenebiT. bifurkaciis wer-tilebis amocanebs vxvdebiT marTvis Te-oriaSi, meqanikaSi, biologiaSi da a.S. [1, 2].
statiaSi warmodgenilia arawrfivi di-namikuri obieqtebis marTvis efeqturi kanonebis sinTezis sinergetikuli meTodi, romelic warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT ekologiuri sistemis marTvis amocanebis gadawyvetisas, romlebSic SesaZloa war-moiqmnes bifurkaciisa da qaosis movle-nebi. aqve ganxilulia marTvis Teoriis me-Todebis gamoyenebis magaliTi martivi arawrfivi obieqtisaTvis, romelSic marT-vis funqcionirebis gareSe warmoiqmneba ka-tastrofuli movlenebi.
ganvixiloT romelime biologiuri po-pulaciis optimalur doneze SenarCunebis amocana, romelic sakvebis mopovebis kon-kurenciis gaTvaliswinebiT aRiwereba Sem-degi saxis gantolebiT [1,3]:
2xxtx , (1)
sadac: x -populaciis konkretul saxe-obaSi warmomadgenelTa raodenobaa; , -dadebiTi ricxvebia; -mmarTveli para-metria. (1) gantolebiT SeiZleba, kerZod, aRvweroT TevzWeris modeli. -am SemTx-vevisaTvis warmoadgens TevzWeris kvotas.
Tavdapirvelad davuSvaT, rom 0 - winaswar mocemuli sididea. movZebnoT TevzWeris SesaZlo maqsimaluri kvota. amisaTvis (1) gantolebis marjvena mxare gavawarmooT x - is mixedviT da Sedegi gavutoloT nuls, miviRebT:
2max x da
4
2
0 . (2)
gamovikvlioT (1) gantoleba Tvisob-rivad. amisaTvis Tavdapirvelad Seviswav-loT misi stacionaluri mdgomareoba:
02 ss xx . (3)
(3)-dan ganvsazRvroT damokidebuleba
sx :
242
sx , (4)
romlis grafikuli saxec 1 pi-robis SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia nax. 1-ze.
sx damokidebulebis grafiks gaaCnia ori toti, romlebic erTmaneTs erwymebian
da sx im mniSvnelobebisaTvis, romlebic gansazRvruli arian (2) pirobiT. am movle-nas uwodeben bifurkaciuls da @wertils, romlis koordinatebic gamoiTvlebian (2) gamosaxulebiT, uwodeben sistemis bifur-kaciul wertils.
gamovikvlioT sistema am wertilis midamoSi. amisaTvis SemoviRoT gadaxra
0qxy da CavsvaT potencialuri fun-qciis gamosaxulebaSi, romelsac Cveni SemTxvevisaTvis aqvs saxe:
42
41
21 xxV
. (5)
martivi gardaqmnebis Semdeg miviRebT moZraobis gantolebas:
20
200 2 yyqqqty
(6)
sadac: 0q -wertilis koordinataa. ukanaskneli gantolebis Tviseba da-
mokidebulia mmarTvel parametris mniS-vnelobaze. SevirCioT optimaluri mniSv-
neloba 0 da max0 xq , romlebic uz-runvelyofen TevzWeris maqsimalur kvo-tas. Sedegad miviRebT gantolebas
20qty , (7)
romlis amonaxsnsac aqvs saxe:
66
12
0
0
tqyty
. (8)
(8) gamosaxulebidan Cans, rom (7) gan-tolebis amonaxsni mdgradia (roca 0y )
sawyisi pirobebisaTvis 0max00 xxy ,
da aramdgradia (roca 0y ) pirobebisa-
Tvis 00 y . aqedan gamomdinareobs mniSv-nelovani daskvna: (7) sawyisi gantolebis amonaxsni, romelic aRwers populaciis
mdgomareobas mdgradia, roca 2max x
mxolod im sawyisi pirobebisaTvis, rom-
lebic akmayofileben pirobas max0 xx , da
aramdgradia, roca max0 xx . amrigad, TevzWeris kvotis optimiz-
acias constu 0 xisti marTvis SemTx-
vevaSi mivyavarT damyarebuli mdgomareo-bis aramdgradobamde, rac mcire fluq-tuaciebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi iwvevs populaciis ganadgurebas, katastrofas. es ki Sedegia bifurkaciis wertiliT gamow-veuli movlenisa, romelic Seesabameba TevzWeris maqsimalur xist gegmas. aRwe-rili movlena Seiswavleba Tanamedrove arawrfivi sistemebis dinamikasa da siner-getikaSi [1].
axla vaCvenoT,
Tu rogor SeiZleba marTvis Teoriis
gamoyenebiT Tavidan avi-
ciloT populaciis
katas-trofuli
ganadgureba, romelic gamowveuli iyo TevzWeris maqsimalurad xisti gegmiT. gamoviyenoT (6) gantoleba da mmarTveli parametri ganvixiloT rogorc y -is
funqcia. e.i. xisti gegma 0 SevcvaloT
ukukavSiriT:
200 qqy . (9)
ukanaskneli gamosaxulebis gaTvaliswinebiT (6) gantoleba miiRebs saxes:
202 yyqty . (10)
Tu SemovitanT aRniSvnas
02 q , maSin (10) gantoleba Ca-
iwereba Semdegnairad: 2yyty , (11) romlis amonaxsnicaa:
10
0
tt eye
yty
. (12)
Tu SevirCevT 0 , e.i. 02 q , maSin (12) gamosaxulebidan miviRebT, rom roca t , maSin gadaxra 0y . es ki niSnavs rom (12) gamosaxuleba asimptotu-rad mdgradia 0y -is mimarT. aqedan ga-
momdinareobs, rom y marTva uzrunvel-
yofs populaciis mocemul 0q doneze Se-narCunebas. amasTan es mniSvneloba SeiZ-
leba iyos optimaluric 2max0 xq .
y -is gaTvaliswinebiT (1) gantoleba
tx sawyisi cvladis mimarT SeiZleba Caiweros Semdegi saxiT:
22
22 xxytx (!3)
Tu davuSvebT, rom 20 q , maSin
(!3) gantoleba miiRebs saxes:
xxtx
2 , (14)
romelic aRwers kritikul bifurkacias da warmoadgens cnobil logistikur gan-tolebas [2]. am gantolebis amonaxsns aqvs
saxe:
12 20
2
0
ttexe
xtx
. (15)
igi asimptoturad mdgradia 2
sx
atraqtoris mimarT da Seesabameba Tevz-Weris optimalur kvotas. nebismieri saw-yisi pirobebis SemTxvevaSi sinTezirebuli sistema yovelTvis gamodis am mdgoma-reobaze, rac mtkicdeba nax. 2-ze warmod-genili mrudebiT, romlebic miRebuli arian sistemis modelirebis Sedegad.
67
nax. 2
amrigad, x ukukavSiris SemotaniT
marTvis kanonma saSualeba mogvca gadav-suliyaviT bifurkaciidan (romelic moma-valSi gamoiwvevda katastrofas) logisti-kur gantolebaze, romelsac gaaCnia TviT-organizebis Tviseba. amasTan, SesaZlebelia ganvaxorcieloT WevzWeris mocemuli kvota, romelic SesaZlebelia iyos maqsi-maluric. ukukavSirSi koeficientis mci-
re gadaxra gamoiwvevs mwarmoeblurobis mcire dawevas da ara katastrofas, xisti
gegmis constu 0 arCevis SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom warmodgenili faq-ti gamovlenili iqna TevzWeris martiv ma-
galiTze, igi warmatebiT SeiZleba gamovi-yenoT yvela iseTi arawrfivi sistemis mar-Tvis amocanebis gadawyvetisas, romlebSic SesaZloa warmoiqmnes bifurkaciisa da qao-
sis movlenebi. cxadia, rom mmarTveli
parametris SerCevis gziT SesaZlebelia sis-tema nebismieri sawyisi pirobebidan gaviy-vanoT misi mdgomareobaTa sivrcis sasur-vel atraqtorze da vuzrunvelyoT mimar-Tuli TviTorganizeba-mizidva invariantu-li mravalsaxeobisaken (atraqtorisaken).
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. marTvis Teoria, sinergetika. prof. a. guguSvilis da prof. r.xuroZis reda-qciiT. naw.3, Tbilisi, 2000. 869gv.
2. Колесников А.А. Синергетическая теория управленияю. М.: Энергоатомиздат, 2004.320.
sivrculi ekonomikuri procesebis parametruli identifikaciisaTvis
zurab wveraiZe _ stu-s profesori nino varZiaSvili _ stu-s doqtoranti
maia WolikiZe _ stu-s doqtoranti sivrculi ekonomikuri procesebi, de-
mografiuli procesi da sxva miekuTnebian makrosistemaTa klass. makrosistemas vu-wodebT iseT sistemas, romelic rogorc erTiani avlens sxva bunebasa da Tvisebes, vidre misi Semadgeneli nawilebi. qvemoT Cven ganvixilavT iseT sivrcul ekono-mikur procesebs, romlebic rogorc er-Tiani ganekuTvneba determinirebul siste-maTa klass im dros, rodesac misi Semad-geneli nawilebis funqcionireba arade-terminirebulia, kerZod, SemTxveviTia. aseTi procesebis amsaxvel gantolebas zo-gad aqvs Semdegi saxe
(1)
aq gansaxilveli procesis makropa-
rametria. – SemTxveviTi procesebi
mikro doneze. – arawrfivi funqciona-
lia. makrositemebSi saqme gvaqvs urTierT-
damokidebul da urTierTmoqmed dinami-kur procesebTan, romlebic mimdinareoben drois sxvadasxva masStabebSi. J. maqsvelma [1] daamtkica, rom aseTi procesebis fazu-
ri wertilebis ganawileba – fazur
sivrceSi _ , miiswrafis stacionaluri
ganawilebisaken , romelsac gansa-
xilveli sistemis makromaxasiaTebels uwo-deben. aq da
el. nawilakebis koordinatebisa da im-pulsebis veqtorebia. l. bolcmans ekuT-vnis ganawilebis funqciis evoluciis aRm-weri kinetikuri gantoleba, romelTa amo-xsnaTa Tvisebebis kvlevisaTvis gamoiyena entropia. aRmoCnda, rom bolcmanis kineti-kuri gantolebis amoxsnaTa simravleze
67
68
sistemis entropia da udris
nuls, rodesac . siste-
mis stacionaluri mdgomareobis povnis aRniSnul meTods uwodeben entropiis maq-simizaciis princips.
ganvixiloT ekonomikuri sivrce rome-
lic Sedgeba N qvesistemisagan (raionisa-gan). vgulisxmobT, rom ekonomikur sivr-ceSi awarmoeben garkveuli tipis pro-duqts da m raionis SesaZleblobani aR-niSnuli tipis produqciis warmoebisaTvis damokidebulia danarCen yvela raionis ekonomikur maCveneblebze.
ganvixiloT investirebis procesi. Ti-Toeuli m qvesistema (raioni) drois mo-
cemul momentisaTvis davaxasiToT im in-
vesticiebiT )(tIm , romlebic ideba am qve-
sistemaSi. investiciebis qveS vgulisxmobT nakadur cvlads, anu drois erTeulSi ganxorcielebul investiciebis moculo-bas. gantoleba (1) am SemTxvevaSi Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT [4]
1 1
)()()()(s s
mssmmmm txtxtIdt
tdI (2)
aq )(tIm investiciebis nakadia TiToeul
qvesistemaSi, xolo investiciis nakadia
ganxorcielebuli raionidan raionSi
da warmoadgenen zogadad SemTxveviT procesebs.
);( yxmm _ ori cvladis funqciaa,
romelic zrdadia pirveli cvladis (Semo-savlebis) mimarT da klebadi meore cvladis (magaliTad danaxarjebi, amorti-zacia) mimarT.
ganvixiloT SemTxveva, roca m raio-nidan sxva raionebSi ganxorcielebuli
jamuri investicia proporciulia )(tIm :
)(),()( tIctx mmms
ms
(3)
sadac );( mc aris ori cvladis funq-cia, romelic klebadia pirveli cvladis
da zrdadia meore cvladebis mimarT. mc aris m raionis maxasiaTebeli parametri (rac ufro ukeTesi sainvesticio pirobebia
m raionSi, miT ufro didia mc ). siste-
muri parametria, saerTo yvela qvesiste-misaTvis (raionisaTvis), romelic axasia-
Tebs qvesistemebs Soris ekonomikur urTi-erTkavSirs [2].
entropiis maqsimizaciis principis Ta-naxmad, ualbaTesi sidideebis is mniSvne-lobebi, romlebic akmayofileben (3) pi-robas da romlebzedac funqcia
)()(ln)()(
, tvtxtxtS
s
ms
smms (4)
aRwevs maqsimums ( )(ts aris raionis mi-
zidvis funqcia, romelic axasiaTebs sa-investicio garemos aRniSnul raionSi da
warmoadgens investiciebis wils raionSi
[3,4]). pirobiTi eqstremumis povnis, lag-ranJis meTodis Tanaxmad (3), (4) amocanis amonaxsnia [3]:
)(),()(
)()(
1
tIct
ttx mm
kk
sms
(5)
sivrculi ekonomikuri procesebis, de-mografiuli procesebis maTematikuri mo-delebis parametrebis povnis meTodebi ume-teswilad efuZneba statistikur monace-mebs. naSromebSi [2,3], ganxiluli sainvesti-cio politikis da demografiuli procesis gansazRvrisaTvis SemoTavazebul maTemati-kur modelebSi Semavali parametrebi, aiRe-boda statistikuri monacemebidan. (demog-rafiuli procesis modelSi: dabadebulTa da sikvdilianobis maCveneblebi, ganisazR-vreboda wina wlebis Sesabamisi parametre-bis statistikuri monacemebidan. xolo sa-investicio politikis ganmsazRvrel mo-delSi firmis mogeba, Semosavlebi da sxva wina wlis firmis ekonomikuri maCveneble-bis mixedviT).
cxadia, modelSi Semavali parametrebi, umjobesia gansazRvruli iyvnen Cvens mier marTuli, damoukidebeli parametrebis sa-SualebiT, rac saSualebas mogvcems vmar-ToT Sesabamisi procesebi da analizi gavukeToT Cvens SesaZlo gadawyvetile-bebs. iseTi saxelmwifroebrivi mniSvnelo-bis procesebis, rogoricaa demografiuli, sainvesticio politikis marTvis da sxva modelis parametrebi, umjobesia gansazRv-ruli iyvnen sabiujeto parametrebis sa-SualebiT. radganac, biujetis parametrebi faqtobrivad gansazRvraven qveynis ekono-mikas, kulturul-socialur mdgomareo-bas, saerTod qveynis momavals.
69
ase magaliTad, naSromSi [3], Semotanili iqna aprioruli albaTobebis informaciis Sefasebis iseTi saxe, romelic saSualebas iZleva sivrculi ekonomikuri procesis, demografiuli procesis prognozi gakeT-des regulirebadi, Cvens mier marTvadi parametrebis saSualebiT: rogorebicaa regionis ganviTarebis gegma, warmoebis mo-geba, zarali, danaxarjebi mosaxleobis sa-medicino momsaxurebisaTvis, socialuri xarjebi da sxva.
aseTnairad gansazRvruli modelebi sa-Sualebas gvaZleven SevqmnaT regionis gan-viTarebis imitaciuri eqspertuli siste-mebi, ris safuZvelze SegviZlia SevafasoT Cveni konkretuli gadawyvetilebebi sain-vesticio politikis SemuSavebisaTvis, de-mografiuli procesis marTvisaTvis da sxva. qvemoT, makrosistemuri procesebis parametruli identifikaciisaTvis gamovi-yenebT meTodebs, romelic aRwerilia naS-romebSi [2].
mosaxleobis aRwarmoebas, sikvdiliano-bas ZiriTadad gansazRvraven danaxarjebi mosaxleobis samedicino momsaxureobaze, ekologiuri, socialuri pirobebi region-Si da sxva.
sikvdilianobis, dabadebis garantiis absoluturad determinirenuli procesi ar arsebobs. bavSvis dabadeba ganisazRv-reba mravali faqtoriT: mSoblebis, gansa-kuTrebiT dedis janmrTelobiT, wlovane-biT, kvebiT, socialuri pirobebiT, ubedu-ri SemTxvevebiT. erTi sityviT uamravi faqtoriT da yvelgan individualuri da araerTgvarovani dinamikuri procesebia, romlebsac aqvT araerTgvarovani sivrcu-li ganawileba.
adamianis sikvdilianobis procesi ga-nisazRvreba mravali komponentisgan. erT–erTi dakavSirebulia adamianis daberebas-Tan, romelic warmoadgens sufTa biolo-giur process.
magram es procesi yvela adamianSi midis sxvadasxvanairad, anu aris individualuri. meore, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi kompo-nentia avadmyofoba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es komponenti aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani sikvdilianobis raodenobriv maxasiaTeb-lebSi. mesame komponentad SegviZlia avi-RoT ubeduri SemTxvevebi. meoTxe kompo-nentad _ garemo pirobebis zemoqmedeba
adamianebze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mosa-xleobis sikvdilianobis procesis kvlevis meTodebi ori saxisaa. rogorc zemoT aRv-niSneT, erTi eyrdnoba regresiul mode-lebs da statistikur monacemebs. maTi meS-veobiT ikvleven kavSirs sikvdilianobis maCveneblebsa da im faqtorebs Soris, romlebic zemoT CamovTvaleT.
qvemoT entropiis maqsimizaciis prin-cipis gamoyenebiT, SemovitanT aRwarmoebis parametris indikators, romelic saSua-lebas mogvcems SevqmnaT demografiuli procesis prognozirebis imitaciuri mode-li, sadac Cven miviCnevT, rom sikvdili-anobis buneba aris stoqastikuri: sikvdi-lianobis masiuri xasiaTi (elementaruli xdomilebanis arseboba) da garkveuli kva-
zi-stabiluroba. aRniSnuli procesis (σ algebra da zoma) SegviZlia miviCnioT am hipoTezis safuZvlad. anu is, rom sikv-dilianobis process aqvs SemTxveviTi xa-siaTi. es hipoTeza saSualebas gvaZlevs am procesis maTematikuri modelirebisaTvis da sikvdilianobis raodenobrivi maxasia-TeblebisTvis gamoviyenoT SemTxveviTi procesebis Teoria.
sikvdilianobis procesi or doniania – mikro da makro. mikro doneze ganixileba individualuri (elementaruli) xdomilo-bebi, xdomilebis simravleebi gansazRv-ruli TvisebebiT.
mikro doneze ki sikvdilianobis pro-cesi warmovadginoT am simravleebis al-baTuri maxasiaTeblebiT. fenomenaluri sqema am procesisa aseTia [2]:
mosaxleobis ganawileba wlovanebebis mixedviT drois mocemuli t momentisaTvis
davaxasiaToT ganawilebiT ,
sadac mTliani mosaxleobaa. momdevno
wels TiToeuli wlovanebis jgufidan cxa-dia yvela ver gadava momdevno jgufSi. is, vinc gadava momdevno wlovanebis jgufSi,
aRvniSnoT , xolo vinc ver gadava -
D(a,t). cxadia, , (6)
aq Cven miviCnevT, rom xdomilebebi „sicocxle“ da „sikvdili“ SemTxveviTia da damoukidebeli. maSin yoveli jgufis Ti-Toeuli wevrisaTvis arsebobs aprioruli albaToba imisa, rom is gadava wlo-
70
vanebis momdevno jgufSi. Sesabamisad, sikv-
dilianobisTvis gveqneba , aprio-
ruli albaToba (analogiurad, sainvesti-cio politikis gansazRvrul modelSi Tu warmoebuli produqciis mTliani raode-nobidan wili aris vargisiani, maSin
wunia).
Cven vuSvebT, rom – s TiToeul
individi (warmoebuli produqti sainves-ticio politikis amsaxvel modulSi) SeiZ-leba gadavides momdevno wlovanebis jgu-fSi da SeiZleba arc erTi ar gadavides. aseTi stoqastikuri meqanizmi adekvatu-ria fermis statistikis [3].
aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia davweroT aseTi procesis ganzogadebuli informa-ciuli entropiisaTvis [3]
cxadia imisaTvis, rom adamiani erTi
wlovanebis jgufidan gadavides momdevno wlovanebis jgufSi saWiroa garkveuli resursebi (bina, samsaxuri, ganaTleba da a.S.). Tu Cven SegviZlia TiToeuli es komponenti davaxasiaToT Sesabamisi xarjis sididiT – fulad erTeulebSi
, maSin SegviZlia davweroT, rom
sadac warmoadgens yvela
resursis kompozicias.
(3) gantolebis amonaxsni (4) SezRud-vebisas gvaZlevs adamianTa jgufebis ga-nawilebis prognozirebis saSualebas wlo-vanebis mixedviT. rac warmoadgens entro-piis maqsimizaciis princips. anu (3) gan-
tolebis amonaxsni aris –is mniSvne-
lobebi, romlis dros funqcia (3) aris maqsimumi.
miRebul Sedegebs ufro cxadi ilust-rirebisaTvis ganvixiloT ufro realis-turi modeli, anu roca
, (9) am SemTxvevaSi fermis ganzogadebuli
informaciuli entropiis asimptoturi mniSvneloba warmoadgens bolcmanis gan-
zogadebul informaciuli entropias da am identurobas aqvs Semdegi saxe, anu (3) miiRebs Semdeg saxes [3]
rogorc vxedavT, modelSi Sedis
parametrebi, romlebic SeiZleba davyoT or jgufad. pirvel jgufs qmnis paramet-rebi, romlebic axasiaTeben TiToeuli individis (warmoebuli erTeulovani pro-duqtis) amovardnas gansazRvruli wlova-nebis jgufidan. parametrebis am jgufs
miekuTvneba aprioruli albaTobebi . meore jgufia Cvens mier marTvadi paramet-rebi, romlebic axasiaTeben ekonomikur-socialur garemos. Sesabamisad, modelis
saZebni parametria . identifikaciis
amocana mdgomareobs vipovoT veqtoruli
sididis – , is mniSvneloba, romlis dro-
sac cdomilebas realur monacemebsa da modeliT miRebul sidideebs Soris iqneba minimumi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rogorc dabade-bis, aseve gardacvalebis buneba aris sto-qastikuri, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs gamo-yenebuli iqnas dabadebis, sikvdilianobis procesis analizisaTvis albaTobisa da maTematikuri statistikis meTodebi Sesa-bamisi procesebis modelirebisa da SeswavlisaTvis. kerZod, entropiis maqsimizaciis principi. cxadia, aRniSnuli stoqastikuri procesebSi Sesabamisi parametrebis sidideebi damokidebulia sxvadasxva samomxmareblo resursebis si-dideze, biujetis parametrebze, anu mTav-robis politikaze. aseTi parametrebia sax-srebi gamoyofili: ganaTlebaze, jandacva-ze, ekologiaze da a.S. Cvens mier gamo-yenebuli entropiis maqsimizaciis prin-cipze dafuZnebuli maTematikuri modeli, saSualebas gvaZlevs vnaxoT ra zemoqme-debas (aramarto Tvisobrivad, aramed rao-denobrivadac) axdenen es sabiujeto saxs-rebi dabadebis da sikvdilianobis Sesaba-mis parametrebze. es yovelive saSualebas gvaZlevs prognozireba gavukeToT Cvens yovel gadawyvetilebas.
Cvens modelSi Sesafasebel parametrebs warmoadgenen sivrculi ekonomikuri pro-cesis ganmsazRvreli parametrebi, maga-
71
liTad investiciebi da mosaxleobis gar-kveuli jgufidan (magaliTad asakobrivi jgufidan) individis amogdebis SemTxveviT
meqanizms ganawilebis – albaTobebi. identifikacia mimdinareobs standar-
tuli gziT. Tavdapirvelad ganisazRvreba dispersia realursa da modalur sidide-ebs Soris, mosaxleobis TiToeuli jgufi-
saTvis. dispersiis minimizacia xdeba veq-
toris mixedviT, dasaSveb simravleze mo-cemuli SezRudvebis dros.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Maxweel J.C. On the dynamic theory of gases // Phil. Trans Roy. Soc. 1866. vol.157.
2. Ю. С. Попков, Энтропийные модели ин-дикаторов смертности, Труды УСА РАИ. Т. 61. 4/2011.
3. merab axobaZe, makrosistemebis maTe-matikuri modelirebisa da marTvis sakiTxebi, monografia, 1997 w., Tbilisi.
4. M. Akhobadze, E. Kurtskhalia, “Analysis of the Spatial Economic Processes for Defining the Investment Policy”, maTematikuri konfe-rencia “lis jgufebi, diferencialuri gantolebebi da geometria” (moxsene-baTa krebuli), ivnisi, baTumi, 2013.
kibernetikuli meTodologiis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba safinanso-ekonomikuri krizisis prognozirebis mizniT
giorgi baRaTuria _ stu-s profesori
irina iaSvili _ stu-s profesori
Summary There are a lot of scientist economic research
which are devoted to the problems and the reasons of finance-economic crisis. Actually the existing economic theories can’t forecast finance-economic crisis. As a results economic crisises are happened suddenly and only afterwards various experts tried to explain their reasons. But these “explainings” are too late, the economic crisis have grave consequences, especially for the pure and small countries with tran-sient economy.The article considers an opportunity of finance-economic crisis forecasting on the basis of cybernetic approach and elements of theory of probability, namely Bayesian methodology. Even approximately forecasting of the crisis gives a chance both to the countries and business companies to avoid or weaken results of the crisis by development of anti crisis plans prepared earlier .
Key words: Finance-Economic crisis, forecasting,
cybernetic approach, factors’ analysis, ,,noise”, “shadow players”, feedback, optimal strategy.
reziume
arsebobs mravali samecniero naSromi, romlebic eZRvneba safinanso-ekonomikuri krizisis problemebis axsnas. magram, rea-lurad arsebuli ekonomikuri Teoriebis gamoyenebiT ver xerxdeba safinanso-eko-nomikuri krizisebis prognozireba. ami-tom, rogorc wesi ekonomikuri krizisebi moulodnelad xdeba da mxolod faqtis Semdeg eqspertebi cdiloben axsnan kri-zisis mizezebi. magram aseTi “axsna” ukve gviania, kriziss ukve gakeTebuli aqvs Tavi-si Savi saqme. gansakuTrebiT savalalo mdgomareobaSi gardamavali ekonomikis mqone Raribi da patara qveynebi aRmoCn-debian xolme.
statiaSi ganxilulia ekonomikuri kri-zisis prognozirebis SesaZlebloba kiber-netikuli midgomisa da albaTobis Teoriis elementebis, kerZod baiesis meTodolo-giis gamoyenebiT. krizisis Tundac miax-loebiTi prognozi saSualebas miscems rogorc qveynebs, ise gansakuTrebiT biznes
72
kompaniebs Tavidan aicilon an Searbilon krizisiT gamowveuli Sedegebi winaswar SemuSavebuli antikrizisuli gegmis meS-veobiT.
sakvanZo sityvebi: safinanso-ekonomi-
kuri krizisi, prognozireba, kibernetiku-li midgoma, faqtorebis analizi, `xmauri”, `Crdilovani moTamaSeebi”, ukukavSiri, optimaluri strategia.
`is, vinc ar fiqrobs momaval problemebze, Zalian male Sexvdeba maT”
Kკonfuci politikosebs, biznesmenebs, menejerebs
unda esmodes is ZiriTadi sakiTxebi da faqtorebi, romelTac SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinos biznes-kompaniis saqmianobaze an/da qveynis politikur-ekonomikur viTa-rebaze. rogorc wesi es aris politikur-ekonomikur faqtorTa simravle: mSp, mSp-s zrdis tempi, inflacia, pirdapiro ucxou-ri investiciebi, Sromis bazarai, umuSev-robis done, inflacia da a.S. nebismieri politikoss, biznesmens, menejers unda SeeZlos am faqtorebis analizi, raTa optimalurad marTos qveyana Tu kompania.
ekonomikuri ganviTareba Zalian mWid-rod aris dakavSirebulia politikuri viTarebaze, ase rom, swori ekonomikuri prognozirebisTvis aucilebelia politi-kuri viTarebis gaTvaliswineba. ekonomi-kurma krizisma Zalian advilad SeiZleba gamoiwvios politikuri krizisic.
ra vqnaT, rodesac warmoiqmneba globa-luri ekonomikuri krizisi? rogorc wesi is moulodnelad xdeba. Cveni azriT am Sem-TxvevaSi SesaZlebelia kibernetikul me-Todologiis gamoyeneba. prognozireba aris sxvadasxva momavali movlenebis Sefa-seba ucnob viTarebaSi. Mmeore mxriv, kiber-netikuli TvalsazrisiT, safinanso ekono-mikuri krizisi aris marTvis SesaZlebloba arasruliinformaciis arsebobis SemTxve-vaSi. Kkibernetikuli koncefcia gvaZlebs imis saSualebas, rom ganvaxorcieloT op-timaluri marTva (an, sxvanairad, ekonomi-kuri krizisis prognozireba) Semdegi mo-Txovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT:
unda Catardes im faqtorTa analizi, maTi albaTuri maxasiateblebis Sefasebis CaTvliT, romlebic gavlenas axdenen marTvis obieqtis (ekonomikuri sistemis) funqcionirebaze
aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia “xmauris” zemoqmedeba, misi albaTuri maxasiaTeble-bi, m.S. e.w. “Crdilovani moTamaSeebis” ara SemTxveviTi, magram CvenTvis ucnobi ze-moqmedebis SesaZlo albaTuri maxasiaTeb-lebi.
dabolos gasaTvaliswinebelia ukukav-Siris SesaZleblobebi. Tu zemoaaRniSnuli analizi Catarebulia sworad, maSin ukukav-Siri faqtiurad qmnis optimaluri stra-tegiis SemuSavebis SesaZleblobas.
am SemTxvevaSi, ekonomikuri sistema saWiroa warmovadginoT, rogorc marTvis obieqti (Bagaturia G., Bagaturia O. 2005). naxazi 1-ze naCvenebia ekonomikuri sistemis zo-gadi struqtura kibernetikuli Tvalsaz-risiT. krizisuli procesebi, romlebic mimdinareobs ekonomikuri sistemis SigniT CvenTvis ucnobia an naklebad aris cnobi-li. Amovlenebze unda vimsjeloT sistemis gareT mimdinare procesebiT, romelTa dakvirveba da gazomva SesaZlebelia. es aris e.w. sistemis Sesasvleli faqtorebi (aRniSnulia X simboloTi), xolo sistemis reaqcia warmoadgens mis gamosasvlel faq-torebs (aRniSnulia Y simboloTi). amrigad ivaraudeba, rom Cvens gankargulebaSia sistemaze zemoqmedi realuri monacemebi da sistemis reaqcia maT zemoqmedebaze., cxadia sistemis reaqciaze gavlenas Aaxdens is gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac iRebs mTavroba (an menejeri, kompaniis SemTx-vevaSi). optimaluri marTvis mizania gana-xorcielos iseTi gadawyvetileba (anu ga-naxorcielos iseTi mmarTveli zemoqmedeba U), romelic saSualebas mogvcems mivaR-wioT dasaxul miznebs sistemaSi mimdinare social-ekonomikuri da politikuri pro-cesebisa da sistemaze zemoqmedi proce-sebis gaTvaliswinebiT anu sistemis Sesas-vleli faqtorebisa da “xmauris” gaTva-liswinebiT. kerZod, ekonomikuri sisteme-bisTvis sistemis Sesasvleli da gamosasv-leli faqtorebis Sefaseba-gazomva Sesa-Zlebelia iseTi maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa: mSp, mSp-s zrdis tempi, eqsport-importis balansi, Semosavlebi, danaxarjebi, umuSev-
73
robis done, pirdapiri ucxouri investi-ciebi, valutis gacvliTi kursi, inflaciis maCveneblebi da a.S.
imisaTvis, rom SevafasoT ramdenad kargad aris miRweuli dasaxuli miznebi saWiroa sworad iqnes SerCeuli saTanado kriteriumebi. mmarTveli zemoqmedebis efeqtianobis Sesamowmeblad ki unda da-vakvirdeT ukukavSiris Sedegebs.
amrigad sistemis optimizaciis for-mulireba Semdegnairia:
saWiroa vipovoT iseTi Uopt, romelic mianiWebs Y-s sasurvel mniSvnelobes, sadac
Y = f (X,U) + ƺ ~→Yopt
ƺ aris “xmauris” ucnobi zemoqmedeba, xolo Sesavleli faqtorebi X da mmar-
Tveli zemoqmedeba U UekuTvnis maT daSvebis ares.
aRniSnuli midgomis sailustraciod SeiZleba ganvixiloT mimdinare politi-kuri viTareba.
mag. ruseTis pirdapiri Tu iribi Ca-revis gamo ukrainis saSinao saqmeebSi da yirimis okupaciam gamoiwvia aSs-sa da evro-kavSiris sanqciebi ruseTis winaaRmdeg. Aam procesebma gamoiwvies ruseTis valutis, rublis devalvacia. meore mxriv, ruseTSi mravlad arian saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, romelTa mier saqarTveloSi Tanxis gad-moricxvis moculoba krizisamde Seadgenda saSualod 100 milion aSS dolars yovel-Tviurad. cxadia ruseTSi krizisis piro-bebSi saqarTveloSi Tanxis gadmoricxva ik-lebs, ramac unda aiZulos saqarTvelos mTavroba Secvalos saSinao safinanso po-litika (mag. biujetis koreqtireba “qam-rebis SemoWeris” TvalsazrisiT ara maSin, rodesac savaluto Semodineba iklebs, aramed gacilebiT adre). igive unda iTqvas saberZneTis safinanso-ekonomikuri kri-zisTan dakavSirebiT. am SemTxvevaSi Se-saZlebeli iyo krizisis prognozireba sa-
qarTveloSi (Tu ki aseTad CavTvliT laris devalvacias dolarTan mimarTebaSi).
aseTive magaliTia 2007-2008 ww. samSe-neblo biznesis krizisi saqarTveloSi, romlis prognozireba SesaZlebeli iyo 2-3 wliT adre., rodesac ipoTekuri krizisi daiwyo aSS-Si., im qarTulma kompaniebma, romlebmac gaiTvaliswines is garemoeba, rom aSS-Si mimdinare procesebi garkveuli drois gavlis Semdeg aucileblad iqoniebs gavlenas globalur ekonomikaze da droze auRes alRo Seqmnil viTarebas, droze gayides maT xelT arsebuli qoneba, Tumca SesaZloa SedarebiT iafad (magram ara pa-nikuri fasebiT da SeinarCunes kompania da qoneba., xolo is kompaniebi, romlebic ar azrovnebdnen strategiulad, ar aanali-zebdnen Secvlil ekonomikur viTarebas da agrZelebdnen maRali fasebis SenarCunebas im motiviT, rom uZravi qionebis fasi yo-velTvis izrdeba, sabolood gabankrotd-nen.
warmatebuli biznesisTvis da qveynis marTvisTvis pirvel rigSi saWiroa progno-zirebis droulad da koreqtulad Catare-ba, zemoganxiluli kibernetikuli midgo-mis gamoyenebiT, rodesac sworad da perma-
nentulad mimdinareobs X, U, Y, faqto-rebisa da “xmauris“ analizi SesaZlebelia krizisis prognozireba, Tundac miaxloe-biT da amiT krizisis damangreveli Sede-gebis Serbileba an sulac misi Tavidan aci-leba.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Bagaturia G., Bagaturia O. Cybernetic Conception
of Public Management Bulletin of the Georgian Academy of Sciences,171, # 2, Tbilisi, 2005.
marTvis obieqti, ekonomikuri sistema
Kkontrolirebadi
politikur-ekonomkuri faqtorebi
X
gadawyvetilebebi U
ukukavSiri – gadwyvetilebaTa koreqtireba
Ekonomikuri procesebis Sedegebi –
Y mSp, eqsport-importis balansi, investiciebi,
umuSevrobis done
74
naxazi 1. Eekonomikuri sistemis marTvis kibernetikuli modeli
internet-marketingi - strategiuli Rirebuleba
Tamar abuaSvili _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori daviT siWinava _ stu-s doqtoranti
reziume
msoflio ekonomikaSi sul ufro aqtua-luri xdeba globalizaciis procesi. bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi msoflio ekonomikam ganicada mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, rome-lic XX saukunis bolos aRmocenda infor-maciul-teqnologiur revoluciasa da globalizaciis safuZvelze. msoflio in-formaciis xanaSi Sevida. esaa internetis era, roca informacia gansakuTruli saqo-nelia, romelic mTlianad cvlis qveynis (sawarmos) strategiul Rirebulebas.
axalma teqnologiebma axali cifruli epoqa Seqmna. informaciuli teqnologi-ebis swrafma zrdam kompaniebisa da momxma-reblebis urTierTobis sruliad axali kavSirebi Camoayaliba.
internet-marketingis konceptualuri safuZvelia individualuri biznes-komuni-kaciebis procesebi globalur-virtualur garemoSi, romlis gansxvavebaa maTi mcire danaxarjebi, gadacemis maRali siCqare da
informaciis ganaxlebis farTo diapazoni, aseve eleqtronuli garigebebis ganxor-cieleba. dRes uaxlesi informaciul-ko-munikaciuri teqnologiebi warmoadgens warmoebis ganuyrel nawils, radgan Tana-medrove biznesSi sakvanZo adgili ukavia informacias (saqmiani, mecnieruli da sxva). interneti ki informaciis gacvlis, miRe-bisa da gavrcelebis erT-erTi uswrafesi saSualebaa.
sakvanZo sityvebi: globalizacia, teq-nologiebi, marketingi, interneti, inter-net-marketingi, eleqtronuli vaWroba.
Internet-marketing - Strategic Value
Tamar Abuashvili David Sichinava
Summary
The process of globalization is becoming increa-singly important in the world economy. In recent years, the world economy has changed a lot, which was emerged at the end of the 20th century on basis of the globalization and the IT revolution. The World entered the information age. This is the era of the
75
Internet, when the information is the special com-modity, which completely changes the strategic value of the country (industry).
The new technologies created new digital era. The rapid growth of information technology created the new connections of the companies and consumers.
Internet-marketing conceptual basis is the indi-vidual business communication processes in the glo-bal-virtual environment, the difference of which is their low cost, high-speed transmission and a wide range of information updates, as well as the imple-mentation of electronic transactions.
The latest information and communication te-chnologies are the integral part of the production, as it is a key part of modern business information (bu-siness, scientific, etc.). The Internet is the mean of exchanging the information , it’s one of the fastest way of receiving and spreading it.
Key words: Globalization, Technology, Marke-ting, Internet, Internet-marketing, E-commerce.
bolo 30-40 wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflio
ekonomikam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ga-nicada, romelic XX saukunis bolos aRmo-cenda informaciul-teqnologiur revo-luciasa da globalizaciis safuZvelze. msoflio informaciis RirebulebiT xanaSi Sevida. esaa internetis era, roca infor-macia gansakuTruli Rirebulebis matare-beli saqonelia, romelic mTlianad cvlis qveynis (sawarmos) strategiul Rirebu-lebas. am cvlilebebma ganapiroba gadasvla masobrivi warmoebis epoqidan, `xarisxis epoqaSi~ (samomxmareblo epoqaSi), rodesac samomxmarebelo bazari sagrZnoblad domi-nirebs realizatorTa bazarze da ufro metad iwvevs bolos xsenebulis gamoZeve-bas. momxmareblebma sagrZnoblad ganimt-kices poziciebi mwarmoeblebTan mimarTe-biT, radgan isini warsulTan SedarebiT ukeT arian informirebulni sabazro si-tuaciaze da produqciis arCevis SesaZleb-lobebze, romelic maT mravalricxovan alternativas Tavazobs.
XX saukunis bolos daiwyo globaluri informaciuli sistemebis Seqmna, romelic miznad isaxavda realuri drois reJimSi msoflios nebismieri momxmareblisaTvis informaciis usafrTxod miwodebas. axalma teqnologiebma axali cifruli epoqa Se-qmna. informaciuli teqnologiebis swraf-ma zrdam kompaniebisa da momxmareblebis urTierTobis sruliad axali kavSirebi Ca-moayaliba. dRes, ufro metad, vidre winaT, yvela da yvelaferi mWidrodaa erTmaneT-Tan dakavSirebuli.
Tanamedrove kompiuterulma saSuale-bebma Secvales sazogadoebis saqmianobis suraTi yvela sferoSi. warmoiSva iseTi ekonomikuri saqmianoba, rogoricaa eleqt-ronuli komercia da eleqtronuli vaWro-ba. axal aTaswleulSi eleqtronulma ba-zarma SeZlo msoflio ekonomikis reorga-nizacia, Camoayaliba axleburi civiliza-cia, ramac kacobriobis progresi da msof-lio qveynebis ganviTareba ganapiroba.
marketingis ganviTarebam klasikuri marketinguli paradigmis evoluciaze di-di gavlena moaxdina. marketinguli para-digma `marketing-miqsi~, ganviTarda da praqtikulad gamoiyenes industriuli epoqis damamTavrebel periodSi. es kon-cefcia Seicavs 4P-s; sasaqonlo politikas, safaso politikas, sadistribucio poli-tikasa da winsvlis politikas (Product, Price, Place, Promotion), razec xdeba marketing-miq-sis instrumentebis klasificireba. Tumca, marketingis specialistebi Zalian SezRu-dulad Tvlian 4P standartul models Tanamedrove bazebisaTvis, imis gamo, rom saWiroa firmis adaptacia sxva qveynis ga-remosTan da sTavazoben Seitanon masSi da-matebiT elementebi.
sayuradReboa is, rom saerTaSoriso marketinguli garemo, mis cvlilebasTan erTad da gamyidvelis marketinguli miqsi mis moTxovnebTan erTad warmoudgenelia sainformacio komunikaciebisa da mis mo-nacemTa damuSavebis gareSe, rac aZlevs sa-Sualebas bazris monawileebs gacvalon in-formacia da moaxdinon misi analizi.
amasTan dakavSirebiT sul ufro didi roli eniWeba internetis qsels Tanamed-rove marketingSi, rogorc Tanamedrove komunikaciebis saSualebas da Zlier sain-formacio resurss gare marketingul gare-moSi. internetis qselis gamoyeneba sagrZ-noblad aadvilebs individualuri marke-tingis marTvas globalur masStabiT, rad-ganac qselSi SeiZleba Seqmna personaluri monacemebi TiToeuli momxmareblisTvis, dafuZnebuli mis pirad moTxovnebsa da survilebze.
klasikuri marketingis ganxiluli tra-nsformacia gaumjobesebulia marketing-miqsSi, sadac udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba komunikaciebs (sainformacio nakadebs) gamyidvelsa da myidvels Soris.
am ideas anviTarebs cnobili marketo-logi f. kolteri, romelic Tvlis, rom mo-
76
laparakebis marketingi aris Semadgeneli nawili urTierTobebis marketingisa, ro-gorc ufro farTo koncefciis, ris Sede-gadac SesaZlebelia ganaviTaron e.w. tran-saqciebi (SeTanxmebebi).
saerTaSoriso bazarze moqmedebebis da-wyebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebamde, kompaniam safuZvlianad unda Seiswavlos saerTaSoriso marketinguli garemo. uka-naskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, am garemom sakmao cvlilebebi ganicada ro-gorc axali SesaZleblobebis, ise axali problemebis TvalsazrisiT. msoflio ekonomikaSi sul ufro aqtualuri xdeba globalizaciis procesi. dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropaSi, CineTSi, ruseTsa da sxva qveynebSi mimzidveli bazrebis gaxs-nasTan erTad, swrafad gaizarda msoflio vaWroba da investicebi. momravlda globa-luri brendebi-saavtomobili industria-Si, sakveb produqtebSi, tansacmelSi, sa-momxmareblo eleqtronikaSi, kompiute-rul teqnikaSi, programebsa da bevr sxva kategoriaSi. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda glo-baluri kompaniebis ricxvi.
internet-marketingi warmoadgens pir-dapiri marketingis principebis kombinire-bas internet-teqnologiebTan, raTa mona-xon momgebiani klientebi da gansazRvron maTTan biznes-urTierTobis pirobebi.
pirdapiri marketingis swraf zrdas ramdenime mizezi aqvs: konkurenciis zrda da myidvelis
drois defeciti; sakredito baraTebis, rogorc SeZe-
nis saSualebis gamoCena. kompiuteruli teqnologiebisa da
programuli aRWurvilobis danergva (satelefoni siebi da momxmareblebis eleqtronuli baza);
internet-qselSi CarTvis safasuris Semcireba telekomunikaciebis kompa-niebis gamoyenebiT;
World Wide Web-is hiperqselis gamo-Cena, romelic aZlevs swrafi, iafi da inte-raqtiuri urTierTobis saSualebas firmas mis potenciur klientebTan, romelic gan-Tavsebulia msoflios nebismier wertilSi.
pirdapiri marketingi moicavs rogorc gayidvebis organizacias klientebis pira-di vizitis dros, aseve maTTan pirdapir kontaqts urTierTobis SesanarCuneblad.
hipergaremo, romelic warmoqmnilia kompiuteruli urTierTobiT, TandaTan
xdeba globaluri komunikaciuri sivrce, sadac SeiZleba dialogis warmoeba. am kon-teqstSi interaqtiuloba warmodgeba ro-gorc hipergaremos Tviseba – monawileob-des da axorcielebdes cocxal urTier-Tobas dialogSi momxmarebelTan, da amiT moaxdinos hipergaremos aTviseba. aseve igi iZleva virtualur sinamdvileSi imaze dakvirvebis saSualebas, rac realurad ar arsebobs – virtualuri maRaziebi, auqcio-nebi, birJebi da sxva.
pirdapiri marketingis ganxorcielebi-saTvis internet-qselSi SeiZleba gamoyene-buli iqnas onlain-momsaxurebebi gaerTia-nebuli WWW sistemiT. aseT servisebs Se-iZleba mivakuTvnoT el-fosta, tele-kon-ferenciebi, salaparako oTaxis sistemebi, failebis gadacemis protokolebi, serve-rebis sxvadasxva saxeebi, romlebic dafuZ-nebulia WWW hipermediaze da sxva.
pirdapiri marketingis daxasiaTebasa da arxebis Tvisebebze SeiZleba vimsjeloT maTi mniSvnelobebis xarisxiT biznesSi. amisaTvis saWiroa internet-serverebis Se-dareba pirdapiri marketingis sxva arxeb-Tan Semdegi niSnebiT: komunikaciuri mode-li, romelic udevs safuZvlad pirdapir marketings; kontrolis SesaZlebloba mi-Rebul informaciaze; masStabireba-dama-tebiTi saxsrebis gareSe sagrZnoblad ga-zardo auditoria; komunikaciis SesaZleb-loba _ imwamsve SeZlo molaparakeba.
pirdapiri marketingis dros internet-qselis momsaxurebas aqvs rigi Tavisebure-bebi da moicaven upiratesobebs, romelTa Soris mTavaria: muSaobis saSualeba nebismieri zomis
auditoriasTan internet-qselis ma-Rali drekadobisa da masStabis gamo;
interaqtiur reJimSi muSaobis gaio-leba da moxerxebuloba;
rogorc informaciis mimRebisagan aseve mimwodeblisagan, mocemuli in-formaciis kontroli;
informaciis mowodebis farTo speq-tri.
interner-qselis Sedareba pirdapiri marketingis sxva arxebTan migvaniSnebs ima-ze, rom internet-marketingi aris pirda-piri marketingis progresuli forma. mar-ketingulma internet-saSualebebma mogvca individualuri komunikaciebis Catarebisa da danaxarjebis Semcirebis SesaZlebloba. magram Zalian gaamartiva da avtomatizebu-
77
li gaxada es procesi, gaxsna axali Sesa-Zleblobebi biznesis marTvis gasaumjobe-seblad globalur masStabebSi.
iseve, rogorc marketingis sxva arxebi, internet-qseliT SesaZlebelia interaqti-uli komunikaciebi, kerZod, ukukavSiri myidvelisa gamyidvelTan. magram aqac internet-garemo aZlevs damatebiT upira-tesobas pirdapiri marketingis Catarebis RonisZiebebs – ramdenime erTdrouli mom-saxureba klientTan marketingis damyare-bisa da mravlad mimarTuli komunikaciuri modeli `bevrni bevrs”, romlis CarCoSic TanamSromloben urTierTobis iseTi saxe-obebi, rogoricaa `erTi-erTs” da `erTi-mravals.”
komunikaciuri daxasiaTebis gamo, in-ternet-qseli xsnis farTo asparezs ara marto tradiciuli vaWrobisaTvis korpo-raciul (Business to business, B2C) da sacalo gayidvebis seqtorSi (Business to Consumer, B2C), aseve, iSviaTad Semxvedrs realur sam-yaroSi komerciul garigebebs `myidveli-biznesisa” da `myidveli-myidvelis” tipis, sadac komunikaciuri procesis iniciato-rebad gamodian Tavad myidvelebi. inter-net-komunikaciebis farTo diapazoni fir-mebsa da myidvelebs Soris gvaZlebs ufle-bas visubroT internet-qselze, rogorc axali virtualuri garemos Seqmnaze saer-TaSoriso biznesis Casatareblad, sadac kompaniebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon marketin-gis sxvadasxva strategiebi, individualu-ridan _ globaluramde.
internet-marketingis konceptualuri safuZvelia individualuri biznes-komuni-kaciebis procesebi globalur-virtualur garemoSi, romlis gansxvavebaa maTi mcire danaxarjebi, gadacemis maRali siCqare da informaciis ganaxlebis farTo diapazoni, eleqtronuli garigebebis ganxorcieleba, nebismieri zomis internet-auqcioni audi-toriasTan, radganac internet-qsels aqvs maRali drekadobis unari da masStabebi.
eleqtronuli vaWroba erT-erTi uax-lesi fenomenia msoflio ekonomikasa da msoflio ekonomur urTierTobebis siste-maSi.
momxmareblebs `xarisxis epoqaSi” Camo-uyalibdaT axali moTxovnebi, rogorc materialur produqtze aseve momsaxure-baze. yoveli momxmarebeli iTxovs mxolod iseT produqcias, romelic:
iseTnairad aris adaptirebuli da kon-figurirebuli, rom daakmayofilos moce-muli momxmareblis garkveuli moTxovnebi (moTxovnis individualizacia).
produqtis mowodeba momxmareblisTvis metad misaRebi gziT (servisis individua-lizacia).
misi mowodeba xdeba mxolod maSin, ro-desac momwodebels aqvs moTxovnileba produqtze (moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-lebis drois individualizacia).
maSasadame, momxmarebelsa da momwode-bels Soris urTierTobam ganicada arse-biTi cvlilebebi moTxovnilebis indivi-dualizaciis mxriv. konkurentul brZola-Si gadasarCenad mewarmem, firmam (sawarmo, organizacia) unda daakmayofilos ukve arsebul individualuri moTxovnebi an Camoayalibos axali moTxovnilebebis indi-vidualizacia. es momwodeblebis win aye-nebs, rogorc minimum, Semdeg amocanebs: saqoneli unda akmayofilebdes konk-
retuli momxmareblis garkveul mo-Txovnilebebs. aqedan gamomdinare, sa-Wiroa ara mxolod saqonlis mraval-ferovneba, aramed maTi modifikacia;
yovel momxmarebels unda hqondes produqtis individualuri servisis saSualeba;
momxmarebels unda hqondes produq-tis mowodebis iseTi gzis arCevis saSu-aleba, romelic metad akmayofilebs mis konkretul moTxovnebs;
yovel momwodebels unda hqondes sa-qonlis mowodebs drois (vadis) gan-sazRvris saSualeba. amasTanave, bolo dros yvelaze aqtualuria ocdaoTx-saaTiani gayidvebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, urTierTobaTa sistemam materialuri saqonlisa da mom-saxurebis realizaciis sferoSi ganicada safuZvliani cvlilebebi: Tu adre saqon-lis realizaciis da masze moTxovnis um-Tavres kriteriumad iTvleboda fasi da xarisxi, axla ufro metad mniSvnelovania zemomoxsnebuli kriteriumebi.
kompaniis gadarCenisTvis yovelTvis araa saWiro iseTi riskis gaweva, rogoricaa saerTaSoriso bazarze gasvla. mag., adgi-lobrivi kompaniebis umravlesoba bizness warmatebiT mxolod adgilobriv bazarze warmarTaven. qveynis SigniT muSaoba advili da usafrTxoa. menejerebs ar sWirdebaT ucxo enebisa da kanonebis Seswavla, ar aqvT
78
Sexeba cvalebad valutasTan, ar upiris-pirdebian sxva qveynis politikur-samarT-lebriv sirTuleebs, ar saWiroeben pro-duqciis sxva qveynis momxmareblis moTxov-nilebebsa da molodinze morgebas.
eleqtronuli vaWroba warmoadgens ase-Ti cvlilebebis globaluri masStabiT gan-xorcielebisa da xelSewyobis saSualebas. kompaniebs saSualeba eZlevaT SearCion mom-wodebeli geografiuli mdebareobis miu-xedavad da asave sakuTari saqonliT da mo-msaxureobiT gavidnen globalur bazarze.
eleqtronuli vaWrobis teqnologiebi mudmivad modificirdeba da viTardeba. kompaniebi, romlebic ganixilaven mas, ro-gorc maTTvis ukve arsebuli biznesis mar-Tvis saSualebad, riskaven miiRon mxolod nawilobrivi mogeba. mTavari upiratesoba mieniWeba iseT firmebs, romlebic gadawy-veten biznes – procesebi da organizacia Secvalon iseTnairad, rom mTlianad ga-moiyenon eleqtronuli vaWrobis saSuale-bebi.
dRes uaxlesi informaciul-komunika-ciuri teqnologiebi warmoadgens warmoe-bis ganuyrel nawils, radgan Tanamedrove
biznesSi sakvanZo adgili ukavia informa-cias (saqmiani, mecnieruli da sxva). inter-neti ki informaciis gacvlis, miRebisa da gavrcelebis erT-erTi uswrafesi saSuale-baa.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. jolia g., sexniaSvili d. internet-mar-ketingi. eleqt. saxelmZRvanelo. `teq-nikuri universiteti”, Tb., 2010. gv. 18.
2. Ключи от XXI века: Сб. статей.– М., 2004, 317 с. (пер. с фр. яз.) http://www.unesco.ru/
3. Todua n., abulaZe k. saqarTvelos in-ternet-bazris marketinguli kvleva. monografia. “universali”, Tb., 2008.
4. Интернет-портал www.business2business.ru 5. E- Commerce Stategies by Carles H. Trepper. Fifth
edition, 2008, Microsoft Press, Paperback, p. 50. 6. Electronic Commerce 2010 by Turban, Efraim and
Lee, Jae K. and King, David and Liang, Ting Peng and Turban, Deborrah Edition: 6 th 2009. p. 62.
7. Introduction to E-commerce Qin, Zheng (Author) Edition: 2008. Publisher: Springer Pages: 59.
finansuri globalizaciis sabanko aspeqtebi
xaTuna SalamberiZe – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis
asocirebuli profesori
reziume
Tanamedrove komerciuli bankebis wi-naSe dgas rTuli da axali amocanebi. axlo warsulSi, yofil sistemaSi cnobil mizez-Ta gamo, sabanko sistemebi funqcionirebda naklebad daZabul ritmSi, konfortul da stabilur garemoSi. magram, ocdameerTe saukunem komerciul bankebs seriozuli ga-mocda mouwyo. am saukunis pirvelive aT-wleulSi gamoikveTa agresiuli foni, ro-melmac gamoiwvia globalizaciisa da sainformacio teqnologiebis ganviTareba.
komerciuli bankebi Zalian mwvaved da permanentulad ganicdian globalizaciisa da Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnolo-giebis gavlenas. dRes saerTaSoriso saban-ko institutebi uprecedento siZneleebs ganicdian kapitalis mobilizaciisa da gan-Tavsebis sferoebSi.
Modern Banking aspect of Financial background of Globalization
Khatuna Shalamberidze Academic Doctor of Economics,
Associated Professor of Akaki Tsereteli State University
and of Kutaisi University
Summary Modern world has been plunged in globalization
problems which have a deep impact on financial relations. The essence of the globalization of finances lies in the integrated world financial markets.
As a result of the relations between the national financial markets and regional financial markets financial crisis acquired international scales.
Modern financial system unites world currency, credit, stock exchange insurance markets. Thus, natio-nal states are unable to control even their own finan-cial systems.
Novadays international Monetary Fund and International Bank for reconstruction and Develop-ment are coordinating activities of the world financial
79
system, conducting them from the positions of the globalization and internationalization and preventing the development of the regionization of capital.
Thus, globalization in the financial sphere and the competition incite banks towards gigantomania. It is quite possible, that the banks having capital exceeding tens of mln. USD conquer the world economy in future.
Tanamedrove msoflio moicva globa-
lizaciis problemebma. misi gavlenis miRma arc finansuri urTierTobebi darCa. fi-nansebis globalizaciis arsi integrire-bul msoflio finansur bazarSia. finan-sebis globalizacia warmodgenilia msof-lios erovnul da regionul bazrebs Soris aqtiuri kavSiris saxiT.
Tanamedrove globalizacia warmoad-gens msoflios ganviTarebis Tvisobrivad axal movlenas, romelic moicavs sazoga-doebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferos. swored globalizaciisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli erovnuli da globalur-ekonomikuri ur-TierTobebis adgilebis gadanacvleba. globalizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad izrdeba saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTi-erTobebis wamyvani, prioritetuli roli.
msoflio finansur sistemaSi globali-zaciis procesis zemoqmedeba yvelaze me-tad SesamCnevi gaxda sabanko-sakredito sferos saqmianobaSi. globalizaciam obi-eqturad moiTxova finansebis marTvisa da sabanko menejmentis axali simaRleebis da-pyroba. sabanko sistemaSi momxdari cvli-lebebi, moqniloba da axali formebis Seq-mna normaluri da sasurveli, ufro metic, drois moTxovna gaxda.
finansuri momsaxurebis sferoSi stru-qturuli cvlilebebi, uwinares yovlisa, gamoixateba sabanko sistemis gardaqmnaSi: Tanamedrove, transformirebuli sabanko struqtura warmoadgens moTxovnis axali struqturis, globalizaciisa da sainfor-macio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis Sedegs. umsxvilesi sabanko institutebis mcire ricxvi emsaxureba regionul, erovnul da saerTaSoriso bazrebs.
Tanamedrove finansuri krizisis mas-Stabebi da xangrZlivoba ekonomikur mec-nierebas aiZulebs axleburad ganixilos is cvlilebebi, romlebic sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi dominirebs gasuli saukunis
bolo periodidan. globalizacia anu msoflio meurneobrivi integracia wina-aRmdegobrivi da araTanabaria, romelic mudmivad icvlis konkretul formebs, me-Todebsa da meqanizmebs.
Tanamedrove komerciuli bankebis wi-naSe dgas rTuli da axali amocanebi. axlo warsulSi, yofil sistemaSi cnobil mizez-Ta gamo, sabanko sistemebi funqcionirebda naklebad daZabul ritmSi, konfortul da stabilur garemoSi. magram, ocdameerTe saukunem komerciul bankebs seriozuli ga-mocda mouwyo. komerciuli bankebi Zalian mwvaved da permanentulad ganicdian glo-balizaciisa da Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiebis gavlenas. dRes saerTa-Soriso sabanko institutebi uprecedento siZneleebs ganicdian kapitalis mobiliza-ciisa da ganTavsebis sferoebSi.
dadasturebulia, rom saerTaSoriso bankebis mier saxsrebis mobilizaciis efeq-tianoba ganisazRvreba Semdegi sami faqto-riT:
pirveli _ finansuri bazrebi swrafad izrdeba saerTaSoriso masStabis institu-tebad da bevri maTgani (mag., depozitebis bazrebi evrovalutebSi, ucxouri valute-bis bazari da saxelmwifo fasiani qaRal-debis bazari) gardaiqmneba iseT bazrebad, romlebic erTian finansur qselSi akav-Sirebs evropas, CrdiloeT amerikas da So-reul aRmosavleTs, romlebic ganuwyvet-liv funqcionireben.
meore _ dakreditebis Zveli meTodebis transformirebis Sedegad funqcionirebas iwyebs axali finansuri institutebi da kapitalis mobilizaciis saSualebebi. amis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxelod fasiani qaRaldebis garantiis qveS gacemuli ses-xebi da umsxvilebi fondebi.
mesame _ mraval qveyanaSi faqtobrivad waSlilia barierebi fasiani qaRaldebis operaciebSi dasaqmebul dilerebsa da sa-erTaSoriso bankebs Soris.
arsebobs kiTxvebi: msoflioSi bevria iseTi bankebi, romlebic globalizaciur dasxivebas gauZlebs? maTgan bevri SeZlebs SeinarCunos Semosavlianoba saSualo an maRal doneze, Tundac ramdenime wlis gan-mavlobaSi? msoflio gamocdileba imaze migvaniSnebs, rom am sakiTxze dadebiTi pa-suxis gacema Znelia.
78
80
msoflios mraval banks gaaCnia survi-li, rom CaerTon mimzidvel globalur finansur garigebebSi, magram survili sur-vilad rCeba da am saqmisaTvis fexis awyoba SeuZlia mxolod erTeul bankebs. sabanko menejerebs yovelTvis unda axsovdeT mar-tivi WeSmariteba: qveynis doneze miRweuli warmatebebi banks imis garantias rodi aZlevs, rom globalur finansur garige-bebSi Semosavlianobis Tundac saSualo dones miaRwios.
globalizaciisa da teqnolizaciis epo-qaSi finansur sferoSi TiToeul gonivrul strategiasa da ganWvretas Tan unda axl-des erovnuli da saerTaSoriso konkuren-tuli situaciis analizi da interpreta-cia, rac bankebs da saerTod, sabanko sis-temas xels Seuwyobs gaakeTon saTanado daskvnebi. aseve, saWiroa ufro Rrmad gaa-nalizdes ekonomikurad Zlieri saxelmwi-foebis bankebis saqmianoba.
imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT, Tu ra gzebiT aris SesaZlebeli sabanko sistemis didi warmateba, saWiroa analizi gakeTdes Sem-deg aspeqtebSi: mentaliteti da faseulo-ba, situacia marTvasTan da TanamSromlo-basTan mimarTebaSi; birJebi da kapitalis bazari; sabanko sistema da struqtura; kon-kurentuli situacia; momgebianoba da kon-troli.
saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis Tanamed-rove donesa da parametrebze funqcioni-rebisaTvis aucilebelia maTi maCveneble-bis srulyofilad warmodgena.
1. mentaliteti da faseuloba: situa-cia marTvasTan da TanamSromlebTan mimar-TebaSi gasaTvaliswinebeli unda iyos Sem-degi maCveneblebi: mogebis Sefaseba, stabi-luroba, loialuroba, saimedooba, sifr-Txile, moqniloba, gamomgonebloba, ris-kisken miswrafeba, agresiuloba, orienta-cia marketingisaken, Secdomebi da maTi ga-mosworebis xarisxi, miznisaken orientacia, farTo ganviTarebisa da viwro speciali-zaciisadmi midgoma, orientacia usafr-Txoebisaken da a.S.
2. birJa da kapitalis bazari. rogor aris warmodgenili msxvili ganviTarebis qveynebis finansuri dawesebulebebi nacio-nalur bazrebze; am bazrebis ganviTarebis done; sabanko dafinansebis tradiciebi; ka-pitalis bazris orientacia; instituciuri
investiciebis zrdis done; saerTaSoriso investiciebi da vaWrobis efeqtianoba; ar-sebuli statistika da angariSgeba ramde-nad Seesabameba standartebs; birJebis gam-Wvirvalobis gaumjobeseba da birJebis li-kvidoba.
3. sabanko sistema. erTiani valutaa Tu sxvadasxva saxis valuta mimoqcevaSi; ram-denad myaria universaluri sabanko siste-ma; momsaxurebis raodenobis mravalfero-vneba da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi; rogoria bankebiT qveynis teritoriis moc-va; qveyanaSi rogori bankebi Warbobs _ msxvili Tu wvrili.
4. konkurentuli situacia. privatiza-ciis mdgomareoba, bankebis Serwymis done, balansis portfelis racionaluri optimi-zaciis done; konkurencia arasabanko da-wesebulebebis mxridan; rogor gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove sabanko menejmentis instru-mentebi; saerTaSoriso operaciebis gan-xorcielebis xarisxi da a.S.
5. momgebianoba-Semosavlianoba. balan-sisa da depozitebis zrdaze orientaciis done; wminda mogebis dinamika; bankebis restruqturizaciaze saxelmwifos dana-xarjebis sidide, sabirJo Sefasebis xaris-xi; sazogadoebis damokidebuleba sabanko mogebisadmi.
6. komerciuli bankebis saqmianobaze zedamxedvelobis organoebi: centralize-buli Tu decentralizebuli; tendenciebi; racionaloba; konsolidacia.
aq motanili aspeqtebisa da maTi maCve-neblebis Seswavlam migviyvana menejment-Tan dakavSirebiT iseTi daskvnebis gake-Tebamde, rogoricaa: Sromis nayofierebis zrdis faqtorebidan Tanamdevi sainforma-cio avtorizebuli sistemebis gamoyenebis intensivoba; swori da moqnili segmenti-reba rogor iTvaliwinebs sxvadasxva so-cio-ekonomikur parametrebs; racionalu-ri standartizaciis mdgomareoba, marke-tingis intensivoba klientebze orientaci-is poziciebidan; riskis marTvis Tanamed-rove sistemis danergvis mdgomareoba; ka-pitalis moqnili da racionaluri ganawi-leba Semosavlianobis poziciebidan.
sayuradReboa is faqti, rom Tanamedro-ve komerciul bankebs finansur urTier-TobaTa globalizaciaSi udidesi roli akisria. finansuri sistema komerciuli
81
bankebis saxiT gamodis ekonomikis ayvavebis safuZvlad. finansuri kapitali gaxda ma-terialuri warmoebis mamoZravebel Zalad.
Tu mrewvelobaSi metnaklebad amarT-lebs giganti sawarmoebi, samagierod mcire da saSualo sididis formebma gamonaxes arsebobis SesanarCunebeli gza, xolo zogjer mewarmeobis asayvavebeli damate-biTi rezervebi. sul sxva mdgomareobaa finansur sferoSi. aq gabatonebuli pozi-cia zustad rom gigantebs ukaviaT. faqtia, rom uaxloes momavalSi msoflio ekono-mikas daipyrobs bankebi, romlebic floben giganturi moculobis aqtivebs.
Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri da finansuri cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebs Soris gansakuTrebiT sayu-radReboa aqtiuri Tavgadasavlebi sabanko-sakredito sferoSi. axali faseulobebi da Tavisuflebis Tanamedrove xarisxi pro-duqciasa da fasebTan mimarTebaSi iwvevs ekonomikur urTierTobebSi winaaRmdegob-riv gardaqmnebs. komerciul bankebSi Semo-savlebis zrda gadamwyveti mizania. moma-valSi Semosavlis zrda damokidebulia TviT bankebis amosaval situaciaze, rome-lic gansxvavebulia sakredito dawesebu-lebebis konkretuli pirobebidan gamomdi-nare. TiToeuli bankisaTvis sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba ganuwyveteli TviT-kritikuli analizis ganxorcieleba.
Semosavlebis gadidebisaken mimavali gza SeiZleba warmovidginoT gamartivebu-li da Semoklebuli saxiT, rogorc Ti-Toeuli bankis ZiriTadi funqcia. nebis-mier safinanso instituts, nebismier banks mudmivad aqvs saqme riskTan, safinanso informaciasTan, fasiani qaRaldebis ope-raciebTan, ufro metad da upiratesad sa-kuTar kapitalTan.
bankis yovelgvari Semosavali bazridan miiReba. bazari, pirvel rigSi, klientebi-sagan Sedgeba, Tumca seriozuli poziciebi ukaviaT konkurentebsac.
miuxedavad amisa, Tanamedrove sabanko dawesebulebebisaTvis arsebobs klientTan muSaobis gaumjobesebis realuri, jerac gamouyenebeli SesaZleblobebi. samwuxa-rod, saqarTvelos bankebs dRemde araswo-rad aqvT aTvisebuli TavianTi SesaZleb-lobebi sxvadasxva sferoebis moqnilad gamoyenebis poziciebidan. qarTuli bankebi
metnaklebad icnoben klientebis SesaZleb-lobebs, qcevis wesebs, unars, ris gamoc xdeba gacemuli sesxebis vadaze daubru-nebloba, klientebis mier bankis motyui-leba da sxva anomaliuri SemTxvevebi.
bankebis saqmianobiaSi perspeqtivaSi iS-leba SesaZleblobebi, raTa muSaobaSi maT maqsimalurad gamoiyenon riskis iseTi ele-mentebi, rogoricaa misi uSualod miReba, SezRudva, Suamavloba, vaWroba da konsul-taciebi. qveynis nebismieri banki sakuTar Semosavlebs gazrdis mxolod warmatebuli standartizaciis, segmentirebis, gasaRebis racionalizaciis, sainformacio teqnolo-giebis intensiuri gamoyenebis daxmarebiT, agreTve saqmianobis misTvis damaxasiaTe-beli tradiciuli saxeebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis gziT.
Tanamedrove universaluri bankebi war-matebis misaRwevad iseT RonisZiebebs axorcieleben, romlebic maT saSualebas aZlevs, miaRwion sakuTari SesaZleblo-bebisa da upiratesobebis maqsimums Tana-medrove sabanko konkurenciul brZolaSi.
Tanamedrove ganviTarebul qveynebs ga-aCniaT universaluri bankebis kompleqsuri matriculi marTvis farTo gamocdileba. es aris nou-hau. universaluri bankebisaT-vis soliduri kapitali, maRali reitingi da kargi reputacia qmnis fasiani qaRalde-bis ganTavsebis, ganviTarebis, privatiza-ciis, nebismieri saxis riskis da misi Ta-namedrove marTvis meTodebisaTvis opti-malur winapirobebs. saSualo da wvril bankebs sakuTari kapitalis simcire kon-kurenciul brZolaSi warmatebebis garan-tias ar aZlevs da sabolood marcxdebian.
komerciuli bankebis reitingi warmoad-gens klientebTan ndobis mopovebis ga-damwyvet faqtors. finansuri krizisis moaxloebisas klientebs TavianTi kapita-li gadaaqvT ufro saimedo bankebSi.
dReisaTvis standartizacias, opera-ciaTa dabal Rirebulebas, riskis marTvas da problemebis daZlevas gadamwyveti mni-Svneloba eniWeba ara marto sameurneo su-bieqtebis dakreditebisaTvis, aramed sa-qonlisa da momsaxurebis vaWrobisaTvis. saerTod, Tanamedrove instituciuri da saerTaSoriso sainvesticio garigebebi sul ufro metad Txoulobs amosavali pi-robebis gaTanabrebas. ase, rom am sferoSi
82
moTxovnilebis kritikuli wesi swrafad maRldeba da momavalSic gaizrdeba. bankis sidides gaaCnia erTi metad mniSvnelovani upiratesoba: momavlis moTxovnilebebi bankis saimedoobasa da zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebasTan mWidro kavSirSia mis sididesTan da maRal reputaciasTan.
saSinao bazarze Zlieri pozicia nebis-mieri bankis mesveurTa survilia, magram survili survilad darCeba, Tu bankis saqmianoba saTadarigod ver warimarTa. amas is mniSvnelobac gaaCnia, rom saSinao bazarze Zlieri poziciebis mqone komer-ciuli bankebi welgamarTuli arian saer-TaSoriso bazarzedac.
komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis masS-tabebis optimaluri sidide da funqcio-nirebis mravalferovneba standartizaci-is, produqciis dabali Rirebulebis, umsx-viles proeqtebSi monawileobisa da riskis marTvis gadamwyveti winapirobaa.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom universaluri bankis sidide da mas-Stabi myari warmatebebis garantias yovel-Tvis rodi iZleva. Tmca es maCvenebeli mniSvnelovani winapirobaa finansur gari-gebaTa konkurentunarianobisaTvis. sabo-lood mxolod is bankebi imarjveben, ro-melTac hyavT maRali kvalificiuri speci-alistebi da kompetenturi kadrebi, urom-lisodac globaluri finansuri proble-mebis gadawyveta naklebad realuria.
sabanko sistemaSi tradiciuli da axali saxeobis momsaxurebis danergva-gavrcele-bisaTvis gamoiyeneba filialebis farTo qseli, romlebic uzrunvelyofen finansu-ri momsaxurebis saboloo momxmarebleb-Tan momgebian daSvebas. Tanamedrove ban-kebSi warmatebiT saqmianobis erT-erTi mTavari pirobisa da ganmsazRvreli faqto-ris rols asrulebs sainformacio teqno-logiebi. swored is bankebi, romlebic floben mravalmxriv informaciul monace-mebs, advilad Seiswavlian klientis finan-sur profils, Cvevebs, maT adgils finan-sur bazarze.
univesalur bankebs klientTa farTo qselis arseboba mtkice garantias aZlevs xangrZlivi periodis manZilze uzrunvel-yofili hqondes stabiluri mogeba, stan-dartizacia da riskis marTva. bankebis ad-ministracias mxolod standartizaciis da
segmentirebis, mimdinare informaciis Se-mosavlebisa da maTi damuSaveba-analizis safuZvelze SeuZlia riskis optimaluri marTva.
samomxmareblo faseulobisa da klien-tebis prioritetebis dargSi momavali cvlilebebi ganapirobebs maTze bankis swrafi reaqciis aucileblobas, rom Sei-qmnas produqtebis axali kombinaciebi.
finansuri momsaxurebis sfero mudmiv cvalebadobaSia: kombinaciebis gafarToe-bis, prioritetebis Secvlis, axali kombi-naciebis Sejvarebis gziT. sainformacio teqnologiebi da monacemTa eleqtronuli damuSaveba, agreTve finansuri Teoriis Ta-namedrove meTodebis Semdgomi danergva ganapirobebs axali kombinaciebis warmoqm-nas. moqnili organizaciuli blokebi uni-versalur banks saSualebas aZlevs, sakuTa-ri nou-haus meSveobiT msgavsi momsaxureba erTad gaswios.
gadawyvetilebaTa integrirebuli pake-ti erTi centridan unda imarTebodes. uni-versaluri sabanko sistemis arsebiTi Ta-visebureba mdgomareobs kerZo pirebTan, firmebTan da instituciur klientebTan individualur urTierTobaSi. konkuren-tunariani individualuri menejmenti kli-entebTan urTierTkavSirebis safuZvelze rogorc bankisaTvis, ise klientisaTvis sa-sargebloa.
universaluri bankis daniSnulebaa ker-Zo pirTa mravalmxrivi momsaxureba finan-suri cxovrebis nebismier stadiaze: dag-roveba, sabazro momsaxureba, iseTi, rogo-ricaa: angariSwarmoeba, davalianebis, anab-rebis da depozitebis gacema, konsulta-ciebi sagadasaxado dabegvraze da sxva.
universaluri banki, rogorc marka _ jerjerobiT Seufasebelia. myari, stabi-luri universaluri bankebi floben jer kidev Seufasebel sagans, rogoricaa fir-mis marka, romelic gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, fondebis formiT arsebuli axali produq-tebisaTvis safirmo markad. TiToeuli Zlieri banki cxovrobs ndobiT angariSze. ndoba qmnis markas, xolo marka warmogvid-geba ndobis simbolod bankisaTvis mZime dReebSi.
amrigad, finansebis sferoSi globali-zacia da konkurencia komerciul bankebs ubiZgebs ufro damsxvilebisaken. uaxloes
83
momavalSi savaraudoa msoflio ekonomika moirgos bankebma, romelTa aqtivebi aTe-uli mlrd dolars gadaaWarbebs. msof-lioSi mimdinare Tu prognozirebul vari-antTagan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom saqar-TveloSi aseTi udidesi bankebis formi-reba-funqcionireba swrafad ver moxdeba, Tumca garkveuli winapirobebi zogierT maTganSi aSkarad ukve gamokveTilia.
gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. qoqiauri l., sabanko saqme, Tb., 2010 w.
2. asaTiani r., globalizacia, ekonomiku-ri Teoria da saqarTvelo. Tbilisi, 2010.
3. papava v., saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-di saqarTveloSi: miRwevebi da Sec-domebi; Tb., 2000.
4. menqiu g., ekonomikis principebi, Tb., 2000.
5. robaqiZe r., sakredito urTierTobebis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, 2003w.
6. balceroviCi l., saxelmwifo gardama-val periodSi, Tb., 2002.
7. kakulia m., savaluto sistemis ganviTa-rebis problemebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2001.
stres-testebis meTodologiis rolis Sesaxeb sabanko seqtorSi
TinaTin gugeSaSvili _ awsu-s asocirebuli profesori zurab muSkudiani _ awsu-s doqtoranti
reziume
bankma regularulad unda awarmoos
stres-testebi da ganixilos Sedegebi ze-damxedvelTan. mocemuli meTodi ganmar-tavs principebs da aRwers im ZiriTad mi-nimalur CarCos, romliTac unda ixelmZR-vanelos bankma stres-testebis Catarebi-sas. (mag. riski valdebulebebis kovenanteb-ze, likvidobis/fondirebis riski da sxva).
statistikuri informaciis dabali xa-risxis gamo, aseve, stres-testebisaTvis ufro metad momavalze orientirebuli xa-siaTis misacemad, stres-testebis ZiriTa-di nawili, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, unda Catardes tranzaqciis doneze.
სtres-testebi unda moicavdes ekonomi-kuri xasiaTis sistemuri da seqtoruli mniSvnelobis Sokebs, romelTa gavlenac bankze materialuria. erTdroulad unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli rogorc dadebi-Tad korelirebadi, aseve is Sokebi, romel-Ta erTdrouli moxdena ar aris gamori-
cxuli. es ar gulisxmobs, rom bankma erT-droulad unda gauZlos yvela Soks. am So-kebisTvis adekvaturi kapitalis moculoba damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ra mo-Txovnebs daawesebs seb-i kontrcikluri da konservaciis buferebisTvis, bankis mxri-dan stresul situaciaSi damatebiTi kapi-talis mozidvis SesaZleblobaze. amasTan, stresuli scenaris garkveuli nawilisaT-vis SesaZloa misaRebi iyos sazedamxed-velo kapitalis minimaluri maCveneblis dacva, xolo mTliani scenarisaTvis mxo-lod gadaxdisunarianoba.
sakvanZo sityvebi: stres-testebi, ris-ki, valdebulebebis kovenantebi, (likvido-bis/fondirebis riski), stresuli scenari
О роли методологии стресс-стресов в бановском секторе
Резюме
Банк должен регулярно проводить стрес-тесты
и рассмотривать результаты с надзирателем. Дан-
84
ный метод рассмотривает и описивает минималь-ную рамку с которим должен рукаводствоваться банк при проведении стрес-тестов (например: риск на ковенантских обязательствах, риск фондирова-ния/ликвидности и др. ).
При наличии низкого качества стaтистической информации, в том числе для придания стрес-тес-там ориентацию на будушее, основные часты стрес-тестов должны прповадится на уровне тран-закций.
Стрес-тесты должны включать в себя систем-ные экономыческие и секторного значения шоки, воздеиствие которых на банк материальны. Од-новременно должно предусмотриваться как поло-жителные корелационные так и те шоки воздеист-вые в месте которых не исключено. Это не исклю-чает то что, банк должен одновременно выдержать все эти шоки. Для снятия этих шоков адекватный обьем капитала будет зависить от тех контра-циклических и консервационных буферов кото-рых устоновит Государственый Банк Грузий. А также со стороны банка в стресовой ситуаций при-влечено допольнительного капитала. Для части стрессевого сценария возможно применять паказа-теля надзирательного минимального капитала, а для целого сценария только платежноспособность.
saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis mdgra-
dobis xarisxi ukanasknel wlebSi Tanda-TanobiT amaRlda,rac miRweul iqna sabanko sistemaSi struqturuli gardaqmnebisa da srulyofis, calkeuli sabanko dawesebu-lebebis stabilurobis likvidurobisa da gadaxdisunarianobis gaumjobesebiT. ker-Zod, saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda komerciu-li bankebis aqtivebis, sakredito dabande-bebis, moziduli saxsrebis, anabrebis mo-culobis da wminda mogebis zrdis ten-den-cia. zemoTqmuls xeli Seuwyo komerciuli bankebis mxridan stres-testebis meTodu-rad ganxorcielebam, rac ganpirobebulia qvqynis erovnuli bankis moTxovniT.
ramdenadac aRniSnul statiaze muSaoba ufro adre daviwyeT vidre saqarTvelos erovnul banks gamoeyofoda sabanko zeda-mxedvelobis funqcia, avtorebi itoveben imeds, rom aRniSnul kvlevaSi erovnuli bankis rolis Sesaxebsaubari ar iqneba ara-sworad gagebuli. sabanko zedamxedvelo-bis funqciis CamoTmevis sakiTxis ganxilva calke sakvlevi masala da Temaa.
saqarTvelos erovnuli banki Tanmim-devrulad aviTarebs stres-testebis me-Todologias. mniSvnelovania im scenare-bisa da risk-faqtorebis gamovlena da Se-
faseba, romelTac SeuZliaT gavlena moax-dinon bankis finansur mdgomareobaze. Se-sabamisad, bankma regularulad unda awar-moos stres-testebi da ganixilos Sedegebi zedamxedvelTan. mocemuli kvleva ganmar-tavs zogad principebs da aRwers im Ziri-Tad minimalur CarCos, romliTac unda ixelmZRvanelos bankma stres-testebis Ca-tarebisas.
stres-testi unda Catardes mTlianad bankis doneze (Enterprise level stress) da moxdes bankis mTlian finansur mdgomareo-baze sxvadasxva Sokisa da maTTan urTierT-dakavSirebuli efeqtis Sefaseba. magali-Tad, makro Sokebis gavlena sakredito riskze, likvidobaze, momgebianobaze. ase-ve, gacvliTi kursis cvlilebis scenaris Sefasebis dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas misi efeqti bankis balansis gadafase-baze (sabazro riski), aqtivebis xarisxze (sakredito riski), valdebulebebis kove-nantebze(personaluri sivrce, kerZo sivr-ce) (likvidobis/fondirebis riski) da sxva.
statistikuri informaciis dabali xa-risxis gamo, aseve, stres- testebisaTvis ufro metad momavalze orientirebuli xa-siaTis misacemad, stres-testebis ZiriTa-di nawili, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, unda Catardes tranzaqciis doneze (Transa-ction level stress). mocemuli meTodi gulis-xmobs ekonomikuri parametrebis cvlile-bis Sedegad msesxeblis gadamxdelunari-anobis Sefasebas, ris safuZvelzec unda moxdes miRebuli Sedegebis agregireba da integrireba mTlianad bankis doneze gan-xorcielebul stres-testSi.
stres-testebi unda moicavdes ekonomi-kuri xasiaTis sistemuri da seqtoruli mniSvnelobis Sokebs, romelTa gavlenac bankze materialuria. erTdroulad unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli rogorc dadebi-Tad korelirebadi, aseve is Sokebi, ro-melTa erTdrouli moxdena ar aris ga-moricxuli. es ar gulisxmobs, rom bankma erTdroulad unda gauZlos yvela Soks. am SokebisTvis adekvaturi kapitalis mocu-loba damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ra moTxovnebs daawesebs seb-i kontrcikluri da konservaciis buferebisTvis, bankis mxridan stresul situaciaSi damatebiTi kapitalis mozidvis SesaZleblobaze. amas-Tan, stresuli scenaris garkveuli nawili-
85
saTvis SesaZloa misaRebi iyos sazedam-xedvelo kapitalis minimaluri maCveneb-lis dacva, xolo mTliani scenarisaTvis mxolod gadaxdisunarianoba.
stres-testebis CarCos Semdgomi daxve-wisaTvis, makro stres-testebTan erTad, saqarTvelos erovnuli banki aviTarebs mikro stres-testebis CarCos. aRniSnuli midgoma ufro maRali sizustis miRwevis saSualebas iZleva, iTvaliswinebs ra sak-redito riskis amsaxvel koeficientebs. stres-testebis Sedegebis intensiuri ga-moyeneba moxdeba bazel II-III-is sazedamxed-velo ganxilvis procesis farglebSi.
sazedamxedvelo stres-testebis meTo-dologia bankebisaTvis mniSvnelovania im scenarebisa da risk-faqtorebis gamovle-nisa da SefasebisaTvis, romelTac SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos bankis finansur mdgra-dobaze. Sesabamisad, bankma regularulad unda awarmoos stres-testebi da ganixi-los Sedegebi zedamxedvelTan. aRniSnuli, aseve mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs ba-zel II da III mixedviT sazedamxedvelo gan-xilvis dros bankis Sida kapitalis adek-vaturobis Sefasebisas. mocemuli meTo-duri saxelmZRvanelo ganmartavs princi-pebs da aRwers im ZiriTad minimalur Car-Cos, romliTac unda ixelmZRvanelos bank-ma stres-testebis Catarebisas.
ZiriTadi stresuli scenari moicavs Semdeg parametrebs: mSp da misi seqtoruli ganawileba, saojaxo meurneobis Semosav-lebi, umuSevroba, savaluto kursi, uZravi qonebis fasebi, saprocento ganakveTebi da sasaqonlo produqtebis fasebi, seqtoru-li riskebi da aseve sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ekonomikuri arastabiluroba an savaWro barierebi.
damatebiT, bankma unda gamoavlinos misTvis specifikuri faqtorebi, romelTa cvlileba mniSvnelovan gavlenas iqoniebs finansur mdgomareobaze. magaliTad, sa-banko holdingis sakredito reitingis da-qveiTeba, Semosavlebis mxriv garkveul produqtebze koncentracia, romelTac stres-testebis CarCo ar faravs da sxva damatebiTi faqtorebi, romelTa mimarT banki materialurad mgrZnobiarea.
stres-testebis miznebisaTvis sabanko institutis aqtivebi da garebalansuri muxlebi unda daiyos Semdeg kategoriebad:
1. korporatiuli portfeli (sabalanso, garesabalanso) _ individualurad Sesafasebeli;
2. korporatiuli da mcire/saSualo por-tfeli (sabalanso, garesabalanso) _ SerCeviT Sesafasebeli;
3. sacalo portfeli (sabalanso, garesa-balanso) _ SerCeviT an sxvadasxva mo-delis saSualebiT Sesafasebeli;
4. fiqsirebuli aqtivebi _ Senoba-nage-bobebi, miwa;
5. dasakuTrebuli qoneba _ Senoba-nage-bobebi, miwa;
6. sxva aqtivebi; 7. investiciebi arasafinanso kompaniebSi; 8. investiciebi safinanso kompaniebSi; 9. likviduri aqtivebi, bankTaSorisis Ca-
TvliT; 10. sxva garebalansuri muxlebi.
zemoT warmodgenilis garda, bankma in-dividualurad unda moaxdinos iseTi ris-kebis identificireba da maTze stres-testebis Catareba, romelTa mimarTac misi aqtivebi da garesabalanso muxlebi mgrZ-nobiarea aqtivebis darCenili sami katego-riisTvis ("sxva aqtivebi", "likviduri aq-tivebi, bankTaSorisis CaTvliT", "sxva ga-rebalansuri muxlebi"). stres-testi unda Catardes bankis diskreciiT da meTodo-logiiT, rac winaswar unda SeTanxmdes sa-qarTvelos erovnul bankTan.
bankma unda uzrunvelyos portfelis CaSla erTgvarovan kategoriebad da moax-dinos portfelis ZiriTadi maCveneblebis (mag. msesxebelTa dayofa Semosavlis mo-culobebis mixedviT) ganawileba. gansa-zRvros stresis Semdeg ZiriTadi maCveneb-lebis limitebi, romelic gavlenas moax-dens sesxis klasifikaciaze. aRniSnuli li-mitebi unda SeTanxmdes bankis zedamxed-velTan. amasTan, sacalo portfelSi mox-vedrili sesxebi, romlebsac dafarvis wya-ro gaaCnia biznesidan, stres-testebis miz-nebisaTvis analizs daeqvemdebareba kor-poratiuli msesxeblebis analogiurad. Se-fasebis gansxvavebuli midgomis miuxeda-vad, msgavsi sesxebi darCeba Sesabamis ka-tegoriaSi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
86
1. kovzanaZe i. Tanamedrove sabanko saqme: Teoria da praqtika
http://www.sabanko.com/wignisshinaarsi/ T.4 gv101-114
2. managaZe i. „saqarTvelos sabanko sistema XXI saukunis mijnaze“ Jurn. „banki.” 2000.
№1. gv. 3. 3. Brunnermeier, M., A. Crockett, C. Goodhart, A.
Persaud, and H. S. Shin. 2009. The Fundamental Principles of Financial Regulation. Geneva and
London: International Center for Monetary and Banking Studies, and Centre for Economic Policy Research, London. gv.32-57
4. Лаврушина О. И. “Банковская система в современной экономике” [учебноепособие] – 2-еизд., стер. – М.: КНОРУС, 2012. – 368 с.
5. Тавасиев А. М. Банковское дело: управление кредитной организацией. [Текст] Учебное посо-бие. М.: Издательско-торговаякорпорация 2007.– 668 с.
korporaciuli marTvis srulyofis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani saqarTveloSi
kaxaber JRenti - saqarTvelos sapatriarqos
wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis doqtoranti
reziume statiaSi xazgasmulia, rom saqarTve-
loSi dReisaTvis arsebuli biznes garemos yvelaze popularuli tendenciaa ucxouri investiciebis mozidva da IPO-ze gasvlis perspeqtivebis uzrunvelyofa. aqedan ga-momdinare, kompaniisaTvis metad mniSvne-lovania korporaciuli menejmentis saki-Txebis daregulireba, romelic metad sa-yuradReboa investorisaTvis. dasabuTebu-lia, rom saqarTveloSi korporaciuli marTvis problemebis minimumamde dasayva-nad aucilebelia: korporaciaTa sameTval-yureo sabWoSi wardgenili iqnes damouki-debeli wevrebi, romlebic investorisaT-vis garkveul garantias warmoadgenen; ga-Zlierdes kompaniis Sida kontroli da mo-nitoringi; kompaniebSi Camo-ya-libdes ise-Ti damxmare organoebi, rogoricaa komi-
tetebi da korporaciuli mdivani; dainer-gos Sefasebis meqanizmi, romelic warma-tebiT funqcionirebs dasavleTis qveyneb-Si, raTa kompanionebma gansazRvron ramde-nad nayofieria mmarTvelobiTi organoebis funqcionireba da ra naklovanebebi gaaCnia maT saqmianobas; saxelmwifom, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvros kompaniaTa marTvis minimalu-ri standartebi da danergos ufro efeq-turi da moqnili maregulirebeli normebi.
sakvanZo sityvebi: korporaciuli marT-va, korporaciuli mdivani, korporaciuli menejmenti, korporaciuli socialuri pa-suxismgebloba.
Main directions of improvement of corporate
governance in Georgia
Kakhaber Jgenti
Summary
87
The article emphasizes that the current business
environment in Georgia is the most popular trend in foreign investment and the prospect of IPO- software. Therefore, it is very important for the company's corporate management issues under which the in-vestor is most notable.
It is proved that it is necessary to minimize the problems of corporate governance in Georgia: the supervisory board to be independent members of corporations, which are a guarantee of the investor; Strengthen the company's internal control and mo-nitoring; Companies to form such subsidiary bodies, such as committees and corporate secretary; Imple-ment the evaluation mechanism, which is successfully operating in Western countries, in order to determine whether the Companions of government bodies to function and be productive in their work has short-comings; The state, in turn, determine the minimum standards of the companies management and introducing more efficient and flexible regulations.
saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis arsebuli
biznes garemos yvelaze popularuli ten-denciaa ucxouri investiciebis mozidva da IPO-ze (pirveladi sajaro SeTavazeba) gasvlis perspeqtivebis uzrunvelyofa. aqedan ga-momdinare, kompaniisaTvis metad mniSvne-lovania korporaciuli menejmentis saki-Txebis daregulireba, romelic metad sa-yuradReboa investorisaTvis.
dasavleTSi korporaciuli marTvis Zi-riTadi problemebia: aqcionerTa daqsaq-sulobisa da inertulobis gamo menejmen-tis gakontrolebis problema; aqcionerTa mxridan administraciis gadawyvetilebeb-ze da saqmianobaze zegavlenis moxdena; menejerTa mravalmilioniani kontraqtebi, pasuxisgebaSi micemis siZnele da insaide-ruli informaciis darRveviT gamoyeneba.
sadReisod, saqarTveloSi korporaciu-li marTvis donis amaRlebas aferxebs in-formaciis, finansebis, kvalificiur spe-cialistTa da mmarTveli organoebis mxri-dan interesis nakleboba. qveynis mTavar problemas korporaciul marTvaSi gane-kuTvneba: (1) aqcionerebis mier sakuTari uflebebis arcodna; (2) kanonmdeblobiT da Sida debulebebiT dadgenili wesebis ugu-lebelyofa; (3) araefeqturi mmarTvelobis organoebi da maTi formaluri gakont-roleba; (4) garigebebis arseboba dakavSi-rebul mxareebTan; informaciis ara saja-rooba da xarvezebi kanonmdeblobaSi.
korporaciuli marTvis yvela kodeqsis moTxovnaa sameTvalyureo sabWos da di-reqtorTa saqmianobis yovelwliuri Sefa-seba. saqarTveloSi sameTvalyureo sabWos funqcionirebisas Tavs iCen Semdegi sami ZiriTadi problema: formaluri arseboba; sabWoSi naTesavebis da megobrebis yola; sabWos SemadgenlobaSi arakvalificiuri wevrebis Seyvana. gavrcelebuli problemaa korporaciaTa mxridan informaciis arasa-jarooba; konpaniebi ar axdenen wliuri an-gariSebis gamoqveynebas da informacia ar aris xelmisawvdomi wvrili aqcionerebisa-Tvis.
saqarTveloSi korporaciul marTvas-Tan dakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo baza mwiria, saqarTvelos kanonSi „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ bundovania xelmZRvanel pirTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, aseve gurkveve-lia mniSvnelovani debulebebi kanonSi „fa-siani qaRaldebis bazris Sesaxeb“. rac See-xeba „sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss“, igi iT-valiswinebs xelmZRvanel pirTa pasuxism-geblobis sakiTxs, Tumca Znelia dasaxel-des SemTxveva, rodesac am muxlebis gamo-yenebiT damdgariyo xelmZRvanelTa pasu-xismgeblobis sakiTxi.
kompaniebi yvelaze xSirad korporaci-ul marTvas ukavSireben iseTi amocanebis gadawyvetas, rogoricaa: investiciebis mo-zidva, strategiuli gadawyvetilebis mi-Rebis efeqturobis amaRleba, aqcionerebsa da mmarTvelobiT organoebs Soris urTi-erTobebis efeqturobis amaRleba. 2008 wlis finansurma krizisma daadastura, rom kompaniebi, romlebic ar imarTebian aRia-rebuli saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesa-bamisad, ar arian orientirebuli zrdaze da aqvT gamWvirvalobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. isini sakuTar saqmianobaSi ganwiruli arian marcxisaTvis da safrTxes uqmnian TiTeul TanamSromels, kredito-rebs, debitorebs da sxva dainteresebul pirebs.
saqarTveloSi korporaciuli marTvis saukTeso magaliTia ai-es Telasis korpo-raciuli menejmenti. ss „TelasSi“ aqcio-nerTa uflebebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT miRebulia Semdegi Sida dokumentebi, rom-lebic aregulireben sazogadoebis orga-noTa saqmianobas: wesdeba, debuleba aqcio-nerTa saerTo krebis momzadebisa da Cata-
88
rebis wesis Sesaxeb, debuleba sameTvalyu-reo sabWos sxdomebis mowvevisa da Cata-rebis Sesaxeb, debuleba sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebisaTvis anazRaurebis da kom-pensaciebis gadaxdis Sesaxeb, debuleba sa-meTvalyureo sabWos auditis komitetis Sesaxeb, debuleba sazogadoebis aqcione-rebTan urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb, sazoga-doebis aqcionerTa gancxadebebsa da mo-Txovnebze muSaobis meTodika.
ss „Telasis“ marTvisa da kontrolis organoebia: aqcionerTa saerTo kreba; sameTvalyureo sabWo; generaluri direq-tori. ss“TelasSi“ aqcionerTa saerTo kre-ba warmoadgens marTvis umaRles organos, igi aqcionerebs saSualebas aZlevs moaxdi-non sazogadoebis marTvaSi monawileobis uflebis realizacia. sameTvalyureo sab-Wo, aRmasrulebeli organoebi angariSval-debulni arian saerTo krebis winaSe, kom-petenciebis Sesabamisad. generaluri di-reqtori anxorcielebs sazogadoebis mim-dinare saqmianobis xemZRvanelobas, igi warmoadgens sasogadoebis erTpirovnul aRmasrulebel organos, axorcielebs yo-veldRiur marTvasa da warmomadgenlobiT uflebamosilebas. sazogadoebis sameTval-yureo sabWo anxorcielebs sazogadoebis saerTo xelmZRvanelobas, iRebs gadawyve-tilebebs sazogadoebis saqmianobis arse-biT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. sameTval-yureo sabWo Sedgeba eqvsi wevrisagan. Kor-poraciuli marTvis ganxorcielebis pro-cesSi Tavs iCens kompaniaTa socialuri pa-suxismgebloba, romlis ganxorcielebis
xelSemwyobi da xelSemSleli faqtorebi Semdegia:
(1) korporaciuli socialuri pasuxis-mgeblobis ganxorcielebis xelSemwyobi faqtorebi _ mosaxleobis xedva: saxelmwi-fom dauwesos sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi
CSR-aqtiur kompaniebs; saxelmwifom Seqm-nas biznesisaTvis keTilmyofeli garemo; momxmarebelma upiratesoba mianiWos im kompanias, romelic eweva sazogadoebisaT-vis sasargeblo saqmianobas; saxelmwifom biznesis fuliT Seqmnas specialuri fondi socialuri programebisaTvis; mTavrobam daavalos bizness aqtiuroba; arasamTavro-bo seqtorma aqtiurad iTanamSromlos biz-nes kompaniebTan.
(2) saqarTveloSi korporaciuli soci-aluri pasuxismgeblobis ganviTarebis xe-lisSemSleli faqtorebi - biznesmenTa xed-va: 1. gare faqtorebi: saxelmwifos mxridan xelSewyobis da stimulirebis ar arseboba; sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis ararseboba; ara-jansaRi biznes garemo; 2. Sida faqtorebi: bizness ar aqvs msgavsi saqmianobis gamoc-dileba; codnisa da informaciulobis nak-leboba socialuri pasuxismgeblobis gan-xorcielebis formis Sesaxeb; socialuri pasuxismgeblobis proeqtebis dagegmvis, marTvis da Sedegebis Sefasebis gamocdi-lebis nakleboba.
saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove etapze Zal-ze mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo sawarmoebis, rogorc centralur, ise adgilobriv do-neze korporaciuli mmarTvelobis siste-mis danergva, romelic uzrunvelyofs sa-xelmwifo sawarmoebidan maqsimaluri eko-nomikuri da socialuri sargeblis miRebas. OECD-is wevr saxelmwifoebSi aRniSnul seqtorSi reformebis ganxorcielebis au-cilebloba maRalma sazogadoebrivma inte-resma da saxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTvasTan dakavSirebulma problemebma warmoSva, ro-goricaa, magaliTad, sawarmoTa saqmianoba-Si zedmeti politikuri Careva, pasiuri da araefeqturad moqmedi mmarTvelobiTi or-ganoebi (sameTvalyureo da direqtorTa sabWoebi), arasakmarisi gamWvirvaloba, ga-umarTavi angariSvaldebulebis sistema da a.S.
am mizniT OECD-is Zvel da axal wevr saxelmwifoebSi saxelmwifo sawarmoebTan dakavSirebuli Zireuli reformebi gan-xorcielda, aRniSnuli reformebis gan-xorcielebis procesSi saxelmwifoebi mra-vali gamowvevis winaSe aRmoCnden. yvelaze rTuli iyo balansis povna saxelmwifos mxridan partnioris uflebamosilebis aq-tiurad ganxorcielebasa da sawarmoTa saq-mianobaSi zedmet Carevas Soris.
saqarTveloSic dReisaTvis saxelmwifo sawarmoTa wilebi/aqciebi marTvis ufle-biT gadacemulia sxvadasxva subieqtebze, kerZod, 17 sawarmo marTvis uflebiT gada-cemuli aqvs sxvadasxva saministros, maTi mmarTvelobis sferosa da kompetenciis Se-sabamisad.
saxelmwifosaTvis mniSvnelovani da fi-nansurad gamarTuli sawarmoebi sakuTre-
89
baSi gadacemuli aqvs ss sapartnioro fonds. fondis mTavari daniSnulebaa sa-qarTveloSi investiciebis waxaliseba sain-vesticio proeqtebis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze Tanamonawileobis gziT (kapitalSi Tanainvestireba, subordinirebuli sesxi da a.S.). fondis aqtivebis porTfeli Sed-geba Semdegi kompaniebisagan: saqarTvelos rkinigza _ 100% wili; saqarTvelos nav-Tobisa da gazis korporacia _ 100% wili; saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtro sistema _ 100% wili; ss Telasi - 24,5% wili.
garda aRniSnuli sawarmoebisa, fondis sakuTrebaSia kidev 5 kompania da am kom-paniebis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi 12 kompa-nia. aRniSnuli fondis saqmianoba mTlia-nobaSi agebulia korporaciuli marTvis safuZvlebze.
saqarTveloSi korporaciuli marTvis sferoSi mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is gare-moeba, rom ar arsebobs samarTlebrivi Car-Co da mkafiod gansazRvruli politika, ris gamoc saxelmwifo sawarmoTa marTvis praqtika ar aris unificirebuli da yvela saministros sakiTxisadmi gansxvavebuli midgoma aqvs. magaliTad, saministroebSi funqcionirebs monitoringisa da angariS-gebis gansxvavebuli sistema. amasTanave, sa-warmoTa organizaciuli struqtura da maTi mmarTvelobiTi saqmianoba ar efuZ-neba saerTo principebs, rac gamowveulia imiTac, rom ar aris SemuSavebuli saxelm-wifo sawarmoTa korporaciuli marTvis sa-xelmZRvanelo, romelSic gawerili iqneba sawarmoTa marTvis ZiriTadi normebi da principebi. msgavsi saxis saxelmZRvanelo msoflios mraval qveyanaSia. yovelive amis gamo, qveyanaSi ar aris uzrunvelyofili sawarmoTa marTvis sistemis efeqturi fun-qcionireba.
saerTaSoriso praqtikisa da saqarTve-loSi arsebuli situaciis analizi cxad-yofs, rom strategiis, mkafio xedvisa da korporaciuli marTvis ZiriTadi princi-pebis SemuSavebisa da praqtikaSi gamoyene-bis gareSe SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo sawar-moTa produqtiuli saqmianobisa da momge-bianobis zrda. sawarmoTa korporaciuli marTvis uzrunvelyofis gareSe saxelm-wifo sawarmoebi iqnebian qveynisaTvis mxo-lod tvirTi, romelsac arsebiT sargebeli ar moqvs.
saerTaSoriso strategiisa da praqti-kis pirveladi moTxovna/rekomendaciaa, rom aucilebelia qveyanaSi arsebobdes sawarmoTa makordinirebeli organo. aseTi makordinirebeli organo arsebobs ekono-mikis da mdgradi ganviTarebis saminist-rosTan qonebis marTvis erovnuli saagen-tos saxiT, magram makoordinirebeli or-gano, korporaciuli mmarTvelobis Ziri-Tadi principebidan gamomdinare, aqtiurad unda axorcielebdes partniorTa ufleba-mosilebebs da mis arsebobas ar unda hqondes formaluri xasiaTi. saagentos partnioris yvela uflebamosileba sami-nistroze aqvs delegirebuli da, Sesaba-misad, marTvaSi saerTod ar monawileobs (Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom qonebis gankar-gvasTan mimarTebaSi saministroebi gada-wyvetilebas saagentos TanxmobiT iReben).
amasTanave, saministroebis mxridan sa-agentoSi ar xdeba angariSis wardgena maT mmarTvelobis sferoSi arebuli sawarmoe-bis saqmianobis da momgebianobis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos ar aqvs agregi-rebuli informacia saxelmwifo sawarmoTa funqcionirebis Sesaxeb, rac sawarmoTa ze-damxedvelobasa da sistemaSi arsebul problemaTa droul identificirebas Se-uZlebels xdis. dRemde ar aris SemuSa-vebuli sawarmoTa marTvis politika, ro-melic saerTo iqneboda sawarmoTa mmarT-veli yvela saministrosaTvis. aRniSnuli xels Seuwyobda korporaciul marvaSi er-Tian xedvis Camoyalibebas da politikis formirebas qveynis masStabiT.
amrigad, saqarTveloSi korporaciuli marTvis problemebis minimumamde dasayva-nad aucilebelia: korporaciaTa sameTval-yureo sabWoSi wardgenili iqnes damouki-debeli wevrebi, romlebic investorisaT-vis garkveul garantias warmoadgenen; ga-Zlierdes kompaniis Sida kontroli da mo-nitoringi; kompaniebSi Camoyalibdes iseTi damxmare organoebi, rogoricaa komite-tebi da korporaciuli mdivani; dainergos Sefasebis meqanizmi, romelic warmatebiT funqcionirebs dasavleTis qveynebSi, raTa kompanionebma gansazRvron ramdenad nayo-fieria mmarTvelobiTi organoebis funq-cionireba da ra naklovanebebi gaaCnia maT saqmianobas; saxelmwifom, Tavis mxriv, gan-sazRvros kompaniaTa marTvis minimaluri
90
standartebi da danergos ufro efeqturi maregulirebeli normebi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Корпоративное управление https: //ru. Wikipe-
dia.org/wiki/Корпоративное_управление.
2. Принципы корпоративного управления ОЭСР: www.oecd.org/corporate/ca/.../32159669.
3. Корпоративный секретарь в системе корпо-ративного управления компании : учеб.-практ. пособие / под общ. ред. Беликова И. В.; Рос. ин-т директоров. — М.: Империум Пресс, 2005. — 424 с.
4. Корпоративное управление: история и прак-тика: www.cbr.ru/management.../index.-html.
araswori gadawyetilebebi menejmentSi da maTi Sedegebi biznesSi
manana alfaiZe _ seu-s asocirebuli profesori nazi WikaiZe _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori
reziume
Tanamedrove organizaciebs gamZafre-buli konkurenciis pirobebSi uwevT ar-seboba. dRes ukve Znelia pasuxis gacema ki-Txvaze Tu ra ufro mniSvnelovania bazaar-ze damkvidrebisa da Semdgomi ganviTa-rebisTvis, yovelmxriv detalurad gaazre-buli gadawyvetilebebis miReba Tu gada-wyvetilebebis swrafad miReba? ra meTode-bi gamoviyenoT marTvaSi da rogor mo-vergoT mudmivad cvalebad garemos? Gada-wyvetilebis miRebasTan erTad momxmareb-lis, momsaxurebisa da produqtis sworad SerCeva biznesis warmatebis safuZvels warmoadgens. am kiTxvebze swori pasuxebis gacemas SeuZlia gadaarCinos da ganavi-Taros biznesi, gamoavlinos axali Sesa-Zleblobebi. aRniSnuli kiTxvebze pasuxebi asaxavs momxmarebels, produqtsa da ga-yidvas erTianobaSi, zrdis resursebis efe-
qtian gamoyenebas da organizaciis sico-cxlisunarianobas.
sakvanZo sityvebi: gadawyvetileba,
biznesi, momxmarebeli, momsaxureba, funq-cia.
Incorrect decisions in the management and their implications for business
Manana Alpaidze
Associate Professor of TNU Nazi Chikaidze
Associate Professor of GTU
Summary
Modern organizations exist in the terms of the heightened competition. Today it is difficult to answer the question of what is more important for the market introduction and further development: comprehensive detail thought out decisions or to make decisions quickly? What kind of methods use and how to manage the ever-changing environment? Together to make decisions the foundation of business success is
91
to right selection of customers, service and product. Right answers to these questions can save and develop the business and to identify new opportunities. These answers on these questions reflect the customer, the product and the sales as a whole, support the growth of efficient of resources using and the organization's visibility.
gadawyvetilebis miReba, erTi SexedviT umartivesi procesi romelsac TiToeuli individi yovelgvari momzadebisa da speci-fikuri ganaTlebis gareSe axorcielebs, menejmentSi rTuli da kompleqsuri Seswa-vlis sagania. gadawyvetilebis miReba gu-lisxmobs problemis an SesaZleblobis ide-ntificirebis da samoqmedo kursis alter-nativebidan saukeTesos amorCevis pro-cess.
qarTul organizaciebSi bevri problema sxva qveynebis msgavsia, Tumca Cveni erov-nuli xasiaTi da kulturuli Tavisebure-bebi, saqmis keTebis tradiciebi da istoria gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebebis mireba-ze. analizis Sedegad gamoiyo is proble-mebi, romelic saqarTveloSi yvelaze xSi-rad gvxvdeba: adamianebis araswori dawinaureba _ es
amcirebs daqvemdebarebulTa motiva-cias da Sesabamisad organizaciis efeq-tianobas.
TanamSromlebad axloblebis, megob-rebis, maTi Svilebisa da naTesavebis ayvana _ xdeba saTave araprofesio-nalizmisa da udisciplinobisa;
arasakmarisi delegireba – ufleba-mosilebebis arasakmarisi gadacema anu qveSevrdomebs ar endobian gadawyve-tilebis miRebaSi, rac ukargavs maT iniciativianobas;
susti komunikaciebi menejersa da ri-giT TanamSromlebs Soris _ Sedegad TanamSromlebi muSaoben marto imdens da marto imitom, rom samsaxuridan ar daiTxovon, Rrmavdeba dapirispire-bebi;
bundovani struqtura _ gaumijnavi an arasworad gamijnuli ufleba-movale-obebi da pasuxismgeblobebi;
bundovani warmodgena Soreul Tu uax-loes amocanebze _ arasaTanado ko-munikaciebi TanamSromlebsa da calke-ul qvedanayofebs Soris;
damfuZneblebis an msxvili aqcionere-bis intensiuri Careva organizaciis yoveldRiur da operatiul marTvaSi;
araswori samuSao reJimi _ aqtiuri muSaobis fazebi darRveulia da agebu-lia calkeuli pirebis saqmianobis gra-fikze. aseTi organizaciebi xangrZliv-vadian warmatebas ver aRweven;
klientebis interesebis ugulebelyo-fa, arasaTanado Sefaseba, dafaseba da gaTvaliswineba;
kidev erTi Tavisebureba qarTul rea-lobaSi _ saqmiani da konkurentuli urTierTobebis mkveTri asaxva pirad urTierTobebze.
praqtikaSi Zalian xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca bizness dakargvis anu gakotrebis sa-frTxe emuqreba. maT uwevT gadarCenis gzebze fiqri, raTa aucilebeli valdebu-lebebis momsaxureba SeZlon. amisaTvis mni-Svnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebaa sa-Wiro. krizisamdeli viTareba martivia - aris fulic da aris myidvelic. krizisis dros ki adamianebi raimis yidvamde bevrs fiqroben, bankebic sesxebs Znelad gas-cemen. garemoeba aiZulebs kompaniebs Sea-fason biznesmodelebi da Seitanon masSi koreqtivebi. pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvebs: vin arian Cveni momxmareblebi, vis-
Tvis vmuSaobT?; ra produqts, ra sargebels vqmniT
maTTvis?; rogor vyidiT Cvens produqts (mom-
saxurebas)? am kiTxvebze swori pasuxebis gacemas
SeuZlia gadaarCinos da ganaviTaros biz-nesi, gamoavlinos axali SesaZleblobebi. aRniSnuli kiTxvebze pasuxebi asaxavs mom-xmarebels, produqtsa da gayidvas erTia-nobaSi, zrdis resursebis efeqtian gamo-yenebas da organizaciis sicocxlisuna-rianobas.
maSasadame, adamianebi axerxeben axali biznesmodelis povnas, an arsebulis dax-vewas. menejerebs uwevT gambedaobis gamo-Cena, Tamami cvlilebebisaTvis gadamwyveti nabijebis gadadgma _ rasac erTeulebi axerxeben. wydeba sakiTxi _ vin darCes. viTareba aiZulebs kompaniebs gaxdnen ufro sasargeblo viRacisTvis. vinc amas SeZlebs is gadarCeba, xolo danarCenebi samwuxarod Sewyveten arsebobas.
92
rogorc avRniSneT, gadawyvetilebis miReba biznesis ganuyofeli nawilia, amas-Tan situacia ufro rTuli da sapasu-xismgebloa, rodesac saqme exeba gadawyve-tilebis miRebas organizaciaSi. Oorganiza-ciuli gadawyvetileba menejeris mier ga-keTebuli alternativaa, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos misi movaleobis Sesruleba dakavebuli Tanamdebobis Sesabamisad. Oor-ganizaciuli gadawyvetilebebis mizania organizaciis winaSe mdgomi amocanebis Sesruleba. Tumca mxolod am amocanebis Seusrulebloba ar warmoadgens biznesis ngrevis mizezs.
bevrs miaCnia, rom organizaciis ngrevas finansuri problemebi iwvevs. es mxolod dasawyisia fataluri Sedegebisa, rac grZelvadiani procesebiTaa ganpirobebu-li. kerZod, organizaciis gardauval ngre-vas iwvevs: funqciis dakargva; momxmareblis mxardaWeris dakargva; TanamSromlis mxardaWeris dakargva. am procesebs erTmaneTis gamowvevac
SeuZliaT da TiToeuli maTgani sakmarisia arasasurveli Sedegis misaRebad.
axali ambavi ar aris, rom funqciis da-kargva organizaciis ganadgurebas iwvevs, Tumca sainteresoa vicodeT, es rodis da rogor xdeba.
Cven garSemo ramdeni organizaciis me-nejers SeuZlia daufiqreblad, lakoniu-rad da sxartad Tqma, ra aris misi orga-nizaciis funqcia, romelsac is sazoga-doebisTvis asrulebs? vSiSobT - Zalian cotas. maSin ra gasakviria, rom organi-zaciam, SesaZloa, ise dakargos funqcia, rom menejmentma es Zalian gvian an saerTod verc gaigos? amis ZiriTadi mizezi swored menejmentis mier funqciis gaucnobiereb-lobaa. mas ubrald, arc ufiqria amaze, Sesabamisad, ar akvirdeba da ar zrunavs am funqciis SenarCunebazec.
arsebobs aseTi mosazrebac, rom funq-cia SesaZloa garemom, progresma, globa-lizaciam an msgavsma procesebma gaxados araaqtualuri. sinamdvileSi ase TiTqmis arasdros xdeba. ubralod menejerebi xSi-rad ureven erTmaneTSi funqciebsa da produqtebs. funqcia ar aris ama Tu im produqtis an maTi nairsaxeobis warmoeba da miwodeba (rac sakmaod xSirad kargavs
aqtualurobas). produqtze da ara funq-ciaze orientirebuli organizaciebi, adre Tu gvian aucileblad dakargaven funqcias _ meore mniSvnelovani mizezic swored es aris. menejerebi ufro met yuradRebas uTmoben produqts da zrunaven mis sti-mulirebaze, SenarCunebasa da ganviTare-baze. Sesabamisad. roca produqti aqtua-lobas kargavs an sxva, ufro efeqturiT icvleba, organizacia reagirebas ver axdens.
funqciis dakargvis kidev erTi mizezi damakmayofilebeli finansuri Sedegebia. rogorc wesi, isini maSin uaresdeba, roca funqcia faqtobrivad ukve dakargulia, xolo misi dabruneba - ukiduresad rTuli an SeuZlebeli. menejmenti araswor pa-rametrebs akvirdeba, an sulac mSvidad aris, sanam procesi finansebze ar daiwyebs gavlenis moxdenas.anda menejmenti xvdeba, rom raRac problemebi aris, magram normaluri finansuri Sedegebi gangaSis atexvis saWiroebas auqmebs; organizaciis doneze qmediTi reagireba ver xerxdeba - miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela organizaciaSi, rogorc wesi, sul cota erTi menejeri mainc aris, vinc am Temaze laparaks iwyebs. samwuxarod masar usmenen, sanam savalalo Sedegebi an Zalian ar moaxlovdeba, an realobad ar gadaiqceva.
momxmareblis mxardaWeris dakargva, rom organizaciis ngrevas iwvevs, arc es aris axali ambavi. Tumca arsebobs am pro-cesis gamomwvevi mizezebi, romlebic ufro bolo dros gaxda aqtualuri.
qvemoT mocemuli faqtorebi, romelTa mniSvnelobis zrda ganapiroba kompaniebs Soris produqciisa da momsaxurebis xa-risxSi gansxvavebis Semcirebam, gayidvis me-Todebis mzardma identurobam da brendis warmosaCenad gadadgmuli nabijebis msgav-sebam. wina planze sxva faqtorebi wamovida, romlebsac momxmareblebi sul ufro me-tad aqceven yuradRebas.
Tanamedrove organizaciebi (maT Soris saqarTveloSic) momxmareblis mxardaWeras maSinve kargaven rogorc ki maT mimarT momxmareblis interesi neldeba. naklebi daintereseba, Tavis mxriv, siaxleebisa da originaluri nabijebis naklebobiTa da arasakmarisi gamorCeulobiT aris gamowve-uli. amas ki, rogorc wesi, organizaciis
93
mxridan momxmarebelze arasaTanado zrun-va da misi sasiamovnod gaocebis arasak-marisi survili ganapirobebs.
kidev erTi mizezi, ris gamoc organi-zaciebi momxmareblis mxardaWeras karga-ven aris arasakmarisi saimedooba, xarisxis arastabiluroba da mudmivi ganaxlebis naklebi imedi. momxmareblebi aRar yidu-loben yvelaze karg produqtsac ki, Tu ar arian darwmunebuli, rom organizacia am produqtis Semdgom momsaxurebas, ganaxle-basa da ganviTarebas ganagrZobs. organi-zaciebis saukeTeso produqtic ki ganwi-rulia Tu momxmarebeli eWvs Seitans kom-paniis momavalSi, mis saimedoobasa da san-doobaSi. produqtisa da momsaxurebis SeZena erTjeradi da dausrulebeli aqti aRar aris. masze sul ufro did gavlenas axdens, ra iyo organizacia adre da ra aris misgan mosalodneli momavalSi.
momxmareblis mxardaWeris dakargvis mizezi SeiZleba kidev gaxdes organizaciis arasaTanado zrunva saerTo socialur problemebze, garemosa da sazogadoebis keTildReobaze _ misi ZiriTadi funqciis SesrulebasTan erTad. momxmareblisTvis sul ufro naklebad sainteresoa kompa-niebi, romlebic mxolod sakuTari saqmis keTebiT (Tundac saukeTeso xarisxiT) mxolod mogebis maqsimizacias cdiloben.
ngrevis procesis CamonaTvalSi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli da amasTan, Znelad Semosabrunebelia TanamSromlebis mxarda-Weris dakargva. bevri fiqrobs, rom ga-momwvevi mizezebi anazRaurebisa da mo-tivaciis araswori sistemebia. Sinamdvi-leSi problemebi sxvaganaa.
menejmentis, maTi miznebis, qcevisa da Rirseuli damokidebulebebis arasaTanado xarisxi _ xSirad es mizezebi ganapirobebs TanamSromlebis mxardaWeris dakargvas. raoden srulyofilic unda iyos motiva-ciis sistema, Tu menejmentis umTavresi mi-zani mogebis miReba da piradi an aqcio-nerebis keTildReobaa. TanamSromlebis mxardaWeras didi xniT ver SeinarCuneben, menejmentis tyuili (Tundac erTi Sexed-viT uwyinari), araswori faseulobebi da arakeTilSobiluri saboloo miznebi qmnis garemos, sadac adamianebi ver daikmayofi-
leben mniSvnelovani saqmis keTebis mo-Txovnilebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, menejments maTi mxardaWeris imedi ar unda hqondes.
sxva mizezebi, romlebic TanamSromle-bis mxardaWeris dakargvas iwvevs, maTze arasaTanado zrunva, maTi arasaTanado aRiareba da maT mimarT arasakmarisi ndo-baa. Tu menejmenti ar zrunavs, ar aRiarebs, an ar endoba Tavis TanamSromlebs, adre Tu gvian, es gardauvlad iqvevs adamianebis mxardaWeris dakargvas.
mesame, Zalian mniSvnelovani mizezi SesaZloa, TanamSromlebTan arasakmarisi komunikacia gaxdes. menejmentisaTvis das-mul da pasuxgaucemel kiTxvebs, romlebic xelmZRvanelebis qcevebs, gadawyvetile-bebs, midgomebs exeba, TanamSromlebi Ta-vadve scemen pasuxebs da rogorc wesi, isini yvela SesaZlo pasuxze uaresia. ami-tom, TanamSromlebma erTi SxedviT Tundac maTTvis arasasurveli, magram realuri, obieqturi da drouli pasuxi miiRon yvela SekiTxvaze.
zemoxsenebul sam mizezs rom TanamS-romlebis mxardaWeris dakargva SeuZlia, Zneli dasajerebeli ar unda iyos. magram, TviT am process, rom organizaciis ga-nadgureba ZaluZs, SesaZloa, es bevr me-nejers gacnobierebuli arc hqondes.
iq, sadac adamianebi organizaciis war-matebaze ar fiqroben, ar arian mondo-mebuli da CarTuli am procesSi, siaxle xSiri ar aris; iq cud gadawyvetilebebs iReben. iq adamianTa inteleqti imisTvis ki ar muSaobs, Tu ra akeTon ukeTesad, aramed imisTvis, Tu rogor imuSaon ise, rom SeniSvna ar miiRon, an sulac samsaxuri ar dakargon. aseTi organizaciebi, ra Tqma unda, ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe dganan.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. armstrongi g., kotleri f. `marketingis safuZvlebi“ Tb., 2006
2. hili n., warmatebis strategia. Tb., 2015 3. nanitaSvili m., SublaZe g. `marketingis
menejmenti“ Tb. 2014 4. Tanamedrove organizaciebis marTva.
Ggamomc.palitra l . 2012 წ. 2. http://strategy.ge/where_to_buy_books/
94
regionuli menejmentis sistemuri analizi
Emanana maridaSvili _kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universitetis asocirebuli profesori
Mirma maxaraSvili _ kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universitetis doqtoranti
reziume
regionuli ekonomikuri mecnierebis
ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapi xasiaTde-ba misi msoflmxedvelobiTi debulebebis cvlilebebiT da iseTi gardaqmnebiT, rom-lebmac gadamwyveti saxiT winaswar gansa-zRvres XXI saukuneSi misi Teoriul-meTo-dologiuri potencialis prognostikuli funqcia. regionuli mecniereba yuradRe-bas amaxvilebs efeqtur marTvaze. Eekonomi-kuri Teoriisa da praqtikis meTodolo-giur instruments warmoadgens efeqturi marTvis koncefcia, xolo efeqturi menej-mentis formirebisa da realizaciis meqa-nizmi, aRiarebulia regionis ekonomikis zrdis mZlavri stimulatoris funqciis sa-xiT.
sakvanZo sityvebi: regionuli menej-menti, marTvis procesi, efeqturi marTvis koncefcia, qcevis universalur forma,
maRali rangis menejeri, Sromis danawi-leba, profesionalizmi, problemebis iden-tifikacia.
Regional Management System Analysis
Summary
Regional economic science modern stage is characterized by the provisions of its world outlook changes and the transformation that is pre-determined in the XXI century of its theoretical and methodo-logical potential prognostic feature. Regional Science focuses on the effective management. Economic theory and practice methodological tool is the concept of the effective management, and the formation and implementation of an effective management mecha-nism, is recognized as the region's economic growth powerful stimulus function.
Key Words: Regional Management, the process management, Universal form of behavior, effective management concept, senior manager, division of labor, skills, problem identification.
95
Tanamedrove regionuli marTvis kon-
cefcia, sabazro sistemaSi makroekonomi-kuri Teoriis Semadgenelia, romelsac aqvs mZlavri gamoyenebiTi potenciali. igi arsebiTad stimulirebs nacionalur eko-nomikis zrdas. regionul sivrceSi strate-giuli moqmedebisaTvis saWiroa gansazRv-ruli iqnas aqtualuri kanonebi da komple-qsuri faqtorebi. Sesabamisad, unda vTqvaT ekonomikaSi entropiis kategoriis warmo-Cenaze. xelmZRvanelis swori orientacii-saTvis saWiroa aramxolod miznebis gansa-zRvra, aramed saerTo veqtoris gansazRv-rac generaluri ideisken wesebiTa da pro-cedurebiT moZraobis mizniT. mizani war-modgenili unda iqnas regionuli ganviTa-rebis SesaZleblobis centrSi. imisaTvis, rom Sedegi miRebuli iqnas - regionis eko-nomikuri sistemis stabilizacia Tu mdg-radi zrda, aucilebelia konkretul situ-aciaSi moqmedebis praqtikuli algoriTmi, moqmedebis matrica, maRali rangis mmarTvelebi.
efeqturi mmarTvelobiTi gadawyveti-lebis miRebis sakvanZo elementebs mieku-Tvneba garemos ganviTarebis faqtorebis warmoCena - moqmedi kanonmdeblobis da ga-urkvevlobis maxasiaTeblebis dazusteba. gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis monacemebis mopoveba da analizi aris saqmianobis sfe-ro, romelic garkveuli xarisxiT gansa-zRvravs miRebuli mmarTvelobiTi gadawy-vetilebis warmatebiT realizebas. „fias-kos“ cnobili SemTxvevebi qveynis uaxles ekonomikur istoriaSi, gamowveulia cal-keuli faqtorebis araswori SefasebiT (privatizaciis procesi, kanonebi da sxva). literaturuli wyaroebis Sefasebis sa-fuZvelze, SeiZleba ganisazRvros faqto-rebis kompleqsi, romelic regionis soci-al-politikuri situaciis ganviTarebis gzebis klasificirebis SesaZleblobas iZ-leva warmoqmnis sferoebis mixedviT:
1. politikuri _ stabiluri politi-kuri situacia, eTnikuri da nacionaluri konfliqtebis warmoqmnis albaToba, stabi-luri politikuri garemo, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi;
2. ekologiur-bunebrivi _ bunebrivi da teqnogenuri resursebi, nedleuli;
3. infrastruqturuli _ transportis misawvdomoba, nebismieri servisis uzrun-velyofis done (sabanko, sadazRvevo, ko-munaluri), eleqtronuli momsaxurebis gan-viTareba, kavSirgabmulobis modifikacia, komunikaciis ganviTareba;
4. demografiuli _ migraciuli nakadi, mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZ-livoba; Sromisunarianoba; mwarmoeblu-roba;
5. sakadro uzrunvelyofa _ specialis-tebis momzadeba, profesionalebis jgufi, kvalificiuri struqturebi profesiebis mixedviT; motivacia da Sroma;
6. samecniero-teqnikuri _ samecniero bazis mdgomareoba, teqnikuri potencia-lis ganviTareba, Tanamedrove teqnologi-ebis gamoyeneba, organizaciis menejmenti;
7. resursebi _ finasuri, teritoriis materialuri uzrunvelyofa;
8. socialuri _ socialuri institu-tebis ganviTareba, socialuri sferoebis stabiluri funqcionireba, mosaxleobis yvela fenisaTvis socialuri momsaxurebis misawvdomoba, socialuri momsaxurebis Se-srulebis xarisxi;
mmarTvelobis ganmarteba, rogorc sa-xelmwifosa da politikur xelisuflebaze, metad specifikuria. kerZod, mmarTveloba gansazRvrulia, rogorc samarTlebrivi qcevaTa da normaTa sistema, romelic gamo-xatulia: calkeuli jgufebis, klasebis, fenebi-
sa da partiebis kanonis rangSi ayvanil nebaSi, romelic axorcielebs politi-kur Zalauflebas;
saxelmwifos mier sanqcionirebul an dadgenil formebSi, romlis darRve-vac daculia iZulebis ZaliT;
politikuri procesebis sazogadoeb-riv urTierToebebis regulirebaSi.
gadawyvetilebebi xasiaTdeba Tavisebu-rebebiT, rac maTi sxvadasxva niSniT kla-sificirebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, yvela maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: mniSvneloba; sixSire; saSiSroeba; gauqmebis SesaZlebloba; xelmisawvdomi alternativebi.
mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis for-mirebis stoqastikur modelebSi movlenebi
96
cvalebadia da araprognozirebadi (infor-macia arasruli da arazusti) aseT SemTxve-vaSi xelmZRvanels uWirs gadawyvetilebis miReba.
mmarTvelobiTi debulebis mixedviT, marTva xasiaTdeba samarTavi obieqtis Ta-viseburebebiT. zogadad, korporaciuli da saxelmwifo organizaciebis optimaluro-bis miRweva minimaluri resursebis piro-bebSi, aseve, aRniSnuli donis raodenobriv SefasebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi garkveva SesaZlebelia sistemis entropiis Sefasebis meSveobiT. entropia, ekonomikur mecnierebaSi gaigivebulia sistemis ganu-sazRvrelobis xarisxTan. xolo sistemis ganusazRvreloba – es situacia, rodesac sruliad an nawilobriv dafarulia infor-macia sistemisa Tu garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. sistemis sirTulis proporciu-lad izrdeba ganusazRvrelobis faqtoris mniSvneloba. entropia – sxvadasxva piro-bebSi gansxvavebuli Sedegebis miRwevis Se-saZleblobaa.
saerTo regionul masStabSi, swori mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia gaurkvevlobis faq-torebi, saWiroa mravalferovani safrTxe-ebis kotroli da regionis SesaZleblobe-bis aqtiuri gamoyeneba. regionuli faqto-rebis gaurkvevlobis gansazRvra gamomdi-nareobs misi prioritetulobidan. swored socialuri situaciis cvalebadoba warmo-adgens regionuli entropiis dominants.
mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis dasa-xasiaTeblad sami SesaZlo varianti unda ganvixiloT:
1. marTvis ararseboba, xasiaTdeba maq-simaluri entropiiT;
2. idealuri mmarTveloba, anu marTva sruli informirebulobis pirobebSi. MarT-vis obieqti imyofeba erTis toli mniSvne-lobis albaTobis mdgomareobaSi, da ent-ropia nulis tolia;
3. realuri mmarTveloba, anu, marTva arasruli informirebulobisas. mmarTve-lobiTi sistema xSir SemTxvevaSi imyofeba gareSe faqtorebis zemoqmedebis qveS, mar-Tvis obieqtis mdgomareobis amsaxveli in-formacia arasrulia da es aris ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom mmarTvelobiTi zemoqme-deba ar akmayofilebs moTxovnebs. mmarT-velma, marTvis obieqtis yvela SesaZlo
mdgomareobas unda daupirispiros sakuTa-ri mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebani, es eSbis principis saxeliT aris cnobili. mmarTvelobiTi sistema Tavisi SesaZleb-lobebiT unda aRematebodes marTvis obi-eqtis SesaZleblobebs, marTvis obieqtis sirTulem unda gamoiwvios mmarTvelobiTi sistemis srulyofa, es obieqtisa da garemo pirobebis Sesaxeb xelmZRvanelis srulyo-fil da zust informirebulobas gulisx-mobs. regulirebis mizani entropiis sa-survel mdgomareobamde SemcirebaSi mdgo-mareobs.
sakmaod gavrcelebulia “triumfatori” modelireba. igulisxmeba organizaciaSi
erTdroulad sami piri ganagebs marTvis problemebs. samives TavianTi funqciebis Sesruleba uxdeba. ara srulyofili in-formirebis pirobebSi aqcenti unda gaake-Ton intuiciaze, strategiul stilis az-rovnebaze, profesionalizmze da komunika-belurobaze. liderebs Soris rolebis ga-danawileba rogorc warmoebaSi, aseve biz-nesSi iZleva efeqtur Sedegs, mcirea ira-cionaluri gadawyvetilebis miRebac, Tum-ca ar arnis gamoricxuli mmarTvelebs So-ris komfliqturi urTierToba.
gadawyvetilebis formireba da miRebi-saTvis, agreTve miRebulia eg.w. “dueti” _ or mmarTvelTa Soris marTva. iTvleba, rom erTi pragmatikosia, xolo meore ana-litikosi. amgvari modelisaTvis damaxasia-Tebelia marTvis procesSi riskebis mini-mizeba, operatiuloba da xarisxianoba.
entropiisa da ekvivalentobis princi-pebis Sesaxeb sainteresoa karl gustav iun-gis Sexeduleba. iungma entropiis prin-cipis mixedviT axsna, rom fsiqikaSi ener-giis ganawileba miiswrafis balansisken da Tanasworobisaken. amasTan, ekvivalentobis principis mixedviT, Tu romelime faseu-loba sustdeba an ikargeba, fsiqikuri energiis raodenoba ar ikargeba, igi aRsd-geba sxva faseulobebTan erTad. iungis mi-xedviT, arsebobs azrovnebis ori tipi: lo-gikuri da intuiciuri. logikuri azrov-nebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mimarTeba ga-re samyarosTan. igi gansjiTa da gaazrebT mimdinareobs, rac did Zalisxmevasa da nebisyofas saWiroebs. pirvel rigSi masTan dakavSirebulia mecniereba, teqnika, indus-tria, rac realobis kontrolis iaraRia.
97
mxatvruli SemoqmedebisaTvis, meTodolo-giisa da religiisaTvis ki aucilebelia adamianisaTvis sruliad bunebrivi warmo-saxvis unari. aseTi azrovneba araxelsayre-lia gare samyarosTan SeguebisaTvis, rad-gan igi scildeba realobas da gadadis fan-taziisa da ocnebis samyaroSi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. baraTaSvili e., maridaSvili m., maxa-raSvili i., menejmenti, wigni I, Tb., 2015
2. baraTaSvili e., maridaSvili m., maxara-Svili i., menejmenti, wigni II, Tb. 2015
3. baraTaSvili e., maridaSvili m., inova-ciuri menejmentis regionuli aspeq-tebi, „socialuri ekonomika”, Tb.,
№1(19), 2012w. 4. Drucker P.F. – Management Challenges for the
21st century, 1999; 5. Rosenbloom D.H. – Public Administration –
Understanding Management, Politics and Law in the Public Sector (2006);
6. Maridashvili M., Moderm Management De-velopment Features in Georgia from the View of Comparative Management, International Scien-tific and Practical Conference “Achievements and challenges of modern science”, Ufa, Russian Federation, July 28, 2015
regionis strategiuli ganviTarebis finansuri uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebi
marina tabataZe _ Tsu-s asocirebuli profesori
Strategic development of the region's financial mechanisms
Marina Tabatadze
Summary Regional policy of the state is related to the
organization of government, it has to ensure the optimal territorial distribution of country’s spatial structure and functions of the state government, to protect the unity of the internal structure. The territorial organization of the hierarchical principles and realization powers of financial leverage is still subject of the priority areas of scientific study and theoretical debates. Regionalism, the concept of territorial units, local issues imposes on local authorities, within the framework of the legal authorities, independently of the central government and under its control.
Today Georgia is still on high level of centralization in the economic system. The social system is fully integrated in the state budget. The region’s financial support should be based on a strategic plan for the development of their main priorities, it will differentiate by the level of resources and economic growth. Development strategies should reflect local conditions and development Factors, it
must ensure the availability of resources, which contributes to an increase in the maximum efficiency of the local government.
reziume regionuli politika saxelmwifos saxe-
lisuflebo organizebasTan aris dakavSi-rebuli. sakiTxis mniSvnelobidan gamomdi-nare, qveynis teritoriuli mowyobis iera-rqiuli principebi da uflebamosilebaTa realizebis finansuri berketebi jer kidev mecnieruli Seswavlis prioritetuli mi-marTuleba da Teoriuli diskusirebis sa-gania. marTalia, sameurneo avtonomiuroba teritoriul erTeulebSi misi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mdgomareobas da perspeqtivebs ganapirobebs, magram aqtiu-ri decentralizacia garkveul safrTxee-bis Semcvelicaa, ramdenadac mas calkeul regionebSi mcxovrebTa socialur-ekono-mikuri pirobebis disproporcia mohyveba.
98
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi jer kidev ma-Ralia ekonomikuri sistemis centraliza-ciis done. saxelmwifo biujetSi mTliana-daa integrirebuli socialuri sistema, centralizebulia adgilobrivi TviTmmar-Tvelobis da avtonomiuri respublikebis biujetebis formirebis procesi, SezRu-dulia adgilobrivi organoebis sagadasa-xado uflebamosilebebi, riTac sustdeba adgilebidan finansuri iniciativebi da resursebis ekonomiuri xarjvis motivaci-ebi. teritoriuli erTeulebis finansuri uzrunvelyofa unda gamomdinareobdes ma-Ti ganviTarebis strategiuli gegmis Zi-riTadi prioritetebidan, igi unda di-ferencirdebodes resursuli uzrunvel-yofis donisa da ekonomikuri zrdis Sesa-Zleblobebidan gamomdinare. ganviTarebis strategia unda asaxavdes adgilobriv pi-robebsa da ganviTarebis faqtorebs, man unda uzrunvelyos im resursebis xelmi-sawvdomoba, romelic xels uwyobs adgi-lobrivi xelisuflebis efeqturobis maq-simalur zrdas.
mecnieruli kvlevebis aqtualur mimar-
Tulebad saqarTveloSi mmarTvelobis de-centralizaciis Tematika ganixileba, rac uSualod ukavSirdeba qveynis administra-ciul-teritoriuli mowyobis, uflebamo-silebaTa gamijvnis, dargobrividan regio-nul marTvaze gadasvlis da misi prog-ramuli uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebs. Saer-TaSoriso doneze decentralizaciis uni-versaluri modelis Seqmna am etapze Se-uZlebelia, vinaidan igi urTierTdamoki-debulebis sistemas asaxavs mTlianad sa-xelmwifosa da administraciul-terito-riul organoebs Soris, TiToeul qveyanas ki TviTmmarTvelobis Camoyalibebis saku-Tari istoria da specifika gaaCnia, made-nad, decentralizaciis Teoriuli safu-Zvlebis Seswavla saerTaSoriso standar-tebTan erTad, individualuri midgomebis SemuSavebas da ganzogadebas moiTxovs. ram-denadac decentralizacia, rogorc mmar-Tvelobis demokratiuli modelis mTavari mdgeneli, regionalistikis safuZvlad ga-nixileba, amdenad, misi problematikis Se-
swavla uaRresad mniSvnelovania Cvens rea-lobaSic.
regionuli politika saxelmwifos saxe-lisuflebo organizebasTan aris dakavSi-rebuli, man qveynis sivrcobrivi struqtu-rireba da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis funq-ciebis optimaluri teritoriuli ganawi-leba imgvarad unda uzrunvelyos, rom daculi iyos saxelmwifos Sida struqtu-ris erTianoba1. qveynis teritoriuli mow-yobis ierarqiuli principebi da ufleba-mosilebaTa realizebis finansuri berke-tebi kvlav mecnieruli Seswavlis priori-tetuli mimarTuleba da Teoriuli dis-kusirebis sagania.
sakanonmdeblo doneze regionuli ur-TierTobebis maregulirebeli normative-bis Seqmna saxelmwifo xelisuflebis pre-rogativaa, es aris samarTlebrivi normebis da instituciuri gadawyvetilebebis er-Toblioba, romliTac yalibdeba saxelm-wifos socialur-ekonomikuri roli mTli-anad qveynisa da misi teritoriuli erTe-ulebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. sistemuri transformaciis procesSi mniSvnelovan funqciebs saxelmwifo regulatorebi as-rulebs, maT Soris aqtualuria sabiujeto urTierTobaTa gansazRvris sakiTxi. cent-raluri xelisuflebis finansuri mxar-daWera, misi miznobrivi prioritetebi da adgilobrivi resursebis maqsimalurad ga-moyenebis strategia municipaluri Semo-savlebis formirebis ZiriTad principebad ganixileba, qveynis regionuli ganviTare-bis es midgomebi mocemulia „saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis stra-tegiis proeqtSi - „saqarTvelo 2020“, ker-Zod miTiTebulia, rom qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebis gadamwyvet faqtorebs dekon-centrirebuli mmarTveloobiTi sistema da inovaciuri midgomebis danergva warmoad-gens.2
regionebSi ekonomikuri procesebis stimulirebis mizniT aucilebelia racio-naluri sivrciTi dagegmva, regionis eko-nomikuri aqtivebis, misi SedarebiTi upi-ratesobebis kompleqsuri Seswavla da ga-moyeneba. „saqarTvelom unda ixelmZRvane-
1 „decentralizacia saqarTveloSi. Aarsebuli mdgoma-reoba da perspeqtivebi“.angariSi. Tb.2009.gv.19-20 2 saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis proeqti - saqarTvelo2020“, Tb. 2015
99
los evropis im midgomebiT, romelic gu-lisxmobs regionalizaciis procesSi qvey-nis teritoriis erTianobis ganmtkicebas politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri erTianobisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis kon-teqstSi.“3 evropuli regionalizmis saki-Txebis samarTlebriv da instituciur uz-runvelyofas evrosabWosTan arsebuli ad-gilobriv da regionul xelisuflebaTa kongresi axdens, igi ayalibebs TviTmmar-Tvelobis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis mo-Txovnebsa da konceptualur midgomebs, romlis amosavali principebi am midgome-bis calkeul qveyanaSi adaptirebis proce-sSi adgilobrivi specifikis maqsimaluri gaTvaliswineba da urTierTobaTa samarT-lebrivi safuZvlebis harmonizebaa.
qveynis mdgradi ekonomikuri zrda mra-vali komponentis SeTanawyobas moiTxovs, maT Soris arsebiTia makroekonomikuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa, priorite-tuli dargebis upiratesi mxardaWera, struqturuli da instituciuri garemos gaumjobeseba, adamianuri kapitalis ganvi-Tareba da sxva, saxelmwifos optimaluri regionuli politikis mniSvnelovan faq-torad ki finansuri decentralizaciis ra-cionaluri midgomebis SemuSaveba ganixi-leba, romlis amosavali principi adgilob-rivi resursebis maqsimaluri gamoyeneba da stabiluri samewarmeogaremos uzrun-velyofis mizniT saxelmwifos mxridan ra-cionaluri finansuri mxardaWeraa.
finansuri politika ekonomikis dinami-ur da proporciul ganviTarebas, makro-ekonomikuri wonasworobis dacvas da re-gionebSi socialur-ekonomikuri donis ga-moTanabrebas unda uzrunvelyofdes, sa-xelmwifos fiskaluri politikis mniSvne-lovani indikatori, swored, teritoriuli ganviTarebis optimizacia da ganviTarebis regionuli doneebis gamoTanabrebaa. igi gansazRvravs saxelmwifosa da administ-raciul-teritoriuli erTeulebis marT-vis sxvadasxva doneebs Soris urTierTda-mokidebulebis sistemas da finansuri ele-mentebis gadanawilebis meqanizmebs am do-neebs Soris.
3 evrokavSiris teritoriuli dRis wesrigi ufro meti konkurentunariani da mdgradi evropis mravalfero-vani regionebisaTvis. http/gov.ge/uv3u4w
decentralizacia teritoriuli erTe-ulebis politikur, administraciul, eko-nomikur da sazogadoebriv subieqtebs uz-runvelyofs im samarTlebrivi da institu-ciuri faqtorebiT, romelic aucilebeli winapirobaa maTi ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis evropis qartiis me-9 muxlis mixedviT, xelisuf-lebis adgilobrivi organoebi unda flob-dnen sakuTar finansur resursebs da Ta-vianTi uflebamosilebis farglebSi Tavi-suflad gankargavdnen maT. am resursebis nawili unda yalibdebodes adgilobrivi gadasaxadebidan, romelTa ganakveTebis dadgena adgilobrivi xelisuflebis pre-rogativaa. evropuli qartia did mniSvne-lobas aniWebs sustad ganviTarebuli regi-onebis finansur mxardaWeras centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan subsidirebis gziT, „adgilobrivi organoebis subsidireba xe-lisuflebam SeZlebisdagvarad unda Se-zRudos miznobrivi daniSnulebiT garkve-uli proeqtebis dafinansebiT, amasTan, subsidirebam ar unda daTrgunos xelisuf-lebis adgilobrivi organoebis fuZemdeb-luri ufleba, Tavisi kompetenciis farg-lebSi gaataros damoukidebeli politika“4.
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi jer kidev maRalia ekonomikuri sistemis centrali-zaciis done. saxelmwifo biujetSi mTlia-nadaa integrirebuli socialuri sistema, maT Soris, pensiebi da sajaro skolis xar-jebi, centralizebulia adgilobrivi TviT-mmarTvelobis da avtonomiuri respubli-kebis biujetebis formirebis procesi, Se-zRudulia adgilobrivi organoebis saga-dasaxado uflebamosilebebi, dReisaTvis isini verc gadasaxadebisa da mosakreb-lebis saxesa da sidides adgenen da verc ga-dasaxdebis administrirebas anxorciele-ben. sagadasaxado urTierTobaTa amgvari centralizacia zRudavs adgilobrivi er-Teulebis damoukideblobas, riTac sust-deba adgilebidan finansuri iniciativebi da resursebis ekonomiuri xarjvis moti-vaciebi.
regionuli ganviTarebis dafinansebis startegiis umTavresi mizania mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba, socialuri st-abilurobis uzrunvelyofa, adgilobrivi
4 „adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb evropuli qartia“, strasburgi, 1985
100
resursebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba da regi-onis finansuri damoukideblobis xarisxis amaRleba saxelmwifo daxmarebis etapob-rivi Semcirebisa da sakuTari sabiujeto Semosavlebis zrdis meSveobiT. TviTmmarT-veli erTeulebisaTvis eqskluziuri uf-lebamosilebebis da minimaluri biujetis gansazRvris safuZvelze saxelmwifo ad-gens socialuri standartebis minimalur dones, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebelia ga-moTanabrebiTi transferis optimaluri sididis da misi efeqtianobis gansazRvra.
fiskaluri politika ekonomikur stabi-lizaciasTan erTad regionebs Soris kon-kurentuli urTierTobebis meqanizmic aris. am faqtorma sagadasaxado urTierTo-bebis daregulerebis aucilebloba warmo-Sva. sagadasaxado sistemis srulyofa po-zitiur gavlenas axdens erovnul ekono-mikaze, ramdenadac aumjobesebs sainvesti-cio garemos, amaRlebs sagadasaxado ad-ministrirebis efeqtianobas da reinvesti-rebis gziT aumjobesebs adgilobrivi war-moebis konkurentunarianobas. Sagadasaxa-do sistemis optimizacia saxelmwifos mZlavri finansuri berketia da ZiriTadad fiskaluri efeqtis miRebazea orientire-buli, amasTan, misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia progresuli struqturuli cvlilebebis gamowveva da ekonomikis optimaluri regu-lirebac. sagadasaxado sistemis optimiza-cia upirvelesad dabegvris reJimis gansa-zRvras gulisxmobs, rac, Tavis mxriv, auci-leblad moiTxovs diferencirebas ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis saerTo tendeciebis da makroekonomikuri proporciebis gaTva-liswinebiT, radganac jer kidev maRalia adgilobrivi biujetis saxelmwifo finan-sebze damokidebuleba mogebisa da saSemo-savlo gadasaxadebis Semosulobebis mTli-anad centralur biujetSi mimarTvis gamo, umniSvneloa erTaderTi adgilobrivi ga-dasaxadis, _ qonebis gadasaxadis fiska-luri efeqti, araTanabaria erT sul mo-saxleze sabiujeto Semosulobebi da xar-jebic regionebis mixedviT. regionebs So-ris uTanabrobis zrdas aseve uwyobs xels adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebisaTvis minimaluri socialuri standartebis ar-arseboba.
gadasaxadebi saxelmwifos mxridan biz-nesze zemoqmedebis aqtiuri instrumentia.
igi ekonomikis regulirebas da mis wonas-worul ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs, gada-saxadebi gavlenas axdens socialur mdgo-mareobaze da ekonomikuri kavSirebis ga-farToebazec. qveyanaSi sagadasaxado sis-temis Taviseburebebs saxelmwifo mowyoba da xelisuflebis TiToeuli donis admi-nistraciuli SesaZleblobebi, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo organoebis Carevis xarisxi da ekonomikuri politikis xasiaTi ganapiro-bebs, Sesabamisad, sagadsaxado sistema unda iyos moqnili da diferencirdebodes dar-gobriv-teritoriul WrilSi. dReisaTvis sabiujeto damoukideblobis dabal done-ze miuTiTebs is, rom gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblebis zomis garda, centraluri xelisufleba sagadasaxado bazasac gansa-zRvravs.
regionis biujeti aerTianebs mocemul teritoriaze arsebul TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis biujetebs da am erTeulebSi regionuli ganviTarebis saxelmwifo prog-ramebisaTvis gansazRvrul programul sax-srebs. regionuli ganviTarebis dafinanse-ba iTvaliswinebs ganviTarebis uzrunvel-myof yvela finansur nakads, kerZod sa-xelmwifo da TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis biujetebis, saerTaSoriso safinanso da donori organizaciebis saxsrebs, kerZo seqtoris finansebs, grantebs da kanoniT gansazRvrul sxva finansur wyaroebs. Ad-gilobrivi biujetis Sedgena unda iwye-bodes xarjviTi nawilis gansazRvriT da misgan gamomdinare unda dadgindes saSemo-savlo davalebebi. es procesi mniSvnelo-vania im TvalsazrisiT, rom centralurma xelisuflebam yvela donisaTvis jer xar-jviTi saWiroeba unda gansazRvros da mis mixedviT aagos Semosavlebis gegma.
adgilobrivi sagadasaxado-sabiujeto gadawyvetilebebis damoukideblobis xa-risxis SefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba ekonomi-kuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis or-
ganizaciis (OECD) mier SemuSavebuli fis-kaluri decentralizaciis politika, sabi-ujeto avtonomiis SefasebisaTvis igi gani-xilavs kriteriumebs sami jgufis mixed-
101
viT: sabiujeto Semosavlebi, sabiujeto xarjebi da savalo politika.5
„adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvcelobis Sesa-xeb“ evropuli qartia miiCnebs, rom adgi-lobrivi organoebis finansuri wyaroebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos maT uflebamo-silebebTan. sasurvelia, rom adgilobrivi biujetis didi nawili sakuTari wyaroebiT iqmnebodes, kerZod, adgilobrivi gadasaxa-debiT, adgilobrivi mosakreblebiT da ad-gilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis qonebidan SemosavlebiT. TiToeuli maTgani dakavSi-rebulia ekonomikur aqtiurobasTan. Regi-onebSi, sadac biujetis ZiriTadi wyaro sa-kuTari Semosavlebia, adgilobriv xeli-suflebas meti motivacia gaaCnia ekonomi-kuri zrdis mxardaWerisaTvis. es amaRlebs ra municipaluri organoebis pasuxismgeb-lobas mosaxleobis winaSe, aseve zrdis sa-zogadobriv interess maTi saqmianobisad-mi.
regionuli sabiujeto politikis gata-rebis safuZvlad unda iqces miznobriv-programul dafinansebaze gadasvla, ra-mac unda asaxos realuri urTierTkavSiri ekonomikaSi arsebul mdgomareobasa da sa-biujeto sistemas Soris, satransfero po-litika ki unda iTvaliswinebdes da emyare-bodes saxelmwifos ZiriTad priorite-tebs, rac moiTxovs regionebisaTvis auci-lebeli programebis saxelmwifo biujeti-dan dafinansebis praqtikas. amdenad, saqar-TveloSi unda gatardes iseTi satransfe-ro politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs re-gionebis socialur-ekonomikur ganviTare-bas da am gziT gazrdis maTi damoukideb-lobis xarisxs. gansakuTrebul sizustes moiTxovs transferebis gansazRvris praq-tika, rac unda gamomdinareobdes adgilob-riv biujetebSi Semosavlebis realuri aR-ricxvidan. centraluri xelisufleba TviTmmarTvel erTeulebs unda daexmaros ekonomikur aqtivobaSi, rac sabiujeto Semosavlebis zrdis xarjze Seamcirebs mo-Txovnas saxelmwifo biujetidan gamoyo-fil transferebze.
adgilobrivi Semosavlebis mniSvnelo-van wyarod unda iqces municipaluri sawar-moebis optimizacia. gansakuTrebul inte-
5 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Fiscal Design across Levels of Government Framework and Survey Findings. – OECD Tax Policy Series, 2001, N6
ress iwvevs am sawarmoTa korporatiul marTvaze gadasvla, rac unitaruli sawar-moebis marTvis administraciul-ekonomi-kuri principebis da kerZo sawarmoebis marTvis sabazro-konkurentuli meqanizme-bis sinTezs gulisxmobs. amas ukavSirdeba saqmianobis organizebis klasteruli mid-gomis idea. klasteruli firmebis SemT-xve-vaSi municipalitetebi anxorcieleben maT-Si investirebas, riTac axdenen am firmebis antikrizisuli stabilurobis uzrunvel-yofas da, zogadad, ekonomikuri zrdis procesebs municipalur meurneobaSi.
regionuli ganviTarebis dafinansebaSi wamyvan rols dReisaTvis saxelmwifo biu-jetidan gaweuli finansuri daxmarebebi asrulebs. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania programuli finansuri daxmarebebi. pPirda-piri saxelmwifo investiciebi gaicema sa-ministroebidan, saqarTvelos prezidenti-sa da saqarTvelos mTavrobis sarezervo fondebidan, regionebSi gansaxorcielebe-li proeqtebis fondidan, ucxouri kredi-tebidan da grantebidan, municipaluri gan-viTarebis fondidan, „iafi sesxis“ proeq-tidan, komerciuli sabanko sesxebidan. Re-gionebze saxelmwifo biujetidan pirda-piri investiciebi gamoiyofa ZiriTadad in-fraqstruqturuli proeqtebisaTvis. Tum-ca es sistema dasaxvewia, radganac asigne-bebi saxelmwifo biujetSi ar aris gawe-rili calkeuli regionisa da RonisZie-bebis WrilSi, ris gamoc regionuli xe-lisuflebisTvis winaswar ucnobia saxelm-wifo biujetidan maTTvis am mizniT gamo-yofili Tanxis moculoba. finansur prob-lemas qmnis isic, rom ar aris dadgenili TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis mier fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebis da finansur ba-zarze gasvlis wesebi. konkretulad es See-xeba municipalitetebis mier moklevadiani valdebulebebis gamoSvebas da bazarze gan-Tavsebas.
regionuli fiskaluri sistema jer ki-dev moiTxovs daxvewas, kerZod, saWiroa saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da adgilob-rivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis funq-cionaluri uflebamosilebebis gamijvnas safuZvlad politikurTan erTad ekonomi-kuri kriteriumebi daerTos. saWiroa Se-muSavdes regionuli ganviTarebis finansu-ri mxardaWeris saxelmwifo politika, ro-
102
melic gaiTvaliswinebs mastimulirebeli da makonpensirebeli politikis gatarebas. saWiroa dadgindes saerTo saxelmwifo ga-dasaxadebebidan Semosavlebis regionTaSo-ris gadanawilebis samarTlebrivi normebi, unda moxdes adgilobriv doneze im maRal-Semosavliani gadasaxadebis mimagreba, rom-lebic realur pozitiur gavlenas axdens da uzrunvelyofs teritoriaze sagadasa-xado potencialis zrdas. am mizniT saWi-roa sagadasaxado Semosavlebis centra-lur da adgilobriv biujetebs Soris ga-danawilebis grZelvadiani normativebis dadgena, am procesebis gamWvirvalobis xa-risxis amaRleba da sazogadoebis mxridan mudmivi monitoringis daweseba.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb evropul qartia , strasburgi, 1985.
2. decentralizacia saqarTveloSi. Arsebu-li mdgomareoba da perspeqtivebi. Anga-riSi. Tbilisi, 2009
3. “saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis proeqti _ saqarTvelo 2020“, Tb., 2015
4. evrokavSiris teritoriuli dRis wes-rigi ufro meti konkurentunariani da mdgradi evropis mravalferovani re-gionebisaTvis. http/gov.ge/uv3u4w
5. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Fiscal Design across Levels of Government Framework and Survey Findings. – OECD Tax Policy Series, 2001, N6
VoWiFi teqnologiis danergva saqarTveloSi da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi Tanamedrove biznes saqmianobaSi
marina qurdaZe _ stu-s profesori
giorgi murjikneli _ stu-s doqtoranti
reziume
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) da WiFi teqnologiebis sinTezis Sedegad miRebuli
VoWiFi teqnologiis Rirsebebi da upirate-sobebi sxva arsebul teqnologiebTan Seda-rebiT, misi sawarmoo praqtikaSi danergvis racionalurobis SesaZlebloba, sxvasasxva saxis problemebi, maTi daZlevis gzebi da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. rogor xdeba
VoWiFi-is meSveobiT erTiani infosakomu-nikacio infrastruqturis ageba mcire Tu saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis. midgomebi da
tendeciebi rac gamoixateba e.w. NGN (Next-gene-ration network) qselebis agebaSi, sadac sxva-dasxva saxis informaciis gadacema xorci-eldeba erTiani infrastruqturis gamoye-nebiT da erTiani miRebuli standartebiT. morgebuli iyos sxvadasxva saxis infor-maciis gatarebaze, advilad integrirebadi iyos nebismieri saxis servisi (service orien-
ted networks) Sesabamisi momsaxurebis xaris-xiT.
The implementation of VoWifi technologies in Georgia and perspectives of their development
in up-to-date bisines activity Marina Kurdadze Giorgi Murjikneli
Summary
Worthines and advantages of VoWifi technologies that are obtained by synthesis of Voip (voice over Internet protocol ) and WiFi technologies compared to to a existing technologies,the possibility of rational implementation of these technologies in work practice,the ways of how to overcome the different kind of problems and perspective of develop-ment.How the joint infocommunication infrastructure is constructed for small and medium factories on the basis of VoWiFi,the approaches and tendencies that are given by NGN(Next generation network) con-struction, where different information is strasmitted with the help of joint infrastructure and joint accepted standarts .It should be suitable for conductind of different types of information,easily integrated for arbitralily service oriented networks with the corres-ponding quality od service.
103
sakvanZo sityvebi: infosakomunikacio, in-frastruqtura, standartebi, multimedia, integracia, konvergencia, trafiki, inter-feisi.
globaluri sainformacio infrastruq-tura (telekomunikaciis saerTaSoriso ka-vSiri_ ITU–International Telecommunication Uni-on), warmoadgens satelekomunikacio qse-lebis, momxmarebelTa mowyobilobebis, sa-informacio teqnologiebisa adamianuri resursebis erTobliobas usadeno loka-luri qselebis ageba xorcieldeba WiFi teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT. sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis sisteme-bis ganviTarebam udidesi gavlena moaxdina sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri pro-cesebis warmarTvaze. TiToeuli adamianis cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda da gan-sakuTrebuli adgili daikava yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi. telekomunikaciis bazris da-kvirvebisas SeimCneva teqnologiebis mud-mivi cvla. progresuli teqnologia nel-nela devnis tradiciuls. XXI saukunis da-sawyisSi msoflio Sedis globalur infor-maciul sazogadoebaSi, rac Tavis mxriv, moiTxovs globaluri informaciuli in-frastruqturis Seqmnas, infosakomunika-cio qselebis agebas momsaxurebaTa inte-graciis principiT da saerTaSoriso stan-dartebis gamoyenebiT.
rom ar CamovrCeT msoflio tendencebs sawarmo qselebis (Enterprise) agebac aseTi Tanamedrove midgomiT unda ganxorciel-des. firmebs unda qondes erTiani qseluri infrastruqtura monacemebis gadacemisT-vis, (e.w. “triple play”-voice, video, data-sammagi SeTavazeba-xma, gamosaxuleba, monacemebi) rac mTavaria martivi, iafi da mobiluri kavSiris mqone. telefoniis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapebma mogviyvana VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol-) teqnologiamde, rac asocirdeba IP ( Internet Protocol-internet pro-tokoli) arqiteqturasTan, sadac xmovani in-formaciis gadacema paketuri komutaciis principebiT xorcieldeba.
orive VoIP da WiFi teqnologia udidesi upiratesobebis matarebelia da maTi Serw-yma sargebels, SeRavaTebsa da komforts qmnis sxvadasxva biznes saqmianobaSi. Tana-medrove biznes saqmianobaSi warmateba xSi-
rad damokidebulia komunikaciebis efeq-tur SesaZleblobaze. XXI saukuneSi bizne-sis keTeba mudmiv moZraobaSia _ sadac udides rols asrulebs informaciis miRe-ba, gadagzavna, damuSaveba, Senaxva, Semgomi gamoyeneba da a.S; yovelive es ki Sesa-Zlebelia satelefono da kompiuteruli qselebis gamoyenebiT, raSic kompaniebis sakmaod didi finansuri danaxarjebi modis. iseTi erTiani infrastruqturis ageba romelic uzrunvelyofs firmisTvis naklebi danaxarjebiT mobilurad rogorc kompiuteruli monacemebis ise satelefo-no informaciis gadacemas saxarbielo rea-lobaa da swored amas gvpirdeba VoWiFi. (Voi-ce over WiFi)
is, rom sad aris ZiriTadad VoWiFi-s ga-moyenebis sfero, momxmareblebis ra nawi-lisaTvis aris racionaluri misi danergva, aucilebelia aviRoT garkveuli saxis Se-fasebis kriteriumebi da gamoviyenoT maTi yvelaze praqtikuli saxeebi. biznes in-teresebi garda mogebisa, damokidebulia TanamSromelTa keTilsindisierebasa da momxmarebelTa interesebis optimalurad dakmayofilebaze, gamoyenebuli teqnolo-giis siiafesa da erTiani infrastruqturis simartiveze. Aamrigad upiratesobis krite-riumad SerCeulia: iafi (naklebi xarjebi); monacemTa gadacemis didi siCqare.; martivi erTiani infrastruqtura.; multimedia, momsaxurebaTa integracia
rogorc avRniSneT WiFi-sa da VoIP-is sin-Tezi, sawarmoebisTvis sxvadasva upirate-sobebisa da bevri sikeTis momtania. pirvel rigSi iqmneba mobiluri momsaxurebis er-Tiani infrastruqtura monacemTa da sate-lefono informaciis gadasacemad, romlis marTvac da menejmenti sawarmos TanamS-romlebis mier xorcieldeba.
xorcieldeba ulicenzio sixSiris gamo-yeneba, (2.4ghc diapazonis sixSire), anu sa-warmos nebismieri damatebiTi salicenzio gadasaxadebisagan aTavisuflebs.
internetis meSveobiT rogorc Sida sa-telefono saubrebze, aseve regionalur ofisebSi mobiluri xelsawyoebiT ufaso zarebis ganxorcielebis saSualeba da pa-ralelurad monacemTa gadagzavna metad mimzidveli da saxarbielo saSualebaa, rac zemoaRniSnuli pirveli kriteriumis xar-jebis dazogvis pirobaa. IP-ze dafuZnebuli
104
infrastruqtura iZleva saSualebas nebis-mieri multimediuri mosaxureba advilad iqnes integrirebuli. rogoricaa e.w. triple play (voice , video data) monacemebis gadacema. es yovelive SesaZlebelia im maRali siC-qareebis wyalobiT romelTac wifi-is sxva-dasxva Taobebi gvTavazeoben. romelTagan yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli IEEE 802.11g specipikaciaa 54m gbt/wm monacmeTa gadace-mis siCqariT da axali 802.11n teqnologia 150-300mgbt/wm siCqariT.
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi bevri sawarmo sargeblobs VoIP teqnologiis SesaZleblo-bebiT, agebulia erTiani qselebi monacamTa da xmovani infromaciis gadasacemad. Magram konvergenciis am utolobaSi erTi mniSv-nelovani elementi rac aklia es aris mo-biluroba.
yovel axal teqnologiasTan Sedarebis drosac momxmareblebi amosaval wertilad am xarisxis momsaxurebas Tvlian. am Sem-TxvevSi rodesac saqme exeba IP qselebSi satelefono informaciis gadacemas sawyi-si wertilidan saboloo daniSnulebis mo-wyobilobamde (end-to-end) QoS- momsaxurebis xarisxis (Quality of service-momsaxurebis xa-risxi) uzrunvelyofa sasicocxlod mniSv-nelovania, raTa dacul iqnas saubris iseTi xarisxi, romelic daakmayofilebs momxma-reblebs. momsaxurebis xarisxis Tvalsaz-risiT VoIP trafiks aqvs mkacrad gansazR-vruli moTxovnebi. miuxedavad imisa rom TviTon xmovani nakadi mcire gatarebis zols moiTxovs gadatvirTul qselebSi momsaxurebis xarisxi (QoS) SeuZlebeli xdeba, anu SeuZlebeli normaruli sate-lefono komunikaciebis ganxorcieleba.
realuri drois aplikaciebi gamoiye-neben TCP/IP-is (Transmission comtrol protocol/ in-ternet protocol) da UDP (User Datagram protocol-) pro-tokols, romelic saukeTeso aRsrulebis (best effort) principiT moqmedebs. am dros erTi mimarTulebiT salaparako informa-ciis gadacemisas dayovneba ar unda aRema-tebodes 150ml/wm-s, xolo gadacemul paketebSi danakargi ki 1%-s. arsebuli in-ternet-Einternet teqnologiebi pasuxoben am moTxovnebs. magram VoWLAN-is SemTxvevaSi
problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom 802.11 standartebi muSaoben e.w. saerTo saSualo (shared medium) ganawilebuli garemos prin-cipiT, sadac mTliani trafiki ganicdis ko-
liziasa da rigebs. momxmareblebis zrdas-Tan erTad da aseve, rodesac rac ufro meti momxmarebeli cdilobs erTdroulad garemoSi SeRwevas es problemebic miT ufro izrdeba. am naklis aRmosafxvrelad ori saxis meTodi SeiZleba iqnes gamoye-nebuli, romlebic erTmaneTs ar gamori-cxaven da erTad mZlavri meqanizmia Sesa-bamisi momsaxurebis xarisixis uzrunvel-sayofad: pirveli end-to-end QoS midgoma, sadac xmovani trafiki meti prioritetiT isargeblebs monacemTa trafikTan Sedare-biT da meore uSualod iseTi meqanizmebis SemuSaveba, romlebic TiTon standartSi uzrunvelyofen radio interfeisis daxve-was. am orive mimarTulebiT IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers- aqvs mniSvne-lovani nabijebi gadadgmuli 802.11n da 802.11e specifikaciebSi. WLAN doneze gan-sazRvruli momsaxurebis xarisxi advilad Tavsebadi unda iyos LAN qselSi ukve arsebul da danergil momsaxurebis xarisxTan, raTa uzrunvelyofili iqnas e.w. end-to-end QoS. momsaxurebis xarisxi ki IP qselebSi komp-leqsuri RonisZiebebis Sedegad SeiZleba iqnes miRweuli.
qvemoT naCvenebia martivi modeli imisa Tu rogor xorcieledeba SemoTavazebuli teqnologiiT informaciis uzrunvelyofa da Sesrulebuli ZiriTadi funqciebi.
H.323 standartis terminalur mowyo-
bilobebs da qselis aRWurvilobas SeuZlia monacemTa, metyvelebis da videoinforma-ciis gadacema realuri drois masStabSi. rekomendaciaSi H.323 ar aris gansazRvru-li: qselis interfeisi, informaciis ga-dacemis fizikuri garemo da qselSi gamo-yenebuli satransporto oqmi. H.323-is ter-minalebs Soris kavSiris damamyarebeli qseli SeiZleba warmoadgendes segments an
105
mraval segments rTuli topologiiT. H.323-is terminalebi SeiZleba iyos integ-rirebuli personalur kompiuterebSi an realizebuli rogorc anonimuri mowyobi-lobebi. metyvelebis gacvlis xelSewyoba–H.323 standartis mowyobilobis aucilebe-li funqciaa.
Sesrulebuli ZiriTadi funqciebi uf-ro vrclad mdgomareobs SemdegSi: satele-fono da IP-qselTan fizikuri interfeisis realizeba; saabonento signalizaciis sig-nalebis deteqtireba da generireba; saa-bonento signalizaciis signalebis garda-qmna monacemTa paketebad da piriqiT; abo-nentebis SeerTeba; qseliT signalizaciis da metyvelebis paketebis gadacema; kavSi-ris gaTiSva. H.323 terminals SeuZlia rea-luri drois masStabSi trafikis miReba da gadacema, sxva H.323 terminalTan, rabTan an mravalwertiliani konferenciis (MCU-Multipoint Control Unit)) marTvis mowyobilo-basTan urTierTqmedebis saSualebiT. Auci-leblobaa Seicavdes: audio elementebs (mikrofoni, akustikur sistemebi, satele-fono miqSeri, akustikuri eqodaxSobis sis-tema); video elementebs (monitori, vi-deokamera); qselis interfeisis elemen-tebs; momxmareblis interfeiss. mMomxmareb-lis agentebi warmoadgenen terminaluri mowyobilobis danarTebs da Seicaven or Semadgenel: momxmareblis agenti_klienti da momxmareblis agenti _serveri.
idealur warmodgenaSi SemoTavazebuli
teqnologia uzrunvelyofs satelefono informaciis gadacemis maRal momsaxu-
rebis xarisxs, mkacrad monacemTa dacvas, saimedo infrastruqturas, saukeTeso mo-bilurobis SesaZleblobas da yovelive aR-niSnulis racionalurad rentabelurobis maRali doniT.
SemoTavazebul midgomebs Soris arse-bobs mravali urTierTdamokidebulobebi, rodesac erTi maTganis daxvewa moiTrxovs meore nawilSi kompromiss. miuxedavad ami-sa sworad dagegmili arqiteqtura uzrun-velyovs moqnil marTvad da dacul inf-rastruqturas rogorc monacemTa ise sa-telefono informaciis gadasacemad, Sesa-ferisi momsaxurebis xarisxiT, romelic iqneba servisze orientirebuli da Tana-medrove dizainiT agebuli.
L
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. A.R. Mishra, Fundamentals of Cellular Ney-work Planning and Optimization 2G/2. 5G/3G... Evolution to 4G, John Wiley&Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southerm Gate, Chichester West Sussex PO198SQ England,2010
2. Qian,F., Wang, Z., Gerber, A., Mao, Z.M., Sen, S., and Spatsvheck, O., “Characterizing Radio Resource Allocation for 3G Networks,” IMC, 2010.
3. Huang, J., Qian,F., Gerber, a., Mao, Z.M., Sen, S., and Spatsvheck, O., “ A Close Exami-nation of performance and Power Chara-cteristics of 4G Lte Networks,” Mobisys,2012.
4. ITU-R, detailed specifications of the radio interfaces of international mobile telecommu-nications-2000 (IMT-2000), Recommendation ITU-R M. 1457-9, May 2010.
5. Fortuna,C., Mohorcic, M._Trends in the Development of communication networks: Gognitive networks_.Computer Networks, vol. 53,9: pp. 1354_1376,2009
106
produqciis TvTRirebulebis buRaltruli aRricxvis
koncefcia - „direct-costing“ sistema argumentebi, sargeblianoba
medea lominaSvili-fruiZe _ ekonomikis doqtori, awsu-s biznesis administrirebis departamentis
asocirebuli profesori
rogorc msoflio praqtika cxadyobs buRaltruli aRricxvis mizani mesakuT-reebisTvis, kreditorebisTvis, saxelmwi-fo makontrolebeli organoebisTvis mmar-TvelobiTi procesis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebaa, da farTo gagebiT exmareba in-formaciis momxmareblebs ekonomikuri ga-dawyvetilebis miRebis da ekonomikuri re-sursebis sworad gankargvis procesSi. Momx-marebelTa gansxvavebuli miznebis da in-teresebis gamo, erTi da igive informacia SeiZleba saWiroebdes gansxvavebuli wesiT damuSavebas da ganzogadebas. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia saaRricxvo informaciis damuSavebis meTodebic, rac informaciis sxvadasxva meTodiT aRricxvis SesaZleb-lobas iZleva winaswar gansazRvruli saa-Rricxvo politikis farglebSi. buRalt-ruli aRricxvis gansxvavebuli meTodebi efuZneba finansuri angariSgebis saerTa-
Soriso standarts, romelic miznad isa-xavs, sazogadoebis interesebis sasarge-blo, maRali xarisxis, gasagebi da praqti-kulad gamoyenebadi saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebuli finansuri angariSgebis stan-dartTan Sesabasmisobas.
Tanamedrove, swrafad cvalebadi ekono-mikuri garemos piroebebSi swori mmarT-velobiTi gadawyvetilebis miRebisTvis aucilebelia rigi pirveladi maCveneble-bis mudmivi Sefaseba da analizi, erT-erTi aseTi metad mniSvnelovani informaciis Semcveli maCvenebeli _ produqciis TviT-Rirebulebaa. saerTSoriso standartebiT gansazRvrulia xarjebis, TviTRirebule-bis gaangariSebis sxvadasxava meTodebi, romliTac xdeba informaciis asaxva fi-nansur angariSgebaSi. TviTRirebulebis gaangariSebis meTodebi raRaciT gansx-vavdeba erTmaneTisgan, da isini or Ziri-
107
Tad, sruli da arasruli _ cvladi xar-jebis meTodebis jgufebad SeiZleba da-iyos. samamulo aRricxvis TeoriaSi kargad aris damuSavebuli normatiuli aRricxvis sistema, romelic msgavsia dasavleTis qve-ynebSi gamoyenebadi aRricxvis „standard-costing“ sistemis, romelic aseve „absorption-costing“-s saxelwodebiTac aris cnobili. Tumca msoflioSi TviTRirebulebis gansa-zRvrisTvis CvenTvis naklebad cnobili da gamoyenebadi sxva meTodebic arsebobs.
saqonliT da momsaxurebiT bazris ga-jerebis process gardauvalad axlavs kon-kurenciis zrda. bazarze poziciis gamyare-bis surviliT motivirebuli yvela mewarme mudmiv brZolaSi imyofeba da cdilobs mo-ipovos upiratesoba. upiratesobiT konku-rentul brZolaSi umetesad maRali xari-sxis da dabali fasis produqcia sargeb-lobs. am brZolaSi gamarjvebis mizniT me-urne subieqtebi cdiloben produqciis TviTRirebulebis Semcirebas. jansaRi kon-kurencia moiTxovs xarjebis marTvis pro-cesis mudmiv srulyofas movlenaTa uwy-veti analizis pirobebSi. marTvis optima-luri strategiis miRwevis Teoriuli amo-canebis kvleva ki Tavis mxriv emsaxureba Semosavlebis optimizacias, romelic k. marqsma daasabuTa, rogorc gaweuli sawar-moo xarjebidan optimaluri Semosavlebis miRebis principi. sawarmoo xarjebis kvle-vis mizani k. marqsisTvis optimaluri mo-gebis miRebis analizs emsaxureboda, is mijnavda warmoebis da mimoqcevis xarjebs, mimoqcevis xarjebs yofda wminda da da-matebiT xarjebad. mimoqcevis wminda xar-jebs marqsi akuTvnebda reklamis, sacalo da sabiTumo qselis TanamSromlebis, kon-sultantebis da Senobis Senaxvis xarjebs, romlebsac is ar akuTvnebda produqciis TviTRirebulebas. Tvlida rom es xarjebi ar zrdis TviTRirebulebas, isini anazRa-urdeba produqciis realizaciidan miRe-buli mogeba-zaralidan.
dResdReobiT ekonomistebi xarjebis marqsiseul dayofas ar emxrobian, Tumca dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebSi xar-jebis aRricxvis farTod gamoyenebadi „direct-costing“ meTodi erTgvarad axdens marqsis midgomis gaziarebas. „direct-costing“-TviTRirebulebis kalkulaciis meTodi mijnavs TviTRirebulebaSi Sesatan auci-
lebel xarjebs im danaxarjebisgan, romle-bic aisaxeba mogeba-zaralis angariSze da ar monawileobs fasis CamoyalibebaSi.
wlebis manZilze produqciis TviTRi-rebulebis sakiTxis irgvliv ar wydeba po-lemika: romeli meTodi sargeblobs meti upiratesobiT, ramdenad srulyofilia bass-is mier xarjebis arsis ganmarteba da sxva. bass-iT, xarjebi aris sawarmos eko-nomikuri sargeblis Semcireba saangariSge-bo periodis ganmavlobaSi aqtivebis sawar-modan gasvlis an valdebulebebis zrdis safuZvelze, rac gamoixateba sawarmos sa-kuTari kapitalis SemcirebiT, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli mesakuTreTaTvis ka-pitalis ganawilebasTan. Tu k.marqsi xar-jebs ikvlevda, rogorc mogebis stimuli-rebis saSualebas, xarjebis definicia bass-is safuZvelze namdvilad ar azustebs eko-nomikuri sargeblis Semcirebidan mosa-lodneli sikeTeebis _ ekonomikuri sarge-blis miRebas. aRniSnuli definiciis Sina-arsis miuxedavad mewarmeebi gaweuli xar-jebidan swored ekonomikuri efeqtis miRe-bis molodinSi arian da kvlevebic mimar-Tulia xarjebis aRricxvis efeqtiani me-Todebis gamokveTaze.
TviTRirebulebis „direct-costing“ meTodis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia saerTo sawarmoo xarjebidan swored aucilebeli xarjebis gamijvna. dasavleTis qveynebSi xarjebis aRricxva „direct-costing“ meTodis ukavSir-deba warmoebis eqstensiuri modelidan in-tensiur modelze gadasvlis periods. aR-niSnuliemsaxureboda xarjebis marTvis strategiuli amocanebis gadaWras, maTi dajgufebiT ZiriTad da zednadeb, pirda-pir da arapirdapir, mudmiv da cvlad, sa-warmoo da periodis xarjebis kategorie-bad. pirvelad xarjebis gamijvnis Sesaxeb 1899 wels azri gamoTqva germanelma mec-nierma o.Smalenbaxma, is Seecada ZiriTadi da zednadebi xarjebis gamijvnas. da ukve maSin Smalenbaxs marTebulad miaCnda pro-duqciis fasSi mxolod ZiriTadi/cvladi xarjebisasaxva, xolo mudmivi xarjebi misi azriT unda dafaruliyo mTliani Semosav-lidan. seriozuli kvlevebi buRaltruli aRricxvis sferoSi daiwyo 1890 wlebSi, romlebic aisaxa metkalfis, nortonis, ni-kolsonis da mogvianebiT klarkis Sromeb-
108
Si. isini iyvnen pirveli pionerebi, romleb-mac Semoitanes xarjebis axali koncefcia.
mudmiv da cvlad xarjebs Soris mkafio gamijvnis aucileblobis Sesaxeb 1903wels aRniSnavda h.hesi1. Tumca es gamijvna jer kidev ar edo safuZvlad warmoebis xarjeb-sa da moculobas Soris damokidebulebas. xarjebis gamijvnis aucilebloba swored warmoebis moculobis cvlilebasTan damo-kidebulebiT pirvelad 1923wels daasabu-Ta dJ. klarkma. da ukve 1928 wlis didi dep-resiis periodis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, farTo gamoye-neba hpova cvladi xarjebis aRricxvis direct-costing meTodma amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. 1936 wels swored amerikeli eko-nomistis j. harris mier iyo SemuSavebuli xarjebis aRricxvis axali sistema, romel-mac saxelwodeba „direct-costing“ miiRo imis gamo, romTavdapirvelad am meTodis gamo-yenebisas TviTRirebulebaSi Sedioda mxo-lod pirdapiri xarjebi (direct-costing faq-tiurad niSnavs pirdapiri xarjebis aRri-cxvas), zednadebi xarjebi eqvemdebareboda Camoweras finansuri Sedegidan. amJamad meTodi direct-costing gulisxmobs TviTRire-bulebaSi pirdapiri xarjebis garda cvla-di zednadebi xarjebis nawilis asaxvasac. es iseTi xarjebia (mag. damxmare masalebi, damxmare muSebis xelfasi da sxva), romle-bic pirdapirproporciulad aris damoki-debuli warmoebis moculobis, intensifi-kaciis procesze. sawarmoo zednadebi xar-jebi rTuli, kompleqsuri xarjebia, isini moicavs gansxvavebuli qcevis xarjebs, misi erTi nawili aris damxmare masalebi da xel-fasi da isini gaiweva masalebis konversiis procesSi, Sesabamisad maTi nawili warmoe-bis moculobis cvlilebasTan erTad icv-leba da swored amis gamo „direct-costing“ me-Todis mixedviT xdeba maTi mikuTvneba pro-duqciis TviTRirebulebaze. aRniSnuli me-TodiT TviTRirebulebis aRricxvisas (ga-yiduli maragebis mudmivi an perioduli aRricxvis meTodis safuZvelze), xarjebis aRricxvisTvis gamoiyeneba 1630/7100 an 7200 jgufis angariSebis debeti, romelzec dakreditdeba mxolod 1620, 1690, 3130 anga-riSebis Tanxebi. danarCeni zednadebi xar-
1 Hese H. Manufacturing. Capital Costs, Profits and Dividents. — The Ingenering Magazine — vol. 26. № 3
jebi, radgan ar Seitaneba TviTRirebule-baSi, Tavs iyris calke 7400 “saerTo da administraciuli xarjebis“ jgufis anga-riSebze da mocemuli periodulobiT Camo-iwereba 5330 „saangariSgebo periodis moge-ba-zaralis“ angariSis debetze. rogorc mimdinere periodis xarjebi aRniSnuli ga-moiwvevs Sesabamisi saangariSgebo periodis finansuri Sedegis Semcirebas da aisaxeba 5310 “gaunawilebeli mogeba“ angariSis debetSi da 5330 „saangariSgebo periodis mogeba-zarali“-s angariSis kreditSi.
dResdReobiT meTodi „direct-costing“ far-Tod gamoiyeneba ganviTarebul qveynebSi, germaniaSi da avstriaSi is cnobilia „Teil-kostenrechnung“ an „Grenzkostenrechnung“-s sa-xelwodebiT, anu zRvruli xarjebis aR-ricxva. britaneTSi mas kidev uwodeben „marginal-costing“-ac _ marJinaluri xarje-bis aRricxva, xolo safrangeTSi „La Compta-bilite“ _ marJinalur aRricxvas niSnavs. xarjebis aRricxvis „direct-costing“ meTodi ZiriTadad msxvili firmebis doneze gamo-iyeneba, germaniaSi am meTodiT sawarmoTa 54% sargeblobs, amerikasa da iaponiaSi Se-darebiT dabalia gamoyenebis maCvenebeli, miuxedavad amisa misi maCvenebeli 30%-s aRemateba,rac am meTodis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis mauwyebelia.
ra upiratesobiT sargeblobs xarjebis aRricxva da kalkulacia direct-costing meTodis pirobebSi? Tu bass-2 mixedviT, sasaqolo-materialuri faseulobebis kon-versiis danaxarjebi moicavs produqciis erTeulis warmoebasTan uSualod dakavSi-rebul xarjebs(pirdapir SromiT danaxar-jebs, sistematurad gasanawilebel mudmiv da cvlad zednadeb xarjebs, romlebic ga-weulia nedleulis da masalis mza pro-duqciad gardaqmnis, gadamuSavebis pro-cesSi), direct-costing e.w. cvladi xarjebis me-Todi iZleva erTeuli produqciis TviT-Rirebulebis optimizaciis SesaZleblobas mTliani danaxarjebis meTodTan Sedare-biT. Sesabamisad warmoebis intensifikaciis pirobebSi cvladi xarjebis meTodi mewar-mes aZlevs fasis minimizaciis da produq-ciis realizaciis stimulirebis SesaZleb-lobas.
„direct-costing“ meTodiT produqciis TviT-Rirebulebis gansazRvrisas, xarjebis aR-
109
ricxvis mTlian meTodTan SedarebiTi upi-ratesobis dasadgenad kompania „qvis sam-yaro“ axdens sakuTari xarjebis da Semo-savlebis analizs. kompaniis mudmivi xar-jebis mTliani sidide saangariSgebo wels Seadgens 20 000 lars, xolo 5 000 erTeulis produqciis warmoebis pirobebSi maTi si-dide erTeul produqciaze 4 (20 000/5 000) lars Seadgens.
erTeuli produqciis danaxarjebi
cvladi xarjebis (direct-
costing) meTodi
mTliani xarjebismeTodi
1. masala da nedleuli
5 lari 5 lari
2. pirdapiri SromiTi danaxarjebi
4 lari 4 lari
3. pirobiTad cvladi zednadebi danaxarjebi 1 lari 1 lari
4. mudmivi xarjebi - 4 lari produqciis erTeulis TviTRirebuleba
10 lari 14 lari
Sedegad ikveTeba mniSvnelovani gan-
sxvaveba produqciis fasebs Soris da e.w. cvladi xarjebis meTodi iZleva optima-lur sarealizacio fass erTeul produ-qciaze, rac saboloo jamSi xdeba produq-ciis realizaciis mastimulirebeli faq-tori kompaniisTvis. cvladi xarjebis me-TodiT xarjebis aRricxva warmoadgens mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis pragmatul formas. aRniSnuli meTodis pirobebSi ar warmoiqmneba mudmivi zedna-debi xarjebis ganawilebis problema war-moebuli produqciis erTeulebis doneze.
cvladi xarjebis meTodis pirobebSi gaTvaliswinebulia marJinaluri Semosav-lis gansazRvra, romelic iZleva warmoebis moculobas, danaxarjebs (TviTRirebule-bas) da mogebas Soris arsebuli urTierT-damokidebulebis analizis SesaZleblobas. rac arsebiTia mmarTvelobiTi gadawyveti-lebis miRebis procesSi da gansazRvravs warmoebis danaxerjebs rogorc optimalu-ri mogebis miRebis saSualebas. ganviTare-bul qveynebSi cvladi xarjebis meTodis gamoyeneba fasis optimizaciis garda gamo-iyeneba warmoebis kritikuli moculobis (rentabelobis wertilis koeficien-tis gansazRvrisTvis, romelic udris:
cvladi xarjebis „direct-costing“ sistema,
amaxvilebs ra yuradRebas marJinalur Se-mosavalze da warmoebis rentabelobaze, iZleva maRalrentabeluri produqciis ga-mokveTis SesaZleblobas romlis gamoSve-bac unda gaxdes warmoebisTvis priorite-tuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom cvladi xarjebis „direct-costing“ sistema iZleva mniSvnelovan informacias mmarTvelobiT doneze opera-tiuli gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad da xarjebis operatiuli kontrolis SesaZ-leblobas, aRniSnuli sistemis gamoyenebis pirobebSi warmoiqmneba xarjebis gamijvnis aucileblobasTan dakavSirebuli sirTu-leebi, rTuldeba aseve xarjebis aRri-cxvasTan dakavSirebuli operaciebi. garda amisa cvladi xarjebis „direct-costing“ siste-mis mowinaaRmdegeebis azriT mudmivi xar-jebi iseve monawileoben warmoebis proce-sis uzrunvelyofaSi, rogorc pirdapiri xarjebi. skeptikosebi aseve miiCneven, rom warmoebis procesTan dakavSirebuli yvela xarji unda monawileobdes ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebaSi Tumca, rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, bass-iT gansazRvruli xar-jebis definicia ar moiazrebs xarjebs, ro-gorc ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebis da molodinis wyaros da uargumentos xdis skeptikosebis kritikas.
„direct-costing“ sistemis sasargeblod unda iTqvas, rom zustia is kalkulacia, rome-lic asaxavs uSualod produqciis konver-siis xarjebs da ara is, romelic moicavs yvela sawarmoo xarjs, riTac amaxinjebs erTeuli produqciis rentabelobis maCve-nebels. TviTRirebulebis meTodebis upi-ratesobaze msjelobisas unda gaviTvalis-winoT, rom ar arsebobs xarjebis aRricx-vis universaluri varianti, yvela meTodi gamoirCeva garkveuli upiratesobiT konk-retuli situaciisTvis. jer isev gardama-vali ekonomikis pirobebSi qarTveli me-warmeebisTvis saerTaSoriso Tu lokalur bazrebze damkvidreba da upiratesobis mo-poveba sakmaod rTulia, konkurentuli upiratesobis mosapoveblad maT marTebT
K
mudmivi sawarmoo xarjebiMM
erTeuli produqciis gasayidi fasi – erTeuli produqciis cvladi xarjebi
110
xarjebis marTvis praqtikis mudmivi srul-yofa, alternatiuli meTodebis moZieba, saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaziareba sa-qarTvelos ekonomikis Taviseburebebis ga-TvaliswinebiT.
Ggamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Managerial Accounting: Ray H. Garrison, Eric W.
Noreen, Peter C. Brewer, 14th edition, 2012
2. Charles J. Stokes, Managerial Economics, (New York, N.Y., Random House, 1969), p. 119.
3. James D. Edwards, “This New Costing Concept—Direct Costing,” The Ac-counting Review (October 1958), p. 566.
4. http://www.accountingin.com/accounting-historians-journal/volume-3-numbers-1-4/direct-costing-vs-absorptlon-costing-a-historical-review/
venCuruli kapitalis roli inovaciuri biznesis ganviTarebaSi
akaki gvaruciZe _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori
nato gegenava _ stu-s asistent profesori
Role of Venture capital in development of business
Akaki Gvarutsidze
assoc. professor of GTU Nato Gegenava
assoc. professor of GTU
Summary In the scientific article ,,the role of venture capital
in development of innovative business” is discussed the essence and the importance of venture capital in development of innovative business. The venture capital is invested capital in donor projects having high risks and belongs to the financing of innovative projects and is associated with enough high risks. In case of the realization successfully of above mentioned investment projects the venture capital for his owners is gold vascular which brings huge profit.
It is discussed the experience of USA and European countries in matters of development of venture business, that the venture business contributed the transfer of leading countries of the
world on post industrial phase of development. It is noticeable, that in Georgia this kind of business does not exist in fact, because we have not the experience of work with new technologies and risk investments; also the financial infrastructure. It partially is conditioned, for confirming that institutional – organizational structures as in field of the science and techniques the State representatives, do not answer the modern requirements. It is necessary to elaborate the fund market, to create the venture firms, in which will be unified the experienced scientists, engineers, inventors, innovative types, Georgia does not feel the deficit.
Key words: Innovative, Venture, Progressive, In-
vestor, Corporation, Ended unit, Intellectual, Business-incubators, Techno parks.
reziume
samecniero statiaSi ,,venCuruli (saris-ko) kapitalis roli inovaciuri biznesis ganviTarebaSi” ganxilulia venCuruli ka-
111
pitalis arsi da mniSvneloba inovaciuri biznesis ganviTarebaSi. venCuruli kapita-li aris maRali riskis donian proeqtebSi dabandebuli kapitali da gankuTvnilia inovaciur warmoebaTa dasafinanseblad da dakavSirebulia sakmaod did riskTan. aR-niSnuli sainvesticio proeqtebis warmate-bulad realizaciis SemTxvevaSi venCuruli kapitali misi mflobelisaTvis uzarmazari mogebis momtani ,,oqros ZarRvia”.
ganxilulia aSS-sa da evropis qveynebis gamocdileba venCuruli biznesis ganviTa-rebis sakiTxebSi, rom venCurulma biznesma xeli Seuwyo msoflios wamyvani qveynebis gadasvlas ganviTarebis postindustriul fazaze. aRniSnulia, rom saqarTveloSi biznesis es saxeoba faqtobrivad ar arse-bobs, vinaidan ar gvaqvs axal teqnolo-giebTan da sarisko investiciebTan muSao-bis gamocdileba; agreTve finansuri inf-rastruqtura. es nawilobriv ganpirobebu-lia imiT, rom dRevandeli instituciur-organizaciuli struqturebi, rogorc me-cnierebisa da teqnikis sferoSi saxelmwi-fos warmomadgenlebi, ver pasuxoben Ta-namedrove moTxovnebs. saWiroa amuSavdes safondo bazari, Seiqmnas venCuruli fir-mebi, romelSic gaerTiandebian gamocdili mecnierebi, inJinrebi, gamomgoneblebi, no-vatorebi, romelTa deficits saqarTvelo ar ganicdis.
sakvanZo sityvebi: inovaciuri, venCuru-
li, progresuli, investori, korporacia, sapaio, inteleqtualuri, biznes-inkubato-rebi, teqnoparkebi.
venCuruli kapitali aris maRali riskis donian proeqtebSi dabandebuli kapitali. igi gankuTvnilia inovaciur warmoebaTa dasafinanseblad da dakavSirebulia sakma-od did riskTan. am Taviseburebebis gamo mas, arcTu iSviaTad, ,,sarisko kapitalsac“ uwodeben. aRniSnuli sainvesticio proeq-tebis warmatebulad realizebis SemTxve-vaSi venCurul kapitals misi mflobeli-saTvis ufro maRali mogeba moaqvs. ven-Curuli biznesis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo inovaciur proeqtebSi investiciebis mo-zidvam, rac garTulebulia dabandebaTa grZelvadiani xasiaTisa da pirvel etapze
ukugebis ararsebobis gamo, agreTve im ris-kiT, rom es investiciebi SeiZleba saerTod uSedegod aRmoCndes da firmam mogebis nacvlad zarali naxos. imasTan dakavSi-rebiT, rom bankebs ar SeuZliaT sarisko proeqtebis masStaburi dafinanseba, grZel-vadiani sasesxo kapitalis mozidvis mizniT bankebi venCurulma kompaniebma Caanacvles.
inovaciuri biznesis ganviTarebaSi gan-sakuTrebul rols TamaSobs venCuruli (sarisko) kapitali, romelic warmoadgens dafinansebis iseT formas, romelsac mniSv-nelovani adgili uWiravs ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi. venCuruli kapitalis formireba xdeba individualur meanabreTa, msxvili korpiraciebis, samTav-robo uwyebebis, sadazRvevo kompaniebis, universitetebis, mecnierul-kvleviTi da-wesebulebebis, bankebis, sapensio fondebi-sa da sxva uwyebebis kapitalis bazaze.
venCuruli biznesi gulisxmobs axali ideebis, progresuli samecniero-teqniku-ri damuSavebebis dafinansebasa da maT da-yvanas gayidvisaTvis mizanSewonil donem-de, anu komercializacias. samrewvelo da sabanko kapitalisagan gansxvavebiT, venCu-ruli kapitalis Tavisebureba isaa, rom misma Camdebma icis, rom SeiZleba igi daikargos. amitom investorebi Tanxebis dabandebas gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekidebian. dafinanseba grZelvadiania da didia mogebis miRebis vada. venCuruli ka-pitali warmoadgens ara kredits, aramed sapaio Sesatans – SemtanisaTvis motivaci-uri faqtoria momavali maRali mogeba. ven-Curuli biznesi saWiroebs did codnas, did fulsa da did garjas, magram warmatebis SemTxvevaSi igi uzarmazari mogebis mom-tani ,,oqros ZarRvia“.
aseT biznesSi mniSvnelovanwilad wvri-li da saSualo sawarmoebi (firmebi) mona-wileoben, romlebic ZiriTadad mecniere-batevad dargebSi funqcionireben da ma-Ralprofesionalur doneze asruleben uaxlesi teqnologiebis, agreTve, nawarmis axali nimuSebis Seqmnasa da warmoebaSi da-nergvasTan dakavSirebul mecnierul-kvle-viT da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro xasiaTis samuSaoebs.
venCurulma biznesma xeli Seuwyo msof-lios wamyvani qveynebis gadasvlas ganvi-Tarebis postindustriul fazaze. Ameriku-
112
li venCuruli sistema am biznesis pirveli da warmatebuli magaliTia msoflioSi. aSS-ze planetis venCuruli kapitalis daaxlo-ebiT sami meoTxedi modis. 2010 wlisaTvis marto aSS-Si funqcionirebda 10 000 venCu-ruli firma, romelTac 5000-mde fondi afinansebda, xolo venCuruli bazris saer-To moculobam 26 miliard dolars gada-aWarba. evropul qveynebSi venCurul fon-debs naklebi SesaZleblobebi aqvT. maTi moculoba 10 miliard dolars ar aRema-teba. evropaSi lideria didi britaneTi, romlis wilad evropis venCuruli saxsre-bis TiTqmis naxevari modis.
inovaciuri biznesi warmoudgenelia riskis gareSe. riski aris saSiSroeba, sava-raudo zarali an ziani, romelime arasa-surveli movlenis dadgomis SesaZlebloba. riskis qveS unda vigulisxmoT albaToba imisa, rom firmam Tavisi samewarmeo saqmia-nobis Sedegad, SesaZloa dakargos resru-sebis nawili, ver miiRos dagegmili mogeba an gauCndes gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebi. biznesis sxva sferoebTan SedarebiT ino-vaciur biznesSi ufro meti riskia, radgan sasurveli Sedegis miRebis garantia am ti-pis saqmianobaSi praqtikulad gamoricxu-lia. amerikeli mecnieri b. teisi imasac am-tkicebs, rom inovaciur biznesSi liskon-tis ganakveTad bankis procentis gamoyene-ba da am dargisaTvis misi bazad miReba da-uSvebelia, radgan es aris dargi, sadac warmatebis albaToba 10%-ia, riskisa da da-nakargis ki – 90%. amave azris arian me-dinski da strekalovi. axali teqnikisa da teqnologiebis danergva da gabeduli Se-moqmedebiTi aratrivialuri qmedeba, Tavis mxriv kidev ufro aZlierebs riskis alba-Tobas.
riski inovaciur biznesSi SeiZleba gan-martos, rogorc albaToba zaralisa, rome-lic mosalodnelia organizaciis mier sax-srebis dabandebiT axali produqciisa da momsaxurebis warmoebasa da Zvelis gaum-jobesebaSi, mowinave teqnikisa da teqno-logiebis aTvisebaSi, organizaciisa da marTvis axali meTodebis danergvaSi. Cxa-dia, zarali SeiZleba warmoiSvas im SemTx-vevaSi, Tu axal produqciasa da momsaxu-rebas bazari ar miiRebs, an Tuki inova-ciuri mmarTvelobiTi meTodebi ar aRmo-Cndeba efeqtiani. xSirad ki riskisaTvis
jildo mewarmis mier gamomuSavebuli mo-gebis ZiriTadi nawilia, e.i. mewarme mogebis misaRebad eZebs warmoebis organizaciis meTodsa da teqnologias, amuSavebs axal saqonelsa da momsaxurebas, qmnis axal bazars.1
inovaciur biznesSi SeiZleba warmoiSvas wminda da spekulaciuri riskebi. pirveli gulisxmobs biznesSi iseTi faqtorebis moqmedebas, romlis Sedegi aucileblad aris zarali da maTi gavlenis Secvla Se-uZlebelia. magaliTad, stiqiuri ubedure-ba, xanZari, politikuri kataklizmebi da sxva. spekulaciuri riskebi ki dakavSire-bulia mmarTvelobiT gadawyvetilebebTan, romelTa Sedegi SeiZleba iyos rogorc zarali, aseve – mogeba.
garda zemoaRniSnulisa, inovaciur saq-mianobasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi SeiZ-leba daiyos Semdeg kategoriebad:
riski, romelic mosalodnelia inovaci-uri proeqtis arasworad SerCevis SemTx-vevaSi, risi mizezic SeiZleba iyos firmis ekonomikuri da sabazro strategiis prio-ritetebis araswori gansazRvra, samomxma-reblo bazris araadekvaturi Sefaseba;
inovaciuri proeqtis arasakmarisi da-finansebis riski, romelic gamowveulia da-finansebis wyaros araswori SerCeviT. aRsa-niSnavia, rom inovaciuri proeqtis dafi-nansebis wyaros SerCevisas sawarmos aqvs sami SesaZlo arCevani: 1) proeqtis TviTda-finanseba; 2) dafinanseba gare wyaroebidan; 3) pirveli ori variantis kombinacia;
marketinguli riski, romelic dakavSi-rebulia inovaciuri proeqtis realizaci-isTvis saWiro resursebis miwodebis Se-ferxebasTan da ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia teqnikuri TaviseburebebiT. xSir SemTxve-vaSi, proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad saWi-roa unikaluri mowyobilobebi, maRalxa-risxiani makompleqteblebi, an iseTi masa-lebi, romlebic Tavad moiTxoven damuSa-vebasa da aTvisebas. amitom zogjer sawar-mos winaSe dgeba problema, ipovos iseTi mimwodeblebi, romlebic SesZleben mis uzrunvelyofas ama Tu im unikaluri re-sursiT. xolo, roca aseTi momwodeblebi ar arseboben adgilobriv bazarze. firma
1 CoCiSvili s. biznes-gegmis Sedgenis meTodika, Tb., ,,inteleqti“, 2001, gv. 50.
113
iZulebulia eZebos isini saerTaSoriso bazarze, rac cxadia, ganapirobebs da-matebiT xarjebs da warmoSobs sagareo vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul riskebs;
inovaciuri proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad miRebuli produqciisa da mom-saxurebis realizaciis marketinguli ris-ki, romelic warmoiSoba bazris arasakma-risi segmentaciis gamo, roca axal, mim-zidvel, magram maRali fasis mqone saqo-nels ver yiduloben momxmareblebi, agreT-ve im SemTxvevaSi, roca arasworad aris SerCeuli miznobrivi bazris segmenti da riski warmoiSoba Semdeg situaciebSi: 1) Tu inovaciur produqtze moTxovna SerCeuli bazris segmentze arastabiluri aRmoCnde-ba; 2) Tu arCeulia bazris iseTi segmenti, romelzec moTxovna inovaciur produqtze Sefasebulia arasworad; 3) Tu gayidvebisT-vis SerCeulia bazris segmenti, romelzec inovaciur produqtze moTxovna SezRudu-lia;
konkurentebTan dakavSirebuli riski, romlis warmoSobis mizezebia: konkuren-tebze arasruli an arasarwmuno informa-ciis floba, siaxleebis danergvis ufro neli tempebi konkurentebTan SedarebiT, konkurentebis mxridan konkurenciis ara-swori meTodebiT warmarTva, rac asaxvas hpovebs bazarze sxva mwarmoeblebis gamo-CenaSi, romlebmac SesaZloa analogiuri produqcia SesTavazon momxmareblebs;
inovaciur proeqtTan dakavSirebuli sakuTrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofis ris-ki, romelic warmoiSoba sxvadasxva mizezis gamo. magaliTad, dapatentebis politikis sakiTxebSi daSvebulma Secdomebma SeiZle-ba nulamde daiyvanos firmis mier siaxlis danergviT miRebuli konkurentuli upira-tesoba. arsebobas riski imisa, rom gaWia-nurdes patentis daregistrireba, dagvian-des licenziis miReba droulad gadauxde-lobis gamo, sapatento organom uari Tqvas patentis damtkicebaze da Seaferxos misi gacema. garda aRniSnulisa, mosalodnelia agreTve patentis gaprotestebis riski, ra-mac SeiZleba xSir SemTxvevaSi gamoiwvios: sapatento uflebis gauqmeba; sawarmoo-teqnologiuri riski, rome-
lic SeiZleba warmoiSvas sawarmoo wu-nis, xanZris, avariis da sxva SemTxve-vaSi;
riski, romelic dakavSirebulia ara-srul da arazust informaciasTan teq-nikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis, axa-li teqnikisa da teqnologiebis para-metrebis dinamikis Sesaxeb;
gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebis warmoqm-nisa da Sesabamisad, mogebis Semcirebis riski.
garda zemoaRniSnuli riskebisa, inova-ciur saqmianobaze gavlenas axdens is ris-kebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia biznesis sxva sferoebisaTvis: erovnul valutasTan mimarTebaSi uc-
xouri valutis kursis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli riski;
socialur-politikuri cvlilebebis riski;
sagareo ekonomikuri riski, romlebic dakavSirebulia sagareo saqmianobaSi SezRudvebis dawesebasTan, sazRvrebis daketvasTan da sxva;
bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi, stiqi-ur ubedurebasTan dakavSirebuli ris-kebi da sxva.
riskis marTva warmoadgens erT-erT di-namiurad ganviTarebadi saxis profesiul saqmianobas. igi moicavs Semdeg stadiebs: savarudod riskis gamovlenas, riskis Sefa-seba, riskis marTvis meTodis SerCevas da misi gamoyenebiT miRebuli Sedegebis Sefa-seba.
riskis marTva, rogorc sistema, Sedgeba ori qveisistemisagan: marTvadi qvesistema, romelic moiazreba marTvis obieqtad da mmarTveli qvesistema, romelic warmog-vidgeba marTvis subieqtad. riskis marTvis sistemaSi marTvis obieqts miekuTvneba: riskis daSveba, kapitalis sarisko Cadeba da riskis realizaciis procesSi ekonomi-kuri urTierToba iseT meurne subieqtebs Soris, rogoricaa: mewarme da partniorebi, kreditori da debitori, damzRvevi da mzRveveli, konkurentebi da a.S. riskis marTvis sistemaSi marTvis subieqtad ki miCneulia adamianTa specialuri jgufi (mewarme, finansuri menejeri, risk-meneje-ri, dazRvevs specialisti da sxv.), romelic sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT axdens gav-lenas marTvis ama Tu im obieqtze.
bevr firmaSi SemoRebulia risk-meneje-ris Tanamdeboba, romlis movaleobas war-moadgens ama Tu im saxis riskis Semcireba.
114
risk-menejmentis mmarTvelobiTi funqcia dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad saWiro saSua-lebebiT drouli da kompleqsuri manipu-lireba. aRsaniSnavia, rom inovaciur saq-mianobaSi mniSvnelovania ara riskebis Ta-vidan acileba, aramed maTi minimizacia, rac SesaZlebelia Semdegi ZiriTadi meTo-debis gamoyenebiT:
riskebis ganawilebis meTodi gulisx-mobs TanainvestorTa moZiebas, raTa miR-weul iqnas riskebis Semcireba maTi gada-nawilebiT proeqtis monawileobaze. mxare, romelic pasuxismgebelia konkretul ris-kze, kargad unda erkveodes mis specifi-kaSi, raTa gonivrulad Seafasos da akon-trolos igi. amasTan, igi unda iyos finan-surad mdgradi imisaTvis, rom gauZlos riskebis savaraudo uaryofiT gavlenas. aRsaniSnavia, rom rac ufro Zlieria Ta-nainvestorTa jgufi, miT naklebia pro-eqtis SeCerebis albaToba ama Tu im gauT-valiswinebel garemoebaTa gamo.
diversifikaciis meTodi saSualebas iZleva, investiciaTa mravalferovnebis xarjze Semcirebul iqnas portfeluri riskebi, rac gulisxmobs erT sainvesticio proeqtis gaerTianebas im mizniT, rom Ta-vidan iqnas acilebuli yvela proeqtis mom-gebianobis erTdrouli cvlileba erTi da imave mimarTulebiT. riskiani finansuri aq-tivebisagan Semdgari portfelebi SeiZle-ba iseTnairad iqnas formirebuli, rom Tu gauTvaliswinebeli mizezebis gamo erT-erTi proeqti aRmoCndeba wamgebiani, sxve-bis mier miRebulma mogebam kompania gako-trebisgan gadaarCinos. diversifikacia gu-lisxmobs aseve, produqciis garkveul sa-xeobaze moTxovnis SemcirebiT gamowveuli riskis Tavidan acilebis mizniT firmis mi-er sxvadasxva saxis produqciis warmoebas;
dazRveva, rogorc ekonomikur urTier-TobaTa sistema, warmoadgens riskis Semci-rebis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas da gu-lisxmobs riskis sxvaze gadacemas garkveu-li gasamrjelos fasad, rac niSnavs zara-lis ganawilebas sadazRvevo urTierTobe-bis monawileTa Soris. dazRvevis SemTxve-vaSi iqmneba specialuri sadazRvevo fondi, romelic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva tipis zaralisa Tu danakargis anazRaurebis miz-niT. magaliTad, sadazRvevo kompaniaSi fi-zikuri da iuridiuli pirebi deben Tanxebs
imisaTvis, rom riskiT gamowveuli zaralis SemTxvevaSi damzRvevma miiRos garkveuli kompensacia. kerZo sadazRvevo kompania warmoadgens komerciul sawarmos. saqone-li, romliTac is vaWrobs, safinanso dax-marebaa. imisaTvis, rom SeZlon funqcio-nireba, sadazRvevo kompaniebma unda dafa-ron sakuTari danaxarjebi, romlebic Sed-geba sadazRvevo polisebis asanazRaurebe-li Tanxebis, administraciuli danaxarje-bis, likvidurobisa da gadasaxadebisagan. sadazRvevo kompaniebSi did rols TamaSo-ben is adamianebi, romlebic gansazRvraven sadazRvevo danakargebisa da premiebis mo-culobas. maT aqtuarebi ewodeba. isini ad-genen sadazRvevo cxrilebs, sadac aisaxeba sxvadasxva stiqiuri movlenis albaToba da iyeneben maT sadazRvevo premiebis dasad-genad. sadazRvevo agentebi arian sadazR-vevo kompaniebis is TanamSromlebi, romle-bic wyveten, Tu romeli riskebi, ra Tan-xebSi unda iqnes dazRveuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom dazRveva gamoiyeneba mxolod im Sem-TxvevaSi, roca pirTa didi raodenoba ganicdis analogiur risks.
riskis dazRvevasTan erTad gamoiyeneba dazRveva, romelic gulisxmobs pirdapiri mzRvevelis mier dazRveulisagan sadazR-vevo xelSekrulebiT aRebuli riskis gar-kveuli nawilis sxva mzRvevelisTvis ga-dacemas ise, rom am ukanasknels dazRveul-Tan samarTlebrivi urTierToba gaaCnia. Ga-dazRvevis dros maqsimalurad izRudeba sadazRvevo kompaniis zarali da is gakot-rebisagan daculia. gadazRvevis mizania riskebis ganawilebis gziT damzRvevis da-balansebuli portfelis Seqmna, sadazRve-vo operaciebis finansuri mdgomareobisa da rentabelobis uzrunvelyofa, zegavle-na pirdapiri mzRvevelis gadaxdisunarino-bis maCvenebelia gaumjobesebaze, likvidu-ri aqtivebis SeTavazeba uSualod mzRveve-lisaTvis sadazRvevo SemTxvevebis dadgo-misas, danakargis swrafi regulirebisaT-vis gadazRvevis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia maSin, roca sadazRvevo kompaniebis riskis asaRebad sakmarisi finansuri Tanxebi ar gaaCniaT. gadazRveva regulirdeba xelSek-rulebis formiT. es ukanaskneli warmoad-gens SeTanxmebas, romlis mixedviTac erTi sadazRvevo kompania - ,,cedenti” gadascems dasazRvevad miRebuli riskis nawils sxva
115
kompanias - ,,cesioners”. gadazRvevis xel-Sekruleba pirdapir mzRvevelsa da gadam-zRvevels Soris samarTlebrivi urTier-Tobis safuZvelia, romelSic mocemulia gadazidvebis wesebi da debulebebi.
rezervireba, romlis drosac sawarmo qmnis specialur fondebs (ZiriTadad mo-gebidan) sabrunavi saSualebebis nawilis xarjze. igi warmoadgens sarezervo fondis Seqmnis decentralizebul formas sameur-neo subieqtSi, amitomac ganixileba, ro-gorc danakargis dafarvaze saSualebebis rezervireba da xSirad TviTdazRvevas uwodeben. rezervirebis SemTxvevaSi auci-lebelia optimaluri maragis gansazRvra, xolo Tu danakargebma gadaaWarba dagro-vil rezervs, rac mosalodnelia daugeg-mavi riskis priobebSi, sawarmom unda gamo-naxos maTi kompensaciisaTvis damatebiTi saxsrebi.
hejireba warmoadgens bazarze arasa-surveli fasis koniunqturis riskis Semci-rebis efeqtian saSualebas. vadiani kon-traqtebis dadebiT mewarme Tavs icavs bazarze fasebis ryevisagan, riTac amci-rebs Tavisi samewarmeo saqmianobis savara-udo Sedegebis gaurkvevlobis dones.
limitireba gulisxmobs SezRudvis sis-temis garkveul wesebs, romlebic gamoiye-neba kapitaldabandebebis gansazRvris, sa-qonlis kreditSi gayidvis, sesxis gacemis da sxva SemTxvevaSi, misi saSualebiT xdeba fuladi saxsrebis zRvruli donis dadgena.
aRsaniSnavia, rom riskis minimizaciis meTodebis konkretuli arCevani damokide-bulia mewarmisa da risk-menejeris gamoc-dilebasa da inovaciuri firmis SesaZleb-lobaze. xSirad sasurveli Sedegis misaRe-bad gamoiyeneba ara erTi, aramed, riskebis Semcirebis meTodTa erToblioba inovaci-uri proeqtis ganxorcielebis calkeul etapze. rac, saboloo jamSi, kompaniis efe-qtiani ganviTarebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan winapirobas warmoadgens.
saqarTveloSi biznesis es saxeoba jer-jerobiT faqtobrivad ar arsebobs, vinai-dan ar gvaqvs axal teqnologiebTan da sa-risko investiciebTan muSaobis gamocdi-leba, agreTve finansuri infrastruqtura. venCuruli biznesis mTavari piroba – gan-
viTarebuli safondo bazari, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos venCuruli kapitalis muSaobis mTavari principi. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos venCuruli biznesis ganviTarebis kargi perspeqtivebi aqvs.
saqarTveloSi saamisod upirvelesad, unda Camoyalibdes inteleqtualuri saku-Trebis srulyofili bazari, amuSavdes sa-fondo bazari da Seiqmnas venCuruli fon-debi. gasaTvaliswinebelia aSS-is da evro-pis wamyvani qveynebis gamocdileba da sa-qarTvelos wamyvan universitetebTan sa-survelia Seiqmnas biznes inkubatorebi, teqnoparkebi, romlebic venCuruli fir-mebis prototipebi iqnebian da uzrunvel-yofen dasaqmebas.
saqarTveloSi inovaciuri biznesis gan-viTareba, fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba sa-xelmwifos sistematuri zrunvis sagnad un-da iqces. Cvenma mTavrobam ar unda dauSvas e.w. `tvinebis gadineba” sazRvargareT, axal-gazrda da perpseqtiuli kadrebis dakarg-va. aseTi saSiSroeba Cven qveyanaSi arsebobs da misi Tavidan acileba progresuli eko-nomikuri politikiTaa SesaZlebeli. amaSi ki Tavisi gadamwyveti wvlili venCerulma biznesmac unda Seasrulos.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. baraTaSvili e., daTaSvili v., nakaiZe g.,
quTaTelaZe r. ,,inovaciebis menejmen-ti“, Tb., 2008.
2. gvaruciZe a., ,,inovaciebi biznesSi” (mo-nografia), Tb., 2012.
3. lazviaSvili n., ,,riskmenejmenti” (sa-xelmZRvanelo), Tb., 2010.
4. Ciqava l. ,,inovaciuri ekonomika”, Tb., 2006.
5. caava g. venCuruli biznesi, rogorc inovaciebis dafinansebis saSualeba”, Jurn. ,,socialuri ekonomika”, #5, 2010.
6. Молчанов Н.Н. Иновационный процесс: орга-низация и маркетинг, Санкт-Петербург, 2008.
116
mikrosocialuri garemos roli daavadebaTa prevenciaSi
medea Ciqava _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori Tamar cincaZe _ stu-s profesori
Nnodar sulaSvili _ saqarTvelos universitetis asistent profesori
The Role of Microsocial Environment for Disease Prevention
Medea Chikava
Tamar Tsintsadse Nodar Sulashvili
The aim of the study was to assess the microsocial
environment role for prevention of Chronic Noninfectious Digestive Diseases (CNDD). One phase epidemiological research was conducted in population of adolescents aged 14-21 years, living in Georgia. The representative contigent _ 430 adolescents were selected by the method of simple randomization. The two groups were separated from the research contingent: the experimental group was composed of 84 adolescents with the CNDD and the control group was made of 346 conditionally healthy adolescents.
The microsocial environmental risk factors ranking was held according to decrease of OR values. Analysis of events showed that the odds ratio for the
combination of chronic psychological overloads are very high. Among them the care for reduction of study overloads, conflict situations at the family and adolescents bad habits are the most important for prevention of CNDD. The improvement of living conditions also can help with preventing CNDD among adolescents. The listed above preventive measures implementation can help reduce the prevalence of CNDD among adolescents.
reziume kvlevis mizani iyo mikrosocialuri
garemos rolis Sefaseba kuW-nawlavis qro-nikul arainfeqciur daavadebaTa (kqad) prevenciaSi. erTmomentiani epidemiologi-uri kvleva Catarda saqarTveloSi mcxo-vreb 14-21 wlis mozardTa populaciaSi. Mar-tivi randomizaciis meTodiT SeirCa rep-
117
rezentatuli kontingenti _ 430 mozardi. eqsperimentuli jgufi Sedgeboda 84 kqad-is mqone pacientisgan, xolo sakontrolo _ 346 pirobiTad janmrTeli mozardisgan. riskis faqtorebi ranJirebul iqna OR sididis klebis mixedviT.
dadginda, rom Seswavlil faqtorTagan kqad yvelaze metad asocirebulia qroni-kul fsiqologiur gadatvirTvebTan, ro-melTaganac aRniSnul daavadebaTa preven-ciisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania swavliT gadatvirTvis, ojaxSi xSiri konfliqturi situaciebisa da mozardis mavne Cvevebis Semcirebaze zrunva. aseve saWiroa mozar-dis sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobeseba. zemoaRniSnul prevenciul RonisZiebaTa gatareba xels Seuwyobs kqad-Ta prevalen-tobis Semcirebas mozardebSi.
Tanamedrove medicinaSi, miRweuli war-
matebebis miuxedavad, saWmlis momnelebe-li sistemis daavadebebis (smsd) prevenciis gaumjobesebisTvis zrunva erT-erT prio-ritetul amocanad rCeba, radgan ukanask-nel periodSi mTel msoflioSi adgili aqvs am daavadebaTa arakontrolirebadi zrdis tendencias [2, 4, 5, 6, 8]. saqarTveloSi 2000-2010 wlebis oficialuri statistikuri mo-nacemebis mixedviT, smsd-Ta prevalento-bis maCveneblebi mTel mosaxleobaSi 1,82%-dan 5,88%-mde, xolo bavSvebSi 1,09%-dan 3,14%-mde gaizarda [1], mozardebSi ki da-zustebuli araa.
mozardobis asaki – normatiuli makro-stresoria, radgan biologiuri movlenaa, romelic yvela adamianis cxovrebaSi dgeba. amitom mniSvnelovania mozardebSi saWm-lis momnelebeli sistemis qronikul arain-feqciur daavadebaTa prevenciis mecnieru-lad dasabuTebuli efeqturi modelis Se-muSaveba mtkicebiTi medicinis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad.
Cveni kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda smsd-isadmi genetikuri midrekilebisa da mikro-socialuri garemos zogierT araxelsay-reli faqtoris zegavlenis Seswavla saqar-TveloSi mcxovreb mozardTa janmrTelo-baze, kerZod, saWmlis momnelebeli siste-mis mdgomareobaze. amisTvis erTmaneTs Se-vadareT kuW-nawlavis paTologis mqone da
pirobiTad janmrTel mozardebSi arse-buli riskis faqtorebi smsd-Tan asocire-bis Zalis mixedviT.
masala da meTodebi. Cvens mier Cata-rebul iqna smsd-Ta erTmomentiani komple-qsuri epidemiologiuri kvleva avadobis aqtiuri gamovleniT 14-21 wlis mozardTa populaciaSi.
arainfeqciur daavadebaTa statistiku-ri Seswavla xorcieldeba ara `generaluri erTobliobis” mTliani gamokvleviT, ara-med _ `nawilobrivi“ meTodebiT. imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofili yofiliyo gamosakv-levi jgufis warmomadgenlobiToba (rep-rezentatuloba) da SemTxveviToba, saqar-TveloSi mcxovreb mozardTa magaliTad SeirCa q. Tbilisis ramdenime skolis, saSu-alo specialuri da umaRlesi saswavleb-lis rogorc Tbiliseli, aseve saqarTve-los sxvadasxva kuTxidan Camosuli stu-dentebi da moswavleebi.
jandacvis saerTaSoriso organizaciis eqspertTa komitetis meaTe moxsenebaze mi-Rebuli meTodikis safuZvelze ganisazRv-ra `SerCevis erTobliobis’’ sidide. gamo-yenebul iqna `SerCevis” martivi, randomi-zebuli forma. statistikurad sarwmuno maCvenebelTa misaRebad gamosakvlev pirTa saWiro raodenoba ganisazRvra formuliT [22, 25]:
n = t2 * P * ( 100 – P ) / ∆ 2, sadac n – dakvirvebaTa saWiro rao-
denobaa;
P = 13,25% – daavadebis epidemio-logiuri gavrceleba 15-18 wlis mozar-debSi, gamoxatuli %-Si (aRebulia lite-raturis monacemi) [26].
t = 1,96 – sandoobis koeficienti (95%-iani sizustiT);
∆ = 3,25 – maCveneblis zRvruli Secdoma.
e. i. n = 1,962 * 13,25 * 86,75 / 3,252 = 418. amdenad, SeirCa 430 mozardi _ 215 vaJi
da 215 gogona, `generalur erTobliobaSi” sqesis mixedviT arsebuli ganawilebis Sesa-bamisad. aqedan 52,4% iyo sajaro skolis moswavle, 21,9% – saSualo specialuri, xo-lo 25,7% – umaRlesi saswavleblis stu-denti.
epidemiologiuri kvleva Catarda or etapad q. Tbilisis yvela raionis TiTo saswavlo dawesebulebaSi, raTa uzrun-
118
velyofili yofiliyo populaciis yvela erTeulis SerCevaSi moxvedris daaxloe-biT Tanabari albaToba da SemTxveviToba.
pirvel etapze mozardTa mier Sevsebul iqna specialurad SemuSavebuli skrining-anketebi. maT ganemartaT, Tu rogor unda SeevsoT kiTxvarebi. mozardebi gamokiTx-vaSi nebayoflobiT monawileobdnen. isini xalisiT avsebdnen kiTxvarebs, romlebic TiTqmis 100%-iT dabrunda ukan.
garda amisa, xdeboda mozardTa inter-viureba, romlis drosac zustdeboda pasu-xebi da damatebiT ivseboda anketebi. Ser-Ceul kontingents Cautarda Rrma samedi-cino Semowmeba.
gaanalizebul iqna TiToeuli mozardis anamnezi, subieqturi simtomatika da obieq-turi gasinjvis, agreTve _ ambulatori-ul-poliklinikuri kvlevis monacemebi. rig SemTxvevebSi, diagnozis dazustebis mizniT, mozardebs damatebiT CautardaT klinikur-laboratoriuli da instrumen-tuli gamokvlevebi. Sedegad, Seswavlili kontingentidan gamoyofil iqna 84 smsd-is mqone da 346 pirobiTad janmrTeli (smsd-is
ara mqone) mozardi _ Sesabamisad, I da II jgufebi.
meore etapze mozardTa mier Sevsebul iqna epidemiologiuri kvlevis specialize-buli ruka-kiTxvarebi, romlebic moicavda kiTxvebs mozardTa mikrosocialuri ris-kis faqtorebis Sesaxeb.
kvlevisTvis gamoyenebul iqna `SemTxve-va-kontrolis’’ meTodi. TiToeuli jgufis mozardTa Soris arsebul riskis faqtorTa sixSireebi Sedarda erTmaneTs. miRebuli monacemebi damuSavda SPSS programuli pake-tis meSveobiT, Tanamedrove sociometru-li meTodebis gamoyenebiT.
TiToeuli riskis faqtorisTvis gansa-zRvrul iqna Sansebis Tanafardoba _ OR (Odds Ratio). Sansebis Tanafardoba aris efeqtis sididis sazomi, romelic aRwers asociaciis Zalas or sidides Soris [.9]. is gamoiyeneba deskriptul statistikaSi, sa-dac efeqtis sidide aris statistikuri po-pulaciis or cvlad sidides Soris arse-buli urTierTkavSiris Zalis sazomi [7].
cvladi sidide aris raRac movlenis _
E (Event) arseboba an ararseboba _ N (Non-event). Cvens SemTxvevaSi movlena aris smsd-
is arseboba (E) an ararseboba (N). am mov-
lenis arseboba sakvlev (mocemuli riskis faqtoris mqoneTa) jgufSi aRiniSneba, rogorc EE (Events in Experimental group), sa-kontrolo (mocemuli riskis faqtoris ara
mqoneTa) jgufSi, rogorc CE (Events in Con-trol group); xolo movlenis ararseboba sa-kvlev jgufSi aris EN (Non-events in Expe-rimental group), sakontrolo jgufSi _ CN
(Non-events in Control group) [9]. smsd-is arsebobis Sansi sakvlev jgufSi
_ OE (odds in Experimental group) gamoiTvleba: OE = EE / EN.
smsd-is arsebobis Sansi sakontrolo jgufSi _ OC (odds in control group) gamoiTv-leba: OC = CE / CN.
Sansebis Tanafardoba _ OR niSnavs sakv-
lev jgufSi movlenis arsebobis _ OE Sansis Sefardebas sakontrolo jgufSi
movlenis arsebobis _ OC SansTan: OR = OE / OC = (EE / EN) / (CE / CN).
pubertatuli asakis mozardTa popula-ciaSi smsd-Ta gavrcelebam 19,5% (95%CI: 17,6-21,4) Seadgina; kuW-nawlavis traqtis paTologia 84 mozardidan aRmoaCnda 45 go-gonas da 39 biWs, Sesabamisad, 53,6% (95%CI: 48,1-59,1) da 46,4%-s (95%CI: 40,9-51,9).
kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom mikro-socialuri garemos faqtorebidan smsd-ze zegavlenas yvelaze metad axdens mozard-Ta qronikuli gadatvirTvebi. smsd-sa da TiToeul gadatvirTvas Soris asociaciis Zala SedarebiT sustia (OR=2,37-7,1), vidre _ knt-is daavadebebisadmi genetikur mid-rekilebas Soris (OR=11,5), magram gan-xilul gadatvirTvaTa erTobliobasTan sakmaod Zlieri kavSiria (OR=15,3).
smsd-is mqone mozardebSi, danarCeneb-Tan SedarebiT, ufro meti sixSiriT ga-movlinda fsiqologiuri datvirTva swav-lis gaZlierebasTan (OR=7,1 (95% CI: 4,58-11,6)) dakavSirebiT (swavla or da met skolaSi, or da met maswavlebelTan momza-deba), ojaxSi xSiri konfliqturi situaci-ebi (OR=6,0), agreTve _ siZneleebi Tanato-lebTan urTierTobisas (OR=3,83 (95% CI: 3,05-4,89)), uaryofiTi emociebi Wamamde da
Wamis dros (OR=2,77 (95% CI: 2,23-3,44)), konfliqturi situaciebi saswavlebelSi (OR=2,37 (95% CI: 1,89-2,97)).
119
amdenad, mozardTa janmrTelobasa da uaryofiT mikrosocialur garemos Soris kavSiris TvalsazrisiT, qronikuli gadat-virTvebi rangiT pirvel adgilzea _
OR=15,3 (95% CI: 9,06-37,8); meore adgilze ki mozardis mavne Cvevebi aRmoCnda (OR = 5,14 (95% CI: 4,22-6,37).
mozardTa gamokiTxvisas aRmoCnda, rom I jgufis mozardTa 53,8%-is, xolo II jgufis _ 30,3%-is nacnobTa umravlesoba eweva (OR=2,62 (95% CI: 2,08-3,32). cxadia, es mo-nacemebi araa sakmarisi kauzaluri kavSire-bis Sesaxeb daskvnebis gasakeTeblad, mag-ram vinaidan es faqtori saSualod kore-lirebs TviT mozardis mavne CvevebTan (r=0,4), SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arajansaRi socialuri mikroklimati uaryofiT gav-lenas axdens mozardis ganwyobasa da mo-wevisadmi damokidebulebaze, rac zrdis imis albaTobas, rom isini adre iwyeben mo-wevas. mozardTa smsd-Ta ganviTarebisTvis mowevasTan SedarebiT ufro nakleb, magram statistikurad sarwmuno Sanss qmnis ag-reTve pasiuri moweva 1-2 wlisa da meti xnis ganmavlobaSi (OR=1,83 (95% CI: 1,45-2,34)).
mozardTa smsd-Tan asocirebis Tvalsa-zrisiT, aradamakmayofilebeli cxovrebis pirobebi rangiT mesame adgilzea (OR=3,74 (95% CI: 3,05-4,63)) mavne Cvevebis Semdeg, Cvens mier gamokvleul mozardTa mTel populaciaSi maRalia kompiuterisa da televizoris gadametebuli gamoyeneba. Uax-lesi sainformacio teqnologiebis ukon-trolo gamoyeneba mniSvnelovan uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens bavSvTa da mozardTa ganviTarebaze (OR=2,74 (95% CI: 2,15-3,58). mSoblebis qorwinebiTi mdgomareoba aseve gavlenas axdens mozardTa janmrTelobaze. kerZod, im mozardebs, romelTa mSoblebi dauqorwinebeli an ganqorwinebuli arian, ufro metad aReniSnebaT smsd, vidre _ daqorwinebul mSobelTa Svilebs (OR= 2,37 (95% CI: 1,81-3,04).
daskvna
amrigad, smsd-Ta prevenciisTvis saWi-roa qronikuli gadatvirTvebis, gansakuT-
rebiT swavlis gaZlierebasTan dakavSire-buli fsiqologiuri datvirTvis Semcire-ba. qronikuli gadatvirTvebis garda, mniSvnelovania mozardis mavne Cvevebis Semcireba da cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjo-beseba. vinaidan genetikuri midrekileba aramarTvadia, amitom zemoaRniSnul risk-faqtorTa Sesamcirebel RonisZiebaTa Tan-mimdevrulad ganxorcieleba xels Seuw-yobs aRniSnul daavadebaTa prevalentobis Semcirebas mozardebSi.
L literatura:
1. janmrTelobis dacva, statistikuri
cnobari _ saqarTvelo, 2010. NCDC. // Tbilisi, 2011.
2. Печкуров Д. В. // Эпидемиология гастроэнте-рологических заболеваний у детей: достовер-ность ретроспективного анализа. Педиатрия, 2004, 2, 22-23.
3. Biopsychosocial model. http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Biopsychosocial_model. 15 November 2012
4. D. Festi, E. Scaioli, F. Baldi, A. Vestito, F. Pasqui, A. Rita Di Biase, and A. Colecchia. // Body weight, lifestyle, dietary habits and gastroesophageal reflux disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 April 14;15(14):1690–1701.
5. Dent J, El-Serag HB, Wallander MA, Johansson S. // Epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2005;54:710–717.
6. Dr. Guarner, Ms Lázaro, Ms Gascón, Ms Royo, Dr. Eximan, Dr. Herrero. // MAP OF DIGESTIVE DISORDERS & DISEASES (MDD).
http://www.worldgastroenterology.org. 2008. 7. Effect size.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_size. 21 January 2013.
8. Landau DA, Goldberg A, Levi Z, Levy Y, Niv Y, Bar-Dayan Y. // The prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases in Israeli adolescents and its association with body mass index, gender, and Jewish ethnicity. 1: J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 Sep; 42(8):903-9.
9. Odds ratio. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_ ratio. 29 January 2013
10. W. Jafri, J. Yakoob, N. Jafri, M. Islam, Q. Masroor Ali // Frequency of irritable bowel syndrome in college students. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2005;17(4).
120
ekologiuri riski, faqtorebis klasifikacia da marTvis RonisZiebebi
naira galaxvariZe _ stu-s profesori
eldar gugava _ stu-s profesori
reziume ekologiuri riski warmoadgens integ-
ralur maxasiaTebels, anda ekologiuri sa-frTxis raodenobriv sazoms. ekologiuri riskis faqtorebi esaa ekologiuri sa-frTxis Semadgeneli nawilebi da inicia-torebi.
ekologiuri riskis faqtorebi iyofa or jgufad:bunebrivi da antropogenurad ganpirobebulni.
ekologiuri riskis bunebriv faqto-rebSi Sedis: geologiuri katastrofebi, klimaturi movlenebi, bunebrivi ubedure-bebi.
ekologiuri riskis antropogenurad ganpirobebul faqtorebs miekuTvneba: ga-
remomcvel garemos dabinZureba fizikuri , biologiuri da qimiuri faqtorebiT.
1993 wels a. kelleromma janmrTelo-bisaTvis garemomcvel garemos riskis faq-torebi da maTi kriteriumebis klasifika-cia Semdegi saxiT moaxdina.kerZod janmr-TelobisaTvis garemomcveli garemos ris-kis faqtorebi da maTi kriteriumebi faq-torTa or jgufad dayo.
The essence of the environmental risks, factors,
classification and managementme asures
Naira Galakhvaridze Eldar Gugava
Summary
121
Environmental riskis the integral characteristic, or environmental hazardin the quantitative measure of the environmental riskfactors are environmental ha-zardspart sandinitiators.
Environmental riskfactors are dividedin to two groups: natural and anthropogenic conditioned.
Environmental risk Environmental factors in clude: geological disasters, weatherevents, natural di-sasters.
Environmental risk duetoanthropogenic factorsin clude: the environment pollution, physical, biological and chemical factors.
1993 A. Akeleromm health riskfactor sand their surrounding environmentcriteria for classification as follows the. Specifically health riskfactors and environment factors between the twogroupsbegan their criteria. The first group of factors combined.
„adamiano nu warmoidgen , rom xilulni dausabamoni arian....TiTqos samyaro
dausabamo da dausrulebeli iyos...iq sadac nawilebi gaxrwnasa da cvalebadobas
emorCileba, mTelic odesme uciloblad Tavisi nawilebis msgavsad Seicvlis saxes`
wminda basili didi ekologiuri riski warmoadgens integ-
rarul maxasiaTebels, anda ekologiuri sa-frTxis raodenobriv sazoms.ekologiuri riskis faqtorebi esaa ekologiuri safr-Txis Semadgeneli nawilebi da iniciato-rebi.
ekologiuri safrTxe esa realizebuli anda mosalodneli ekologiuri saSiSroe-ba, asevTqvaT muqara antropogenuri anu bunebrivi zemoqmedebis Sedegad,romelic iwvevs adamianis janmrTelobis darRvevasa da garemomcveli garemos gauaresebas.
ekologiuri riskis faqtorebi iyofa or jgufad. (ix. sqema N1)
sqema N1
1. bunebrivi fatorebi - esaa geologiu-
ri faqtorebi da katastrofebi (miwisZvre-bi, vulkanis amofrqveva,mewyerebi da a.S); klimaturi movlenebi (gvalvebi, qariSxle-bi, taifunebi, cunamebi); anda bunebrivi ubedurebebi (daavadebaTa paTogenuri ga-mowvevebis gazrda, mRrnelebis masiuri mi-graciebis talRebi, kaliebis Semoseva da a.S)
2. antropogenurad ganpirobebuli faq-torebi _ radiaciuli safrTxe dabinZure-buli anda aucilebeli elementebiT sakma-risad gamdidrebuli sasmeli wyali, epide-mologiuri riski gamowveuli, rogorc sayofacxovrebo CadinebiT dabinZurebuli wylidan da niadagidan, aseve daavadebaTa gamowvevebis geografiuli gavrceleba.
mTeli cocxali planetis globaluri riski dakavSirebulia ozonis Sris darRve-vasTan, atmosferoSi Tburi gazebis dagro-vebis Sedegad klimatis cvlilebasTan, si-Tbur gamosxivebasTan msxvil samrewvelo da dasaxlebuli punqtebis, tyeebis ganad-gurebasTan, [rogorc tropikuli aseve CrdiloeTis] _ Jangbadis Zlier wyaros-Tan da planetis klimatis regulatoreb-Tan.
122
bunebis msxvilmaStabiani gardaqmnebi (yamiri miwebis gadaxvna, atomuri eleqt-rosadgurebisa da msvili agrosamrewvelo kompleqsebis mSenebloba, mdinareTa Semo-brunebis proeqtebi, Waobebis amoSroba) aseve bunebisa da adamianebisTvis warmoad-gens ekologiuri riskebis Zlier faqto-rebs. riskis faqtoris didi jgufi dakav-Sirebulia teqnogenur katastrofebTan da saomar moqmedbebTan. riskebis meore faq-torebs miekuTvneba omebisa da ekologi-uri katastrofebis socialuri Sedegebi. Ma-siuri daavadebebi da ubedurebis raione-bidan migraciebi. magarm CamoTvlili ris-
kebisa da safrTxeebis mTavari faqtoris mTeli Tavisi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad Ta-namedrove adamianis sicocxlisaTvis safr-Txes dedamiwaze warmoadgens biologiuri mravalferovnebis (cocxal arsebaTa saxe-obaTa ganadgureba) Semcireba, romelsac mivyavarT bunebriv ekosistemebis dakarg-visa da misi yvela donis ganadgurebis mdgomareobasTan.
a. kelleromma (1993 w) janmrTelobis-Tvis garemomcvel garemos riskis faq-torebi da maTi kriteriumebis klasifika-cia Semdegi saxiT moaxdina.
riskis ekologiuri faqtorebis klasifikacia
n.f reimersis (1990 ) mixedviT warmodgenilia cxril# 2 Si ekologiuri faqtorebis klasifikacia
I faqtorebi klasifikacia bunebrivi
IIjgufis kriteriumebi
1. abioturi: klimaturmeteorologiuri ( temperatura, haerismoZraobanaleqebidasxva) orografiuli (atmosferosdacla, zvavebi, mewyerebidasxva) geofizikuri ( geomagnituriqariSxlebi, miwisZvrebidasxva) hidrografiuli (wyaldidobebi, daWaobebadasxva) geologiuri ( qanebisSemadgenloba, radiaciadasxva) niadaguri (mikroelementebi, mtverwarmoqmnadasxva) 2. bioturi: fauna (SxamianidasaSiSicxovelebi, daavadebisgamomwvevigadamtanebidasxva) flora (Sxamianidasamkurnalomcenaareebidasxva)
mikroflora (wylis, haeris, niadagiscxovelebis, mcenareebisdasxva) kompleqsebisbiologiurikomponentebi (toqsinebi,
cilebinivTierebaTacvlisproduqtebi) biocenozi (daavadebaTabunebriviwyaroebi) 3. socialur - ekonomikuri mosaxleoba (demografia , gansaxleba, migracia, cxovrebis wesi da sxva) sazogadoebisteritoriuliorganizeba, miwebissameurneogamoyeneba) fizikuridabinZureba (haeris, wylis, niadagis, mcenareebis, cxovelebis da sxva) biologiurifaqtorebi (haeris, wylis, niadagismikrobulidabinZureba, organuli
narCenebi, allergenebi) samrewvelodasatransportofaqtorebi (avariebi , katastrofebi ,
tvirTnakadebidasxva) komunalur - sayofacxovrebofaqtrebi; sanitaruli - higienuri mdgomareoba da epidemiuri statusi fsiqotramvuli faqtorebi (ekologiuri gadaRla) samedicino momsaxureba, veterinaluri momsaxureba da infrastruqtura. 4. kompleqsuri landSafturi zonaluri planetaluri istoriuli paleontologiuri
alternatiuli (ararseboba - arseboba ) raodenobrivi (normativebi , maCveneblebi da sxva] naxevrad raodenobrivi [ rangis ): baluri anda SedarebiTi ( kargi
,damakmayofilebeli , cudi , eqstremaluri da sxva] kompleqsuri ( landSafturi , mediko - geografiuli , janmrTelobis da gareos
integraluri maCveneblebi )
123
(reimersi n .f , 1990 ) klasifikaciis niSanTviseba faqtorebi
droiTi evoluciuri, istoriuli, moqmedi periodulobiT perioduli, araperioduli
warmoqmnis rigiTobiT pirveladi, meoradi warmoqmnis mixedviT kosmiuri, abioturi (abiogenuri), biogenuri,
biologiuri, biotikuri, antropogenuri garemoSi warmoqmniT atmosferuli, wylebis, geomorfologiuri,
fiziologiuri, genetikuri, populaciuri, biocenotikuri, ekosistemuri, biosferuli
maxasiaTeblebiT energetikul - nivTobrivi, fizikuri, biogenuri informaciuli, qimiuri, kompleqsuri, (ekologiuri ,
sistemowarmomqmneli, klimaturi ) obieqtis mixedviT individualuri, jgufuri (socialuri, social-
ekonomikuri, saxeobiTi ) garemos pirobebiT damokidebuli simtkiceze, aradamokidebuli
simtkiceze zemoqmedebis xarisxiT eqstremaluri, limitirebulni, mRelvare,
metagenuri, teratogenuri, kancerogenuri zemoqmedebis speqtriT amorCeviTi, saerTo moqmedebis.
metad aqtualuria sakvlevi teritori-
is sxvadasxva bunebrivi zonebis damabinZu-rebelTa kompleqsidan riskis priorite-tuli faqtorebis gansazRvris problema. es dakavSirebulia imasTan rom axali da-mabinZurebelni edeba ukve arsebul Zvels, amitom kontrRonisZiebaTa efeqtianoba damokidebulia swored mocemul terito-riaze Camyalibebul prioritetuli dama-binZureblebis swor SerCevaze da maT kom-binaciaze. m.v nabokam SeimuSava Semdegi meTodolo-giuri midgoma:
1. sakvlev teritoriaze gamoiyofa erT-tipiuri bunebrivi zonebi, misTvis Cve-uli, damaxasiaTebeli dabinZurebisa da daavadebaTa gavrcelebis doniT.
2. igeba mravalfaqtoriani xazobrivi re-gresiuli modulebi „faqtorebi _ da-avadebebi~ TviTeuli bunebrivi zonis-Tvis .
3. TviTeuli zonisTvis gamoyofa daava-debaTa riskis prioritetuli faqto-rebi.
4. igeba eksponenturi modelebi wyvili wamyvani faqtorebisa da faqtorTa kombinaciisTvis.
orientiris saxiT, romliskenac unda miswrafodes da romelic realurad SesaZlebelia miRweul iqnas konkretu-
lad teritoriebis dabinZurebis Camo-yalibebul faqtiur pirobebSi, SeiZle-ba gamoyenebuli iyos daavadebaTa te-ritoriuli riski.
amgvarad, konkretuli regionisTvis ga-angariSebis gziT SeiZleba gamoiyos dama-binZurebelTa kompleqsidan prioritetu-li faqtorebi, Sefasdes riski da ganisa-zRvros maTi Semcirebis maqsimaluri efeq-tis miRwevis pirobebi . riskis aseTi teri-torialuri maCveneblebis gamoyeneba ori-entirebuli prioritetuli faqtrebis ga-moyofaze SesaZleblobas iZleva profi-laqtikis sistemaSi imarTos riski da Semu-Savebul iqnas moqmedebaTa kontrRonis-Ziebebi, konkretul teritoriaze garemom-cvel garemos dabinZurebisas.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi adamianis saqmia-noba mravali aspeqtis kuTxiT gaxda erT- erT ZiriTad garemowarmomqnel faqtorad lokalur, regionul da globalur done-ebze. amis gamo arsebiTad gaizarda ant-ropogenuri zemoqmedebis roli, maT Soris teqnogenuri dabinZurebiT adamianis mra-val daavadebaTa warmoqmnaSi.
jandacvis msoflio organizaciis wes-debaSi naTqvamia rom janmrTeloba-adamia-nis erT-erTi ZiriTadi uflebaa. aranakleb mniSvnelovans warmoadgens adamianis uf-leba im faqtorTa informaciaze romlebic
124
gansazRvraven adamianis janmrTelobas, an-da warmoadgenen
riskis faqtorebs e.i maTma zemoqmedebam SeiZleba migviyvanos daavadebebis ganvi-TarebasTan.
am kuTxiT sainteresoa ganvixiloT ris-kebis marTvis RonisZiebebi. mmarTvelobi-Ti saqmianoba garemomcvel bunebriv gare-moze mavne zemoqmedebis Semcirebisa, an mo-saxleobis janmrTelobis riskis maRal mni-Svnelobis ar daSveba moicavs gadawyveti-lebaTa sam jgufs ( sqema 3 )
1. gamafrTxilebeli (prevenciuli) 2. profilaqtikuri 3. aposterioruli mosaxleobis janmrTelobis riskebis
marTvis RonisZiebaTa klasifikacia sqema 3
pirvel jgufs warmoqmnian prevenciuli RonisZiebebi:
- obieqtisa da saqmianobiT saproeqto dokumentaciis damuSaveba, romelTa savaraudo realizaciam SeiZleba moax-dinos arakeTilsasurveli zemoqmede-ba garemomcvel bunebriv garemoze da adamianTa janmrTelobaze.
- saproeqto dokumentaciis damuSaveba im nawilSi, romelic exeba sanitarul - epidemiologiur moTxovnebs, dasaxe-lebul garemosa da adamianTa janmr-Telobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyo-fas.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu savaraudo, ganz-raxul saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas prog-nozuri zemoqmedeba garemomcvel bunebriv garemoze da mosaxleobaze , janmrTelobis riskis SedarebiTi Sefasebis miRebuli mo-nacemebi aRwevs iseT mniSvnelobebs , rom-lis SemTxvevebSic SeiZleba warmoiqmnas
mocemul teritoriaze mcxovrebi adamian-Ta janmrTelobis saSiSroeba miiReba iseTi prevenciuli mmarTvelobiTi gadawyveti-lebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mosax-leobis ekologiuri usafrTxoebisa da ge-netikuri fondis SenarCunebas.
mmarTvelobiTi gadwyvetilebebis pir-vel jgufs, romelic miiReba mosaxleobis janmrTelobis riskis Sefasebis safuZvel-ze miekuTvneba agreTve usafrTxo mediko - biologiuri TvalTaxedviT usafrTxo da-saSvebi zemoqmedbis donis gansazRvra, ga-remomcvel bunebriv garemoze (cxovrebis garemoze ) da adamianze .
kerZod :
- mavne nivTierebebis, aseve mavne mik-roorganizmebisa da sxva biologiu-ri nivTierebebis zRvrulad daSve-buli koncentraciis dadgena, da-binZurebul atmosferul haerSi, wyalsa da niadagSi.
- zRvrulad dasaSvebi koncentraci-is damabinZurebel nivTierebebis gadayrisa da gamonabolqvis norma-tivebis SemuSaveba, Sesabamisad at-mosferul haerSi da wylis obieq-tebSi.
- mavne nivTierebebi gadyrisa da ga-monabolqvis droebiT SeTanxmebul normativebis (limitebis) damuSave-ba da dasabuTeba Sesabamisad atmo-sferul haerisa da wylis obieqtSi, samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis ganTavsebis limitebi.
- zRvrulad dasaSvebi xmauris, vibra-ciis, eleqtromagniturobisa da sxva fizikuri zemoqmedebis donis dadgena (dazusteba).
- soflis meurneobaSi mineraluri nivTierebebis, mcenareTa dacviTi saSualebebis, zrdis stimulirebisa da sxva agroqimikatebis gamoyene-bis narCenebis raodenobis dadgena (dazusteba).
- kvebis produqtebSi qimiuri nivTie-rebebis zRvrulad dasaSvebi narCe-nebis rodenobis dadgena (dazuste-ba).
meore jgufs Seadgens profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi:
125
- garemomcvel bunebriv garemoSi da-mabinZurebel nivTierebebis Sesaba-misi realuri gadayrisa da gamofr-qvevis gamovlenisaTis dadgenili normativebisa da limitebis mixed-viT samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis ganTavsebis moculobaTa saxelmwifo ekologiuri kontro-lis Catareba.
- potenciurad saSiSi damabinZurebe-li nivTierebebisTvis TanrigiT dadgenili, damtkicebuli zRvru-lad dasaSvebi koncentraciis mniSv-nelobaTa ar arseboba.
- samrewvelo raionebSi (zonebSi) at-mosferuli haeris fonuri dabinZu-rebis mniSvnelobis koreqtirebis Setana damabinZurebelTa ramdenime wyaros kumulatiur da Sexamebul zemoqmedebisas. aseT SemTxvevaSi riskis Sefaseba instrumentis rols TamaSobs mosaxleobis janmrTelo-baze SesaZlebeli arasasurveli ze-moqmedebis gamovlenisaTvis da au-cilebeli mmarTvelobiTi Ronis-Ziebebis miRebisTvis maTi Semcire-bisa da Tavidan acilebisaTvis.
janmrTelobis riskis Sefaseba SeiZle-ba gamoyenebul iqnas, rogorc ekologiuri monitoringis saSualeba (rogorc garemomcvel bunebriv garemos xarisxis ukuSefaseba mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis monacemebiT), aseve rogorc mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgenis ins-trumenti, garemomcvel bunebriv garemosa
da mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomare-obas Soris.
meore jgufSi Sedis mosaxleobis jan-mrTelobaze mimarTuli RonisZiebebi ukve arsebuli arsasurveli zemoqmedebis ga-movlenisa.
isini kerZod SeiZleba CarTuli iqnas ekologiurad arasasikeTo zonebis gamov-lenisaTvis, aseT zonebSi ekosistemebis degradaciis xarisxis gansazRvrisaTvis ,am teritoriebis gamojansaRebisaTvis. Ro-nisZiebebis dasabuTeba, agreTve zianis si-didis dadgena da Sefaseba. romelic miye-nebulia adamianTa janmrTelobaze bunebis dacviT kanonmdeblobis daRveviT. amgva-rad, garemomcveli garemos dabinZurebis Sedegad janmrTelobis riskebis analizis meTodologiis gamoyeneba da misi Tanmx-lebi marTvelobiTi gadawyvetebi eyrdnoba konkretul ekologiuri problemebis ga-movlenasa da struqturirebas, riskebis calkeuli faqtorebisa da misi jgufebis identifikacias.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. wminda basil didi „homiliebi eqvsi dRi-saTvis` ga. 2006, gv.17
1. Анасимов А.В. „Экономический менеджмент` „феникс` 2009
2. Шимова О. Соколовский А.К „Основы эконо-мий и экономика природапользования `Минск БГЭУ, 2001
3. Юкелина Н., Безручко Н.В. „Экология чело-века’’, феникс , 2009.
yazbeg-omalos zonis TixafiqlebSi bunebrivi airis Semcvelobis perspeqtiuloba
nodar foforaZe _ stu-s profesori olRa seskuria _ stu-s akademiuri doqtori
The prospects of natural air content in the shales of the Kazbegi-Omalo zone
Summary In the present work we have described and
researched lithologicand mineral composition of sandstones (quartz sandstones, quartzites,
126
arkosic sandstones),siltstones and shales (slates, siltstone-psammite) of the Lower and Middle Jurassic schistose terrigenousformation of the Caucasian Folded System. According to data of the petrographic and X-ray phase analysis there have been established the types of rocks and the entity and quantity of mineral phases constituting them; there has been defined organic carbon content in shales. On the whole territory of the Kazbegi-Omaloregion (the Kazbegimunicipality, the gorges of rivers Asa, PirikitaAlazani, TushetiAlazani, Story and etc.) we carried out fieldworks and took samples of shalesfrom natural exposures and sections; then we described and researched them in laboratory (microscopic, X-ray-phase, X-ray fluorescent, thermal analyses) and considering the results (tectonic conditions, mineralogicalparagenesis, organic carbon content, level of thecatagenesis) we distinguishedlocal districts, promising from the viewpoint of shale-gas content.In case of establishing the productivity even of the small part of the researched shales, Georgia can be-come one of the rich, gas-producing (shale gas) countries.
reziume warmodgenil naSromSi Cven mier aRweri-
li da gamokvleulia kavkasionis naoWa sis-temis qveda- da Suaiuruli fiqlebrivi te-rigenuli formaciis qviSaqvebis (kvarcis qviSaqvebi, kvarcitebi, arkozuli qviSaqve-bi), alevroliTebisa da Tixafiqlebis (as-piduri, alevroliT-fsamituri) liTolo-giuri da mineralogiuri Sedgeniloba. Ca-tarebuli petrografiuli da rentgenofa-zuri analizis safuZvelze dadgenilia qa-nis tipebi da maTi Semadgeneli mineraluri fazebis raoba da raodenoba. TixafiqlebSi gansazRvrulia organuli naxSirbadis Sem-cveloba. yazbeg-omalos regionis mTel te-ritoriaze (yazbegis municipaliteti, asas, piriqiTa alaznis, TuSeTis alaznis, sto-ris xeobebi da sxv.) Cven mier Catarebuli savele-geologiuri samuSaoebisas bunebri-vi gaSiSvlebebidan da Wrilebidan aRebuli da aRwerili Tixafiqlebis nimuSebis la-boratoriuli (mikroskopuli, rentgeno-fazuri, rentgenofluorescentuli, Ter-muli) kvlevebiT miRebuli Sedegebis gaa-nalizebis safuZvelze (teqtonikuri piro-bebi, mineralogiuri paragenezisi, organu-
li naxSirbadis Semcveloba, katagenezisis done) gamovyaviT Seilgazis (bunebrivi airis) Semcvelobis TvalsazrisiT perspeq-tiuli lokaluri ubnebi, romelTa mcire nawilis produqtiulobis dadgenis SemTx-vevaSic ki saqarTvelo bunebrivi gaziT (Se-ilgazi) mdidar qveynebs Soris aRmoCndeba.
sakvanZo sityvebi: kvarciti, qviSaqva, Tixafiqali, terigenuli, vitriniti, Seil-gazi.
saqarTveloSi fiqlebrivi terigenuli
formaciis (Tixafiqlebis) gavrcelebis, liTologiuri Sedgenilobis, teqtonikuri Taviseburebebis, bunebrivi gazis Semcve-lobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli maCveneblebi-sa da CrdiloeT amerikasa da evropaSi fiq-lebis navTobisa da gazis sferoSi bolo periodSi ganxorcielebuli revoluciis Sedegad miRebuli gamocdilebis gaTva-liswinebiT, saqarTvelo SeiZleba Seil-gazis mniSvnelovani raodenobis mompove-beli qveyana gaxdes.
Tixafiqlebi warmoadgens dedamiwaze farTod gavrcelebul dabali gamtareb-lobis mqone danaleq qans, romelic xSirad napralebsa da forebSi moqceul da minera-lur an organul mdgenelebSi absorbire-bul bunebriv airs Seicavs. qanis dabali gamtarebloba, bunebrivi airis sxva ara-tradiciuli wyaroebis msgavsad, Seilga-zis mopovebis process gamtareblobis xe-lovnuri gaumjobesebis aucileblobas ukavSirebs.
saqarTvelos teritoria gansakuTrebiT mdidaria iuruli asakis TixafiqlebiT, isini sxva asakSic gvxvdeba, Tumca da-morCilebuli saxiT. kavkasionis naoWa sis-temis qveda- da Suaiuruli warmonaqmnebi, ZiriTadad, warmodgenilia TixafiqlebiT (70-80%), mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba ar-gilitebi (pelituri da alevropelituri) da qviSaqvebi, romlebic mTeli kavkasionis farglebSi msgavsi liTologiur-petro-grafiuli da geoqimiuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. qveda- da Suaiurul fiqlebriv terigenul naleqebSi organuli warmoSo-bis naxSirbadis sxvadasxva raodenoba gana-pirobebs maT muq ferebs moSavomde.
marTalia kavkasionis naoWa sistemis qveda da Suaiuruli asakis fiqlebrivi te-
127
rigenuli formaciis naleqebis geologi-uri Taviseburebani wina mkvlevrebis [1,2] mier sakmaod detaluradaa Seswavlili, magram 2010 wlamde maTSi Seilgazis arse-bobis geologiur da qimiur maxasiaTeb-lebs praqtikulad yuradReba ar eqceoda, Tu ar CavTvliT b. CiCuasa da n. aslanika-Svilis Sromebs [3,4], romelTa didi nawili momijnave teritoriebs exeba.
Catarebuli kvlevebidan gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa g. CixraZis [2] Sromebi. aR-saniSnavia kavkasionis samxreTi ferdis qve-da da zeda iuruli asakis naleqebis liTo-logiuri kvleva, sadac daxasiaTebulia kavkasionis Tixafiqlebis mTliani gamosav-lebis geologiur-liTologiuri Tavise-burebani.
saqarTvelos Tixafiqlebis energetiku-li potencialis kvlevis amocana inicire-buli iqna 2010 wlis dasawyisSi [15]. amave wels saqarTvelos teqnikurma universi-tetma Caatara erT-erTi potenciurad per-speqtiuli zonis geologiuri mimoxilva. USAID-isa da energetikis saministros mxardaWeriT Catarda saqarTvelos Seilga-zis potencialis winaswari mimoxilva [6]. amJamad saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erov-nuli akademiis moambe aqveynebs akademikos e. gamyreliZis mier wardgenil samecniero statias `saqarTvelos Tixafiqlebi: Seil-gazis mopovebis konteqsti” [7].
Cveni kvlevebiTa da literaturuli monacemebiT, yazbeg-omalos regionis qve-da- da Suaiuruli asakis qanebSi (Tixafiq-lebi, alevroliTebi, arkozuli qviSaqvebi) organuli naxSirbadis sakmaod maRali Sem-cveloba (2%-mde) fiqsirdeba. Tergis xeo-baSi (yazbegis municipaliteti) _ 0,25 _1,03%; arRunis xeobaSi _ 0.42_1.65%, piriqiTa alaznis xeobaSi _ 0,39_1,45%. Sesabamisad, iq, sadac organuli naxSirba-dis Semcveloba 0,90%-s aWarbebs (Tixafi-qlebi) da qanebis postdiageneturi gar-daqmna apokatagenezisis stadias Seesaba-meba, teritoria bunebrivi airis Semcve-lobis TvalsazrisiT perspeqtiulia.
i. gavrilovis monacemebiT [8] organuli naxSirbadi yazbegis municipalitetis te-ritoriaze ase nawildeba: md. qisturas midamoebi, darialis granit-gneisuri masi-vis Tavze 0.43 _ 0.94%; md.qisturas xeobis marcxena ferdobi _ 0.10 _ 4.60%; md. qis-
turas xeobis marjvena ferdobi _ 0.15 _ 0.30%; wiklauris wyeba _ 0.10 _ 0.60%; gveleTis masivi _ 0.42 _ 0.63%; qisturas wyeba darialis masivis CrdiloeTiT _ 0.54%; wiklauris wyeba darialis masivis CrdiloeTiT _ 0.14 _ 0.74%; larsis wyeba _ 0.35 _ 0.87%; yazbegis wyeba gveleTis ma-sivis samxreTiT _ 0.14 _ 0.89%; Rudu-Sauris wyeba gveleTis masivis samxreTiT _ 0.60 _ 0.81%.
g. beniZis [9] monacemebiT, alazangaRma kaxeTis qveda- da Suaiurul fiqlebriv te-rigenul naleqebSi organuli naxSirbadis Semcveloba TixafiqlebSi _ 1,7%-mde fiq-sirdeba, alevroliTebSi _ 0,57%-mde, qvi-SaqvebSi _ 0,35%-mde. am regionSi qvedaiu-rul TixafiqlebSi gamoTvlili Corg-is sa-Sualo Semcveloba 0,76%-ia.
sinemurul-qvedaplinsbaxuri (filiti-zebuli) Tixafiqlebis Corg saSualo Semc-veloba 0,33%-ia. am qanebidan, rogorc Cans, intensiurad xdeboda organuli nivTiere-bebis gatana filitizaciis (metamorfiz-mis) procesSi, romelic sericitizaciis in-tensivobiT aris gamoxatuli. mas TiTqmis yovelTvis Tan sdevs rkinis aRdgena C+2Fe2O3→ CO2+ 4FeO.
qvedaiurul TixafiqlebSi organuli naxSirbadis yvelaze maRali Semcvelobebia dafiqsirebuli zedaplinsbaxur da toar-sul doneebze (saSualod 1,02%), zogjer misi Semcveloba 1,7%-s aRwevs.
organuli naxSirbadis amaRlebul Sem-cvelobasTan erTad sasurvelia qanebSi Ti-xis Semcveloba iyos dabali (<35%), raTa xeli Seuwyos reqtifikacias da, Sesabami-sad, gazis eqstraqcias. d. Jarve upirate-sad miiCnevs kaJmiwis maRal Semcvelobas (>30%), dasaSvebia cotaodeni karbonatisa da aragajirjvebadi Tixebis arsebobac.
kavkasionis naoWa sistemis Tixafiqle-bis calkeuli mineraluri fazebisa da maTi raodenobis dadgenis mizniT petrografi-ul kvlevebTan erTad Catarda nimuSebis rentgenofazuri analizi. Rentgenograma-ze gamovlinda damaxasiaTebel mineralTa calkeuli fazebi.
kavkasionis samxreT da CrdiloeT fer-dis qveda- da Suaiuruli Tixafiqlebis rentgenografiuli monacemebis Sedarebam gviCvena maTi erTnairi _ qlorit-qarsiani Sedgeniloba da hidroqarsis arseboba
128
CrdiloeT ferdis aalenur TixafiqlebSi. kavkasionis geosinklinuri zonis dislo-cirebul ubnebze, maT Soris yazbegis rai-onis aalenur TixafiqlebSi, hidroqarsi gardaqmnilia muskovitad (sericitSi) ma-Sin, rodesac CrdiloeT ferdis sinqronul naleqebSi SenarCunebulia ara marto hid-roqarsi, aramed kaoliniti da sxva Tixami-neralebi.
sxvadasxva WrilSi zogierTi interva-lisTvis dadgenilia SereulSreebrivi war-monaqmnebi [2] qars-montmoriloniti (smeq-titi), qlorit-montmoriloniti (smeqti-ti), qlorit-vermikuliti, aRiniSneba ag-reTve qloritis rkiniani saxesxvaoba - berterini, smeqtiti. Seswavlil prepara-tebSi aRiniSneba agreTve kvarcis, zogjer plagioklazis refleqsebi.
Sreebrivi silikatebis politipebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, ilitis kristalurobis in-deqsis Seswavla aris metamorfizmis donis indikatoris dadgenis kargi parametri.
TixafiqlebSi fiqlebis gazis Semcvelo-ba garkveulwilad damokidebulia Tixafi-qlebis Sreebis simZlavreze. Tixafiqlebis zomieri simZlavre iTvleba idealurad >15m-ze; >20m-ze; Cveulebriv, saukeTesod iTvleba didi simZlavre, Tumca Tixafiq-lebis mZlavri wyebebi (asobiT metri) ufro ganixileba, rogorc „auzis centraluri gazis“ sabadoebi, vidre fiqlebis gazis sa-badoebi.
magram es monacemebi erTmniSvnelovani ar aris da umetesad damokidebulia konk-retuli auzis tipze. magaliTad, centra-luri inglisis boulend-hoderis wyebis zeda nawili, 60-90 m simZlavris, produqti-uli ar aris, samagierod 3000 m-ze meti simZlavris qveda horizonti Seicavs Txel Sreebs organuli naxSirbadis momatebuli SemcvelobiT. es simZlavre bevrad aRema-teba analogiurs aSS-Si.
saqarTvelos Tixafiqalebis perspeqti-ulobis maCveneblad aseve SeiZleba CaiTva-los Savi fiqlebis wyebaSi B2O3-is Semcve-loba, romelic meryeobs 0.016-dan 0.055%-
mde. B2O3-is maqsimaluri raodenoba (0.055%) aRiniSneba sakuTriv TixafiqalSi. analizis Sedegebi saSualebas gvaZlevs
davinaxoT tendencia B2O3-is kavSirisa Ti-xafiqlebTan, gansakuTrebiT, pelitur fraqciasTan (Tixafiqali _ 0.016% B2O3,
xolo misive pelituri fraqcia _ 0.023%
B2O3). aRniSnul wyebaSi WaburRilebiT gax-snilia boris Semcveli dawneviTi wylebi, romelTac Tan axlavs navTobis laqebisa da meTanis gamoyofa [10].
vitrinitis arekvladobis unarze frag-mentuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, zonaSi po-tenciurad gazSemcveli qanebi ganlagebu-lia, savaraudod, sruliad ugazo mTlia-nad metamorfizebul qanebTan erTad. amave dros, amjerad arsebuli monacemebi saSua-lebas ar iZleva ganisazRvros potenciu-rad gazSemcveli qanebis ganawileba zonis teritoriaze da qanebis siRrmeze. amas ema-teba monacemebis ararseboba qanebis gamta-reblobaze da simyifeze. saWiroa agreTve mTliani zonis qanebis sxva fizikur-meqa-nikuri parametrebis monacemTa bazis ga-farToeba.
yazbeg-omalos regionis mTel terito-riaze (yazbegis raioni, arRunis, piriqiTa alaznis, TuSeTis alaznis, storis xeobebi da sxv.) Cven mier Catarebuli savele-geo-logiuri samuSaoebisas bunebrivi gaSiSv-lebebidan da Wrilebidan aRebuli da aRwe-rili Tixafiqlebis nimuSebis laborato-riuli (mikroskopuli, rentgenofazuri,
rentgenofluorescentuli, Termuli) kv-levebiT miRebuli Sedegebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze (teqtonikuri pirobebi, mine-raluri paragenezisi, organuli naxSirba-dis Semcveloba, katagenezisis done) gamov-yaviT Seilgazis Semcvelobis Tvalsazri-siT perspeqtiuli lokaluri ubnebi, ga-remos Semdgomi ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiro moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ucxoeTSi bevri kamaTobs fiqlebis gazis burRvisa da mopovebis Se-degad garemoze zemoqmedebisa da regula-ciebis sakiTxze. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia fiqlebis gazis Zebna-Ziebis procesSi ga-remosTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis marTva saqarTveloSic.
Sesabamisad, qveda- da Suaiurul dana-leq warmonaqmnebs, rigi parametrebisa da maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganvixi-lavT rogorc aratradiciuli gazis Sem-cvel erT-erT yvelaze perspeqtiul obi-eqts, Tumca naxSirwyalbadebis resursuli potencialis winaswari SefasebisTvis au-cilebelia Semdgomi msxvilmasStabiani sa-
129
vele-geologiuri samuSaoebisa da labora-toriuli kvlevebis warmoeba.
Seswavlili Tixafiqlebis mcire nawilis produqtiulobis dadgenis SemTxvevaSic ki saqarTvelo bunebrivi gazis (Seilgazi) re-sursebiT mdidar qveynebs Soris aRmoCn-deba.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Вахания Е.К. Юрские отложения Грузии. Тбилиси. 1976, ст. 385.
2. Чихрадзе Г.А. Литология юрских и меловых отложений южного склона Большого Кавказа. Тбилиси. 1981, ст. 41.
3. Чичуа Б.К., Киласония З.Н., Суладзе А.Н., Иорашвили В.Г. Теория углеродного коеф-фициента и некоторые вопросы нефтегазо-ностности Грузии. Вкн. Сборник трудов пос-вященный 100-летию со дня рожд. П.Д. Гамк-релидзе. Тбилиси. 2004. ст. 687-691.
4. Асланикашвили Н.А. Углеводородный потен-циал вулканогенно-осадочных толщ. Сбор-ник трудов посвященный 80-летию основания КИМС. 2009. ст. 164-169.
5. SeyrilaZe i., TevzaZe m., zviadaZe u. gazeTi “24 saaTi” 2010.06.10.
6. King M., Magalashvili A., Margvelashvili M., Shekriladze I., Tsintsadze P. Report. USAID. 2010. Tbilisi. p.p. 1-83.
7. Shekriladze I., Poporadze N., Zviadaze U. Shales of Georgia: Shale gas mining context. Georgian National Academy of Sciences. Bulletin vol.7, no. 1, Tbilsi. 2013. p.p 69-78.
8. Гаврилов Ю.О. Динамика формирования юрского терригенного комплекса Большого Кавказа. 2004. ст. 310.
9. beniZe g. organuli naxSirbadis ganawi-leba da postdiageneturi gardaqmne-bis Taviseburebani alazangaRma kaxe-Tis qveda-Suaiurul fiqlebriv teri-genul naleqebSi. SromaTa krebuli. kavkasiis aleqsandre TvalWreliZis mineraluri nedleulis instituti. 2009. gv. 170-178.
10. Зауташвили Б. З. Геохимия микрокомпонен-тов глубоких подземных вод Грузии. Тбилиси. Мецниереба. 1978. ст.163.
THE AUDIT REPORT, ITS IMPORTANCE AND TYPES
Jujuna Tsiklauri-Shengelia _ Professor of GTU Natia Shengelia _ As.Professor of GTU
reziume finansuri angariSgeba, misi auditi da gan-
sakuTrebiT auditoruli daskvna, romelic zrdis finansuri angariSgebis sandoobis xa-
risxs, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ekonomi-kuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, in-vestorebisaTvis, finansuri institutebisTvis (mag. sesxis gacemis SemTxvevaSi), da finansuri angariSgebis sxva momxmareblebisaTvis. Tu au-
130
ditori mtkicebulebebis bazaze gamoxatavs mosazrebas, rom finansuri angariSgeba momza-debulia finansuri angariSgebis struqturuli safuZvlebis Sesabamisad yvela arsebiTi aspeq-tis gaTvaliswinebiT, maSin gaicema aramodi-ficirebuli (dadebiTi) upirobo auditoruli daskvna; xolo arsebiTi uzustobebis aRmoCenis an arasakmarisi mtkicebulebebis mopovebis Sem-TxvevaSi ki iwereba ukve modificirebuli dask-vna, maT Soris: pirobiTi daskvna, uaryofiTi da-skvna an uari daskvnis gacemaze.
amrigad, auditi uzrunvelyofs sazogado-ebas (sxva momxmareblebs) damatebiTi sando ga-rantiiT _ kompaniis menejmentis mtkicebebis miRma, rom finansuri angariSgeba namdvilad aris momzadebuli finansuri angariSgebis saer-TaSoriso standartebis mixedviT da ar Seicavs arsebiT uzustobebs, romelic gavlenas moax-denda momxmarebelTa ekonomikur gadawyveti-lebaze. auditis regulirebis ZiriTadi amoca-naa, uzrunvelyos erTi mxriv, rom auditorma SeZlos finansur angariSgebaSi arsebiTi Sec-domebis gamovlena (kompetenturoba), meore mxriv ki, acnobos amis Sesaxeb sawarmos invest-torebsa da aqcionerebs (damoukidebloba).
sakvanZo sityvebi: auditis saerTaSoriso
standartebi (ass), modificirebuli da ara-modificirebuli (upirobo) auditoruli da-skvna; “Window-Dressing”; arsebiTi uzustoba; auditoruli mtkicebuleba, finansuri angariS-geba.
The Purpose of an Audit A company’s financial statements provide various
financial information that investors, financial insti-tutions and other users use to evaluate a company’s financial position and performance, based on which they may take then an economic decision. The audit provides the public (users) with additional assurance — beyond managements' own assertions — that a company's financial statements can be relied upon. The auditor is an independent certified public accountant who examines the financial statements that a company's management has prepared. Many of these financial statements - including those in the company's annual report and those provided to shareholders in connection with the solicitation of proxies for annual meetings - must be examined and reported on by an independent auditor.
As the U.S. Supreme Court stated in the landmark case of U.S. v. Arthur Young: "The SEC requires the filing of audited financial statements in order to obviate the fear of loss from reliance on inaccurate information, thereby encouraging public investment
in the Nation's industries." When companies register their securities with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and file annual and other reports, they must disclose important financial information. In many cases, this information must be audited. That fact has the important implications on investors making investment decisions, on banks and financial institutions that may extend credit or make loans to the company, and on other businesses and members of the public who deal with the company[5.
The Role of an Independent Auditor A company's management has the responsibility
for preparing the company's financial statements and related disclosures. The company's outside, independent auditor then subjects the financial statements and disclosures to an audit. During the audit, the outside auditor obtains an understanding of the company's internal controls and then applies "auditing procedures," which may include inspection of the company's books and records, observation, inquiries, and confirmations. Some companies also use internal auditors to review the financial reporting processes and internal accounting controls to assure that the company's systems are appropriately designed and operating effectively. The procedures the outside auditor uses must be sufficient to allow him/her to obtain enough competent evidence to express an opinion on the fairness of the financial statements. If the auditor cannot reach that conclusion, then the auditor must either require the company to change the financial statements or decline to issue a standard audit report.
The Types of an Audit Report Moreover, while publishing financial statements,
management can communicate with interested outside parties about its accomplishment- running the company. But sometimes the information provided do not meet exactly the demands of users or there can be used a “Window-Dressing” practice (the deceptive practice of using accounting tricks to make a compa-ny's balance sheet and income statement appear better than they really are). There is one phrase for investors in relation with this: “ You should always try to make sure that you do not fall for any window-dres-sing and invest in something bad ”[3. In the worst cases even the managers try make some adjustments in the financial statements before presenting them to the shareholders in order to get the corresponding bonuses or salaries connected with the achievement of the certain limits/ targets: f..ex. in expenses or incomes, profit etc. That is why necessary to isolate the interests by the third independent and regulated party, such as auditors-“the main task of regulation of
131
auditing is providing the competence and indepen-dence of an auditor, or he/she, on the first hand, must be able to discover and disclose any material misstatements and deficiencies in the financial statements (competence) and, on the other hand , contentiously inform about this to the investors of the entity and shareholders (Independence) [2. According to the ISA 700 “Forming an Opinion and Reporting on Financial Statements”, the auditor forms an opinion on whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material aspects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework based on the audit evidence. Then the auditor prepares a written report that can be divided into two types: Unmodified Audit Report
Unmodified report with unmodified opinion Modified Audit Report
Unmodified opinion * Modified report with unqualified opinion AND emphasis of matter paragraph and/or other matter paragraph Modified opinion * Qualified opinion (& qualified report) * Adverse opinion (& adverse report) * Disclaimer of opinion (& disclaimer report).
Generally, the audit report includes: Title and Addressee Introductory Paragraph Management’s Responsibilities Auditor’s Responsibilities Opinion Other Reporting Responsibilities Signature, Date and Address.
As for an unqualified (unmodified) opinion —this is also known as a clean (positive) opinion meaning that the financial statements appear to be presented fairly. If there are no other matters which the auditor wishes to draw to the attention of the users, they will issue an unmodified report. There is interesting a modified report with unmodified opinion. This is called the modified report because the contents of the unmodified report are modified as additional paragraph(s) is (are) added. Additional paragraphs can be either or both of the following: 1) Emphasis of matter paragraph 2) Other matter paragraph. 1) The Emphasis of Matter Paragraph- the auditor includes an emphasis of matter paragraph (EMP) when auditor considers that it is necessary to draw the attention of users of financial statements to the matters that are already disclosed or reported in the financial statements. EMP is included after the opinion paragraph in the audit report. However it must be clear that inclusion of EMP DOES NOT mean
that auditor’s opinion is modified [4. 2) Other Matter Paragraph-other matters to understanding the audit, the auditor’s responsibilities or the audit report are presented here. OMP is included after opinion paragraph and any EMP in the auditor’s report.
The Qualified opinion (Qualified report) — there are two reasons why an auditor would need to modify the audit opinion: they conclude that the financial statements as a
whole are not free from material misstatement; unable to obtain sufficient evidence. Disclaimer opinion (Disclaimer report) — Audit
report containing a disclaimer of opinion is also called disclaimer report. The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, and the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial statements of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive.
Adverse opinion — the auditor shall express an adverse opinion when the auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are both material and pervasive to the financial statements. Pervasive means that the matter is a substantial proportion or is fundamental to users understanding of the financial statements. Below are given these types of reports :
Summary of modification of opinion
Auditor’s Judgment about the
Pervasiveness of the Effects or Possible Effects on the Financial Statements
Nature of Matter Giving
Rise to the Modification
Material but Not Pervasive
Material and Pervasive
Financial statements are
materially misstated
Qualified Opinion Adverse Opinion
Inability to obtain sufficient
appropriate audit evidence
Qualified Opinion Disclaimer of
Opinion
source: ACCA-F8-Audit and Assurance , Kaplan
Publishing In order for the auditor’s opinion to be considered
trustworthy [1 , auditors must come to their conclusions having completed a thorough examination of the books and records of their company and they must document the procedures
132
performed and evidence obtained, to support the conclusions reached. ISA 500 identifies 8 types of audit evidences which include physical examination, confirmation, documentation, analytical procedures, inquiries, recalculation, reperformance and observation. Thus the auditor more or less explores or “ investigates” the whole company. In addition, some attention should be paid to forensic accounting [6, or financial forensics is the specialty practice area of accounting that describes engagements that result from actual or anticipated disputes or litigation. "Forensic" means "suitable for use in a court of law". Forensic accountants, also referred to as forensic auditors or investigative auditors, often have to give expert evidence at the eventual trial. All of the larger accounting firms, as well as many medium-sized and boutique firms and various police and government agencies have specialist forensic accounting depart-ments. Within these groups, there may be further sub-specializations: some forensic accountants may, for example, just specialize in insurance claims, personal injury claims, fraud, Anti-Money Laundering, constru-ction, or royalty audits. Financial forensic engage-ments may fall into several categories. For example:
Economic damages calculations, whether suffered through tort or breach of contract;
Bankruptcy, insolvency, and reorganization; Securities fraud; Tax fraud; Money laundering; Business valuation; and Computer forensics/e-discovery.
Some forensic accountants specialize in forensic analytics which is the procurement and analysis of electronic data to reconstruct, detect, or otherwise support a claim of financial fraud. The main steps in forensic analytics are (a) data collection, (b) data preparation, (c) data analysis, and (d) reporting that is like financial auditing, its step-by-step procedures.
For example, forensic analytics may be used to review an employee's purchasing card activity to assess whether any of the purchases were diverted or divertible for personal use.
In Summary, financial statements, auditing and especially the audit report that increases financial statements reliability (in some cases discovers and avoids “window-dressing”), play a key role in the economic decision-making process of investors, financial institutions, society and other users of financial information. From this point of view thus the financial data and policy must be reliable, objective, and competent in order to be relied upon. For that reason, the company’s outside auditors- as the mediator third independent party from managers and shareholders are invited to audit the financial statements. Furthermore, if concluded that the financial statements are prepared, in all material aspects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework, then the auditor issues a unmodified (unqualified) report, but in case of discovery any material and pervasive misstatements or insufficient audit evidence, they must issue the modified audit reports. Additionally, there should be mentioned the role of forensic accountants or investigative auditors. The investigative auditors may specialize in particular sphere auditing such as : insurance claims, personal injury claims, fraud, Anti-Money Laundering, construction, or royalty audits.
References:
1. The Association of Chartered Certified Accoun-tant (ACCA)-F8-Audit and Assurance-INT/UK-Kaplan Publishing;
2. Accounting and Audit Regulation-Lavrenti Chumburidze, Tbilisi 2014, p.22-in Georgian Language;
3. http://www.investorwords.com/5322/window_dressing.html
4. http://pakaccountants.com. 5. http://www.sec.gov.
eleqtronuli biznes garemos gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi
rati abulaZe _ ekonomikis doqtori,
stu-s asocirebuli profesori, evgeni baraTaSvili _ ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
stu-s profesori
Challenges and perspectives of e-business
environment in Georgia
R. Abuladze E.Baratashvili
Summary
The economic aspect of the digital environment is extensive and rich in resources. The digital processes
133
in the country support the economical development, establishment of e-companies, improved labor productivity and reduced unemployment, and bring social-economic benefit to the society.
Digital eco-system is a driving force of transformations, innovations and new prospects. It is a stimulus for the e-market development and is the response to the economical political challenges of the country.
Today, the potential of e-economics, value of e-resources and benefit of e-market and e-commerce are not realized in Georgia.
The study paper was developed based on the marketing study results of the regions of Georgia.
The article considers e-business environment, e-consumers’ behavior and consumers’ approach to e-services. The paper also considers e-environment in Georgia and challenges and prospects for deve-lopment of e-business environment in Georgia.
The conclusion gives the recommendations for the development of e-business environment in the country.
reziume
cifruli garemos ekonomikuri ganzomi-leba farToa da resursebiT mdidari. qve-yanaSi, cifruli procesebi xels uwyobs ekonomikis ganviTarebas, internet-kompa-niebis warmoqmnas, samuSao Zalis produq-tiulobis zrdas, umuSevrobis Semcirebas da sazogadoebas uzrunvelyofs social-ekonomikuri sargebliT.
cifrul ekosistema transformaciis, inovaciebisa da axali SesaZleblobebis ma-moZravebeli Zala. igi stimulirebs cif-ruli bazris ganviTarebas da warmoadgens qveynis ekonomikuri politikis gamowveve-bis pasuxs.
dRes, qveyanaSi auTvisebelia cifruli ekonomikis potenciali, internet-resur-sebis faseuloba, internet-bazrisa da eleqtronuli komerciis sargebeli.
kvleviTi naSromi agebulia saqarTve-los regionebis marketinguli kvlevis Sedegebze.
statiaSi warmoCenilia eleqtronuli bi-znes garemo, internet-momxmarebelTa qce-va, eleqtronuli momsaxurebisadmi momx-marebelTa damokidebuleba. ganxilulia saqarTvelos cifruli garemo, warmodge-nilia eleqtronuli biznes garemos ga-mowvevebi da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi.
sakvanZo sityvebi: eleqtronuli biz-nesi, internetizacia, cifruli procesebi, internet-bazari
eleqtronuli biznesis globaluri ga-remo. globalur samyaroSi, cifruli pro-cesebis Sedegad formirebuli iqna axali biznes modelebi, ganxorcielda bazrebis konsolidacia, biznes garemos mdgradobas, cifruli ekonomikis Seqmnas, biznesisa da vaWrobis fasilitacias, biznesis dinamizms, konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas da sxva[1].
globaluri garemos erT-erTi mamoZra-vebelia cifruli da internetizaciis procesi.
cifruli procesi warmoadgens evolu-ciis axal etaps. cifruli procesebis gene-rirebiT gardaiqmna msoflio bazrebi, ini-cirebuli iqna ekonomikebis restruqturi-zacia, warmoebuli iqna industriuli tra-nsformacia da formirebuli iqna erTiani globaluri platforma. am procesebis zegavleniT urTierTdakavSirebu-li gaxda eko-nomika da teqnologia [2].
cifruli procesebi mimarTulia socia-luri transformaciis, sazogadoebis aRq-mis, azrovnebis, demokratiis, informaciu-li klimatis formirebis, mTavrobis mmar-TvelobiTi saqmianobis, procesebis, qvey-nis ekonomikuri keTildReobis gaumjobe-sebasa da zrdaze.
internetizacia aris internet-teqno-logiebis aTvisebis, gavrcelebisa da da-nergvis procesi. internetizacia aris axa-li sityva, romelic aRwers msoflio qse-lis transformaciis SesaZleblobas. igi Rrma gavlenas axdens teqnologiur cvli-lebebze da inovaciebze globalur eko-nomikaSi da adamianuri saqmianobis yvela aspeqtSi [3].
internetizaciis procesi xels uwyobs eleqtronuli mTavrobis aplikaciebis farTo gavrcelebasa da aTvisebas, tele-komunikaciis infrastruqturaSi investi-ciebis zrdas, saxelmwifo marTvis garda-qmnas, moqalaqeebis momsaxurebis ganviTa-rebas [4].
internetizacia, globalur masStabSi warmodgenilia civilizaciis ganviTarebis principulad axali, materialuri da su-lieri ganviTarebis stadiebiT [5].
132
134
internetis uzarmazar potencials kar-gad xedavs novatori biznesi. 2003 wels 10-dan 4 kompanias hqonda farTozolovan kav-
SirTan wvdoma (EU15), 2009 wels ki 10-dan 9
kompanias. 2011 wels OECD wevri qveynebis kompaniaTa ZiriTadi nawili CarTuli iyo
internetSi. OECD wevri qveynebis kompania-
Ta 95% iyenebda internets, xolo EU25-is qveynebis 94,3%-s aqvs internetTan wvdoma [6].
internetis ganviTarebis fonze, 2015 wlis dasawyisSi planetis internet-mom-xmarebelTa raodenobam Seadgina 3,1 mlrd, xolo saqarTveloSi 2,2 mln [7].
globaluri internet-ekonomika 20 trln dolaris moculobisaa, sadac ganviTare-badi qveynebis internet-ekonomikis zrdis tempi 12-25% Seadgens. msoflio ekonomi-
kuri forumis monacemebiT G-20 qveynebis internetze-dafuZnebuli ekonomikis mo-culoba wliurad 10%-iT izrdeba. gaeros angariSiT, G-20 ekonomika qmnis globaluri mSp-s 90%-s da warmoadgens msoflio mosa-xleobis 2/3-s.
kvleviTi kompaniis IDC-s angariSis Ta-naxmad, msoflio eleqtronuli komerciis moculoba, B2B da B2C transaqciis CaTv-liT Seadgens 16 trln dolars (2013w). sa-frangeTis teqnologiebis kvlevis firma IDate SefasebiT, cifruli produqtis/ mom-saxurebis globaluri bazari 4.4 trln do-lars Seadgens (2013), rac mTliani gayid-vebis 13.8%-ia [8].
msoflioSi, unikaluri IP misamarTiT in-ternetSi CarTulia 2.5 mlrd teqnolo-giuri mowyobiloba (2009 w). maT um-ravlesobas mobiluri telefoni da perso-naluri kompiuteri warmoadgens. aseTi procesi qmnis axal ekonomikas, sadac Gartner-is prognoziT 2020 wels internetSi CarTuli iqneba 30 mlrd teqnologiuri mo-wyobiloba da Seiqmneba 1,9 trln dolari [9].
eleqtronuli biznes garemo saqarTveloSi
dRes, saqarTvelos eleqtronuli biz-nes garemo Sedgeba nebismieri fenis, gana-Tlebis donis, Sexedulebisa Tu faseulo-bis mqone pirebisagan. eleqtronuli vaW-robisadmi interesi aqvs sqes-asakobrivi
struqturis yvela warmomadgenels.mMarTa-lia saqarTvelos internet-bazris ZiriTa-di segmenti axalgazrda Taobaa, Tumca in-ternetis sargeblobis survili da gamo-yenebis miswrafeba yvela TaobaSi maRalia. zogadad, internet-garemo Tavisufalia, qveyanaSi advilia biznes saitebis Seqmna, eleqtronuli produqtebis warmoeba da gasaReba.
saxelmwifo ZiriTad prioritets warmo-adgens internetizacia da internetTan wv-doma. am mizniT, “qarTu fondis“ finansuri mxaraWeriT (120 mln lari) maRal siCqaria-ni internet infrastruqturis ganviTa-rebis proeqti, xelmowerilia konsaltin-
guri kompania “Detecon-sa” (Deutsche Telekom group-is wevri) da ssip inovaciebis da teq-nologiebis saagentos Soris. proeqtis mi-zania 1963 (sofeli an daba, sadac cxovrobs 200 adamianze meti) dasaxlebuli punqtis internetiT mocva da Tanamedrove inter-net-servisebiT uzrunvelyofa[10].gGanxor-cielebuli samuSao procesi moicavs 7 fa-zas: moTxovnis analizs, qselis dizains, Rirebulebis Sefasebas, ganxorcielebis dagegmvas, ekonomikuri modelirebas, sa-tendero dokumentaciis momzadebasa da Se-fasebis kriteriumebis gansazRvra-Sefa-sebas“[11].
msoflio ekonomikuri forumis angari-SiT, saqarTvelo: qseluri mzadyofnis in-
deqsiT imyofeba 60-e adgilze; ICT-Tan da-kavSirebuli kanonebiT (e-komercia, in-ternet-momxmarebelTa dacva, da sxva) im-yofeba 68-e adgilze; inteleqtualuri sa-kuTrebis dacviT 105-e adgilze; mTavrobis mier maRalteqnologiuri produqciis Ses-yidvebiT 69-e adgilze; internet-momxma-rebelTa raodenobiT 80-e adgilze; oja-xebSi internetis flobiT 76-e adgilze, xolo personaluri kompiuteris flobiT 77-e adgilze; socialuri qselis moxmare-biT 47-e adgilze; B2B biznes seqtoris mier
internet-moxmarebiT 73 adgilze; ICT mox-marebiTa da samTavrobo efeqturobiT 26-e adgilze [12].
aRsaniSnavia, rom UNCTAD-is SefasebiT, saqarTvelo, eleqtronuli komerciis gan-viTarebis indeqsiT imyofeba 56-e adgilze (B2C e-komerciis ganviTarebis indeqsis si-dide aris 55). internet-bazarze onlain
135
myidvelTa raodenoba mosaxleobis 7,4%-s Seadgens (mosalodneli sidide), Tumca faqtobrivi sidide mxolod 1%-ia [13].
mTlianobaSi saqarTvelo eleqtronuli mTavrobis ganviTarebiT Sefasebulia ma-
Ral doneze (UN, 2014). saqarTvelos cif-ruli ekonomikis fragmentuli statisti-kuri monacemebis fonze, SeiZleba aRv-niSnoT eleqtronuli komunikaciebis mza-rdi Semosavlebi (1,073 mln), satelekomu-nikacio sacalo Semosavlis soliduri wi-li mTlian Sida produqtSi (2,87%) [14].
saqarTveloSi, CavatareT marketinguli kvleva (2014 wels), romelic miznad isa-xavda saqarTvelos eleqtronuli biznes garemos Seswavlas (kvlevis Sedegad saqar-Tvelos regionebSi gamoikiTxa 1600 res-pondenti) [15].
Catarebuli marketinguli kvleviT dad-ginda eleqtronuli biznes garemosadmi momxarebelTa damokidebuleba. kvlevis Sedegebma eleqtronuli biznes garemos Sefasebis SesaZlebloba mogvca.
kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, saqarTve-los internet-bazarze qarTveli respon-dentTa 44,7%-Si popularobiT sargeblobs informaciuli momsaxureba, momxmareble-bis 37,3% interesdeba saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebiT, gamokiTxulTa 34,3% iyenebs saZiebo sistemebs, internet-momxmareble-bis 17,9% aqtiurad moixmars finansur mom-saxurebas, kvlevaSi monawile pirTa 11,5% upiratesobas aniWebs onlain turistul momsaxurebas. aseve, respondentebSi popu-larobiT sargeblobs onlain momsaxurebis sxva saxeebic.
eleqtronuli bazris kvlevisas dadgin-da, rom internet-momxmarebelTa mesamedi eleqtronuli biznes-momsaxurebas irCevs xelsayrelobis gamo, gamokiTxulTa meoT-xedi upiratesobas aniWebs momxmareblis saWiroebebze orientirebul organizaci-ebs, kvlevaSi monawile pirTa 19,4%-is arCe-vans ganapirobebs dabali fasi. aseve, momx-mareblTa mier internet-organizaciebs SerCevis ZiriTad faqtors warmaodgens: efeqturi sainformacio politika, momsa-xurebis mravalferovneba, Ziebisa da yid-vis mcire dro, gamyidvelTan swrafi in-teraqtiuloba, moqnili faswarmoqmnis po-litika, damarwmunebeli zegavlenisagan Tavis arideba.
arsebiTia, rom eleqtronul biznes ga-remoSi, cifruli kontenti, samomxmareblo internet-aRqmis mamoZravebeli Zalaa. igi internet-bazris umsxviles seqtors war-moadgens.
respondentTa damokidebulebiT, eleq-tronuli biznes momsaxurebis SerCevisas mniSvnelovania internet-kompaniis imiji, momsaxurebis Rirebuleba, miwodebis fasi da vadebi, piradi wyaroebis rekomenda-ciebi.
dRes, biznes seqtoris integraluri na-wilia onlain media (cifruli media). Saqar-Tvelos onlain mediis garemo warmodge-nilia mravalferovani saxeebiTa da media matareblebiT. qveyanaSi onlain mediis saxeebis moxmarebis kvlevisas dadginda, rom respondentTa naxevari siaxleebis miRebisaTvis iyenebs Facebook-sa da Twetter-s, gamokiTxulTa meoTxedi upiratesobas aniWebs internet-televizias. aseve, momx-marebelTa soliduri nawili siaxleebis mi-Rebisas orientirebulia onlain Jurna-lebze, blogebze, multimedis gaziarebis servisze, wiki-s standartze, internet-ra-dioze.
eleqtronuli individualizmis epoqaSi,
Facebook gamoiyeneba protestis dagegm-
visTvis, Twitter koordinaciisTvis, mraval-ferovani dialogisTvis, protestis ins-truqciisTvis, solidarobis asaxvisTvis, YouTube imisaTvis, rom msoflio gaecnos movlenebsa da procesebs, xolo blogi – onlain aqtivobisa da movlenebis aRweris-Tvis, siaxleebis komentirebisa da sakiTxe-bis ufro Tavisufali analizisTvis [16].
kvlevebi adasturebs, rom biznes saqmia-nobis Zlier fundaments qmnis socialuri qselis ganviTarebaze fokusireba, romlis meSveobiT internet-momxmareblebsa da biznes organizaciebis urTierTqmedebis procesebi ganixileba, rogorc teqnolo-giuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri artefaq-ti, romelic agebulia garkveul viTare-baSi da asaxavs kompaniis miznebsa da mi-marTulebebs.
marketinguli kvlevis farglebSi dad-ginda respondentTa onlain aqtivobis sa-Sualo xarji, romelic daaxloebiT 300 la-ramdea. es ganpirobebulia, rogorc soci-al-ekonomikuri faqtorebiT, ise in-ternet-bazris susti ganviTarebiT, saqar-
136
Tvelos internet-produqtebis simciriT, dabali internet-aqtivobiT da sagadasa-xado mosakreblis sididiT.
Sejameba. eleqtronuli mTavrobis eko-nomikuri ganzomileba farToa da resurse-biT mdidari. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi eleqtronuli mTavrobis sistemaze foku-sireba xels Seuwyobs ekonomikis ganviTa-rebas da sazogadoebas uzrunvelyofs so-cial-ekonomikuri sargebliT. misi ganvi-TarebiT fundamenturad Seicvleba ekono-mikuri landSafti, moxdeba administraci-uli SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba, eko-nomikis zrda, samuSao Zalis produqtiu-lobis zrda da umuSevrobis Semcireba.
internetizacia ganxiluli unda iqnas qarTuli sazogadoebis saerTaSoriso cxovrebis is etapi, romlis Semdeg etapze adgili aqvs informaciuli kulturis, re-ligiis, musikis, mecnierebis, ganaTlebisa da xalxis cxovrebis daaxloebas. Sedegad samecniero da teqnologiuri sazogado-ebis sferos miRwevebi imoZravebs inteleq-tualuri da cifruli revoluciisken.
internet-bazris ganviTarebis dabali tempi, eleqtronuli komerciis susti zrda, ICT-s infrastruqturis modernize-bis saWiroeba, internet-kompaniebis warmo-qmnis stimulirebis ararseboba Sesabamiso-baSia internet-moxmarebelTa aqtivobas-Tan, mSp-Si cifruli ekonomikis wilis zrdasTan, dasaqmebasTan, internet-baz-ridan miRebul SemosavlebTan, eleqtro-nuli mTavrobis momsaxurebis sistemis mi-sawvdomobasa da moxmarebasTan.
jerovani yuradReba ar eqceva inter-net-bazris potencials, ar xdeba eleqtro-nuli komerciis procesebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi RonisZiebebis gatareba, ar xdeba internet-bazrisa da eleqtronuli komerciis samarTlebrivi regulireba; sa-xelmwifos mier ar tardeba internet-kom-paniebis warmoqmnis xelSewmyobi RonisZie-bebis gatareba. biznes seqtori internets ZiriTadad iyenebs, rogorc damatebiT arxs. jamSi, saxelmwifos web-sivrce ufro ganviTarebulia, vidre korporaciuli seq-
toris web-sivrce; mZlavri saxelmwifo institutebis miu-
xedavad, qveyanaSi, ar moipoveba informa-cia saqarTvelos cifruli ekonomikis mo-culobis Sesaxeb, internet-kompaniebis
brunvis, gamoSvebuli produqciis mocu-lobis, internetis momsaxurebiT dakavebu-li organizaciebis raodenobis Sesaxeb. Ase-ve, informacia ar arsebobs iseT umniSv-nelovanes statistikaze, rogoricaa eleq-tronuli biznesis wili mSp-Si, internet-kompaniebSi dasaqmebuli adamianebis rao-denoba, Semosavlebi, eleqtronuli bizne-sis ganviTarebis maCveneblebi.
arsebuli informaciuli vakuumis piro-bebSi, saqarTvelos eleqtronuli biznes garemos ganviTarebis zusti prognozebis gakeTeba rTulia. Tumca, internet-bazris kvleva informaciuli deficitis Sevsebis mniSvnelovani cdaa.
xazgasasmelia, rom qveyanaSi interaq-tiuli urTierTqmedebis saerTo aRiarebu-li standartebis arqoniT, qveyanaSi eleq-tronuli biznesis pasuxismgebloba (aseve eleqtronuli mTavrobis) eyrdnoba mxo-lod eTikur standartebs, rac winaaRmde-gobaSi ar modis iuridiul pasuxismgeb-lobasTan. Sesabamisad, moqalaqeebis inte-resebis gaTvaliswineba socialuri pasu-xismgeblobis valdebulebis nacvlad Zi-riTad SemTxvevaSi, „biznesis survilsa da komunikaciazea“ damokidebuli.
dabolos, saqarTvelos eleqtronuli biznes garemos kvlevis Sejamebis safu-Zvelze mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos Semdegi: saqarTvelos internetis momsaxurebis
bazris kvleviT, internet-xarisxi ma-Ralia TbilisSi, xolo regionebSi – dabali. Tbilisis internet-bazari Se-iZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc ma-Rali siCqaris internet-momsaxurebis sivrce, konkurentunariani internet-bazari, internet-provaiderebis saq-mianobis „sarfiani adgili“, moTxov-nisunariani bazari, rentabeluri da msyidvelobiTunariani garemo. Tbi-lisis internet-momxmareblebisaTvis farToa internet-provaiderebisa da internet-momsaxurebis speqtri. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos danarCen 7 re-gions, is SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, ro-gorc arakonkurentuli internet-ga-remo, dabali siCaqaris (zogierT regi-onSi aRniSnulia internetis saSualo siCqare) internet-momsaxurebis baza-ri, internet-provaiderebis mier seg-metebis/raionebis eqskluziuri flo-
137
ba, satelefono sadgurebis Seferxe-biT muSaoba, mouwesrigebeli sakabelo meurneoba, dausabuTebeli gaTiSvebi, SezRudvebi internet-kavSirSi. Zemo-aRniSnuli aisaxeba internet-momxma-rebelTa dakmayofilebasa da loialo-baze. aRniSnuli problemebi eleqtro-nuli biznesis ganviTarebas mniSvnelo-vnad aferxebs;
kvlevam cxadyo, rom saqarTvelos in-ternet-bazarze, respondentebSi po-pularobiT sargeblobs informaciu-li, saganmanaTleblo, onlain turis-tuli, finansuri momsaxureba. aseve internet-momxmarebelebi aqtiurad moixmars saZiebo sistemebs, onlain Ta-maSebs, onlain aplikaciebs, eleqtro-nul birJasa da momsaxurebis sxva saxeebs;
internet-bazris kvleviT dadginda, rom samomxmareblo qcevasa da motiva-ciaze gavlenas axdens momsaxurebis miRebis xelsayreloba, dabali fasi, momsaxurebis farTo speqtri, Ziebisa da yidvis mcire dro. qarTuli sazo-gadeoba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs im internet-kompaniebze, romelic orientirebulia momxmareb-lis saWiroebebze, aqvs efeqturi sainformacio politika, anonimurobis dacvis politika, moqnili faswarmoqm-nis politika, moxmareblebTan aqvs swrafi interaqtiuli kavSiri, momxma-rebeli aridebulia emociuri/damarw-munebeli zegavlenisagan;
arsebiTia aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli respondentebi internet-kompaniebis SerCevisas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvileben kompaniis imijsa da po-pularobaze, aseve aqcents akeTeben momsaxurebis Rirebulebis, miwodebis fasisa da vadebis, piradi wyaroebis (megobrebis/ojaxis) rekomendaciaaze. miRebuli Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom eleq-tronuli biznes momsaxurebis SerCevi-sas mniSvneloba eniWeba internet-kom-paniebis TanamSromelTa profesiona-lizms, produqti da momsaxurebis asortimentis mravalferovnebas, web-saitis saxesa da dizains, faswarmoqnis politikas da sxva;
qarTuli sazogadoebis mier onlain media Sefasebulia, rogorc obieqtu-ri, xarisxiani, marTali, zusti, swrafi siaxlis masobrivi informaciis saSua-leba. onlain bazarze respondentebi informirebisa da siaxleebis miRebi-saTvis ZiriTadad amjobineben Ffacebo-ok-s, Twetter-s, internet-televizias, onlain Jurnalebs, blogebs da sxva.
samwuxaroa, rom internet-vaWrobis ekonomiurobis, efeqturobisa da xel-sayrelobis miuxedavad, saSualo sta-tistikuri momxmareblis mier onlain momsaxurebis miRebaze gaweuli saSu-alo xarji Seadgens mxolod 50-300 lars;
qarTuli eleqtronuli biznesis gan-viTareba saWiroebs telekomunikaciis modernizebul infrastruqturas (gan-sakuTrebiT regionebSi), instituciu-ri wvdomisa da social-ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebas. mniSvnelova-nia ojaxebisaTvis internet-wvdomisa da kompiuteris flobis sakiTxebi;
saqarTvelos ZiriTadi prioriteti unda iyos aramxolod, internetiza-cia, aramed kompiuterizacia, biznesp-rocesebis reinJiringi, marTvis sfe-ros transformacia da administraci-uli kulturis xelSemwyobi RonisZie-bebis gatareba;
dabolos, saqarTvelos eleqtronuli biznes garemos ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia gatardes RonisZiebebi internet-wignierebis zrdis, ekonomi-kuri mdgomareobis amaRlebis, inter-net-kompaniebisa da qarTulenovani kontentis stimulirebis mimarTule-biT. aseve, unda gaizardos informaci-uloba, internet-momxmarebelTa seg-menti, internet-marketingis instru-mentebis gamoyeneba, SemuSavdes efeq-turi sagarantio meqanizmebi, gaumjo-besdes internet-maRaziebis dizaini, ganxorcieldes internet-bazris sam-Tavrobo subsidireba/xelSewyoba;
jamSi, kvlevisa da rekomendaciebis Se-degi iqneba internet-kompaniebis war-moqmna, dasaqmebis zrda, umuSevrobis Semcireba, saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi cifruli ekonomikis wilis zrda (5-20%), biujetis zrda, sazogadoebis
138
social-ekonomikuri keTildReobis
zrda.
gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. United Nations E-Government Survey 2014. E-
Government for the Futere we Want. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. United Nations New York, 2014. http://unpan3.un.org
2. Abuladze R, Kvaratskhelia N. Economic Envi-ronment of Georgia & Digitization. 2014 IMRA-Kean International Conference: "Globalization and the Convergence of Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship. International Management Re-search Academy (IMRA), Kean University, New Jersey, United States of America. 29-31 May, 2014.
3. Constantine E. Passaris. Internetization and the New Global Economy of the 21st Century. Global Information Technology. , IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. http://www.irma-international.org/viewtitle/112749/
4. http://unpan3.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2014-Survey/E-Gov_Complete_Survey-2014.pdf
5. www.unesco.org/webworld/.../paper_28.rtf 6. http://www.oecd.org/ 7. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm 8. www.ida.gov.sg 9. http://www.gartner.com/technology/home.jsp 10. http://cbw.ge/economy/georgia-prepears-for-
global-internetization/ 11. http://news.ge/ge/news/story/148428-
sayoveltao-maghalsichqariani-internetizatsiis-proeqti-fondi-qartus-finansuri-mkhardacherit-gankhortsieldeba
12. World Economic Forum . INSEAD . The Global Information Technology Report 2015. ICTs for Inclusive Growth. 2015.
http://www3.weforum.org 13. United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development, Information Economy Report 2015. http://www.unctad.org/
14. http://gncc.ge/uploads/other/1/1344.pdf 15. abulaZe r. saqarTvelos eleqtronuli
mTavrobis ganviTarebis marketinguli kvleva. monografia. gamomcemloba „uni-versali“ , Tbilisi, 2014. p. 352.
16. abulaZe r. eleqtronuli mTavroba (xe-lisufleba, biznesi, sazogadoeba, teq-nologia). saxelmZRvanelo. gGamomcem-loba „universali“, Tb., 2013. gv. 433.
auditis dagegmva da regulireba
tariel kikvaZe _ teqnikis akademiuri doqtori, stu-s profesori
irine farseRaSvili _ biznesis administrirebis doqtori
statiaSi `auditis dagegmva da regu-
lireba~ gaanalizebulia auditoruli Se-mowmebis zogadi strategiis SemuSavebisa da detaluri programis Sedgenis sakiTxe-bi. moyvanilia gansaxorcielebeli aucile-
beli auditoruli procedurebis CamonaT-vali.
auditoruli Semowmeba unda pasuxobdes sayovelTaod miRebul standartebs, unda sruldebodes efeqturad, klientis mier
139
daTqmul drois farglebSi. Aam mizniT xde-ba auditis dagegmva da regulireba.
auditori amuSavebs Semowmebis gegmas da formalurad gamoxatavs mas auditis detalur programaSi. Ddagegmvis moculoba varirebs imis Sesabamisad, Tu rogoria sa-meurneo subieqtis zomebi, auditis sir-Tulis xarisxi, auditoris gamocdileba da informirebuloba klientis biznesze. Ppa-suxismgebloba auditis saerTo gegmisa da auditoruli programis SemuSavebaze audi-tors ekisreba.
Audit planning and Regulation
Kikvadze T., Parsegashvili I.
Summary
The article analyzes the overall audit strategy and a detailed program-making issues. Be given a list of the necessary audit procedures.
Audit should meet generally accepted standards, must be carried out effectively, within the time fixed by the client. A purpose of this audit planning and regulation.
Auditor handles inspection plan and formally expresses her detailed audit program. D planning capacity varies according to the size of what the economic entity, the complexity of the quality audit, the auditor's experience and awareness of the client's business. P responsibility for the overall audit plan and the audit program rests with the auditor.
sakvanZo sityvebi: auditis standarte-bi, auditis dagegmva, auditis regulireba, auditis programa, Sida auditi, gare auditi.
nebismier cxovrebiseul situaciaSi qme-debaTa ganxorcielebamde aucilebelia ma-Ti dagegmva.
auditoris dagegmil samuSaos aCvenebs grafiki, romelic auditis procesis gakon-trolebis saSualebas warmoadgens. Ggrafi-kis Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos klientis moTxovnebi.
amis Semdeg auditorma unda moamzados Semowmebis programa, CamoTvalos aucile-beli gansaxorcielebeli procedurebi. Aauditoruli Semowmebis programa warmo-adgens safuZvels drois detaluri gegmisa da danaxarjebisaTvis. winaswari gegmebi zogjer dgeba pirveldawyebiTi auditoru-li qmedebebis, riskis Sefasebis safuZvel-ze. saWiroebi SemTxvevaSi mas gadasinjaven xolme.
dagegmva auditors exmareba gaanawilos davalebebi da koordinacia gauwios samu-Saoebs, romelTac asruleben sxva audito-rebi da eqspertebi. Aauditoruli gegma ho-noraris dawesebis safuZvelsac warmoad-gens.
Aaucilebelia droisa da saSualebebis gadaxarjvis Sefaseba, rac SeiZleba gamo-wveuli iyos araefeqturi muSaobiT, aRmo-Cenili SecdomebiT da klientis mxridan normidan gadaxveviT. Ggadaxarjvis Sefaseba exmareba auditors realuri saxe misces momavali wlis gegmas, amasTan, xels uwyobs personalis ufro efeqtur gamoyenebas.
Kkonkretul operaciaze muSakebis dani-Svnisas, Cveulebriv, partniori (audito-ruli firmis direqtori) iTvaliswinebs ramdenad rTulia igi teqnikurad da mo-iTxovs Tu ara eqspert-specialistebis mo-zidvas, saStato erTeulebis raodenobas, danaxarjebs. zogjer gansazRvruli pro-cedurebis CatarebisaTvis saWiro xdeba drois koreqtireba da sxva strategiuli gadawyvetilebebi.
personali, romelsac garkveuli samu-Sao Caabares, informirebuli unda iyos Ta-visi movaleobebis Sesaxeb, imaze, Tu ra miznebs unda miaRwios procedurebma da rodis unda dasruldes samuSao auditis saerTo grafikis Sesabamisad. Ppersonali informirebuli unda iyos agreTve im sir-Tuleebis Sesaxeb, romelTac SeuZliaT ze-moqmedeba moaxdinos auditoruli proce-durebis xasiaTze, vadebsa da masStabebze. Aauditis gegma unda ecnobos auditorul jgufs. Ggrafikebi da procedurebi, romle-bic aucileblad unda Sesruldes, amasTan, mTavari auditoris angariSis tipi saWiroa jgufs Semowmebis dasawyisSive ecnobos.
miuxedavad imisa, rom auditidan audi-tamde dagegmvis procedurebi garkveul variacias ganicdis, mainc SeiZleba gamov-yoT tipiuri procedurebi, romelic SeiZ-leba SevTavazoT auditors dagegmvis etapze:
ganixileT klientis biznesis foni da SeecadeT gansazRvroT yvela problema, romelsac adgili aqvs Sesabamis sferoSi da romelTac SeiZleba gavlena iqonios auditoris muSaobaze;
gaiazreT auditoruli Semowmebis mok-le gegma, romelSic Sefasebuli iqneba
140
xarisxi, sanamdec SeiZleba Sida kont-rolze dayrdnoba;
ganixileT problemebi, romlebmac Tavi iCina wina wels da imsjeleT amaze per-sonalTan, romlebic monawileobdnen wina auditorul SemowmebaSi im faqtebis gamov-lenis mizniT, romelTac SeiZleba adgili mimdinare welsac qondes;
SeafaseT kanonmdeblobaSi an sabuRal-tro praqtikaSi nebismieri cvlilebis gav-lena klientis finansur angariSgebaze;
SexvdiT klientis umaRles xelmZRva-nelobas problemuri ubnebis gansazRvris mizniT, magaliTad, mniSvnelovani cvlile-bebis gamosavlenad klientis buRaltruli aRricxvis procedurebSi;
gaiazreT drois ganawileba finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis mniSvnelovan eta-pebze;
gansazRvreT klientis Sida auditore-bis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sesabamiso-bis xarisxi auditis miznebTan;
gansazRvreT eqspertebisa da sxva au-ditorebis mozidvis aucilebloba;
gansazRvreT auditoruli personalis raodenoba da kvalifikaciis xarisxi, ro-melic aucilebelia auditis yovel etapze;
CaatareT konsultaciebi auditoruli jgufis wevrebTan, imsjeleT maTTan nebis-mier problemaze, romelTa ganWvretac Se-saZlebelia;
moaxdineT klientis informireba auditoruli personalis mosvlis sava-raudo vadebze.
dagegmvis procesis naklovanebebma Se-iZleba Tavi iCinos Tu:
auditori atarebs detalur testire-bebs dagegmvis samuSaoebis Sesrulebamde, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios mniSvnelovani garemoebebis argaTvaliswineba, arasaWiro samuSaoebis Sesruleba da uTanxmoebebi klientTan;
gamoyenebulia araadekvaturi infor-macia;
klientis biznesze arsebobs arasakma-risi monacemebi (aRniSnuli monacemebi SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes wina auditori-sagan, wina wlis samuSao dokumentebisagan da finansuri angariSgebisagan, statisti-kuri monacemebis safuZvelze, presaSi ga-
moqveynebuli angariSebisagan, bankis mo-samsaxureebisagan da sxva konsultantebi-sagan, TviTon klientisagan).
Aauditoruli Semowmebis saerTo stra-tegia auditorma klientis xelmZRvanelo-basTan erTad unda ganixilos. Ddagegvis zo-gierTi detali (magaliTad, ra grafikebi unda moamzados personalma da rogor SeuZlia mas daexmaros auditors, Rirs Tu ara Sida auditorebis moSaobis gamoyeneba da sxv.) adre unda iqnes ganxiluli da Se-Tanxmebuli.
Sida auditi ganixileba, rogorc kon-trolis struqturis nawili. igi warmoad-gens kontrolis struqturis sxva rgole-bis efeqturi muSaobis da swori organi-zaciis erTerT saSualebas xelmZRvanelo-bisaTvis.
imisaTvis, rom Seiswavlos kontrolis struqtura, gare auditori aanalizebs Si-da auditorebis mier Sesrulebul sa-muSaos, raTa gansazRvros aris Tu ara igi dakavSirebuli gare auditoris interese-bis sferosTan da SeuZlia Tu ara gamoi-yenos es samuSao kontrolis riskis Sefa-sebisaTvis. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Sida audi-toris moqmedebis meqanizmSi Casawvdomad, Semdegia:
im pirebis mdgomareoba da movaleo-bebi, romelTac angariSs abarebs Sida auditoruli samsaxuris xelmZRvaneli, aqedan gamomdinare, Sida auditis perso-nalis obieqturoba;
Sida auditorebis valdebulebebi (isi-ni xSirad Camoyalibebulia samsaxuris wesdebaSi);
Sida auditis samsaxuris sidide da profesiuli kompetenturoba kontrolis struqturis sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT.
kontrolisa da muSaobis Semowmebis masStabebi. (magaliTad, Sida auditorebis mier Sesrulebul samuSaos unda akon-trolebdes ufrosi personali);
sazRvrebi (Tu isini arsebobs), riTac Semofargluli unda iyos Sida audi-torebis uflebebi Canawerebis, dokumen-tebis da personalis Semowmebis dros;
Sida auditorebis muSaobis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis sakmarisoba;
samoSaos moculoba, xasiaTi da Sesru-lebis dro;
141
Sida auditorebis angariSgebaTa xasiaTi da sixSire, reaqcia maTze.
Tu miRweulia urTierTgageba da gare auditori SesaZleblad Tvlis gamoiyenos Sida auditoris muSaoba, man unda ipovos am samuSaos efeqturobis damatebiTi dasabu-Tebebi. aseTi dasabuTebebi SeiZleba mo-povebuli iqnas Sida auditis samuSao do-kumentaciis da masTan dakavSirebuli an-gariSebis Semowmebis gziT, raTa ganis-zRvros, sakmao zomiT kontroldeboda Tu ara maTi muSaoba, adasturebs Tu ara do-kumentacia gare auditorebis mier Sida samsaxurisaTvis micemul Sefasebas da im rols, romelsac asrulebs igi kontrolis struqturaSi.
Tu gare auditori mivida daskvnamde, rom mas SeuZlia kontrolis riskis Sefa-sebis dros gamoiyenos Sida auditorebis muSaoba, auditoruli Semowmebis efeqtu-robis gazrda SeiZleba Semdegi RonisZie-bebiT:
Aauditoruli Semowmebis erTiani geg-mis Sedgena;
angariSebis gacvla;
regularuli sakoordinacio Sexved-rebi:
samuSao dokumentaciebTan orive mxa-ris Tavisufali da Ria daSveba;
Sida auditorebis mier programuli uzrunvelyofis da Sesabamisi swavlebis SeTavazeba an mzadyofna, rom Sida audito-rebma Seadginon kompiuteruli programme-bi, romelTac gare auditorebi gamoiye-neben;
auditoruli komitetisa da direq-torTa sabWosaTvis angariSebis erTad wardgena;
dokumentaciis warmoebis saerTo teqnika da momxmareblisaTvis saerTo kar-toTekebis Sedgena.
Mmonacemebis Seswavlisas auditori Sem-TxveviT SeiZleba SeeCexos sakiTxs, rome-lic specialur eqspertizas moiTxovs. Aauditors ar moeTxoveba specialuri codna da amitom mas SeuZlia gadawyvitos mimarTos specialists. winaswari momzade-ba droulad rom Catardes, amgvar qme-debaTa aucilebloba unda dadgindes audi-toruli Semowmebis dagegmvis stadiaze.
specialistebis moxmoba SeiZleba dro-dadro, an mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTx-vevebSi.
Aauditorma unda Seafasos specialistis kompetenturoba, reputacia da rangi ama Tu im sferoSi. specialistis kompetentu-roba SeiZleba dadasturdes profesiona-luri mowmobiT, licenziiT an sxva doku-mentiT. maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs, rom-lebic icnoben specialistis muSaobas, Se-uZliaT Tavdeboba ikisron misi reputa-ciis da profesionalizmis sakiTxSi.
Sesabamis standartSi aRiniSneba, rom “muSaoba specialistisa, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli klientTan, Cveulebriv, auditors met rwmenas aZlevs mis saimedo-baSi, radgan, am dros gamoricxulia iseTi damokidebulebebi, romlebic avnebdenen obieqturobas.”
Aauditorma unda miiRos zomebi, raTa gamoarkvios nebismieri urTierTdamokide-buleba specialistsa da klients Soris. specialistebs ar moeTxovebaT iyvnen “da-moukideblebi” im azriT, rogoriTac audi-torebi, magram am ukanasknelma unda Seafa-sos aris Tu ara es damokidebuleba arse-biTi. Tu klientsa da specialists Soris damokidebuleba iseTi xasiaTisaa, rom SeuZlia avnos specialistis Sefasebis obi-eqturobas, auditorma unda ganixilos da-matebiTi procedurebis Sesrulebis sa-kiTxi, romlebic unda Seexos specialistis ramdenime an yvela varauds, MmeTodebsa da daskvnebs.
specialisti pasuxs agebs mis mier gamo-yenebuli meTodebisa da daSvebebis goniv-rulobaze, Sesaferisobasa da sisworeze. Aauditorma unda gaigos es meTodebi da daSvebebi, magram amasTanave unda gansa-zRvros, gamodgeba Tu ara specialistis daskvnebi finansuri angariSebis saTanado informaciis dasadastureblad.
Tu auditors damatebiTi procedurebis Semdegac ar SeuZlia problemis gadaWra, man unda ganixilos sxva specialistis mosa-zrebis gacnobis SesaZlebloba, gadauwyve-teli sakiTxis Sedegi iqneba pirobiTi da-skvna an uaris Tqma sakuTari azris gamo-xatvaze, radgan moTxovnaTa Sesabamisi, sak-mao faqtobvrivi masalis miRebis SeuZleb-loba zRudavs auditoris SesaZleblobebs.
142
Aauditorma ar unda axsenos specialis-tis moxmoba an mis mier gakeTebuli daskv-nebi finansur angariSebze upirobo das-kvnis gakeTebisas.
Kkompaniis (an kompaniebis jgufis) finan-sur angariSebze monacemebis wardgenisas auditors SeuZlia gamoiyenos im audito-rTa muSaobis Sedegebi da angariSi, rom-lebic Caatares mTeli firmis erTi an ram-denime komponentis (filialebis an ganyo-filebebis) Semowmeba. Mmeti efeqturobisa-Tvis SeuZliaT SeuZliaT agreTve sxva auditorebis CarTvac saqmianobaSi.
roca sxva auditoris muSaobis Sedegebs iyeneben, daskvna SeiZleba Seicavdes (an ar Seicavdes) miniSnebebs sxva auditoris saq-mianobaSi arsebul sirTuleebze.
Semowmeba da analizi muSaobis marTvis ganuyofeli nawilia. Cveulebriv, menejeri an vinme sxva pasuxismgebelia muSaobis Se-mowmebasa da meTvalyureobaze, raTa garan-tirebuli iyos misi Sesatyvisoba audito-
ruli Semowmebis gegmasTan. Semowmebis dros wamoWrili sakiTxebi unda gadawydes operaciis dasrulebamde da auditoruli daskvnis gamotanamde.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri, finan-suri da Sesabamisobis auditis saxel-mZRvanelo, Tbilisi, 2010.
2. bsf cnobari, auditis oficialuri teqnikuri dokumentebi, nawili I da II, Tbilisi, 1999.
3. Miettien J. Audit quality and the relationship between auditee’s agency problems and financial information quality: Research proposal. Finland: University of Vaasa. 2004.
4. Ness R. J. Practical Auditing Techniques. USA: Universe Inc. 2003.
karieris dagegmva. karieris tipologiebi
qeTevan kiwmariSvili _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori
Planning of Career. Typologies of Career
Ketevan Kitsmarishvili GTU Associate Professor
Summary
Career is a result of human conscious behavior and position in the following sphere of labour activity and is connected to official or professional growth. Career is a human "movement" trajectory, which he constructs personally, imposes internal features and illusory reality and most importantly, his goals, desires and aspirations. Types and stages of career:
143
professional career and internal career. Typology of career strategies. Career can be divided into two types: professional and official.
Планирование карьеры. Типологии карьер
Кетеван Кицмаришвили ГТУ Асоц. профессор
Резюме
Карьера – это результат осознанной позиции и поведения человека в области трудовой деятель-ности, связанный с должностным или профе-ссиональным ростом. Карьеру – траекторию своего движения – человек строит сам, сообразуясь с осо-бенностями внутри и неорганизационной ре-альности и, главное, - со своими собственными це-лями, желаниями и установками. Типы и этапы карьеры: профессиональная карьера и внутриор-ганизационная карьера. Типология карьерных стратегий: профессиональной карьеры и долж-ностная карьера.
reziume
kariera, esaa adamianis gacnobierebuli qcevisa da poziciis Sedegi misi SromiTi saqmianobis sferoSi da dakavSirebulia Tanamdebobriv an profesiul zrdasTan. kariera, esaa adamianis “moZraobis” traeq-toria, romelsac igi agebs sakuTrad, ufardebs Sida Taviseburebebs da iluziur realobas da rac mTavaria, sakuTar miz-nebs, survilebs da miswrafebebs. karieris tipebi da etapebia: profesiuli kariera da Sidaorganizaciuli kariera. karieruli strategiebis tipologia. SeiZleba gamov-yoT karieris ori tipi: profesiuli da Tanamdebobrivi.
sakvanZo sityvebi: profesiuli kariera. Sidaorganizaciuli kariera. karieruli strategiebis tipologia. kariera tramp-linis tipis mixedviT. kariera kibis tipis mixedviT.
kariera, esaa adamianis gacnobierebuli
qcevisa da poziciis Sedegi misi SromiTi saqmianobis sferoSi da dakavSirebulia Tanamdebobriv an profesiul zrdasTan.
kariera, esaa adamianis `moZraobis” traeqtoria, romelsac igi agebs sakuTrad, ufardebs Sida Taviseburebebs da iluziur realobas da rac mTavaria, sakuTar miznebs, survilebs da miswrafebebs.
karieris tipebi da etapebi organizaciis, an profesiis CarCoebSi,
SeiZleba gamovyoT adamianis moZraobis ramodenime principuli traeqtoria, rom-lebic migviyvans sxvadasxva tipis karie-rasTan.
profesiuli kariera – codnis, unaris, Cvevebis zrda. profesiuli kariera Sei-Zleba ganviTardes specializaciis (im er-Ti mimarTulebiT Rrma codnis SeZena, ro-melic SeirCa profesiuli gzis dasawyisSi), an transspecializaciis (sxva sferoSi ar-sebuli adamianTa gamocdilebis daufleba) gziT.
Sidaorganizaciuli kariera dakavSire-bulia organizaciaSi adamianis “moZraobis traeqtoriasTan”. igi SeiZleba iyos: vertikaluri – Tanamdebobrivi zrda; horizontaluri – dawinaureba orga-
nizaciis SigniT, mag., muSaoba erTi donis ierarqiis sxvadasxva qvedanayo-febSi;
centriskenuli – winsvla organiza-ciis birTvisken, marTvis centrisken, ufro da ufro Rrma CarTva gada-wyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi.
axal TanamSromelTan (muSakTan) Sexved-risas, personalis sakiTxebSi menejerma un-da gaiTvaliswinos karieris is etapi, ro-melsac muSaki gadis mocemul momentSi. aman SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos pro-fesiuli saqmianobis, dinamiurobis xaris-xis da individualuri motivaciis specifi-kis miznebis dazustebas. cxrili 1. mMoce-mulia karieris etapebis mokle aRwera.
cxrili 1. karieris etapebi.
etapi asaki mokle
daxasiaTeba
motivaciis Taviseburebebi
maslous mixedviT
winaswari 25
wlamde
SromiTi saqmianobisTvis
momzadeba, saqmianobis
sferos amorCeva
usafrTxoeba, socialuri
aRiareba
Camoyali-beba
30 wlamde
samuSaos aTviseba,
profesiuli Cvevebis
ganviTareba
socialuri aRiareba,
damoukidebloba
winsvla 45
wlamde profesiuli ganviTareba
socialuri aRiareba,
TviTrealizacia
rwmuneba 60 wlis Semdeg
pensiaze gasvlisTvis momzadeba,
sakuTari cvlis
socialuri aRiarebis
SenarCuneba
144
moZebna da misi momzadeba
sapensio 65 wlis Semdeg
sxva saqmianobiT
dakaveba
TviTgamoxatvis Zieba axali saqmianobis
sferoSi
Ppirovnebis Taviseburebebis Sesafaseb-
lad, profesiuli gzis dasawyisSi profe-siuli saqmianobis sferos SerCevis opti-mizaciisaTvis, mniSvnelovania adamianis pi-rovnebis tipis gaTvaliswineba. am mizniT mniSvnelovania j. holandis pirovnebebis tipologia (cxrili 2).
pirovnebebis tipologia j. holandis
mixedviT
pirovnebis tipi saqmianobis orientacia
realisturi manipulireba instrumentebiT da meqanizmebiT
mkvlevaris Zieba
artistuli emocionuri gamovlinebebi, TiTprezentacia
socialuri adamianebTan urTierTmoqmedeba
mewarmis adamianze moqmedeba
konvencionuri monacemebiT da informaciiT manipulireba
karieruli strategiebis tipologia Se-
iZleba gamovyoT karieris ori tipi: pro-fesiuli da Tanamdebobrivi. pProfesiuli karieris gansazRvra mocemuli gvqonda zemoT.
Tanamdebobrivi kariera – organizaciis SigniT muSakis mier garkveuli Tanamdebo-bebis dakavebis procesi.
kvlevebis analizma aCvena, rom karieru-li strategiebis mravalferovani varian-tebidan gamohyofen oTx tipur models, romlebic safuZvlad udevs modifikacie-bis mravalferovnebas.
kariera “tramplinis” tipis mixedviT. karieris es tipi tipuria specialistebisa da mosamsaxureTaTvis, romlebic ar isa-xavdnen miznad samsaxurSi winsvlas, Tumca, winsvla xdeboda TavisTavad, maTi poten-cialis da kvalifikaciis TandaTanobiTi zrdis Sedegad. garkveul etapze aseT mu-Saks ukavia maRali Tanamdeboba da cdi-lobs am Tanamdebobis SenarCunebas pensia-
ze gasvlamde. xolo Semdeg – “naxtomi” pensiaze.
kariera “kibis” tipis mixedviT. am tipis karieris mimdevrebi Sromoben mTeli Za-lebis daZabviT. “kibis” yoveli safexuri – esaa Tanamdeboba, romelsac muSaki ikavebs saSualod 5 wlis manZilze, xolo Semdeg midis ufro zemoT. aseTi adamiani umaRles safexurs aRwevs maqsimaluri potencialis periodSi, Semdeg amas mosdevs gegmazomie-ri daSveba samsaxurebriv kibeze da adamia-ni xdeba firmis mniSvnelovani konsultan-ti.
kariera “gvelis” tipis mixdviT. am modelma yvelaze didi gavrceleba hpova iaponiis msxvils firmebSi. yovel Ta-namdebobas ikaveben 1-2 wliani periodiT da raRac drois manZilze muSaki ar gadaad-gildeba (moZraobs) vertikalurad zemoT, ikavebs erTi donis ramdenime Tanamdebobas miyolebiT, mag., inJiner-eleqtrikosi pro-eqtirebidan SeiZleba gadayvanili iqnas warmoebaSi an amwyob saamqroSi. amitom, ro-ca muSaki adis bolomde (mwvervalamde), maSin man icis mTeli firma, gasigrZeganebu-li aqvs yvela procesi.
`gzajvaredinis” tipis kariera. am mode-lis mixedviT, garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg specialisti gadis atestacias, rom-lis Sedegebis mixedviT miiReba gadawyve-tileba dawinaurebis, gadaadgilebis an Ta-namdebobrivi daqveiTebis Sesaxeb. esaa karieris amerikuli modeli, romelic ori-entirebulia adamianis individualizmze.
karieruli strategiis TvalsazrisiT, kariera arsebobs Semdegi saxis:
tipuri – organizaciaSi Tanamdebob-rivi statusis Tanmimdevruli cvlileba erT profesiul dargSi profesiuli gamo-cdilebis SeZenis donis mixedviT;
mdgradi – esaa cxovrebis gansa-zRvrul etapze situacia, roca saWiro xdeba profesiuli saqmianobis Sinaarsis droebiT, an samudamod Secvla, aseve, iseTi Tanamdebobebis dakaveba, romelTa specia-lizacia ar Seesabameba miRebul ganaTle-bas. magram, imavdroulad, profesiul saq-mianobaSi da Tanamdebobriv dawinaurebaSi adgili aqvs SefardebiT mudmivobas;
wyvetili – xasiaTdeba profesiuli da Tanamdebobrivi dawinaurebis aramdgrado-biT, profilis da saqmianobis formis ara-
145
erTi cvlilebiT, mravalricxovan organi-zaciaSi muSaobiT da Tanamdebobebis daka-vebiT, romlebic ar Seesabamebodnen SeZe-nil profesiul gamocdilebas (codnas).
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. q. kiwmariSvili. personalis marTva. gam. `samarTliani saqarTvelo~. 2013 weli.
2. Базаров Т.Ю. – Управление персоналом (прак-тикум) – М., ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2012.
3. Горбатова М.М. Методы управления персона-лом: Учеб. пособие. Кемеров: ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2002.
4. Управление персоналом: Учебник для вузов / Под ред. Т.Ю. Базарова, Б.Л. Еремина. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. М.: ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2001.
marketingis samsaxuris qvedanayofebis ZiriTadi amocanebi da funqciebi
levan miqava _ stu-s doqtoranti The Main Goals and Functions of Marketing Service
Divisions Levan Miqava
PhD student of GTU Summary
An efficient operation of Marketing Service Divisions mostly depend on rational and sufficient structure of the organization. Employee turnover has
lesser negative impact on service’s performance when its structure is successfully chosen. Good management structure is a result of detailed analysis of main procedures and activities of marketing service performance and clarity of functions of each division.
Designing of marketing service structure is derived from goals, functions and authority discretions of the service.
146
Marketing planning develops from Marketing mix modeling (MMM) and actual short-term planning. Its manifestation realizes on three levels : enterprise, business and market branches for specific products.
As far as management structure has a substantial impact on performance and realizations of specific marketing strategies and concepts, it emerges to be a crucial aspect.
In modern day georgian companies, development of marketing departments caused rising demands for eligibility of market experts. Companies has derived vision of background and skills needed for market expert.
reziume
statiaSi ganxilulia marketingis samsa-xuris qvedanayofebis ZiriTadi amocanebi da funqciebi da misi ganxorcielebis gze-bi. marketingis samsaxuris qvedanayofebis ZiriTadi amocanebisa da funqciebis gan-xorcieleba SesaZlebelia kompaniaSi swo-rad agebuli organizaciuli struqturis meSveobiT, romelsac SeuZlia imuSaos masSi arsebiTi cvlilebebis Setanis gare-Se. sworad Camuyalibebul struqturaSi specialistebi icvlebian ise, rom ar gamo-iwvevs struqturebSi mniSvnelovan cvli-lebebs. aseTi struqturebi organizaciis daniSnulebis Rrma gaazrebis da mTavari procesebis sworad damuSavebis Sedegad iqmneba. marketingis organizacia („organi-zeba“) xdeba amocanebis, rolis, ufleba-mosilebis da pasuxismgeblobis realize-biT, romlis meSveobiTac kompania axor-cielebs marketingul saqmianobas. marke-tingis dagegmva – xorcieldeba marketin-gis kompleqsis da mimdinare gegmis damu-SavebiT da dafuZnebulia sam ZiriTad do-neze, sawarmoo (gaerTianeba, korporacia), kompaniis biznes-mimarTuleba, calkeuli saqonlis, bazris, arxebis gansazRvra. fFir-maSi marketinguli saqmianobis organiza-ciuli struqtura warmoadgens marketin-gis samsaxurs organizaciis konstruqcias, romlis safuZvelze xorcieldeba marke-tinguli saqmianobis marTva. Sesabamisad marketingul struqturas gadamwyveti ro-li akisria marketingis koncefciebis war-matebiT realizaciisTvis. bolo periodSi qarTul firmebSi marketinguli ganyofi-lebebis Seqmnam Camoayaliba garkveuli mo-Txovnebi marketologebis mimarT. firmebs gauCndaT garkveuli moTxovnebi: rogori unda iyos marketologi da ra gamocdi-lebas unda flobdes.
kompaniaSi sworad agebuli organizaci-
ul struqturas SeuZlia imuSaos masSi ar-sebiTi cvlilebebis Setanis gareSe. Swo-rad gakeTebul struqturaSi adamianebi icvlebian ise, rom TviT am struqturebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar xdeba. aseTi struqturebi organizaciis daniSnulebis Rrma gaazrebis da mTavari procesebis swo-rad damuSavebis Sedegad iqmneba. isini TviTon marTaven adamianebs da ara piriqiT, adamianebi marTaven maT. aseTi struqture-bi exmarebian organizacias: 1. ganaxorcie-los strategia; 2. efeqtianad marTos mim-dinare procesebi da, rac mTavaria, 3. ukeT gamoiyenos masSi momuSave adamianebis Sesa-Zleblobebi. es aris is sami amocana, ro-melsac sworad gakeTebuli organizaciu-li struqtura unda emsaxurebodes.
qarTuli kompaniebis umravlesoba mar-ketings ganixilaven, rogorc kompaniis marTvaSi axal funqcias. marketingis fun-qcia mimarTulia iseTi sakiTxebis gada-Wrisaken, rogoricaa: ra vawarmooT? – sadac gaTvaliswi-
nebulia bazris moTxovnebi da kom-paniis mier sasurveli produqciis SeZenis potenciuri SesaZlebloba;
vis mivyidoT? – ganisazRvreba kompani-is miznobrivi bazari, misi moTxovnebi;
rogor gavyidoT? – muSavdeba marke-tinguli kompleqsi (asortimenti, Se-fuTva, fasi, gayidva, reklama da a. S);
kompaniaSi axali funqciis warmoSoba TavisTavad wrmoSobs mmarTvelobis speci-fiuri formis Camoyalibebis aucileblo-bas, rac SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes mar-ketinguli sistemis daxmarebiT – romelic Tavis mxriv moicavs sainformacio, orga-nizaciul, gegmiur da makontrolebel elementebs da akavSirebs kompanias bazar-Tan.
marketingis informaciuli uzrunvel-yofa xdeba marketinguli informaciis da-muSavebis safuZvelze, informaciis Sekre-bis organizaciuli da teqnikuri mxare, Seg-rovebis meTodebi, mogrovebuli monaceme-bis damuSaveba da analizi aucilebelia ko-mpaniaSi marketingis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
marketingis organizacia („organizeba“) xdeba amocanebis, rolis, uflebamosile-bis da pasuxismgeblobis realizebiT, rom-lis meSveobiTac kompania axorcielebs marketingul saqmianobas.
147
marketingis dagegmva – xorcieldeba marketingis kompleqsis da mimdinare geg-mis damuSavebiT. da dafuZnebulia sam Zi-riTad doneze: sawarmoo (gaerTianeba, korporacia); kompaniis biznes-mimarTuleba; calkeuli saqonlis, bazris, arxebis
gansazRvra. marketingis korporatiuli gegma mtki-
cdeba kompaniis umaRlesi xelisuflebis mier. Tavdapirvelad xdeba korporatiuli strategiis damuSaveba, sadac unda gaiTva-liswinon kompaniis resursebi da biznes-mimarTulebebi. saqmianobis marketingis gegma agebulia divizionalur strategiaze da kompaniis mier arCeul mimarTulebaze. Aseve kompaniaSi muSavdeba konkretuli sa-qonlis marketinguli gegma – sadac xdeba Zalebis koncentrireba konkretul miz-nobriv bazarze. resursi ganisazRvreba marketing-miqsis TiToeul komponentisa-Tvis cal-calke (saqonlis srulyofa, gasa-Rebis arxebis formireba, sareklamo kam-paniis Catareba da a.S.).
marketingis kontroli tardeba marke-tinguli saqmianobis perioduli gadaxed-viT. mas atarebs kompania an sakuTari Za-lisxmeviT an mowveuli specialisebis meS-veobiT (audit marketingi). sadac Sei-swavlian: kompaniis marketingis strategi-ul saqmianobas, axdenen mimdinare proce-sebis Sefasebas, marketinguli danaxarje-bis Sedarebas faqtiur da gegmiuri Semo-savalTan.
kompaniaSi specializirebuli marketin-guli struqturis Seqmna es ase vTqvaT erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis. sawarmoo, finansuri, sa-vaWro-gasaRebis. teqnologiuri, sakadro da saqmianobis sxva sferosTan qmnis erTian integrirebul process, romelic mimar-Tulia bazrze arsebuli moTxovnis dakma-yofilebisaken da mogebis zrdisaken.
marketinguli samsaxuris saTaveSi Cve-ulebisamebr kompaniis direqtoris Semd-gom meore piri aris marketingis vice–pre-zidenti, marketinguli ganyofilebis Se-madgenlobaSi Sedian TanamSromlebi – rom-lebic ikvleven bazars, sasaqonlo asorti-mentze, safaso politikaze, gasaRebis ar-xebze, gasaRebis stimulirebaze, reklamaze – momuSave TanamSromlebi.
rodesac vsaubrobT kompaniaSi marke-tinguli samsaxuris organizebaze unda vi-gulisxmoT, rom esaa:
kompaniis bazarTan urTierTobis axa-li funqciis gacnobiereba;
marketinguli saqmianobis mmarTve-lobis efeqturi sistemis formireba;
iseTi marketinguli struqturis Se-qmna, romelic uzrunvelyofs kompa-niis sxva struqturul ganyofile-bebTan erTian funqcionirebas.
efeqturi marketinguli marTvisaTvis aucilebelia CamovayaliboT amocanebi, romelic gansazRvravs kompaniis winaSe mdgom amocanebs.
marketinguli qveganyofilebebidan gamovyofzogierT maTgans:
1) marketinguli kvlevis da marketin-guli gegmis Seqmnis ganyofilebas – rome-lic asrulebs Semdeg funqcias
– marketinguli RonisZiebebis dagegmva; – miznobrivi bazris Sesabamisi strate-
giis SemuSaveba; – sabazro SesaZleblobebis analizi; – konkurentunarianobis, m.S. analizis
Casatereblad marketinguli kvlevis Catareba;
– antikrizisuli martvis modelis Se-qmna;
2) kompaniis sasaqonlo asortimentis dagegmvis ganyofileba, romelic asrulebs Semdeg funqciebs:
– momxmarebelTa moTxovnis gaTvalis-winebiT sasaqonlo politikis formi-reba da konkurentunarianobis gansa-zRvra;
– TiToeul sasaqonlo erTeulze mo-Txovnis meqanizmis Seqmna;
– momxmareblis moTxovnis Sesabamisi asortimentuli jgufis saqonlis Se-qmna;
– bazarze saqonlis da momsaxurebis efeqturi pozicionirebisaTvis bren-dis xelSewyoba;
3) reklamis da stimulirebis samsaxuri, romelic orientirebulia komerciuli war-matebis miRwevaze sareklamo politikis, ba-zroba-gamofenebze, auqcionze da sxva Ro-nisZiebebis monawileobiT, aseve socialur RonisZiebebSi aqtiuri CarTulobiT dade-biTi sazogadoebriviazris formirebaze.
firmaSi marketinguli saqmianobis or-ganizaciuli struqtura warmoadgens mar-ketingis samsaxurs organizaciis kons-truqcias, romlis safuZvelze xorciel-deba marketinguli saqmianobis marTva. Se-sabamisad marketingul struqturas gada-mwyveti roli akisria marketingis kon-
148
cefciebis warmatebiTi realizaciisTvis. bolo periodSi qarTul firmebSi marke-tinguli ganyofilebebis Seqmnam Camoaya-liba garkveuli moTxovnebi marketloge-bis mimarT. firmebs gauCndaT garkveuli moTxovnebi: rogori unda iyos market-logi, ra gamocdilebas unda flobdes, xSi-rad xdeba Zveli kadrebis Canacvleba ax-liT. marketingi garkveulwilad market-logis mxridan SemoqmedebiT midgomasac ki saWiroebs.
kompaniebSi arsebobs Semdegi Tanamde-bobrivi erTeulebi marketingis top-mene-jeri, funqcionaluri specializaciis me-nejeri, savaWro markis da saqonlis mene-jeri, gasaRebis menejeri, komunikaciis me-nejeri da fasebis menejeri. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:
o rogorc avRniSneT marketingis samsa-xuris saTaveSi, rogorc wesi, sawarmos xelmZRvanelobis Semdeg meore piria — marketingis direqtori anu firmis vice-prezidenti marketingis sakiTxebSi. Mmar-ketingis top-menejeri – gansazRvrvs kom-paniis misias, ganviTarebis persepqtivas, axdens marTvis procesebisTvis struqtu-ris formirebas (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ki axdens arasasurveli–araefeqturi struq-turis restruqturizacias), sabazro Sesa-Zleblobebis strategiis da taqtikis gan-xorcielebas, koordinacias uwevs mmarTve-lobis gegmiur procesebs, amuSavebs Sro-mis motivaciis sistemas – icavs mis usa-frTxoebas da axorcielebs marketinguli saqmianobis kontrols.
o funqcionaluri specializaciis mene-jeri – warmarTavs marketingis marTvis process, CarTulia dagegmvis, marketin-guli kvlevis, gasaRebis organizaciis, marketinguli komunikaciis da servisuli momsaxurebis procesSi;
o savaWro markis an saqonlis menejeri – miznad isaxvas produqciis konkurentuna-rianobis amaRlebis strategiis SemuSave-bas da ganxorcielebas. valdebulia mona-
wileoba miiRos marketingis operatiuli gegmis formirebasa da relizaciaSi. aAxor-cielebs produqciis mxardaWer RonisZie-bebs, monawileobas Rebulobs tenderebSi. mTeli misi Zalisxmeva mimarTulia sasaqon-lo politikis formirebisaken. droul in-formacias awvdis xelmZRvanels moTxovnis moculobis, momxmarebelTa damokidebu-lebis cvlilebebis Sesaxeb da sTavazobs mas Sesabamis winadadebebs.
o gasaRebis menejeri – SeimuSavebs ukve mza saqonlis gasaRebis gegmas da axdens mis relizacias, aseve amzadebs gasaRebis da distribuciis programas, savaWro markis da marketinguli komunikaciis menejereb-Tan erTad axdens bazarze situaciis ana-lizs, gansazRvravs bazris konkurentuna-rioanobas, afasebs: saqonelmoZraobis ar-xebs, sawyobis muSaobis reJims, akontro-lebs gayidvebis process, SekveTebis port-felis efeqturobas da servisuli momsa-xurebis sistemas.
o reklamis menejeri – gansazRvravs sa-reklamo kompaniis Catarebis aucileblo-bas, mis vadebs, biujets da xarjebs. Tanam-Sromlobs sareklamo saagentoebTan (sa-reklamo furclebis, bukletebis, media dokumentebis mwarmoeblebTan). aqturad TanamSromlobs masobriv sainformacio sa-SualebebTan firmis Sesaxeb dadebiti imi-jis formirebisa da SenarCunebis mizniT.
G gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. armstrongi g., kotleri f. marketingis safuZvlebi. saxelZRvanelo. me-7 gamo-cema. Targmani inglisuridan. Tb., 2006.
2. Котлер Ф. Маркетинг-менеджмент. Пер. с англ. М., 2005.
3. Романова А.Н. Маркетинг, Москва, 1998; 4. Черчилль Г., Браун Т. Маркетинговые
исследования. 5-е изд. Питер, 2007
samedicino xarisxis Sefaseba da organizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi inovaciebi pirvelad jandacvaSi
ciala lomaia _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, stu-s asocirebuli profesori
Tamar CaxunaSvili _ stu-s doqtoranti
Medical quality evaluation and organizational-managerial innovations
149
in Primary Health Care
Tsiala Lomaia Tamar Chakhunashvili
Summary
One of the priorities in the Health Care de-
velopment is discussed in the work, namely, about the availability of the medical service of the population, children and adults health care. Characteristics and organizational and management problems study, quality assurance of the medical service and health care system efficiency is of great importance.
Medical service and medical productivity indi-cation do not correspond the international standards affecting the served medical service efficiency, clinical results and quality. Different methods of impro-vement and providing the medical service is known for the modernity outcome assessment is of impor-tance from the medical service estimation features as the outcome reflects the main goal of the medical service – to serve the patient corresponding medical service.
reziume
naSromSi saubaria saqarTveloSi jan-
dacvis sferos ganviTarebaSi erT-erT pri-oritetze, mosaxleobis da gansakuTrebiT bavSvTa damozardTa janmrTelobis dac-vis, samedicino servisisadmi xelmisawv-domobis gazrdaze. menejmentis Tavise-burebebi da organizaciul-mmarTvelobi-Ti problemebis Seswavlas, samedicino momsaxurebis xarisxis uzunvelyofis da jandacvis sistemis efeqtianobis misaR-wevad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. Qveynis jandacvis sferoSi mimdinare procesebi ganapirobebs pirveladi jandacvis rgolis dawesebulebebis menejmentis dainterese-bas, raTa mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi gamo-iyenos iseTi meqanizmebi, rac samedicino personals ukeT muSaobis motivacias Se-uqmnis, rac TavisTavad xels Seuwyobs sa-medicino momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRlebas da mmarTvelobiTi inovaciebis danergvas.
TanamedroveobisTvis cnobilia same-dicino momsaxurebis xarisxis uzrunvel-yofis da gaumjobesebis sxvadasxva meTo-debi, samedicino momsaxurebis Sefasebis maxasiaTeblebidan gansakuTrebuli yurad-Reba unda mieqces gamosavalis Sefasebas, radgan swored gamosavali asaxavs same-dicino momsaxurebis ZiriTad mizans – pa-cients gaewios saTanado samedicino mom-
saxureba. naSromSi gadmocemulia kvlevis Sedegebi.
sakvanZo sityvebi: bavSvTa janmrTe-
lobis centri. pirveladi jandacva; inova-ciuri menejmenti; organizaciul-mmarTve-lobiTi inovaciebi.
momsaxurebis sfero mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs ekonomikuri zrdis raodenobriv da xarisxobriv maCveneblebs Soris optima-luri proporciebis formirebaSi, ojaxis biujetis Semosavlebsa da danaxarjebs So-ris racionaluri proporciis formireba-Si, aseve, xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis qalTa Sromis gamoyenebisaTvis da amiT garkveul rols TamaSobs dasaqmebis sqesobrivi struqturis proporciulobis dacvaSi.
samedicino momsaxurebas aqvs sazoga-doebriv-socialuri efeqti da pirveladi jandacvis seqtoris roli am saqmeSi arse-biTia.
samedicino momsaxurebis miwodebis or-ganizebis gaumjobeseba iyofa 4 komponen-tad, romelTa Sesafaseblad gamoyenebuli iqna Semdegi indikatorebi:
1. hospitaluri seqtoris ganviTareba; 2. pirveladi jandacvis ganviTareba; 3. saswrafo daxmarebis samsaxurebis
organizeba; 4. jandacva penitenciuri sistemis da-
wesebulebebSi. samedicino momsaxurebis sferoSi jan-
dacvis swori koncefciis danergvas didi istoria aqvs da is ukavSirdeba iseTi mec-nierebis Sromebs, rogorebicaa donabedia-ni, robert bruki, overtveiti, hendersoni da sxv.
პacienti ganixileba klientis rangSi, es dadgenili iqna didi britaneTis pacientTa qartiis mier, romelSic warmodgenilia, rogorc pacientTa uflebebi, ise momsaxu-rebis standartebi. j. overtveitma gansa-zRvra samedicino mosaxurebis xarisxis sa-mi ganzomileba, dainteresebuli jgufebis Sesabamisad. (sqema N1 ) sqema N1
148
150
samedicino momsaxurebis organizeba sa-
qarTveloSi ganixileba sam doned: I. pirveladi jandacva;
II. standartuli stacionaruli momsa-xureba;
III. maRalteqnologiuri hospitalur momsaxureba.
organizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi inova-ciebis Seswavla udaod dadebiT rols Sea-srulebs samedicino momsaxurebis xarisxis gaumjobesebisa da pacientTa uflebebis dasacavad. vinaidan samedicino momsaxure-bis servisi Tavisi gagebiT mecnierul mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebul medicinis miRwevebs da saukeTeso klinikuri praq-tikis gamoyenebiT pacientTa samedicino momsaxurebas gulisxmobs, romelmac ufro meti aqtualoba SeiZina qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikur gardaqmnebTan da janmrTelo-bis sferoSi reformebis gatarebis kvalda-kval. dRis wesrigSi dadga arsebuli men-taluri dogmebis rRveva samedicino pra-qtikaSi da sazogadoebis informireba jan-dacvis sistemaSi aucilebeli reformis sa-Wiroebis Sesaxeb.
ქveynis jandacvis sferoSi mimdinare procesebi ganapirobebs pirveladi janda-cvis rgolis dawesebulebebis menejmentis dainteresebas, raTa mmarTvelobiT saqmia-nobaSi gamoiyenos iseTi meqanizmebi, rac samedicino personals ukeT muSaobis moti-vacias Seuqmnis, rac TavisTavad xels Seu-wyobs samedicino momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRlebas. pacientTa azri samedicino mom-saxurebis Sefasebis erT-erTi mgrZnobiare maCvenebelia, romelic xels Seuwyobs or-ganizacias mmarTvelobiT inovaciebis ga-tarebaSi.
Cvens mier Catarebulma kvlevam, ucxoe-Tis qveynebSi dagrovilma gamocdilebis ganxilvam, saqarTveloSi momzadebuli nor-matiuli aqtebis analizma, mogvca saSuale-ba Segveswavla jandacvis pirveladi rgo-lis bavSvTa dawesebulebebSi specialiste-bis mier miRebuli samedicino momsaxure-biT pacientTa kmayofilebis donis Sefase-ba.
Cvens mierCatarda kvleva pirveladi jandacvis rgolis dawesebulebebSi, Cveni kvlevis miznidan gamomdinare saWirod CavTvaleT klinika „ M medi 22“-is magaliTze gagvekeTebina samedicino xarisxis Sefa-seba da danergili organizaciul-mmarTve-lobiTi inovaciiis Sedegebis Seswavla. pa-cientTa kmayofilebis donis Seswavlis mizniT klinika „Mmedi 22“-Si gamoikiTxa 200 pacienti; momsaxurebis xarisxis Sefaseba gadavwyviteT 10-baliani sistemiT. Kkvlevis
Sedegebi mocemulia qvemoT motanil cxri-lSi (cxrili N1).
kiTxva: ra quliT SeafasebT „Mmedi22“-is specialistebis mier pacientebis momsaxu-rebis xarisxs
rogorc cxrilidan Cans pacientebi da maTi mSoblebi afaseben 10-baliani siste-miT samedicino personaliT kmayofilebis dones, romelic aris momsaxurebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponentis gamosa-vali.
aq motanili gvaqvs pacientTa kmayofi-lebis donis Seswavla „Mmedi 22“-s magaliT-ze; rogorc cxriliN1 gviCvenebs, samedici-no personalis momsaxurebis xarisxi „MMmedi 22“-Si damakmayofilebelia, rac naTlad Cans cxrilSi motanili monacemebidan.
eqim-specialistebis mierpacientTa
momsaxurebis xarisxis Sefasebis Sedegebi. cxrili N1
151
pPacientebis da maTi mSoblebis gamoki-
Txvis SedegebiT, momsaxurebis xarisxiT sruliad kmayofilia pacientTa da maT mSobelTa 77%, romelTac 10 quliT Seafa-ses eqimTa momsaxurebis xarisxi, 15% 8 quliT da a.S. Cvens mier Catarebuli kvle-vidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia SevafasoT aRniSnuli klinikis menejmentis dadebiTi poziciebi. „janmrTelobis umaRlesi xel-misawvdomi standartebiT sargebloba“ warmoadgens pirveladi jandacvis rgolis Sesaxeb 1978 wlis alma-atis deklaraciis da 1998 wels msoflio eqimTa asociaciis mier miRebuli otavas deklaraciis erT-erT mniSvnelovan Temas.
mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom yovel-wliurad xdeba kmayofilebis meTodolo-giisa da gamoyenebis meTodebis daxvewa. mniSvnelovania pirveladi jandacvis rgo-lSi pacientTa kmayofilebis donis Seswav-la da Sefaseba, rogorc samedicino momsa-xurebis doneebis, aseve eqimTa konkretuli unar-Cvevebis Sesafaseblad. pacientTa az-ri xels Seuwyobs Tanamedrove samedicino mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis Sesabami-sad saTanado Sedegis miRebas, romelic daexmareba organizacias mmarTvelobiTi novaciebis gatarebaSi.
samedicino momsaxurebiT pacientTa kma-yofilebis donis Sefasebisa da mmarTve-lobiTi inovaciis danergviT migveRo ga-dawyvetileba klinikaSi „bavSvTa janmrTe-lobis centri“-s gaxsnis Sesaxeb. darwmu-nebuli viyaviT am inovaciiT pozitiur Se-
degebs miviRebdiT. ideis ganxorcieleba moxerxda 2015 wlis ianvarSi.
„bavSvTa janmrTelobis centri“ emsaxu-reba bavSvTa janmrTelobis donis gaumjo-besebas, arsebuli problemebis diagnosti-rebas da marTvas, janmrTelobis profila-qtikas. yvelaze mTavari, rac ganasxvavebs am centrs danarCeni pirveladi jandacvis obieqtebisgan, gaxlavT is, rom centri Zi-riTadad emsaxureba janmrTel bavSvebTan erTad, mcire fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da kognituri Seferxebis mqone bavSvebs. minda mogaxsenoT, rom msgavsi centri amierkav-kasiaSi pirvelia.
SeTavazebuli servisebi: 1. bavSvis globaluri ganviTarebis Sefa-
seba pediatris mier; 2. logopedis konsultacia; 3. fsiqologis konsultacia; 4. specialuri pedagogis konsultacia; 5. eqimi-reabilitologebis, masaJis spe-
cialistebis konsultacia; 6. eqimi-fizioTerapevtis konsultacia; 7. samkurnalo curva, hidromasaJi; 8. qviSis sanapiro, fizikuri masaJis gan-
sxvavebuli meTodi qviSaSi;
9. Cvilebis curva+varjiSi (baby spa); 10. fitnesi, sportuli cekva.
komfortuli auzi bavSvebisTvis, usa-
frTxo da higienuri garemo, individual-luri programa. curvis Semdeg msubuqi varjiSi anu namdvili BABYSPA. wyali pa-tarebis yvelaze sayvareli garemoa, idea-
qula
sp
ecia
lis
ti
pac
ient
Ta
rao
den
oba
dae
Tan
xma
gam
oki
Txv
as
2 q.
4
q.
6 q.
8
q.
10 q.
pediatri 200 190 0 4 5 32 149
qirurgi 200 185 0 2 2 18 163
yel-yur-cxviri
200 194 0 0 4 14 172
ofTal-mologi
200 197 0 1 0 17 179
Kardio-logi 200 192 0 0 1 24 167
nNevrologi 200 187 0 1 0 27 159
sul 200 197 0 6 10 24 157
152
luri maTi motoruli ganviTarebis xelSe-wyobisaTvis. sul mecxre Tvea, rac funq-cionirebs „bavSvTa janmrTelobis centri“ da unda aRiniSnos, rom mudmivad bolomde datvirTulia. patarebic kmayofilia da mSoblebic, rac imis damadasturebelia, rom Cvenma rekomendaciam siaxlis danerg-vis Sesaxeb gaamarTla. dRemde, 9 Tvis gan-mavlobaSi momsaxurebiT isargebla 2700 bavSvma, rac gatarebuli organizaciuli, sareklamo da mmarTvelobiTi muSaobis mizanmimarTuli gamoyenebiT iqna SesaZle-beli.
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdi-nare, samedicino dawesebulebebi ganicdian evolucias. TandaTanobiT ikveTeba momsa-xurebis procesSi pacientTa uflebamosi-leba, informirebulobis da akademiuri do-nis amaRlebis, xedvis Camoyalibeba servi-sebisa da saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebis, mo-lodinis Sesabamisobis, kmayofilebis Se-swavlis aucilebloba. pacientTa kmayo-filebis Sesafaseblad vagrZelebT kvlevas Semdeg maxasiaTeblebze: xelmisawvdomoba;
komunikacia; momsaxurebis koordinacia; Tavazianoba, pativiscema, mzaoba
mxardaWeraze; momxmarebelTa momsaxureba. am maxasiaTeblebis garda gansakuTre-
bul interess iCens iseTi aspeqtebis gamo-kvleva, rogoricaa: pacientTa usafrTxo-eba; zianis miyeneba; informacia pacientis usafrTxoebaze da Sexedulebebi jandac-vis xarisxis Sesaxeb.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da
socialuri dacvis saministro. saqarT-velos janmrTelobis dacvis saxelmwi-fo strategia. Tbilisi. 2011w.
2. ciala lomaia, adamianuri resursebis menejmenti. Tbilisi 2012 gv.311
3. oTar gerzmava, sazogadoebrivi janda-cva da menejmenti. Tbilisi 2008. gv.550
4. r. uruSaZe. Tanamedrove saavadmyofos organizacia da menejmenti. saqarTvelo 2010w gv.500
5. W. Jack Duncan; Peter M. Ginter; Linda E. Swayne. Strategic management of health care organizations Stephen
6. M. Shortell; Arnold D. Kaluzny. Health care management
7. DonabeldianA. Evaluating the quality of medical care. Miibank Memorial Fund.1966;
8. Ovretveit J. Health Service Quality. Blacwell Science, Oxford. 1992.
modelirebis amocanebi Ria inovaciur procesebSi
sulxan xuciSvili _ stu-s profesori julieta gagloSvili _ stu-s doqtoranti
153
reziume naSromSi ganxilulia inovaciuri siste-
mis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli- inovaciuri procesi, misi arsi da mode-lebis evoluciis etapebi. warmodgenilia sxvadasxva Taobis inovaciuri modelebis bazaze Seqmnili Ria inovaciis axali stru-turuli modeli. aRniSnul modelSi ino-vaciuri procesi warmodgenilia rogorc garkveul stadiebis Tanmimdevroba pirda-piri da ukukavSirebiT. gamokveTilia ga-remosTan mWidro da Ria urTierTobis aucilebloba.
Ria modelebisTvis gamokveTilia pro-cesis sxvadasxva stadiebze arsebuli amo-canebi da warmodgenilia maTi modelireba.
sakvanZo sityvebi: inovaciuri poli-
tika, inovaciuri sistema, inovacia, inova-ciuri procesi, xazovani da araxazovani modelebi, daxuruli inovacia, Ria ino-vacia, Aaramkafio simravleebi, Sefasebis kriteriumebi.
Modelling tasks in open innovative processes
Sulkhan Khucishvili Julieta Gaglohsvili
Summary one of the most important components of in-
novative system - innovative process, its essence and the phases of evolution of the models are considered in the paper. New structural model of open innova-tion, created on the basis of innovative models of various generations is presented. Tasks, existing in different phases of the process are outlined for open models and their modelling is presented.
Key words: innovative policy, innovative system, innovation, innovation process, linear and non-linear models, closed innovation, open innovation, fuzzy sets, assessment criteria.
Sesavali. inovaciebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben calkeuli kompaniebis, sxvada-sxva dargebisa da mTlianad qveynis ganvi-Tarebisa da konkurentunarianobis amaR-lebis saqmeSi.
sainovacio sistemis formireba da gan-viTareba warmatebul qveyanaSi inovaciuri politikis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. sa-qarTvelosaTvis es faqti gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas iZens evrointegraciasTan dakavSirebiT.
inovaciuri politikis mizani unda iyos sxvadasxva dargSi,gansakuTrebiT ekonomi-kaSi, inovaciebis raodenobrivi zrda; ino-vaciuri procesebis modelebis Seswavla, analizi da SesabamisobaSi moyvana sxvada-sxva gare da Sida, globalur da lokalur faqtorebTan. sworad dagegmili da war-marTuli procesebi warmatebuli inovaci-ebis Seqmnis sawindaria.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi qveynis inovaci-uri sistemawinaswar ganixilavs garkveul instrumentebs, romelTa saSualebiTac Se-saZlebeli xdeba inovaciur procesebSi saWiro da drouli Careva da dadebiTi ze-moqmedebis moxdena. Aaqveunda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebi saxel-mwifo inovaciuri politikis instrumen-tebs mizanmimarTulad iyenebdnen, Sesaba-mis periodSi dominirebuli inovaciuri procesebis modelebis Sesabamisad.
realurad gasuli saukunis 50-iani wle-bidan dRemde inovaciuri procesebis mo-delebis eqvsi evoluciuri Taoba ganixi-leba _ martivi xazovani modelebidan rTul, kompleqsur qselur modelebamde, rolebic gansazrvraven rogorc daxurul, ise Ria inovaciebis arss da maxasiaTeblebs.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare naSromis mizans warmoadgens xazovani da araxazovani inovaciuri procesebis stru-qturuli analizi, Ria inovaciuri modelis formireba da mis stadiebze wamoWrili problemebis maTematikuri modelebis da-muSaveba.
inovacia aris axali, efeqtiani produ-qtis an momsaxurebis Seqmna da realizacia. inovacia aseve aris ukve arsebuli produq-tis an momsaxurebis warmoebis wesis Secv-la. inovaciis SinaarsSi arsebiTia Seqmnili siaxlis praqtikaSi realizacia.
inovaciuri procesi. inovaciuri pro-cesi aris siaxlis Seqmnis, damuSavebis, gav-rcelebisa da gamoyenebis procesi. an sxva-nairad _ procesi, romelic novacias (si-axles, gamogonebas) inovaciamde miiyvans. inovacia SesaZlebelia xorcieldebodes mravali mimarTulebiT, magaliTad: produqtiuli inovacia (axali produq-
ti an momsaxureba); teqnologiuri inovacia (axali teqnika
da teqnologia);
154
mmarTvelobiTi inovacia (marTvis axa-li meTodebi, marTvis aparatis mier axali formebis gamoyeneba)da sxva.
inovaciur procesebTan dakavSirebiT
pirveladi kvlevebi da მათი modelebis Seqmna 1950-1960 wlebs moicavs. inovaciuri Teoriis ganviTarebasTan erTad evolu-cia ganicada inovaciuri procesebis mode-lebmac maTi Tanmimdevroba drois perio-debis mixedviT mocemulia nax. 1-ze. [5,6]
nax. 1-ze warmodgenil sxvadasxva Taobis
inovaciur modelebs dawvrilebiT ar gan-vixilavT. maTi gacnoba SesaZlebelia maga-liTad [1,5]-Si. unda aRiniSnos, rom sxvada-sxva inovaciuri modelebis oTxi da na-wilobriv mexuTe Taobac Sefasda, rogorc ,,daxuruli“ tipis inovaciebi, radgan maTi realizaciis ZiriTadi principebi iyo: mogebis miRebis mizniT mxolod Sida
daxuruli kvlevebis gamoyeneba; sakadro politikis mimarTva
kompaniaSi samuSaod yvelaze niWieri specialistebis mizidvisken;
gezi bazarze lideris poziciis dasa-kaveblad da samecniero kvlevebis sferoSi pirvelobisken.
sxva sityvebiT, kompaniebi miiswrafvod-nen kompaniis SigniT ideebis, saukeTeso kad-rebis da sakuTari ZalebiT realizebuli
yvelaze efeqturi kvlevebis konsolidaci-isken.
Ria inovaciebi, daxurulisgan gansx-vavebiT, eyrdnoba Semdeg principebs: mxolod Sida daxuruli codnisa da
kvlevebis gamoyenebidan gare codnis gamoyenebaze gadasvla;
bazarze bevri ideaa, romelTac kompaniisTvis mogebis motana SeuZlia;
organizaciis mdgradi biznes-modelis Seqmna ufro prioritetulia bazarze pirvelobasTan SedarebiT. araa saWiro iyo pirvelaRmomCeni, rom am aRmoCenisgan mogeba miiRo;
aucilebelia efeqturad gamoiyeno rogorc Sida, aseve gare ideebi da kvlevebi.
Ria inovaciebi gulisxmobs codnis miz-nobrivi nakadebis gamoyenebas Sida inova-ciuri procesebis dasaCqareblad, aseve bazrebis gafarToebas inovaciuri proce-sebis ufro efeqturi gamoyenebisTvis. Ria inovaciebis procesis Teoria ganixilavs kvlevisa da damuSavebis process, rogorc Ria sistemas. kompanias SuZlia miizidos axali ideebi da gavides bazarze axli pro-duqtiT ara mxolod sakuTari Sida kvle-vebis wyalobiT, aramed sxva organizacieb-Tan TanamSromlobiTac.
gadasawyveti amocanebi. maTi mode-lirebis meTodebi
inovaciuri procesi rTuli procesia, es sirTule ufro metad ikveTeba araxa-zovani modelebis da Ria modelebis gamo-yenebis dros.P problemebi iqmneba inovaci-uri procesis yovel stadiaze. maTi myisi-eri gadawyveta mniSvnelovnad zrdis inova-ciis efeqturobas.procesis,idea –inova-cia, realizebis dros problemebis gada-wyvetaSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs maTematikuri modelirebis meTodebi da kompiuteruli teqnologiebi, romelTa ga-moyeneba sagrZnoblad aadvilebs am proce-sisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva prob-lemuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetas. maT Sori-saa perspeqtiuli moTxovnis gadamowmeba da Sedareba sabazro moTxovnasTan, rom-lis Semdegadac SesaZlebeli unda gaxdes „warmoebis“ Sedegebis bazarze moxvedra. Sabazro moTxovnis prognozirebisTvis xSirad gamoiyeneba statistikuri analizis da regresiuli analizis meTodebi. kKompiu-teruli programebis (vTqvaT MATLAB –is bazaze) gamoyenebiT martivad igeba mo-Txovnis saprognozo regresiuli wiri [3].
Ria inovaciuri procesi warmatebulad dasruldeba, Tu „swori gadawyetilebebi `miRebuli iqneba inovaciuri procesis sawyis stadiebze. Tavidan ideebis simrav-lidan arsebuli miznebis da perspeqtiuli moTxovnis Sesabamisad unda moxdes erTi
155
an ramdenime ideis gadarCeva (skriningi) da Semdeg maT Soris saukeTesos an saukeTe-soebis dadgenis mizniT maTi ranJireba. arsebobs ideebis skriningis da ranJirebis gansxvavebuli meTodebi, romlebic sxvada-sxva wesiT axdenen arsebuli ideebis Sefa-sebas da Sedarebas. [2,3].
[2]-Si gamoyenebuli mraval-kriteriumi-ani eqspertuli meTodis gamoyenebis sa-fuZvelze ideebis (proeqtebis) ranJirebis da skriningis sinTezis amocana SeiZleba realizebuli iqnas Semdegi Tanmimdevro-biT (ix.nax. 2).
aRniSnuli eqspertuli meTodi dafuZ-nebulia aramkafio simravleTa Teoriis, kerZod aramkafio ricxvebis SesaZleblo-bebze da moicavs eqspertuli meTodis yve-la etaps: Sefasebis raodenobrivi da xa-risxobrivi maCveneblebis, Sefasebis ara-mkafio Skalis formireba, eqspertebis mier Sefasebis procesis warmarTva, eqspertebis SeTanxmebis donis dadgena da a.S. [4].
ინოვაციური იდეები (პროექტები)
ეკონომიკური მაჩვენებლების
დათვლა
რაოდენობრივი მაჩვენებლების
არამკაფიო წარმოდგენა
მონაცემები
რაოდენობრივი მაჩვენებლები
ხარისხობრივი მაჩვენებლები და მათი
მახასიათებლები (ქვემაჩვენებლები)
შეფასების ხარისხობრივი და რაოდენობრივი მაჩვენებლები
(რანგების დათვლა შეთანხმების დონე
იდეების პროექტების მკაფიო შეფასება
სკრინინგი და რანჟირებარისკების შეფასება
ცოდნის ბაზამონაცემთა ბაზა
ინფ. ტექნოლოგია
პროექტი ს არამკაფიო შეფასება
ექსპერტული მეთოდიცოდნა, გამოცდილება
კონკორდის კოეფიცი ენტიკომპიუტერული მეთოდებიშეფასების არამკაფიო სკალა
ხარისხობრივი მაჩვენებლები
პრიორიტეტული იდეები, პროექტები
რაოდ.მაჩ. არამკაფიო
nax. 2. mravalkriteriumiani eqspertuli
meTodis ZiriTadi etapebi
amave meTodiT SesaZlebelia ideebis da ideebis portfelis riskis raodenobrivi Sefasebebis ganisazRvra aramkafio ricx-vebis gamoyenebiT. ase rom sawarmos inves-ticiur portfelSi winaswari Sefasebis etapze Seva is ideebi (proeqtebi), romel-Tac aqvT umaRlesi ranguli mniSvneloba da Sasabamisi SezRudvebis sistema.
daskvna. inovaciuri modelebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom ganviTarebis procesSi maT miiRes sakmaod rTuli forma. es gamowve-ulia imiT, rom inovaciuri procesi „mra-
valwaxnagaa“ da Znelad eqvemdebareba sru-lad aRweras. maTi maqsimalurad srulad aRweris mcdelobebma, migviyvana rTul qse-lur modelamde, romelic detalizaciis miuxedavad mainc ver flobs ndobis sasur-vel xarisxs. am modelis ZiriTad naklova-nebad saxeldeba misi rTulad aRqmadoba. aRqmis gamartivebiT aixsneba Ria inovaciis „Zabris“ tipis modelis popularoba. mo-dels ar aqvs gamokveTili struqtura da iZleva SesaZleblobas moxdes proeqtis Sinaarsis Tavisufali traqtireba.
Ria inovaciuri modelebi mravalmxrivi TanamSromlobis principebzea agebuli. ko-rporaciasTan TanamSromloben klientebi, momwodeblebi, kvleviTi institutebi, kon-struqtorebi da sxva. maTi mWidro integ-racia miiRweva iseTi instrumentebis gamo-yenebiT rogoricaa informaciuli sisteme-bi, monacemTa bazebi, eqsertuli sistemebi, imitaciuri modelebi, ideebis da proeq-tebis marTvis sistemebi da a.S.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Ю.А. Ставенко, А.И. Громов, ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ МОДЕЛЕЙ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОН-НЫМИ ПРОЦЕССАМИВ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ, БИЗНЕС-ИНФОРМАТИКА№ 4(22) 2012.
2. n. mWedliSvili, s. xuciSvili, l. xuci-Svili. proeqtebis Sefasebis mravalkri-teriumiani eqspertuli meTodis srul-yofis zogierTi sakiTxi. biznes-inJine-
ringi, № 3, Tb., 2012, gv. 125-128. 3. mWedliSvili, s. xuciSvili, g. aAmilaxva-
ri. firmis saqmianobis winaswari Sefase-bis eqspertuli meTodi, aramkafio sim-ravleTa Teoriis da MATLAB-is bazaze,
biznes-inJineringi, №4, Tb., 2012, gv.91-97 4. Saaty T. How to Make a Decision: The Analytic
Hierarchy Process. European Journal of Operational Research, 48, pp. 9-26. MATLAB
5. z. gasitaSvili, s. xuciSvili, j. gagloSvi-li. inovaciuri procesebis modelebis evolucia, stu, samecniero Sromebis
krebuli N4(494).
sadazRvevo bazris ganviTarebis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba
156
nino qenqaZe _ kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universitetis doqtoranti
irine mamalaZe _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori
sadReisod msoflios metwil qveynebSi Camoyalibebulia socialuri dacvis orga-nizebuli sistemebi. Mmosaxleobis socia-luri dacva ukve XX-s bolos iqca ganviTa-rebuli qveynebis socialuri politikis mTavar atributad. aRniSnuli sistemebi xels uwyoben mosaxleobis Semosavlebis stabilurobas, uzrunvelyofen xelmisa-wvdomi samedicino daxmarebis miRebasa da aucilebeli socialuri momsaxurebis gawe-vas. socialuri dazRvevis erovnuli sis-temebis formirebisas iTvaliswineben iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa:
xelfasi da gadasaxadebi;
mosaxleobis demografiuli mdgoma-reoba da Sromis birJaze Seqmnili viTareba;
dazRvevis miznebi da maTi Sesabami-soba adamianis uflebebTan, humanis-tur idealebTan da sxv.
imaze, Tu ra xerxebiT, meTodebiTa da rogori dozebiT unda miewodos mosaxleo-bas socialuri keTildReoba, gavlenas ax-dens, agreTve qveynis istoria, erovnuli tradiciebi, ukve Catarebuli Tu amJamad mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri garda-qmnebi.
1190-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTve-loSi dawyebuli socialur-ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis organul nawilsa da gagrZe-lebas warmoadgenda reforma, romelic miznad isaxavda qveyanaSi civilizebul principebze dafuZnebuli sadazRvevo sis-temis Camoyalibebasa da mis Semdgom gan-viTarebas. saqarTvelos sadazRvevo ba-zarma ganviTarebis ramdenime etapi ganv-lo. maTgan pirveli etapisTvis (1989-1996w) ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebeli iyo momgebiani momsaxurebis eqstensiuri ganviTareba, me-orisTvis ki (1997 wlidan dRemde) sada-zRvevo sistemis Seqmna, rasac Tan axlda mzRvevelTa Zalisxmevis mateba produq-ciis gasaRebis gafarToebaze, reklamaze, sazogadoebasTan kavSirebis gaZlierebaze, produqtebis gasayidi qselis ganviTare-basa da mis stimulirebaze. sadazRvevo kompaniebis minimaluri sawesdebo kapita-lis mimarT 2005 wlidan gamkacrebulma mo-
Txovnebma daaCqara saqarTvelos sadazRve-vo kompaniebis Serwyma-gamsxvilebis pro-cesi, xeli Seuwyo qveynis sadazRvevo baz-ris Camoyalibebas da mniSvnelovnad gaaum-jobesa sadazRvevo kompaniebis saqmianobis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi.
saqarTvelos sadazRvevo bazars dRes aq moqmedi sadazRvevo kompaniebi qmnian. 2014 w. maTi raodenoba 16-s Seadgenda, ro-melTa mier am wels mozidulma jamurma premiam 302,6 mln lars gadaaWarba. Saqar-Tvelos sadazRvevo bazris wamyvani kompa-niebi (5%-ze meti wiliT) Semdeg poziciebs ikaveben.
saqarTvelos sadazRvevo bazris ganawileba kompaniebis mixedviT 2014 w*
# kompaniis
dasaxeleba
moziduli jamuri premia
aT. lari
xvedriTi wili %
1
2 3 4 5 6
ji pi ai holdingi aldagi (Zveli) aldagi (axali) irao ardi jgufi ai si jgufi
79384,2 56688,4 36829,6 28116,0 23282,2 18000,5
26,23 18,73 12,17 9,29 7,69 5,95
*wyaro: Jurn. auditi, aRicxva, finansebi #3 (183) 2015 gv. 33
samwuxarod, bolo wlebSi Cveni qveynis sadazRvevo bazari Semcirebas ganicdis: 2012 w. moziduli premia 515,5 mln. lars aRwevda, 2013 w. aRemateboda 471 mln-s, 2014 w. ki igi mxolod 302,64 mln. lars Seadgen-da, rac 55,65 %-iT naklebia 2013 w, maC-venebelze. Semcirebulia zaralis anazRau-rebis maCvenebelic – 43,47%-iT.
2014 w. sadazRvevo kompaniebSi jamSi 40,3 mln. larze meti wminda mogeba miiRes, Tumca, wina 2011-2013 wlebSi sadazRvevo industriisaTvis wamgebiani gamodga, ris gamoc ramdenime kompania gakotrda da ga-iyida kidec.
2014 w. saqarTvelos sadazRvevo bazarma mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ga-nicada, kerZod, liderma kompaniam ,,aldagi bi si aim” strategia Seicvala da kompaniis reorganizaciiT ramdenime brendiT gaaaq-tiura bazarze muSaoba. amis Sedegia pir-
155
157
vel poziciaze ,,ji pi ai holdingis” gada-nacvleba. Tumca, es formalobadac Segvi-Zlia miviCnioT, radgan ,,aldagi” axla er-Tis nacvlad ramdenime poziciazea gadana-wilebuli.
saqarTvelos sadazRvevo bazarze momx-dari kidev erTi siaxlea is, rom ,,aldagSi” janmrTelobis dazRvevis mimarTulebaze imuSavebs mis mier 2012 w. Seqmnili ,,imedi L“, samedicino momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofs samedicino korporacia ,,eveqsi”, xolo si-cocxlisa da qonebis dazRvevas ganagebs sadazRvevo kompania ,,aldagi”. aRsaniSna-via, rom janmrTelobis dazRvevis biznesSi ,,imedi L“-is brendis dabruneba misma kargma reputaciam ganapiroba; rebrendingi gan-icada samedicino momsaxurebis biznesmac, romelic axla moicavs ,,Cemi ojaxis klini-kas” da ,,unimeds” (sul 1900 sawolze meti). Ees klinikebi samedicino korporacia ,,eveq-sis” saxeliT imuSaveben, romelic mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT 36 klinikas aer-Tianebs.
2014 w. gazrdilia dazRvevis bazarze ga-dazRvevis maCvenebeli, anu, aq momuSave kompaniebSi cdiloben kidev ufro meti riskebi gadaazRvion. rac Seexeba bazris struqturas, igi absoluturad ucvlelia. Tumca, sayuradReboa, rom jamuri premiis Semcireba ZiriTadad ganapiroba samedi-cino dazRvevis saxelmwifo programebis SeCerebam da kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebi-dan saxelmwifo programebis gasvlam mTlianobaSi Sekveca samedicino dazRvevis wili sxva produqtebis mimarT (72-dan 43%-mde).
niSandoblivia, rom sadazRvevo bazris ZiriTadi moTamaSeebi msoflio kapitalis bazrebis ZiriTad moTamaSe instituciur investorebad gvevlinebian. Aamdenad, dazR-vevis industria ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erTerTi wamyvani seqtoria. kerZod, evro-pis sadazRvevo kompaniebis aqtivebis TiTq-mis 60% obligaciebSia ganTavsebuli1. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos safondo birJas, aq moqmedi 7 kompaniidan arcerTi araa sada-zRvevo organizacia2. aqedan gamomdinare
1 O. Wyman. Funding the future – Insurer’s role as institutional investors. Brussels, June 2013 2 T. verulava, T. eliaSvili. sadazRvevo kompa-niebis rogorc saqarTvelos ekonomikis in-
amJamad metad aqtualuria qarTuli sada-zRvevo kompaniebis sainvesticio potenci-alis gaumjobeseba. arada, investiciebis mTavari resursebi – sicocxlisa da aspen-sio dazRveva praqtikulad ganuviTarebe-lia; sadazRvevfo aqtivebis Zalian didi nawili sabanko depozitebzea ganTavsebu-li: ekonomikuri arastabilurobisa da ma-Rali inflaciis pirobebSi moqalaqeebi Tavs ikaveben grZelvadiani investiciebis-gan da sabanko produqtebs amjobineben, rac met sargebels aZlevs maT, vidre, vTqvaT, sicocxlis dazRvevis polisi; ana-logiuri mdgomareobaa sapensio dazRvevis bazarzec, romelic praqtikulad, arc ki viTardeba.
mravlismetyvelia is faqtic, rom gan-viTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT qarTuli saxelmwifo umniSvnello rols TamaSobs sicocxlisa da sapensio dazRvevis bazre-bis ganviTarebis xelSewyobaSi, risTvisac aucilebelia maTTvis sagrZnobi sagadasa-xado SeRavaTebis daweseba.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1. T. verulava, T. eliaSvili. sadazRvevo kompaniebis, rogorc saqarTvelos eko-nomikis investirebis wyaros gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi. el. resursi: http://hepo-ins.com/index.php/component/k2/item/35-insurance.
2. m. kilaZe, a. safariZe. Finansuri institu-tebi da bazrebi. sadazRvevo bazari. Tsu, Tb. 2014 gv. 6.
3. dazRvevis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. el. resursi: leavingstone.com/dazgveva/ dazgvevis-ganvitareba-sakartveloshi/
4. T. iobaSvili. sadazRvevo kompaniebis 2014 wlis Sedegebi. Jurn. auditi. aRri-cxva. finansebi. #3 (183). 2015 gv. 29-33
5. OO. Wyman. Funding the future-insurer’s role as Institutional investors. Brussels, June 2013
6. l. meloiani-futkaraZe. socialuri da-zRvevis roli mosaxleobis socialuri riskebisgan dacvaSi. disert. baTumi, 2013 gv. 3-6, 94-121
vestirebis wyaros gamoyenebis perspeqtivebi. el.resursi:http://hepoins.com/index.php/component/ k2/item/35-insurance
biznesSi warmatebis zogierTi algoriTmi
zurab jorbenaZe _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori rivka ben iakov _ stu-s doqtoranti
Некоторые алгорифмы успеха в бизнесе
Зураб Джорбенадзе Асоц. профессор ГТУ
Ривка Бэн-Яков Докторант ГТУ
Резюме Бизнес оперирует прагматичесскими прави-
лами. Для того чтобы быть успешным в бизнесе, в первую очередь нужно сформулировать цель, которую надо достичь и непрекословно ею следовать. Существенно, что путь к успеху лежит через непрерывное действие и он не бывает коротким. Можно выделить несколько принципов на пути к успеху: мотивированность и целе-направленность; записывать, переносить на бумагу идеи,мотивы,цели относительно конкретного бизнеса; приоритетность, что подразумевает поэ-тапное выполнение поставленных задач; опре-деление препятствующих факторов и стремление к их нейтрализации; выполнение громоздких задач поэтапно, методом от простого к сложному.
reziume
biznesi pragmatuli wesebiT operirebs. imisaTvis, rom biznesSi viyoT warmatebu-li, pirvel rigSi saWiroa miznebis formu-lireba, romelsac unda mivyveT ganuxre-lad. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom gza war-matebisken gulisxmobs ganuwyvetel qme-debas da es sakmaod grZelvadiani proce-sia. warmatebis misaRwevad SeiZleba gamov-yoT ZiriTadi Tezisebi: motivirebuloba da mizanswrafuloba; ideebis, motivisa da miznebis qaRaldze gadatana, romelic exe-ba Cvens bizness; prioritetebis Camoyali-beba, rac gulisxmobs dasaxuli miznebis etapobriv ganxorcielebas, winaaRmdegob-rivi barierebis Semqmneli faqtorebis ga-neitralebasa da davalebebis Sesrulebas martividan rTulisken.
sakvanZo sityvebi: algoriTmi, biznesi, strategia, finansebi, prevencia.
biznesi moqmedebs pragmatuli wesebiT.
amasTan biznesSi yovelTvis raRac xdeba, yovelTvis raRac mimdinareobs; biznesi,
anu saqmiani samyaro erT adgilze ar dgas; aq yvelaferi icvleba, yvelaferi moZra-obaSia, amdenad simSvide da uSfoTveloba ubralod fataluric ki aris.
biznesis gansakuTrebuloba imaSic ga-moixateba, rom igi ufro did interess av-lens azrovnebisaken; da es aRniSnuli gare-moeba arsad ise mtkivneulad arsad ise ar sCans vidre sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis ne-bismier sxva seqtorSi; da faqtia, rom Tu adamianis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im sferoSi sakmarisia simarTlis damt-kiceba da/an sxvisi aramarTebulobis fiq-sacia, saqmian samyaroSi adamianma SeiZleba ivaraudos, rom igi marTali aris; amasTan aq, anu biznesSi, arsebobs realobis Semo-wmebis mocemuloba da areali. es mocemu-loba ki aris bazari _ es uxilavi monstri da Zalze elastikuri areali, sadac gamar-jveba da damarcxeba sworiswor erTmaneT-Tan dgas. da Tu biznesi bazarTan ubralod SeuTanxmebelic ki ar aris, maSin bizness ubralod usiamovneba eqmneba. am mimarTe-biT mosalodneli uaryofiTi simptopebis prevenciis rangSi gamodis biznesis Semo-qmedis konstruqciuli da gonivrulad ga-Tvlili moqmedeba da saqmianoba. amdenad, saqmian samyaroSi, biznesSi swored kons-truqciuli da gonivrulad gaTvlili sa-xis moqmedebis mimarT absoluturi moTxo-vna arsebobs, da, isic garkveuli azriT warmatebis ganmsazRvrelic ki aris.
zogadad warmatebis faqtorebi `moqme-debis fsonsze" gadis. warmateba ki ergeba imaT, vinc myisierad Seudga yvelaze mniSv-nelovani saqmeebis aRsrulebas, vinac Ta-visTavSi sijiute gamoZerwa da muSaobaSi Tavisi mizanswafuloba gamoavlina. sxva Se-mTxvevaSi, adamians ubralod eRreva Tavisi saqmianoba am saqmianobis Sedegis miRwevis procesTan; da yvelaze cud SemTxvevaSi ra gvaqvs saxeze: adamianebi saubroben bevrs, usasrulo TaTbirebs atareben, adgenen la-maz gegmebs, da saboloo jamSi ki Sedegebs ver aRweven. aq, am situaciaSi upirvelesi prevenciis rangSi gamodis konkretuli miz-
157
159
nis dasaxva da biznes-qmedebis dagegmva. am mimarTebiT ki savsebiT realuri cxovrebi-seuli moTxovna aris _ dagegme moqmedeba Sens TavSi, xolo Semdeg cxovreba warmar-Te ise, rogorc igi ubralod dasaxuli miz-nis miRwevas Seesabamebodes. swored aRniS-nuli pirobebis dacvis SemTxvevaSi finan-suri ocneba ar gaxdeba sizmari, ufro me-tic, igi finansur koSmarad aRar iqceva.
adamianis cxovrebisa da muSaobaSi war-matebis 95% damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra Cvevebi SeiZina man (gv.11). warmatebis da naTeli miznebis dasaxva saqmeSi zozinsa da yoymans ubralod ver itans; amdenad, yve-laze arsebiTi amocanebis gadawvetis mi-marTulebiT muSaobis dros, kerZod ki ada-mianis gonebrivi da fizikuri unarisa da Cvevebis gamozrdas. amitomac savsebiT ka-nonzomieria imis miniSneba, rom biznesSi warmatebis uzrunvelyofis Cvevebi am sfe-ros praqtikis meoxebiT da mravaljeradi gamocdis, Semowmebis relsebze gadis, da es mudmivad dgas dRis wesrigSi manam, sanam ar moxdeba qvecnobier doneze misi damkvid-reba da is ar gaxdeba adamianis qcevis ga-nuyofeli nawili; da, roca am rangis da Tvisobriobis Cveva-wesi naTlad Camoya-libdeba, anu is praqtikul gamoxatulebaSi ganivTdeba da Sesabamisad aisaxeba, maSin aRniSnuli Cveva-wesi warmoCindeba mimdina-re movlenebze rogorc avtomaturi reaq-cia, da isic mTlianobaSi ubralod sasur-veli simsubuqiT ganxorcieldeba.
biznesi rogorc saqmianoba Tavisi ganu-meorebulobis da TviTmyofadobis ZaliT moralur-eTikuri moTxovnebis fonze qce-vis Sesabamis wesebs eyrdnoba; garkveuli azriT qcevis wesebi is aramaterialuri aqtivia, romelic SemdgomSi _ biznesis warmarTvis dros srulad materializdeba, anu ganivTebas ganicdis.
bizness rogorc process gaaCnia Tavisi faseulobebi; da ramdenadac faseulobebi civilizaciis mniSvnelovani komponenti aris, amdenad ubralod biznesi moiTxovs faseulobis dacvas da SenarCunebas, qao-turoba da Rirebulebebis aRreva ubra-lod warmoudgeneli aris.
iyo maRalproduqtiuli pirovneba, Ses-Zlo efeqturi da nayofieri muSaoba _ es idealTan miaxloebaa. am rTuli gzisken mo-Zraoba SesaZlebelia mxolod varjiSiT,
swored im varjiSiT rasac adamiani mihyavs ganviTarebuli unarisken da daxvewili Cve-visken. da iseve rogorc varjiSi anviTa-rebs da amkvrivebs adamianis muskulatu-ras, aseve swored gonebrivi varjiSi xels uwyobs adamianSi moqcevis nebismieri im stilis aTvisebas da im Cvevis ganviTarebas, rasac is Tvlis saWirod. es aucilebloba ki sxva araferia, Tu ara biznesis ganviTa-rebaSi mocemuli realoba; da swored das-muli amocanis mizanswrafuli gadawyvetis mizniT Cvevis SeZenisTvis saWiroa keTili neba, disciplina da gamZleoba.
sad gadis biznesSi warmatebis gza? pa-suxi calsaxad SeiZleba Semdegnairad ga-mosaxoT: fulis Sovnas da problemebis ga-daWras sibrZne sWirdeba, sibrZne ki keTili nebis, disciplinis da gamZleobis fonze finansuri gramatikis SeswavliT miiRweva - xazgasmiT mianiSnebs robert t. koisaki. Swored am gramatikis srulad Seswavla aya-libebs im sibrZnes, romlis daxmarebiTac viTardeba finansuri goniereba. swored aq am SemTxvevaSi fulis marTvis xelovneba da wesi srulad aris aTvisebuli da adamianic kapitalisTvis (fulisTvis) ki ar muSaobs, aramed piriqiT kapitali (fuli) maTze mu-Saobs. aRniSnuli mocemuloba saboloo jamSi im saxis algoriTmebis areals ayali-bebs, sadac adeqvaturad warmoCindeba da saxeze gvaqvs biznesSi warmatebis realo-bebi.
biznesSi dasaxuli miznis aRsrulebis xelovneba strategiaSi Zevs; TviT strate-gia ki Tavisi arsiT ocnebebis aRsrulebis xelovnebas warmoadgens. da ramdanadac strategia imedebis asrulebis saSualebis rangSi gamodis, amdenad aucilebelia gani-sazRvros zogierTi mocemuloba.
aqsiomaturi WeSmaritebas warmoadgenas is azri, rom Tu gaqvs survili biznesSi rom gaimarjvo, maSin unda gansazRvro mizani, unda icode ra gsurs da gqondes am miznis miRwevis mwveli survili. magram warmate-bis mTavari saidumlo moqmedebaSi mdeba-reobs da rac sainteresoa aq mokle gza ar arsebobs. es ki yovelive Sesabamisi qmede-bis ierarqiis gavliT aris SesaZlebeli. da, radgan biznesi mudmivad da ”mSvfoTvared” mimdinare saqmianoba aris, amdenad aq, anu biznesSi warmateba Cvevad unda Camoyalib-des da igi mTlianobaSi qvecnobierad unda
160
iqnes realizebuli; am gzaze ki gasaTva-liswinebelia Cvevis gamomuSavebis princi-pebis: gadawyvetilebis miRebis principis, swavlis dros sibejiTis principis da Cve-vebis Tanmimdevrulad misdevnis principis dacva. aRniSnuli principebis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT droTa ganmavlobaSi Cve-vebi avtomaturi gaxdeba, warmatebac ubra-lod xelisgulze Zevs da mizanic ubralod miRweulic ki xdeba.
nabiji pirveli - iyavi motivirebuli da optimisti! bizness saqmiani midgoma asulm-dgmulebs. biznesSi ki motivirebul adami-ans SeuZlia daimkvidros Tavisi adgili; biznesi srulebiT ar gulisxmobs aq arse-buli faqtebis mowesrigebas, aq saWiroa sakuTari momavlis danaxva, ocnebebis aRs-rulebis xelovnebis daufleba. yovelive es ki umravles SemTxvevaSi arsebuli situ-aciis gacnobierebisa da misi resursebis ukeT gamoyenebis xarjze miiRweva. amdenad, srulebiT gamarTlebuli aris is azri, rom biznesmeni aris ”klasifikatoris”, anu zo-gadad movlenebSi niSnulebis fokusirebis momxdenis da ”msxvrevelis”, anu movle-nebis daSlisken mswrafvelis organuli er-Tianoba. aRniSnuli garemoeba imis winapi-robas qmnis, rom motivireba mZlavr geni-rirebul kods warmoadgens romelis ga-reSec biznesis ”konstruqcia” ver aigeba.
nabiji meore _ ifiqre qaRaldze! aR-niSnuli moTxovnis dacva an/da aRsruleba Zalze maRali Rirebulebis matarebeli aris; swored aq Cndeba miznis werilobiTi Camoyalibebis Zala: naTlad Camoyalibebu-li mizani saboloo jamSi adamianze dade-biTad moqmedebs, mas eqmneba moZraobisken motivacia, aRviZebs SemoqmedebiT Zalebs, matebs mas energias da exmareba dabrkole-bis gadalaxvaSi. aRniSnuli meTodiT sar-geblobis dros martivad rom vTqvaT tar-deba analizi, romlis daxmarebiTac rTuli situacia nacnob da Secnobad Sablonebad iSleba, Semdeg ki maTi garkveva xdeba. aRi-arebulia, rom yoveli zrdasruli adamia-nis mxolod sami procenti naTlad orien-tirebs werilobiTi formiT gadmocemul miznebiT, rac saerTo situaciis cud fon-ze miuTiTebs. magram swored isini xuTjer, aTjer ufro met warmatebebs aRweven vid-re sxvebi, visac maTTan SedarebiT Tanas-wori an upiratesi ganaTleba da SesaZleb-
loba gaaCniaT, magram ...; es ukanasknelni, maTi azriT, qaRaldze nafiqralis gadmo-cemiT dros fuWad ar xarjaven (!). isini xom TavianT Sexedulebebs (azrebs) garkveuli mimarTulebiT werilobiTi formiT ar aya-libeben, da, saboloo jamSi TavianT Tavs seriozuli riskis qveS ayeneben. da ram-denac qaRaldze azrovnebis dros adamiani TviTon Zerwavs an gamoakristalebs mizans (miznebs) da mas ubralod ”xelSesaxebs” da ”aRqmad” mocemulobad xdis. amdenad, swo-red dasaxuli miznis sicxade da garkve-uloba warmoadgens biznesis warmatebis erT-erT seriozul mocemulobas.
nabiji mesame - isargeble "a b g d e" me-TodiT! aRniSnuli moTxovna emyareba Sem-deg princips: ufro mniSvnelovani saqme - pirvel rigSi. am meTodis sargeblianobis ampliduda TvalnaTlivia im momentisTa-nave, roca adamiani iwyebs Tavis saqmiano-bas; aRniSnuli meTodis Tanaxmad manam sa-nam dasaxuli miznis SesabamisobaSi CamoTv-lil saqmeTa mimarTulebiT adamiani daiw-yebs moZraobas, aucilebelia man ramdenime wuTi gaxarjos yvela im CamonaTvalis Tavisi mniSvnelobebis mixedviT dalagebiT Sedgenaze rac dasaxuli mizanis miRwevas uciloblad sWirdeba. es ki saboloo jamSi martivad uzrunvelyofs muSaobis marTe-bul Tanmimdevrobas. aRniSnuli meTodis Zliereba swored mis simartiveSia – adami-ani iwyebs yvela im saqmeTa CamonaTvalis Sedgenas, romelic man unda gaakeTos dam-degi dRis ganmavlobaSi. amis Semdeg igi yo-veli CamonaTvalis win Tavisi mniSvnelobis mixedviT TviToeul amocanas (sakiTxs) dausvams asos: "a", "b", "g", "d" an "e".
"a" tipis amocana im saxisaa, romelsac mocemul etapze yvelaze arsebiTi da mniS-vnelovani Rirebuleba gaaCnia; is Tavisi mniSvnelobiT raRac iseTia, rom igi uci-loblad unda Sesruldes, sxvagvarad seri-ozul uaryofiTi Sedegebi dadgeba. Se-saZloa realobaSi "a" tipis amocana ram-denime iyos, amitomac Cven movaleni varT SevafasoT maTi prioritetebi da isinic Sesabamisad unda aRvniSnoT "a-1", "a-2" da a.S. niSnulebiT. yvela amaTgan "a-1" iqneba yvelaze arsebiTi. "b" tipis amocana mniSv-nelobis xarisxiT axlos ver midis ”a” tipis amocanasTan. biznesis realobaSi "b" tipis amocanis arsi sakiTxze warmodgenis (cod-
161
nis) miRebis mizniT telefonis zariT in-formaciis miiReba an dagrovili el-fos-tis naxva-gacnoba warmoadgens. am situaci-is gaTvaliswinebiT unda mivaniSnoT, rom arsebiTi xasiaTis rCeva SemdegSi mdgoma-reobs _ ar daiwyo "b" tipis amocanis Ses-ruleba manamde, sanam dausrulebeli aris "a" tipis amocanis gadaWra (gadawyveta). Ta-visi arsiT "b" tipis im saxis amocanaa, ro-melic SesaZloa mSvenivrad Seasrulo, mag-ram aq xom araviTari Sedegi ar aris mosa-lodneli, ramdenadac Sen SegeZlo rogorc misi gakeTeba (Sesruleba) an aseve SegeZlo Tundac gaukeTebloba (Seusrulebloba). amdenad, am tipis amocanaSi Sedis magali-Tad iseTi qmedebebi, rogorica aris zari megobarTan, finjani yava, sadili kolegas-Tan an samuSao droSi raRac piradi saqmis gakeTeba. "g" tipis amocanad iTvleba iseTi samuSao, romelic SesaZlebeli aris nebis-mier sxvas daavalo. am wesis moTxovnis mixedviT sxvas unda daavalo yvelaferi is, rac maT ZaluZT, da Cven gamogvinTavisuf-ldeba dro "a" tipis amocanis gadasawyve-tad. "d" tipis amocana warmoadgens iseT sa-muSaos, romelic SesaZlebelia saerTod amoagdoT CamonaTvalidan. es SesaZlebe-lia iyos im saxis amocana(sakiTxi), romel-sac winaT hqonda mniSvneloba, magram axla, am droisaTvis maT rogorc CvenTvis ise sxvebisTvis Tavisi aqtualuroba dakar-guli aqvT.
nabiji meoTxe _ gansazRvre Semafer-xebeli faqtorebi! aRniSnuli mocemuloba arsebiTi niSnuli aris biznesSi, ramdena-dac praqtikulad nebismieri didi an mniSv-nelovani, patara an umniSvnelo amocanis Sesrulebis gzaze gamovlenili ucilob-lad unda iqnes dasaxuli miznisken swraf-vis damamaxruWebeli faqtorebi. nebismier situaciaSi, msgavsi arealis gamovlenis dros unda iswrafvo misi sruli neitrali-zebisken da amisTvis aucilebelia gamovi-yenoT Sinagani rezervebi. am situaciaSi drois da SesaZloblobis amaze ukeT gamo-yenebis gzas ubralod ver vipoviT; da, ro-desac Semaferxebel faqtorebs moviZiebT, maSin dasaxuli miznis warmatebis gadaWris gzac gamoikveTeba (mag. roca sakiTxis (problemis) gadasaWrelad saWiroa saqmis specialisti, romlis daxmarebac Cven gvWi-rdeba; an, dadgindeba resursebis (saSuale-
bebis) arasakmarisi moculoba, da igi moZi-ebuli unda iqnes, dazustdeba momuSaveTa sistemaSi susti rgoli da misi rekonst-ruireba unda moxdes, kidev raRac sxva msgavsi.). amdenad, Semaferxebeli faqtore-bis gamokveTa da gansazRvra erT-erTi Ri-rebuli algoriTmia biznesis saerTo mo-cemulobaSi.
nabiji mexuTe _ amocana `daWeriT" naWrebad! mniSvnelovani da didi saqmeebis gadaWris gzaze dayovnebis, zozinis erT-erTi mizezi aris is, rom isini gveCveneba rogorc Zalze momcveli, rTuli da miuR-weveli. aRniSnul situaciaSi ki gamosavali SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: sakiTxi (amocana) detalebSi unda davSaloT da misgan amo-varCioT misi patara "naWeri", romelsac SemdgomSi unda CavwvdeT. aRniSnuli gzis gavliT msxvili samuSaos an proeqtis Seas-ruleba xom fsiqologiurad ufro advi-lia, vidre mas mTlianobaSi, erTi xe-lismosmiT Seudge da dasaxuli sakiTxic gadawyvito. swored patara "naWrebis" dax-marebiT adamiani ganicdis sakmaris amaRle-bas, raTa man erTis miyolebiT gadawyvitos sakiTxis yvela aspeqti. amitomac msxvili, rTuli an mravalsaxovani samuSaos Sesru-lebis dros unda daviwyoT amocanis "Svei-caruli yvelis" naWrebad gardaqmna.amde-nad, roca dgeba amocanis gadawyvetis sa-kiTxi, aucilebeli gakeTebuli iqnes "nasv-retebi", da es yovelive im zomiT da im rangiT unda gaakeTdes, rac es Sveicaruli yvelis daWris dros mosCans. mocemul me-Tods Tavis Rirebuleba aqvs im SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebis dros, roca raRac problemas unda dauTmoT drois calkeuli "por-ciebi".
biznesSi warmatebis algoriTmis gaaz-reba da aq arsebuli amocanebis amoxsna ocnebis aRsrulebis realobas aaxlobs. am saxis mocemulobaSi ki sakuTar biznesze fiqri realobad iqceva.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. robert t. kiosaki da Seron l. letCeri. mdidari mama da Raribi mama. Tb., 2013
2. Tanamedrove organizaciis marTva. Tb., 2009
3. Трейси Б. Оставьте брезгливостьб съешьте лягушку! 21 действеный прицип эффективного трудаю Пер. с англ. Е.А.Самсонов. – Мн..2002
baTumis wyalarinebis gamwmendi nagebobა da misi garemosdacviTi mniSvneloba
evgenia Sengelia _ stu-s profesori marine gvianiZe _ stu-s doqtoranti
Очистная станции сточных вод
г. Батуми и ее водоохранное значение
Марине Гвианидзе Евгения Шенгелия
Резюме
На очистной станции сточных вод г.Батуми
производится соответсвующая Евростандартам механическая и биологическая очиска воды. За последние четыре года в Черное море выпущенно 66577243 м3 очищеной воды соответствующей санитарным нормам.
Очистная станция сточных вод г.Батуми вносит серьзный вклад в водоохранные мероприятия Черного моря, т.к. сточные воды г. Батуми и при-легащих населеных пунктов полность очищаются и исключается загрязнение морской воды фекальными водами.
რeziume baTumis Camdinare wylebis gamwmend na-
gebobaze mimdinareobs wylis meqanikuri da biologiuri gawmenda evrostandartebis Sesabamisad. bolo oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi gaiwminda 66.577.243 m3 wyali zRvruli no-rmebis dacviT da moxda am wylis Sav zRvaSi CaSveba. baTumis wyalarinebis gamwmendi nagebobis garemosdacviTi funqcia Zalze mniSvnelovania, radganac qalaq baTumis da Semogareni solfebis Camdinare wyali sru-lad iwmindeba da ar xdeba Savi zRvis da-binZureba fekaluri wylebiT.
sakvanZo sityvebi: wyali, Jangbadi,
azoti, fosfori, standarti, zRva, garemo, Slami, anaerobuli, baqteriebi, biologiri, qimiuri.
saqarTvelos mdgradi ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan berkets warmoadgens qveyanaSi turizmisa da saku-rorto infrastruqturis ganviTareba. Sa-vi zRvispireTi erT-erTi perspeqtiuli regionia, sadac warmatebiT SeiZleba ganvi-Tardes turizmi da sakurorto infrast-ruqtura. es SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daculi iqneba sakurorto zonebis ekologiuri usafrTxoeba. Savi zRvis aWaris sanapiro zolis wylis dabin-Zurebis problematikis gadasaWrelad ger-maniis rekonstruqciis bankis da baTumis meriis TanadafinansebiT baTumSi aSenda sakanalizacio wylebis gamwmendi nageboba da 2012 wlidan srulad Sevida eqspluata-
ciaSi. nageboba agebuliა evrostandarte-bis Sesabamisad da mimdinareobs wylis me-
qanikurი da biologiurი gawmenda.Nnageboba
dagegmილია avstriuli sainJinro firmis
mier da proeqtiT gansazRvrულია CaSvebis Semdegi parametrebi (cxrili 1). [1]
gamwmend nagebobaze srulyofilad xde-ba dizainiT gaTvaliswinebuli wylis zRv-ruli dasaSvebi normebis dacva, rasac wylis yoveldRiuri laboratoriuli kvle-vis Sedegebi adasturebs.
baTumis wyalarinebis gamwmendi nagebo-ba gaTvlilia 200.000 mosaxleze. nagebo-baze Camdinare wyali q. baTumidan da Semo-
gareni soflebidan Semoedinebა. gawmenda ramdenime safexurian meqanikur da biolo-giur procesebs moicavs. cxrilSi 2 mo-cemulia gamwmend nagebobaze arsebuli ga-
mwmendi ganyofilebebis raodenobა და mo-
culobა. [1]
161
163
cxrili 1. adliis wyalarinebis gamwmendi nagebobis proeqtiT gansazRvruli wylis gawmendis standartebi
cxrili 2. baTumis wyalarinebis gamwmend
nagebobaze arsebuli gamwmendi ganyofilebebis
raodenobა da moculobა Ddasaxeleba raodenoba moculoba
Gგamcxrilavi 2 2000 l/wm
qviSis da cximis damWeri
2 349 m3
anaerobuli auzebi
4 60.000 m3
mwveTavi filtri 4 12.252 m3
saboloo saleqarebi
4 8.960 m3
Slamis rezervuari
1 1000 m3
Slamis sawyobi 1 1672 m3
Slamis gauwyloebis danadgari
2 30 m3/sT
Slamis solaruli saSrobi
1 1.440 m2
cxrilSi 2 mocemuli dizainiT gaTva-
liswinebuli auzebis moculobebi sakmari-sia saSualo dRiuiri da wvimian amindSi pi-
kuri dinebisაTvis, romelic 50.000 - 100.000
m3 ფარგლებში varirebs.
nagebobaze pirveladi gawmenda mimdina-
reobs gacxrilviT, sadac 6 mm cxaurze meqanikurad grovdeba narCenebi, Semdgom
კი xdeba qviSisა da cximis daWera. Mმomdevno meqanikuri da nawilobriv biologiuri ga-wmenda xorcieldeba anaerobul auzebSi pirveladi Slamis daleqviT. aqve mimdi-nareobs am Slamis meTan-baqteriebis mier civi stabilizacia (gadamuSaveba), rasac 6
Tvemde dro esaWiroeba. Aაnaerobuli auze-bidan wyali biologiur gamwmend ganyofi-lebas mwveTav filtrebs miewodeba, sadac mimdinareobs nitrifikanti baqteriebis mier Camdinare wyalSi arsebuli amoniumis nitratamde daJangva da naxSirwylebis bio-logiuri gadamuSaveba [2]. mwveTavi filt-rebidan wyali gaedineba saboloo saleqa-rebSi, aq ileqeba biologiuri ganyofile-bidan Camorecxili Slami, xdeba misi Seg-roveba da anaerobul auzebSi gadatumbva.
სaboloo saleqarebSi gawmendili wyali sa-tumbo sadguriT gravitaciulad an saWi-roebis SemTxvevaSi tumboebis daxmarebiT
parametrebi CaSvebis standartebi
germania 2 evrokavSiri 3
adliis gamwmendi nagebibis proeqti
sabWoTa kavSiri 1
1.200-6.000 Jbm kg/d
> 6.000 Jbm kg/d
riskis qveS
mtyofi teritor
ia
naklebi riskis qves myofi terito
ria
proeqtis mizan
i
xangrZlivi
miznebi
Jbm5 mg/l 100 20 15 25 25 25 25 dRiuri mniSvneloba
% mocileba --- --- --- 70-90 70-90 --- ---
Jqm mg/l --- 90 75 125 125 125 125 dRiuri mniSvneloba
% mocileba --- --- --- 75 75 --- ---
Sewonili narCeni mg/l --- --- --- 35(60)** 35(60)** 35 35
dRiuri mniSvneloba
% mocileba --- --- --- 90(70)** 90(70)** --- ---
azotis saerTo Semcvel
oba mg/l 5 18-25 18-25 10(15)*(20*
**) --- --- 20 dRiuri mniSvneloba
% mocileba --- --- --- 70 - 80 --- --- 70
wliuri mniSvneloba
amiakuri azoti mg/l --- 10 10 --- --- --- ---
fosforis saerTo Semcvel
oba mg/l 1 2 1 1(2)* --- --- 1
wliuri mniSvneloba
% mocileba --- --- --- 80 --- --- ---
nawlavuri baqterie
bi MPN/100 ml --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
164
Caedineba Sav zRvaSi 40 m. siRrmeSi 1090 m. sigrZis milis meSveobiT.
გamwmendi nageboba aRWurvilia Slamis gauwyloebis da gaSrobis danadgarebiT, sadac mimdinareobs anaerobul auzebSi stabilizirebuli Slamis gauwyloeba.
pirveladi Slamიs mSrali masa 2,7-3 mg/l,
xolo wnexSi gauwyloebiს Semdeg 20-23 mg/l Seadgens. Slamis saboloo gaSroba sola-rul saSrobSi mzis energiis daxmarebiT xdeba 40-60 mg/l mSral masamde.
Slami warmoadgens ekologiurad sufTa produqts ar aris dabinZurebuli mZime me-talebiT, rasac adasturebs evropis wam-yvani laboratoriebis mier Catarebuli
kvlevebiს Sedegebi. maTive daskvnebis Se-degad SesaZlebelia misi sasuqad gamoye-
neba mebaReobaსა da soflis meurneobaSi.
გamwmendi nageboba aRWurvilia Tanamed-rove laboratoriiT, sadac yoveldRiurad mimdinareobs Camdinare wylis kvleva 24 saaTian kvalificiur sinjebSi.
2012 wlidan dRemde baTumis wyalari-nebis gamwmend nagebobaze gawmendilia 66.577.243 m3 Camdinare wyali. 2012 - 2015
wlebში gamwmend nagebobaze wylis dinebis dinamika mocemulia suraTze 1.
sur 1. 2012-2015 wlebში nagebobaze wylis
dinebis dinamika rogorc suraTidan Cans 2013 wlidan
gamwmend nagebobaze Semosuli Camdinare wylis raodenoba klebulobs. es ganpiro-bebulia mosaxleobis gamricxvelianebis Sedegad wylis moxmarebis reducirebiT da kanalizaciis sistemis reabilitaciiT, rac
iwvevs ucxo wylis dinebis klebas. წylis dinebis klebasTan erTad TandaTanobiT imata wyalSi organuli masis datvirTvam,
rasac 2015 wlis laboratoriuli kvlevis Sedegebi cxadyofs.
sur. 2 05.2012-08.2015 wlebSi Camdinare wyalSi ZiriTadi maCveneblebis saSualo Semcveloba.
rogorc suraTi 2-dan Cans 2015 welს nivTierebebis datvirTvam Camdinare wyal-
Si mcirediT imata. ეს Zalზე mniSvnelovania gamwmendi nagebobis srulyofili funqci-onirebisTvis, radgan sufTa, wvimis an gruntis wyliT ganzavebuli Camdinare wylis gawmenda ekonomiurad araxelsayre-lia. garda amisa es biologiuri gawmendis processac uSlis xels, radgan baqteriebi ganzavebuli wylis dinebisas romelSic naklebi raodenobis organuli masaa gadadian SimSilobis fazaSi.
baTumis Camdinare wylebis gamwmend na-gebobaze gawmendis xarisxi damakmayofi-lebelia. meqanikurad da biologiurad gaw-mendil wyalSi Jangbadis qimiuri da bio-logiuri moTxovnilebis, saerTo azotis da Sewonili nawilakebis zRvruli norma daculia.
cxrili 3. 05.2012-08.2015 wlebSi gamaval wyalSi nivTierebebis Semcvelobis
saSualo monacemebi
parametri 2012 2013 2014 2015 zRvruli norma
Jqm, mg/l 67 39 38 46 125
Jbm, მგ/ლ 15 16 15 20 25
saerTo azoti, mg/l
11,8 12,4 15 16 20
Sewonili nawilakebi, mg/l
33 26 24 27 35
saerTo fosfori mg/l
2.6 2.2 3.1 3.4 1
165
rogorc cxrilidan Cans gawmendil wyalSi Jangbadis qimiuri da biologiuri moTxovnilebis, saerTo azotis da Sewoni-li nawilakebis Semcveloba zRvrul nor-maze gacilebiT mcirea, rac miuTiTebs gam-wmendi nagebobis efeqtur funqcionire-baze. rac Seexeba saerTo fosforis raode-nobas, dizainiT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli misi qimiuri daleqva, magram mimdinareobs laboratoriuli kvlevebi samomavlod nagebobaze fosforis qimiuri daleqvis danergvisTvis.
zemo mocemuli monacemebi cxadyofs, rom baTumis wyalarinebis gamwmendi nage-bobis garemosdacviTi funqcia Zalze mni-Svnelovania, radganac qalaq baTumis da Se-mogareni solfebis Camdinare wyali sru-lad iwmindeba, ar xdeba Savi zRvis dabin-
Zureba fekaluri wylebiT da Sav zRvaSi yoveldRiurad saSualod 50.000-60.000 m3
gawmendili Camdinare wyali Caedineba.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. baTumis saqalaqo infrastruqturis reabilitacia- etapi III. saproeqto angariSi –adliis gamwmendi nageboba. 18 aprili, 2009 w.
2. Handbuch fuer Umwelttechnische Berufe. E. Stier, H-C. Baumgart, M. Fischer. F. Hirthammer Verlag GmbH. 2003.
3. Klärwertertaschenbuch.H. Felber, M. Fischer. F. Hirthammer Verlag München/Oberhaching, 2010.
166
axali sabanko produqtebis Seqmnis procesebis marTva da sabanko saqmeSi kriptografiis meTodebis
gamoyenebis prioritetebi
giorgi molodini – stu-s doqtoranti giorgi caava – stu-s profesori,
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori
reziume Seswavlilia axali sabanko produqtebis
Seqmnis procesebis marTvis sakiTxebi da sabanko saqmeSi sagadasaxado sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saSiSroebebis aRmofxv-ris mizniT kriftografiis meTodebis ga-moyenebis sakiTxebi. aRniSnulia, rom krip-tografiuli produqciis bazris ganuvi-Tarebulobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezia avtomatizaciis ganviTarebis tempebisagan misi mniSvnelovani CamorCena. dazustebu-lia, rom sabanko saqmianobaSi sagadasaxado sistemisaTvis ufro prioritetuls saga-dasaxado sabuTebis utyuarobis uzrun-velmyofeli kriptografiuli meTodebi warmoadgenen da ara konfidencialurobis uzrunvelyofis meTodebi.
sakvanZo sityvebi: finansuri opera-
ciebi; finansuri riski; finansuri stabili-zaciis Sida meqanizmebi; finansuri poli-tika; finansuri analizi; fuladi bazris instrumentebi; finansuri resursebis formirebis wyaroebi.
MManaging the process of creation of new banking products and prioritize the use of cryptographic
techniques in banking
Molodini Giorgi PhD student of GTU
Tsaava Giorgi professor of GTU
Summary
1. The priority for the banking activities are the payment methods for the cryptographic security and applied cryptography schemes data encryption and digital signatures for fast implementations and safer storage of information need to be improved.
2. In theory, cryptography, and especially especially in relation banking is offered the possibility of developing and implementing intellectual bank cards, bank cryptographic protocols, electronic
payment systems, client electronic wallets and so on. D., Which will be a prerequisite for improving the security of banking.
Keywords: Financial transactions; Financial risk; Internal mechanismes of financial stabilization; Financial policy; Financial analysis; Money market instruments; Sources of financing.
axali produqtebisa da momsaxurebis miwodebasTan dakavSirebuli inovaciebi-sadmi midrekileba sabanko biznesis ganvi-Tarebis tendenciebis gabmsazRvrel ga-damwyvet faqtors warmoadgens, ramac Se-iZleba saboloo jamSi bankis mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad ecvalos, upirveles yov-lisa, zogierTi sabanko niSebisadmi mi-marTebaSi da, meore mxriv, sabanko sistemis konkretuli segmentis CarCoebSi momuSave sabanko instituciis statusis koreqti-reba moaxdinos.
sabanko siaxleebis danergvisadmi tem-pebis zrda _ bunebrivi reaqciaa mudmiv cvlilebebze da gamwvavebul konkurenci-aze, rodesac „racionaluri sabanko bizne-sis“ (ZiriTadad Semosavlis miRbis miznob-rivi funqciiT) sanacvlod, klientebis in-teresebze orientaciiT, sul ufro xSirad axali produqtebisa da momsaxurebis safuZvelze Semosavlebis maRali donis miweva xircieldeba.
tradiciulad finansebis sferoSi pro-duqtebisa da procesebis inovaciebs gana-sxvaveben. rac Seexeba produqtebs, am Sem-TxvevaSi axali produqtebis an realizeba-debis modernizaciis Sesaxeb midis saubari. procesebTan mimarTebaSi produqtebisa da momsaxurebis Seqmnisa da realizaciis me-Todebi, agreTve Tanamedrove informaci-uli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT reguli-rebis modelebi ganixileba. amasTan, pro-duqtebisa da pricesebis inovaciebi mWid-
167
rodaa urTierTdakavSirebuli, imis gaT-valiswinebiT, rom inovaciurma procesebma SeiZleba produqtebis inovaciamde mogvi-yvanos da piriqiT, produqtebis inovaciebi xSirad procesebis inovacias ganapirobe-ben.
inovacia _ regulirebis procesebisa da modelebis reorganizacias, gadastruq-turebis safuZvels, „biznesis racionalu-ri struqturis“ xarjebis Semcirebis sa-fuZvelsac warmoadgens. siaxleebis daner-gva da kreatiuloba xSirad efeqtianobis zrdas niSnavs, ramdenadac kreatiuloba multiplikaciis efeqts qmnis (7).
safinanso-sabanko dargSi proeqtis mo-dernizaciisaken tendencia logistikisa da informaciuli teqnologiebis sferos mdgomareibaze da produqtis ganaxlebisa-Tvis safuZvlis rolis Semsrulebeli pro-cesis srulyofisaken miswrafebaze bevra-daa damokidebuli. iseTi instrumentebi, rogorebicaa balansisa da riskebis marTva, kavSiris sakomunikacio sistemebis safu-Zvelze valutis vaWroba, derivatebi, stan-dartizacia, segmentireba, Tanamedrove sabazro sabanko biznesi, baraTebi, sabanko operaciebi SeuZlebelia procesebis mud-mivad srulyofis gareSe iqnes warmod-genili.
sabanko produqtebs rigi Tavisebure-bebi gaaCniaT, kerZod: materialuri saqonelisagan gansxvave-
biT, sabanko produqtebi da momsa-xureba ZiriTadad erTdroulad iwar-moeba da moixmareba da Senaxvas ar eqvemdebarebian, rac moTxovnisa da mowodebis regulirebis problemas arTulebs;
samrewvelo da sabanko produqtebi xSirad urTierT dapirispirebulebia, magram mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, rom sabanko produqti ufro aqtiur rols asrulebs, radganac igi samrew-velo saqonelis xarisxze da rao-denobaze zemoqmedebs.
Cveni mosazrebiT migvaCnia, rom moce-muli midgoma arTulebs ganmartebas, da ufro mizanSewonilad gvesaxeba Semdegi saxis ganmarteba: „sabanko produqti – ban-kis mier gayidvadi an gasayidad gamzade-buli sakuTari saqmianobis garkveuli sa-
boloo Sedegia, romelic klientebis gar-kveuli jgufisaTvis faseulobas flobs“.
sabanko produqtis aRniSnuli specifi-kuri Taviseburebebi sakmaod maRali eko-nomikuri kulturis momxmareblebs moi-Txoven, klientisaTvis momsaxurebis Sina-arsis ganmartebis aucileblobas iwveven, klientis ndobis mniSvnelobis faqtors aZliereben.
analizis praqtika gviCvenebs, rom saban-ko produqtis inovacia efeqtiani aRmoCn-deba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi warmatebis ze-moTaRniSnuli faqtorebidan umetesobas exeba. mTeli rigi inovaciebi, kerZod, likvidobis, informaciebis gamWvirvalo-bis ukmarisobisa da xarjviT parametrebSi darRvevebis arsebobisas, warumatebelic ki aRmoCnda.
amrigad SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom inovaciebis saerTo ekono-mikuri mniSvneloba, kerZod, axal sabanko produqtebis (momsaxurebis) da axal sa-bazro niSaSi Canergvis efeqtianoba, upir-veles yovlisa, danaxarjebis Semcirebas-Tan da saboloo jamSi, kapitalisa da ris-kebis efeqtian gadanawilebasTan aris da-kavSirebuli.
sabanko sferoSi kompiuteruli danaSa-ulebis SemTxvevebis msoflio statistika gviCvenebs, rom miaxloebiT 70% _ esaa momsaxurebis fulis qurdoba da miaxlo-ebiT 20% _ esaa qurdoba da monacemebis gayalbeba. swored kriftografiisa da sa-banko saqmeSi kriftografiis gamoyenebis amocanaa im muqarebis aRmofxvra, romle-bic sagadasaxado sistemisaTvis aris da-maxasiaTebeli.
dacvis sistema muSaobs sam etapad: ris-kis analizi, usafrTxoebis politikis rea-lizacia da usafrTxoebis politikis mxar-daWera. sagadasaxado sistemisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani elementia _ sagadasaxado sabuTebis iuridiuli mniSvnelobis dacva, romelic davebis samarTliani gadawyveti-sa da miyenebul zaralSi damnaSaveebis gan-sazRvrisaTvis aris aucilebeli, radganac iuridiuli daculobis arsebobiT, monawi-leebi gadasaxadis sistemas endobian. aR-niSnuli warmoadgens arguments imis sasar-geblod, rom sagadasaxado sistemisaTvis ufro prioritetulebs warmoadgenen saga-
168
dasaxado sabuTebis utyuarobisa da mTli-anobis uzrunvelmyofeli kriptografiu-li meTodebi, da ara konfidencialurobis uzrunvelyofis meTodebi.
kriptozaciis sistemis arCeva da Camoya-libeba aseve unda iTvaliswinebdes, Tu sa-gadasaxado sistemis warmadoba ra xaris-xamde mcirdeba da teqnikur saSualebebze da programul uzrunvelyofaze ra saxis damatebiT SezRudvebi iqneba dawesebuli. amitom dacvis efeqtian sistemas uwodeben iseT sistemas, romelsac bankis muSaobaSi sagrZnob siZneleebamde ar mivyavarT, anu kriptografiul sistemebs unda hqondeT konfliqturi situaciebis gadawyvetis da-muSavebuli Sesabamisi teqnologiebi.
plastikuri sabanko baraTi _ aris fir-fita 85,6 mm.- 53,9 mm-ze zomiT. igi plasma-sisagan aris damzadebuli, romelic meqani-kuri da Termiuli zemoqmedebisagan aris mdgradi. plastikuri baraTis erT-erTi Zi-riTadi funqciaa _ misi gamomyenebeli pi-rovnebis rogorc sagadasaxado sistemis subieqtis identifikaciis uzrunvelyofa. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare masze daitaneba baraTis momsaxure banki-emitentisa da sa-gadasaxado sistemis logotipebi, baraTis mflobelis saxeli da gvari, misi angariSis nomeri, baraTis moqmedebis vada da a.S. aseve baraTze SeiZleba mflobelis suraTi da misi xelmowera iqnes datanebuli. al-favitur-cifruli monacemebi: saxeli, gva-ri, angariSis nomeri da sxv. SeiZleba re-liefuri SrifTiT iqnes ganxorcielebuli. amitom gadasaxdelad miRebadi baraTebis xeliT damuSavebisas baraTis „gaglinvis“ ganmxorcielebeli specialuri mowyobi-lobis _ imprinteris meSveobiT (zustad iseve, rogorc kopirebadi qaRaldis gamo-yenebisas meore egzempliari miiReba) mona-cemebis Cekze swrafad gadatana xorciel-deba.
sabanko baraTis kriftografiuli nawi-li SeiZleba TavisTavSi, bankebisaTvis spe-cifikur komponentebTan erTad, autenti-fikaciis sqemebis, eleqtronuli xelmowe-ris da a.S. realizebad kriptoalgoriTmebs moicavdes. plastikuri baraTebis axali Taoba yvela adrindelebisagan gansxvavde-ba imiT, rom informaciis dacvis saSuale-bebis realizaciisaTvis SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebaa Seqmnili. exla ukve inteleq-
tualuri baraTebi ZiriTad sagadasaxado saSualebad unda gadaiqces. inteleqtua-lur baraTebSi arsebuli gamoTvliTi Sesa-Zleblobebi rTuli kriptografiuli sqe-mebis realizaciaSi sul ufro efeqtianebi xdebian. Tumca inteleqtualuri baraTebis gamomyenebeli sabanko sistemisdaTvis rea-lizaciis efeqtianobasa da kriptografi-uli sqemebis mdgradobas Soris kompro-misis problema jer-jerobiT sakmaod mwva-vea.
klientis eleqtronuli saqaRalde _ eleqtronuli gadaxdebis sistemaSi indi-vidualur sagadaxdo saSualebas warmoad-gens. eleqtronuli saqaRalde – TavisTa-vad jibis saangariSos warmoadgens masSi daculi modulis CaSenebiT. saqaRalde gai-cema klientze da eleqtronul gadaxdebis sistemebSi rogorc eleqtronuli saqa-Raldeebi gamoiyeneba da romelic, erTi mxriv, klientis qmedebebis gauSifraobas, xolo meore mxriv _ bankis usafrTxoebas da eleqtronuli gadaxdebis sistemis ma-Ral efeqtianobas uzrunvelyofs. Cveu-lebrivi safule qisa portatiul eleqt-ronul mowyobilobad gardaiqmneba SenaZe-nebis gadaxdisaTvis rogorc tradiciul maRaziebSi, aseve onlain reJimSic. mraval kompaniebs swored aseTi moznis miRweva surT. eleqtronuli saqaRades meSveobiT myidvelebs SeuZliaT maTTvis saWiro sak-redito baraTis arCeva da baraTis Sesaxeb informaciis terminalze gadacema, rome-lic SeZenis Sesaxeb informacias eleqtro-nul saqaRalteSi gadaitans. garedad sa-qaRalde Cveulebriv jibebiani tyavis qisas msgavsia, magram CaSenebuli ekraniT da klaviaturiT.
zemoTaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT sa-banko saqmeSi kriptografiis gamoyenebaze Semdegi saxis daskvnis gakeTeba aris Sesa-Zlebeli:
1. sabanko sagadasaxado saqmianobisaTvis prioritetuls usafrTxoebis uzrun-velmyofeli kriftografiuli meTo-debi warmoadgenen da gamoyenebadi in-formaciebis daSifvrisa da eleqtro-nuli xelmowerebis kriftgrafiuri sqemebi realizaciis siCqaresTan da informaciebis ufro usafrTxod Sena-xvasTan mimarTebaSi srulyofas saWi-roeben.
169
2. kriftigrafiasTan mimarTebiT Teori-aSi specialurad da gansakuTrebiT sa-banko saqmesTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes sabanko inteleqtua-luri baraTebis, sabanko kriftogra-fiuli oqmebis, eleqtronuli angariS-sworebis sistemebis, klientis eleqt-ronuli saqaRaldeebisa da a.S. Camoya-libebisa da danergvis SesaZleblobe-bi, rac sabanko saqmianobis usafrTxo-ebis srulyofis sawindari iqneba.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Марданова В. – Применение криптографии в
банковском деле. – Эссе по курсу «Защита информации», кафедра радиотехники, московский физико-технический институт (ГУ МФТИ), http:/www.re.vipt.ru/infsec.
2. Криптография в банковском деле. – М.И. Анохин, Н.П. Варновский, В.М. Сидельников, В.В. Яшенко – Москва: МИФИ,1997. – 274 с. (http://www.cryptography.ru/db/msg.htm?mid=1169307@uri=node189 html).
3. Электронные бумажники на подходе (http:/www.revkom.ru/info/?id=1919).
4. Криптографический протокол (www.enigma.by/crypt4.html). http://www.ibusiness.ru/offline/2003/238/25105
5. Пластиковая карточка как платежный инструмент (основные понятия) (www.citforum.ru/marketing/articel/art-8 shtml).
6. Основы криптографии. – Учебное пособие. – А.П. Алферов и др.
7. Деринг Х.У. – Универсальный банк – банк будущего. – Москва: Изд-во Международные отношения, 1999.
8. Пузырев М.В. – Формы и методы обслуживания клиентов. – Новосибирск: НГАЭиУ, 2003.
170
adamianiseuli resursebis saerTaSoriso marTva
karlo Rurwkaia _ stu-s profesori karli Rurwkaia _ stu-s mowveuli asocirebuli profesori
TaTia Rurwkaia _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori
adamianiseuli resursebis marTvam arm (human resource management) _ im qmedebaTa erTobliobaa, romlebic mimarTulia kom-paniis miznebis misaRwevad saWiro efeq-turi samuSao Zalis mozidvis, ganviTare-bis da SenarCunebisken. adamianiseuli re-sursebis marTva moicavs xelmZRvaneli da araxelmZRvaneli kadrebis rekrutirebasa da SerCevas, swavlebas da ganviTarebas, saqmianobis Sedegebis Sefasebas, Sromis anazRaurebas da damatebiTi SeRavaTebis SeTavazebas. adamianiseuli resursebis marTvis menejerebi, imis miuxedavad, mu-Saoben isini erovnul Tu saerTaSoriso kompaniebSi, dakavebuli arian im politikis da procedurebis SemuSavebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen am amocanaTa Sesrulebas.
is sirTuleebi, rasac adamianuri resur-sebis saerTaSoriso menejerebi awydebian, aRemateba im problemebs, romelTa gadaWra uwevT maT kolegebs erovnul kompaniebSi. kerZod, qveynebs Soris kulturulma gansx-vavebam, gansxvavebebma ekonomikur ganvi-Tarebasa da sakanonmdeblo sistemaSi Sesa-Zloa kompaniebisgan dasaqmebis, ganTavi-suflebis, swavlebis da Sromis anazRau-rebis programaTa adaptacia moiTxovos: TiToeul qveyanas SeiZleba sakuTari pro-grama dasWirdes. gansakuTrebiT didi sir-Tuleebi warmoiqmneba, rodesac kompaniis mSobliuri qveynis kultura da kanonebi ewinaaRmdegeba mimRebi qveynis kulturasa da kanonebs. magaliTad, aSS-Si moqmedi kanoni SromiTi mowyobis Tanasworobis Se-saxeb, romelic krZalavs sqesobrivi niSniT diskriminacias, ewinaaRmdegeba im kanoneb-sa da Cveulebebs qalis rolis mimarT, ro-melic miRebulia saudis arabeTSi. msgavsi konfliqtebi warmoSobs problemebs ame-rikul mravalerovnul kompaniebSi, rom-lebic iswrafvian imisken, rom maT xelmZR-vanel-qalebs hqondeT sazRvargareT mu-Saobis iseTive SesaZleblobebi, rogoric maT kolega-mamakacebs.
saerTaSoriso kompaniebma aseve unda gansazRvron, Tu rogori unda iyos maTi gansxvavebuli dasaqmebulebis warmomav-loba: iyos mSobliuri qveynidan, mimRebi qveynidan Tu mesame qveynebidan. optima-luri kombinacia SesaZloa gansxvavebuli iyos gamomdinare iqidan, Tu sad saqmianobs kompania. kompaniebi ZiriTadad sakuTari qveynis personalze arian orientirebule-bi iq, sadac maTi sawarmoo simZlavreebia ganTavsebuli. gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve adgilobrivi kanonmdebloba, radgan mas SeuZlia SezRudos an ukarnaxos SromiTi mowyobis gansazRvruli praqtika. magali-Tad, saimigracio kanonmdeblobiT SeiZle-ba SeizRudos ucxoelebze gasacemi vizebis raodenoba, sxva normatiulima aqtebma ki SesaZloa daavaldebulos kompanias adgi-lobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmeba qveynis te-ritoriaze biznesis ganxorcielebis sana-cvlod.
saerTaSoriso sawarmoebi ufro rTul problemebsac awydebian personalis swav-lebis da ganviTarebis kuTxiT. sazRvarga-reT samuSaod SerCeuli xelmZRvaneli kad-rebisTvis, adamianiseuli resursebis me-nejerebma unda uzrunvelyon Sesabamisi kulturuli Taviseburebebis swavleba. ma-
galiTad, Toyota, iseve rogorc sxva iapo-nuri korporaciebi, romlebic mTeli cxov-rebis manZilze dasaqmebis tradicias mis-deven, Zalian bevrs akeTebs imisTvis, rom sakuTar qarxnebsa Tu ofisebSi namdvilad saWiro adamianebi daasaqmos. sakuTar qve-
yanaSi Toyota TanamSromlobs saSualo ga-naTlebis sistemasTan, dakavebulia ra mo-mavali dasaqmebulebis swavlebiTa da Ser-CeviT pirdapir skolis merxidan. magram aRniSnuli meTodi ar gamoiyeneba yvela im
qveyanaSi, sadac Toyota saqmianobs, radgan adgilobrivi saskolo sistemebi xSir Sem-TxvevaSi calkeul firmebTan msgavsi part-niorobisTvis mzad ar arian. germaniaSi sa-Sualo ganaTlebis sistema uzrunvelyofs
171
farTo profesiul momzadebas, magram es momzadeba ar aris mibmuli konkretul firmebTan, rogorc es iaponiaSia. aSS-s sa-xelmwifo skolebSi, meores mxriv, ZiriTa-di aqcenti keTdeba zogad ganaT-lebaze, xolo profesiuli momzadebis SesaZleb-lobebi sakmaod SezRudulia. garda amisa, mraval qveyanaSi yvela parametrebiT arse-bobs gaunaTlebeli da arakvalificiuri
samuSao Zala. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Toyota-m personalis rekrutirebis, SerCevisa da swavlebis sakuTari praqtikis koreqtireba moaxdina im qveynebis moTxovnebis Sesaba-misad, sadac is axorcielebs saqmianobas.
dabolos, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi SesaZloa arsebiTad gansxvavdebodes SromiTi piro-bebi da sasicocxlo minimumi, amitom ada-mianiseuli resursebis menejerebs xSirad uwevT Sromis anazRaurebis sistemis misa-dageba konkretuli mimRebi qveynis Sromi-Ti bazris saWiroebebTan. maT unda gaiT-valiswinon adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis Taviseburebebi, romlebmac SesaZloa moi-Txovon Sromis minimaluri anazRaurebis gadaxda an daavaldebulon kompaniebi da-saqmebulebisTvis garkveuli SeRavaTebis SeTavazeba, rogoricaa yovelwliuri pre-miebi an samedicino dazRveva. garda amisa, menejerebma unda gansazRvron sazRvar-gareT momuSave xelmZRvaneli kadrebis Sromis anazRaureba, romlebic potenciu-rad cxovrebis ufro gazrdil Rirebule-bas, sacxovrebeli pirobebis gauaresebas da depresias an stress ejaxebian, rac gan-pirobebulia megobrebis an naTesavebisgan mowyvetiT.
rogorc marketingis, warmoebis da fi-nansebis SemTxvevaSi, kompaniis menejerebma unda SeimuSaon adamianiseuli resursebis marTvis iseTi strategia, romelic Seesa-bameba saerTo korporatiul strategiasa da biznesis strategias. adamianiseuli re-sursebis marTvis efeqturi strategiis Se-qmnis amocana rTuldeba kulturuli niu-ansebiT, romlis gareSe warmoudgenelia saerTaSoriso biznesis warmoeba. adamiani-seuli resursebis marTvis saerTaSoriso procesis ZiriTadi elementebi warmod-genilia qvemoT motanil naxazze.
adamianiseuli resursebis marTvis mene-jerebi aseve mzad unda iyvnen efeqturi muSaobis kriteriumebis gansazRvrisTvis
da TiToeuli saerTaSoriso xelmZRvane-lis saqmianobis am kriteriumebis Sesaba-misad SefasebisTvis. yvelaferTan erTad, saerTaSoriso menejerTa Sroma unda ana-zRaurdes. kompaniebi maTSi did Tanxebs deben, amitom adamianuri resursebis mene-
jerebma unda gaაanalizon, ramdenad efeq-turad marTavs kompania kadrebis denado-bis da SenarCunebis process.
sakadro uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebi, ro-melTa gadaWra adamianuri resursebis sa-erTaSoriso menejerebs uwevT, SeiZleba davyoT or kategoriad: pirveli _ meneje-rebis da top-menejerebis rekrutireba, swavleba da SenarCunebaa. meore ki-ara-xelmZRvaneli kadrebis rekrutireba, swav-leba da SenarCuneba.
nax.1. adamianiseuli resursebis marTvis saerTaSoriso procesi
menejerTa rekrutireba. mas Semdeg,
rac saerTaSoriso kompania gansazRvravs, Tu ra unar-CvevebiT unda iyos aRWurvili saerTaSoriso menejeri, man unda moZebnos aRniSnul Tanamdebobaze Sesabamis kandi-datTa garkveuli raodenoba, Semdeg moiw-vios isini da SearCios saukeTeso.
gamocdil menejerTa rekrutireba saer-TaSoriso biznesSi gansxvavebuli arxebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. kandidatebis Ser-Cevis erT-erT mTavar arxs TviT kompania warmoadgens: misi TanamSromlebi, romle-bic ukve muSaoben mimReb qveyanaSi an isini, vinc muSaoben mSobliur qveyanaSi da mzad arian xangrZliv mivlinebaSi gasamgzavreb-lad sazRvargareT. ukanaskneli jgufi Se-
arm-s strategiuli konteqsti
rekrutireba da SerCeva
swavleba da ganviTareba
Sromis efeqturobis Sefaseba
Sromis anazRaureba da SeRavaTebi
SromiTi urTierTobebi
wvlili organizaciis efeqturobaSi
172
saZloa moicavdes menejerebs, romlebic arasdros yofilan aseT mivlinebebSi, aseve maT, vinc msgavs davalebebs adrec asru-lebda.
saerTaSoriso sawarmoebs perspeqtiuli menejerebis moZebna sxva kompaniebSic Se-uZliaT. isini SeiZleba iyvnen mimRebi qve-ynis mosaxleobis warmo-madgenlebi, rom-lebic vakanturi Tanamdebobis moTxovnebs akmayofileben an sazRvargareT sxva kompa-niebSi dasaqmebuli menejerebi. umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis SerCevisas kompaniebi xSirad mimarTaven e.w. hedhanterebs-`Ta-vebze monadireebs~, potenciuri kandida-tebis ZiebiT dakavebul specialistebs. hedhanterebi-rekrutirebis firmebia, ro-mlebic aqtiurad eZeben kvalificiur me-nejerebs da sxva profesionalebs sxva organizaciebSi arsebuli vakansiebisTvis. msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris iaponiaSi samuSao adgilis Secvla didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cud tonad iTvleboda. evropaSi hantingi ukanasknel dromde ara-eTikurad iTvleboda. magram damokidebu-leba aseTi tipis saqmianobis mimarT icv-leba. mravali firmisTvis dasaSvebia ma-Ralkvalificiuri iaponeli TanamSromle-bis gadabireba iaponuri firmebidanve.
sakmarisi raodenobis kandidatebis mo-wvevis Semdeg adamianiseuli resursebis me-nejerma unda gadawyvitos, romeli maTgani Seefereba yvelaze metad vakantur Tanam-debobas. yvelaze perspeqtiuli kandida-tebi Semdegi TvisebebiT gamoirCevian: mmarTvelobiTi kompetencia (teqniku-
ri unar-Cvevebi, lideroba, korpora-tiuli kulturis codna);
Sesabamisi momzadeba (formaluri swav-leba, mimRebi qveynis, misi kulturis da enis codna);
axal situaciebTan Segueba (erTdrou-lad axal samuSaosTan da axal gare-mosTan Segueba, mimRebi qveynis war-momadgenlebTan TanamSromlobi-sTvis mzadyofna, axal erovnul kulturas-Tan Segueba).
roca saubaria eqspatriant-menejereb-ze, SerCevis procesis mniSvnelobis ga-dafaseba rTulia. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu re-patrianti ver gaarTmevs Tavs sakuTar mo-valeobebs, danakargi Zalian didi iqneba. eqspatriantis warumatebloba-eqspatrian-
ti menejeris vadaze adre dabrunebaa saku-Tar samSobloSi. eqspertTa SefasebebiT, msgavs situaciebTan dakavSirebuli dana-kargebi, iwyeba $40 000 da SeiZleba miaR-wios $250 000. warumatebloba am sferoSi sakmaod xSiria. mraval amerikul firmaSi warumatebel SemTxvevaTa ricxvi 20-dan 50%-mde Seadgens da es gacilebiT didi maCvenebelia, vidre evropul da iaponur kompaniebSi.
xangrZliv sazRvargareTul mivlinebaSi gamgzavrebisas, mSobliuri qveynis warmo-madgenlebi did sirTuleebs awydebian axal kulturasTan adaptaciis kuTxiT. uc-xo kulturis pirobebSi muSaobam da masTan mudmivma Sexebam SesaZloa gamoiwvios kul-turuli Soki _ fsiqologiuri movlena, romelic iwvevs SiSsa da daucvelobas, ga-Rizianebas, dezorientacias. kulturuli Soki iwvevs mwarmoeblurobis da efeqtu-robis Semcirebas.
rac sainteresoa, repatriacia-sazRvar-gareTuli mivlinebis Semdeg mene-jeris saxlSi dabruneba-iseTive yuradRebas sa-Wiroebs, rogorsac eqspatriacia. Tu mene-jerebis da maTi ojaxis wevrebis eqspa-triaciam warmatebiT Caiara, isini eCvevian axal kulturaSi cxovrebas da muSaobas. saxlSi dabruneba ki maTTvis SesaZloa iseTive mtkivneuli iyos, rogorc sazR-vargareT gadasvla sacxov-reblad. Repa-triaciis sirTulis erT-erT mizezs war-moadgens is, rom isini Tvlian, TiTqos saxlSi araferi Secvlila. isini imedovne-ben, rom daubrundebian Zvel megobrebs, nacnob garemos, Cveul yoveldRiur cxov-rebas. magram megobrebi SesaZloa sxvagan gadavidnen an axali socialuri kavSirebi daamyares, kolegebma SesaZloa Seicvales samuSao adgilebi. aSS-Si magaliTad zogi-erT dabrunebul eqspatriants uars eub-nebian kreditze, radgan ukanaskneli ram-denime wlis manZilze maT ar gaaCndaT ara-nairi Sida sakredito istoria.
saerTaSoriso kompaniis kadrebis ganyo-filebam aseve unda uzrunvelyos meneje-rebi swavlebiT da ganviTarebiT, rom da-exmaros maT efeqtur muSaobaSi. swavleba ewodeba momzadebas, romelic mimarTulia konkretuli samuSao unarebis da SesaZ-leblobebis ganviTarebisken. ganviTareba _ ewodeba zogad codnas, romelic dakav-
173
Sirebulia menejeris momzadebasTan ufro maRali Ta namdebobis dasakaveblad.
araxelmZRvaneli kadrebis marTvis sakiTxebi. araxelmZRvaneli kadrebis rek-rutireba, SerCeva, swavleba, Sromis ana-zRaureba da a.S. mTlianad damokidebulia adgilobriv kanonmdeblobze da ekonomi-kur suticiaze. mimReb qveyanaSi warmatebis misaRwevad, adamianuri resursebis meneje-rebi ar unda gaxdnen stereotipebis msx-verpli. maT unda uzrunvelyon samuSaos organizeba ise, rogorc amas iTxoven ad-gilobrivi macxovreblebi, da ara ise, ro-gorc es miRebulia maT qveyanaSi. amitom mravali mravalerovnuli kompania kadre-bis ganyofilebaSi asaqmebs mimRebi qveynis warmomadgenlebs, rom gamoiyenon maTi codna sakadro politikis da procedu-rebis SesamuSaveblad.
saerTaSoriso kompaniebis sazRvargare-Tis ganyofilebebSi araxelmZRvanel Tana-mdebobebze Cveulebriv dasaqmebulebi ari-an mimRebi qveynis warmomadgenlebi. xSir SemTxvevaSi amas ekonomikuri axsna gaaCnia: isini xSirad firmas ufro iafi ujdeba, vidre mSobliuri qveynis an mesame qveynis warmomadgenlebi. garda amisa, es arc Tu ise iSviaTad adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobi-Taa gaTvaliswinebuli.
adamianiseuli resursebis menejerebma aseve unda Seafason mimRebi qveynis da-saqmebulTa saWiroebebi swavlebasa da gan-viTarebaSi imisaTvis, rom maT ufro efeq-turad Seasrulon sakuTari movaleobebi. mrewvelurad ganviTarebul bazrebze kom-paniebi Cveulebriv axerxeben kvalifici-uri samuSao Zalis moZebnas, romelTa swav-
lebaც SesaZloa Semoifarglos kompaniis mciredi gacnobiT. SedarebiT ganuviTa-rebel regionebSi swavlebis saWiroeba Se-saZloa gacilebiT didi iyos. magaliTad, komunizmis dacemis Semdeg kompania Hilton-ma daiwyo sakuTaro sastumroebis gaxsna aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi. aRmoCnda, rom oficiantebi, klerkebi da momsaxure-bis sferos sxva warmomadgenlebi ar flob-dnen im sabaziso codnas, rac aucilebeli iyo maRali xarisxis servisis uzrunvelsa-
yofad. es adamianebi imdenad mieCvien geg-miuri ekonomikis pirobebSi muSaobas, ro-desac maT ar uwevdaT zrunva stumrebis kmayofilebaze, rom maTTvis rTuli iyo imis gacnobiereba, Tu ratom unda Seecva-laT maT sakuTari damokidebuleba samu-Saos mimarT. kompanias mouwia axali dasa-qmebulebis swavlebaSi gacilebiT meti Tanxis Cadeba, vidre is fiqrobda.
swavleba aseve kritikuli elementi xdeba maSin, rodesac firmas surs maqsima-luri mogebis miReba sazRvargareT warmo-ebis ganTavsebiT. ukanasknel periodSi
bevr mravalეrovnul kompanias warmoeba gadaaqvs hondurasSi, malaiziaSi da indo-neziaSi, sadac samuSao Zala iafia. amasTan, xSirad aseTi samuSao Zalis mwarmoeblu-roba dabalia da aseTad rCeba manam, sanam firma ar gamoyofs Tanxebs personalis swavlebisTvis. magaliTad, malaiziaSi mo-saxleobis mesameds gaaCnia eqvs klasze ma-Rali ganaTleba, ris gamoc swavlebis xar-jebi aq SeiZleba sakmaod maRali iyos.
garda amisa, firmam unda Seafasos sa-kuTari saerTaSoriso menejerebis saqmia-nobis Sedegebi da gansazRvros maTi sakom-pensacio paketis moculoba. eqspatrianti menejerebis kompensacia moicavs sacxov-rebel minimumebs Soris sxvaobis danamats da sxvadasxva specialur SeTavazebebs.
eqspatrianti menejerebis swavlebisa da ganviTarebis maRali xarjebis gaTvaliswi-nebiT, firmebma ganskuTrebuli yuradReba unda dauTmon kadrebis SenarCunebis da de-nadobis marTvas.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Rurwkaia k., T. Rurwkaia saerTaSoriso
biznesi. 2. Экономика, Пол А. Самуелсон, Вильям Д. Нор-
дхаус Международный бизнес-Теориа и прак-тика, под редакцией А.И. Погорлецкого, С. Ф. Сутырина
3. Глобализация мирового хозяйства, учеб. Посо-бие под ред. М.Н.Осьмовой, А.В.Бойченко.
4. Международный бизнес-Рикки Гриффин, Ма-йкл Пастей.
174
finansuri menejmenti bankSi: kapitalis, aqtivebisa da pasivebis, Semosavlianobis, riskebis, finansuri marTvis
Tanamedrove sistemebi da oqros sabanko wesebi
leila doliZe _ stu-s doqturanti
Financial management in the bank:
money management, asset and liability risk, advanced system financial management
and bank golden rules
Dolidze Leila Summary
1. Refined justification of capital adequacy;
selection of the optimal method of capital increase; Accounting costs and risks of raising funds; The basic methods of asset management; the main indicators of profitability (profitability) of the bank; management of bank risks; Studied modern financial management system.
2. Formulated "Golden banking rules," which allow for: Short-term liabilities are placed in short-term assets and long-term liabilities should be in long-term assets; The amount of short-term and medium-term funds of the asset shall not exceed the amount of the Medium and short-term obligations in liabilities; Term placement of funds shall not exceed a period of attraction; Asset structure: the lower the proportion of risky assets in the balance sheet of the bank, the higher the liquidity, Structure of liabilities: the lower the proportion of demand deposits and time deposits greater share of the higher liquidity.
keywords: Capital; Financial analysis; Assets and Liabilities; Profitable
reziume
statiaSi ganxilulia bankis – kapita-
lis, aqtivebisa da pasivebis, Semosavlia-nobis anu rentabelobis, riskebis, finan-suri marTvis sakiTxebi da oqros sabanko wesebi. Dazustebulia kapitalis sakmari-sobis dasabuTeba; kapitalis nazardis op-timaluri xerxis SerCeva; saxsrebis mozi-dvis Rirebulebisa da riskebis gaTvalis-wineba; ganxilulia aqtivebisa da pasivebis marTvis ZiriTadi meTodebi; bankis Semo-savlianobis (rentabelobis) ZiriTadi maC-veneblebi; Seswavlilia finansuri marTvis Tanamedrove sistemebi. Camoyalibebulia „oqros sabanko wesebi“, rogorebicaa: mok-levadiani pasivebi unda ganTavsdes mokle-vadian aqtivebSi, xologrZelvadiani pasi-vebi ganTavsebuli unda iqnas grZelvadian aqtivebSi; aqtivis mixedviT moklevadiani da saSualovadiani saxsrebis jami ar unda aWarbebdes valdebulebebis Sesabamis jams pasivebis mixedviT; saxsrebis ganTavsebis
vada ar unda aWarbebdes maTi mozidvis va-das.
sakvanZo sityvebi: kapitali; finansuri
analizi; aqtivebi da pasivebi; Semosavlia-noba, anu rentabeloba.
Tanamedrove sabanko finansuri menej-
mentis aqtualuri problemebis rigs mieku-Tvneba: kapitalis, aqtivebisa da pasivebis, Semosavlianobis, riskebis, finansuri sis-temebis efeqturi marTvis sakiTxebi. Cno-bilia, rom kapitalis marTva iTvalis-winebs: misi sakmarisobis dasabuTebas bankis
aqtiuri operaciebis moculobasTan, struqturasTan da SinaarsTan Sesa-bamisobaSi. ramdenad metia riskiani aqtivebis wili, imdenad SedarebiT meti sididis sakuTari saxsrebia saWiro. nebismier SemTxvevaSi kapitalis maRali wiliani bankebi ufro saimedoebad da konkurentunarianebad iTvlebian. mocemuli momentisaTvis kapitalis
nazardis optimaluri xerxis SerCevas. ga-nasxvaveben Semdeg xerxeba:
- kapitalis zrdis umniSvnelovanesi Sida wyaroa _ mogeba. misi sidide bankis dividendur politikasTan (aq-ciaze Semosavlis dadgenil sidides-Tan) aris dakavSirebuli;
- bankis sawesdebo kapitalis saaqcio sazogadoebis formiT gadideba aqci-ebis gameorebiTi emisiis xarjze aris SesaZlebeli, rac maRal saemisio da-naxarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli;
- subordinirebuli kreditebis mizid-va.
klientebisa da sxva sakredito orga-nizaciebis saxsrebis mozidvis Rirebule-bisa da riskebis aRricxva.
kapitalis gadidebis wyaros saboloo arCevani sxvadasxva faqtorebis erTobli-obis gaTvaliswinebiT xorcieldeba. aqtivebisa da pasivebis marTva:
aqtivebisa da pasivebis marTva resursebis formirebisa da aqtiuri operaciebis mi-xedviT maTi ganTavsebis iseTi meTodebis gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebs, romlebic ban-kisaTvis likvidobis, Semosavlianobisa da
175
riskis optimalur Tanafardobas uzrun-velyofen. aqtivebis marTva iTvaliswinebs: 1. aqtiuri operaciebis diversifikaci-
as maTi likvidobis xarisxis mixedviT. aq gamoiyofa:
- maRallikviduri aqtivebi _ pirvela-di rezervebi (salaros aqtivebi, saxs-rebi sxva bankebis sakorespondento angariSebze). rac Seexeba sabanko re-zervebs, romlebic maRallikviduri aqtivebis nawils warmoadgenen, saval-debulo rezervebis saxiT calkeuli bankisa da sabanko sistemis doneze li-kvidobis regulirebisaTvis gamoiyene-ba;
- meoradi rezervebi _ saxelmwifo fa-siani qaRaldebi, sesxebi da gadaxdebi bankis sasargeblod 30 dRis ganmavlo-baSi dafarvis vadiT;
- danarCeni sesxebi; - fasiani qaRaldebi arasaxelmwifo emi-
tentebis; - ZiriTadi saSualebebi (Senobebi da mo-
wyobilobebi) _ konsaltinguri da finansuri momsaxureobebi, romlebic klientebs sakomisioebis safasurad miewodebaT.
2. riskebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da maTi Semcireba, aqtiuri operaciebis mi-xedviT rezervebis Sqmna.
3. aqtivebis Semosavlianobis mxardaWe-ra. Semosavlianobaze damokidebulebaSi operaciebi daiyofa Semosavlis momtane-bad da ar momtanebad. Semosavlebis momta-ni aqtivebi daiyofa maTi stabiluribis ni-SanTvisebis mixedviT:
- stabiluri Semosavali _ sakredito da sainvesticio operaciebi;
- arastabiluri Semosavali _ konsaltin-guri da finansuri momsaxureobebi, rom-lebic klientebi sakomisioebis safa-surad miewodebaT. aqtivebis marTvis ZiriTadi meTo-
debi: pirveli meTodi: aqtivebis marTva sax-
srebis saerTo fondis mixedviT iTvalis-winebs _ bankis yvela resursebis (sakuTa-ri da mozidulebi): moTxovnamde anabrebis, saSemnaxvelo anabrebis, vadiani anabrebis, aqcioneruli kapitalisa da rezervebis me-SveobiT _ saxsrebis saerTo fondis Se-qmnas, romelic mimdinare likvidobis, an spekulaciuri mogebis uzrunvelyofis po-ziciidan, mimdinare prioritetebis safu-Zvelze, aqtivebis mixedviT: pirvelad re-zervebSi, meorad rezervebSi, sesxebSi, da-narCen fasian qaRaldebSi, SenobebSi da mo-wyobilobebSi ganTavsdeba. aRniSnuli me-
Todi riskianad iTvleba. calkeul perio-debSi maTi gamoyeneba mxolod maRali fi-nansur mdgradobis mqone bankebs Se-uZliaT.
meore meTodi: aqtivebis marTvam aqti-vebis ganawilebis (saxsrebis konversiis) meTodis mixedviT _ sabanko praqtikaSi farTe gamoyeneba moipova. igi resursebis mozidvis sxvadasxva saxeobebis mimoqcevis siCqarezea dafuZnebuli. aqtivebisa da pasivebis marTva, vadebisa da sidideebis mixedviT maTi koordinaciis gziT, erT-droulad xorcieldeba. aRniSnul meTods bankis SigniT SedarebiT gamocalkavebuli „likvidobis _ momgebianobis centrebis“ Seqmnisaken mivyavarT.
bankis mxridan klientebis moTxovnile-bebis ufro srulad dakmayofilebaze ori-entaciisas orive meTods naklovanebebic gaaCnia. kreditebze moTxovna da resur-sebis miwodeba SeiZleba erTmaneTs ar da-emTxves. bankebi likvidobis saSualo do-neze orientirebiT, klientebs nakleb yu-radRebas uTmoben.
mesame meTodi: aqtivebis mecnierulad marTvis (anu ekonomikur-maTematikuri) me-Todi, romelic likvidobisa da riskebis diversifikaciis normativebis dacvisas, mogebis maqsimizaciazea orientirebuli. aRniSnuli meTodi yvelaze ufro efeqtia-nad iTvleba. aqtivebisa da pasivebis mec-nieruli marTvis safuZvelSi egreT wode-buli „oqros sabanko wesebia“ Cadebuli.
zemoTCamoyalibebuli nebismieri meTodiT aqtivebisa da pasivebis marTvis efeqtianobis maCvenebels bankis aqtiuri operaciebis mixedviT Semosavlianobis done warmoadgens {1, gv. 302-314}. oqros sabanko sistemebi: - moklevadiani pasivebi unda ganTavs-
des moklevadian aqtivebSi. - grZelvadiani pasivebi unda ganTavs-
des grZelvadian aqtivebSi. - aqtivis mixedviT moklevadiani da sa-
Sualovadiani saxsrebis jami ar unda aWarbebdes pasivis mixedviT mikleva-diani da saSualovadiani valdebule-bebis jams.
- aqtivebis mixedviT grZelvadiani sax-srebis jami SeiZleba aWarbebdes ban-kis grZelvadiani valdebulebebisa da misi sakuTari kapitalis jams.
- ganTavsebis vada ar unda aWarbebdes mozidvis vadas.
- aqtivebis struqtura: ramdenad daba-lia bankis balansSi maRallikviduri aqtivebis wili, imdenad maRalia misi likviduroba.
176
- pasivebis struqtura: ramdenad daba-lia moTxovnamde anabrebis wili da metia vadiani anabrebis wili, imdenad maRalia likviduroba.
bankis Semosavlianobis marTva: bankis Semosavlianobis marTva iTvaliswinebs aqtiuri operaciebis mixedviT Semosavlis miRebas, romelic sakmarisi iqneba rom gadaifaros:
- danaxarjebi saxsrebis mozidvasTan mimarTebaSi;
- saoperacio danaxarjebi; - inflaciis danaxarjebi; - riskebi Semosavliani operaciebis
mixedviT (premia riskze). finansuri marTvis meTodebi:
- bankis saqmianobis finansuri marTvis safuZvels warmoadgens finansuri analizi (ufro farTed _ finansur-ekonomikuri analizi), sabiujeti da-gegmva, bankis likvidobis marTva.
- finansuri analizis qveS (ingl. Finan-cial analysis) gaigeba sakredito orga-nizaciis gasuli periodisa da pers-peqtivaze qonebrivi da finansuri mdgomareobis gansazRvris meTode-bis erToblioba, romlebic misi fi-nansuri mdgradobis miRwevazea mi-marTuli. finansuri analizaciis mi-zans warmoadgens sakredito organi-zaciis fuladi nakadebis optimiza-cia da dasaSvebi riskebis farglebSi misi saqmianobis maqsimalurad SesaZ-lo Semosavlianobis uzrunvelyofa. finansuri analizi warmoadgens fi-nansuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis sa-valdebulo pirobas da igi finansur dagegmvasTan uSualod aris dakav-Sirebuli. finansuri analizis Ziri-Tad meTodebs miekuTvnebian – fi-nansuri koeficientebis meTodi da fuladi nakadebis analizis meTodi.
- finansuri dagegmva _ aris finansuri menejmentis meTodi, romelic resur-sebis efeqtianad formirebisa da moxmarebis mizniT gamoiyeneba, igi TavisTavad mimdinare, operatiuli da grZelvadiani gegmebis sistemas warmoadgens. Tanamedrove pirobebSi bankebSi sabiujeti dagegmva (biuje-
tireba) finansuri dagegmvis nairsa-xeoba gaxda.
- aqtivebisa da pasivebis Tanxebis, va-debis, fasebis mixedviT diversifika-cia mogebis, riskebis, kapitalis ade-qvaturobis optimizaciis mizniT.
- xazinis Seqmnis gziT moklevadiani aq-tivebisa da valdebulebebis saxazino marTva. saxazino ganyofileba bankis sxva qvedanayofebTan kavSirs Semo-savlebisa da xarjebis Tvalsazrisi-dan gamomdinare sabanko poziciebis mudmivi monitoringis safuZvelze axorcielebs.
zemoTaRniSnulidan gamomdinare Semde-gi saxis mokle daskvnis gakeTeba aris Se-saZlebeli:
1. dazustebulia kapitalis sakmari-sobis dasabuTeba; kapitalis nazardis op-timaluri xerxis SerCeva; saxsrebis mo-zidvis Rirebulebisa da riskebis gaTva-liswineba; ganxilulia aqtivebisa da pa-sivebis marTvis ZiriTadi meTodebi; bankis Semosavlianobis (rentabelobis) ZiriTadi maCveneblebi; sabanko riskebis marTva; Se-swavlilia finansuri marTvis Tanamedrove sistemebi.
2. Camoyalibebulia „oqros sabanko we-sebi“, rogorebicaa: moklevadiani pasivebi unda ganTavsdes moklevadian aqtivebSi, xolo grZelvadiani pasivebiganTavsebuli unda iqnas grZelvadian aqtivebSi; aqtivis mixedviT moklevadiani da saSualovadiani saxsrebis jami ar unda aWarbebdes valde-bulebebis Sesabamis jams pasivebis mixed-viT; saxsrebis ganTavsebis vada ar unda aWarbebdes maTi mozodvis vadas; aqtibabis struqtura: bankis balansSiramdenad daba-lia maRalriskiani aqtivebis wili, imdenad maRaliamisi likvidoba;pasivebis struqtu-ra: ramdenad dabalia moTxovnamde anab-rebis wili da metia vadiani anabrebis wili, imdenad maRalia likvidoba.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Костерина Т.М. – Банковское дело: Учебно-методический комплекс. – Москва: Изд. центр ЕАОИ, 2008. – 404 с.
2. Балабанов И.Г. – Риск–менеджмент. – Москва, 1996. – 620 с.
177
ekonomikuri procesebis kvleva sinergetikis meTodebis gamoyenebiT
neli sesaZe _stu-s asocirebuli profesori
irma kucia _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori
valida sesaZe _ stu-s profesori
reziume miuxedavad ekonomikuri Teoriis Tval-
saCino progresisa XX saukuneSi, mis Tana-medrove mdgomareobas bevri avtorite-tuli ucxoeli da agreTve qarTveli mkv-levaric afaseben rogorc sistemur kri-ziss, aRiareben fuZemdebluri modelebis aqsiomebis araadeqvaturobas, risi Sede-gic xdeba pasuxgaucemeli mniSvnelovani kiTxvebi ekonomikis sferoSi.
ekonomikuri Teoriis aseTi mdgomareo-ba ar Semoifargleba mxolod Teoriuli problemebiT: xSir SemTxvevaSi Teoriul makroekonomikur kanonzomierebebze dayr-dnobiT eqspertebi uZlurni xdebian ara mxolod gadaWran ekonomikuri probleme-bi, aramed ubralod iwinaswarmetyvelon kidec. pPermanentuli ganviTarebuli eko-nomikuri krizisebi, recesia, dacema, aRmav-loba, gamococxleba, depresia amis das-turs warmoadgens.
sakvanZo sityvebi: ekonomikuri sistema,
lorencis modeli, mdgradi ganviTareba, qaosi.
Research of Economic Systems with Synergetrics
Methods N. Sesadze
I. Kutsia V. Sesadze
Summary
The developed world financial and economic crisis sharply raised a question of opportunities of economic forecasting, of ability of science adequately to describe difficult social and economic processes and to predict their development. Synergy approach in researches of economic processes predetermines development of effective models of an exit of economy from a crisis state which does possible search of the universal principles of self-organization and evolution of difficult economic systems.
For modeling of economic systems in article it is used synergetic Lorentz's model. The offered method gives the chance to reveal the general regularities and when the system passes from one state into another.
Ekonomikuri sistemebi ekonomikur pro-
cesTa didi sferoa, romlisTvisac damaxa-siaTebelia arastacionaluroba, arawrfi-voba, Seuqcevadoba. maTSi vlindeba, si-nergizmi, fazuri da struqturuli trans-formaciebi, romlebic saboloo jamSi eko-nomikur sistemebSi iwveven Tvisobriv ga-dasvlebs.
ekonomikuri sinergetika mecnieruli mimarTulebaa ekonomikur TeoriaSi, rome-lic gvTavazobs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis problemebis kvlevis meTodologias si-nergetikis safuZvelze, romelic warmoad-gens mecnierebas arawrfiv, uwonasworo, Seuqcevad sistemebSi mimdinare procese-bis Sesaxeb. ekonomikuri procesebis kvle-vaSi sinergetikuli meTodebis gamoyenebis aqtualoba ganisazRvreba im procesebis araerTmniSvnelovnebiT, romelic mimdina-reobs msoflio ekonomikaSi.
XX1 saukune msoflio ekonomikaSi aRi-niSna axali tendeciebiT [4,5]:
Ekonomikuri saqmianobis globaliza-cia, rac gamovlinda saerTaSoriso kavSirebis gafarToebiT investici-ebis, warmoebis, mimoqcevis, momara-gebasa da gasaRebis, finansebis, mec-nierul-teqnikuri progresis, gana-Tlebis sferoSi.
msoflio ekonomikis liberaliza-cia, rac gamoixata barierebis Tan-daTanobiT moxsnaSi saqonlis, mom-saxurebis, inteleqtualuri sakuT-rebis obieqtis, Sromis, kapitalis, finansuri resursebis saerTaSori-so moZraobis gzaze, importis rao-
178
denobrivi SezRudvebis da sabaJo gadasaxadebis mniSvnelovan Semci-rebaSi.
msoflio ekonomikis regionalize-cia, rac gamovlinda yvela konti-nentze saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebis SeqmnaSi (Tavisufa-li vaWrobis zonebi, sabaJo kavSi-rebi, ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba da sxv.), romelTac Seqmnes masSi mo-nawile qveynebis ekonomikuri kavSi-rebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi, moxda savaWro-ekonomikuri proce-sebis integracia, regionuli barie-rebis moxsna da saerTaSoriso baz-rebis formireba.
teqnologiis srulyofis sferoSi miRweuli progresi, romelmac xeli Seuwyo integraciis gaRrmavebas. msoflio ekonomikis informatiza-cia, rac gamovlinda kompiuteruli sistemebis, telekomunikaciis, in-ternetis qselis farTo gamoyene-biT Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi, mec-nierebaSi, ganaTlebaSi, kulturaSi. yvelaferma aman daaCqara kapitalis msoflio bazris formirebis pro-cesi, eleqtronuli komerciis gan-viTareba, momaragebis jaWvis Seqmna, agreTve saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da saerTaSoriso investiciebis mocu-lobis uprecendento zrda.
saqarTvelos ekonomika dRes dgas axa-li ekonomikis ganviTarebis gzaze, romlis strategiul amocanas warmoadgens ekono-mikis maRali tempebis uzrunvelyofa da evropis qveynebTan SedarebiT ekonomikuri da socialuri gansxvavebis TandaTanobiTi Semcireba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, ekonomi-kuri zrdis modernizirebuli modeli au-cilebelia ganxilul iqnas msoflio ten-denciebis da sinergetikuli midgomis CarCoebSi.
sistemur-sinergetikuli midgoma aya-libebs ekonomikuri mecnierebis axal pa-radigmas. Aaxali paradigma ayalibebs axal ekonomikur teqnologias, romlis safu-Zvelzec SesaZloa Seiqmnas sxvadasxva eko-nomikuri, inovaciur-sinergetikuli marT-vis praqtika.
statiaSi ekonomikuri sistemebis mode-lirebisaTvis gamoyenebuli iqna lorencis
sinergetikuli modeli, romelmac SesaZ-lebeli gaxada Tavidan agvecilebina wina-aRmdegobrivoba makro-mikroekonomikuri procesebis detalur aRwerasa da struq-turul-parametrul aRweras Soris. Llo-rencis sinergetikuli modeli gvaZlevs Se-saZleblobas gamovlindes sistemis zogadi kanonzomierebebi im SemTxvevaSic, rode-sac sistema moulodnelad gadadis erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi.
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT Semdegi diferencialur gantolebebaTa sistema, romelic warmoadgens lorencis cnobil models [1,2,5]:
( )x t y x
( )y t y rx xz (1)
( )z t bz xy
sadac , r, b – mudmivi parametrebia. (1) gantolebaTa diferencialuri gan-
tolebaTa sistema aRwers mravalferovan bunebriv procesebs. (1) sistemas mis fa-zuri sivrcis raime simravleze gaaCnia fraqtaluri ganzomilebis `ucnauri~ at-raqtori. aAm simravleze sistemas gaaCnia sawyisi pirobebisadmi gazrdili mgrZnobi-aroba, romlis Sedegedac warmoiqmneba mo-Zraobis qaosuri reJimebi.
Tavdapirvelad gamovikvlioT loren-cis maTematikuri modelis stacionaluri mdgomareoba, risTvisac ganvixiloT lo-rencis modeli swrfivi miaxloeba. masSi kvadratuli wevrebis ugulebelyofis Se-degad miviRebT Semdegi saxis gantolebaTa sistemas:
( ) ( )( )( )
x t y xy t rs yz t bz
(2)
(1) diferencialuri gantolebaTa sis-
tema aRwers mravalferovan bunebriv pro-cesebs. (1) sistemas mis fazuri sivrcis ra-ime simravleze gaaCnia fraqtaluri ganzo-milebis `ucnauri~ atraqtori. am simrav-leze sistemas gaaCnia sawyisi pirobebi-sadmi gazrdili mgrZnobiaroba, romlis Se-degedac warmoiqmneba moZraobis qaosuri reJimebi.
Tavdapirvelad gamovikvlioT loren-cis maTematikuri modelis stacionaluri
179
mdgomareoba, risTvisac ganvixiloT lo-rencis modeli swrfivi miaxloeba. masSi kvadratuli wevrebis ugulebelyofis Se-degad miviRebT Semdegi saxis gantolebaTa sistemas:
2 ( 1) (1 ) 0r (2)
sinergetikaSi parameters uwodeben mmarTvel parametrs. im SemTxvevaSi, ro-desac, -ze, (3) gantolebis fesvebi uar-yofiTia da Sesabamisad stacionaluri mdgomareoba wrfivad mdgradia, rodesac
-ze, maSin (3) maxasiaTebeli ganto-lebis fesvebidan erT-erTi dadebiTi xdeba da mdgomareoba wrfivad aramdgradia. am-gvarad (3) maxasiaTebeli gantoleba wrfi-vad mdgradia. Roca sruldeba piroba
da aramdgradia, roca -ze. lorencis (1) modelis yofa-qcevis ana-
lizisaTvis ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rode-sac mmarTveli parametric akmayofilebs pirobas . amisaTvis gardavqmnaT saw-yisi gantolebebi axali cvladebis Semo-taniT [1,2]. igi Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT:
3( ) ( 1) ( )r q t
2( ) (2 )1
q r bq b
(3)
Sadac 1( 1)r
mcire parametria.
(3) sistemaSi pirveli gantoleba aRwers
arawrfivi oscilatoris rxeva, 20 1q ,
romelic mdored icvleba meore ganto-lebis amonaxsnis Sesabamisad.
Nnax.1. zRvruli ciklis funqciis grafiki
nax.1-ze naCvenebia misi fazuri port-
reti roca . miRebuli
fazuri portreti adasturebs zemoT Camo-yalibebul mosazrebebs.
qQaosurobis warmoSobis mizezebis Tval-naTeli warmodgenisaTvis kvlav gardavqm-naT (1) lorencis gantoleba. Tu CavsvaT
1 ( )y x x t
cvladi pirveli
gantolebaSi da cvlads 1 ( )z xy zb
-
meore gantolebaSi da SemovitanoT potenciali,
2 41 12 4
rV x xb
(5)
romelsac gaaCnia sxvadasxva saxe, roca -ze da -is SemTxvevaSi (nax.2).
potenciali (5) izrdeba stacionaluri mdgomareobis orive mxares. mmarTveli
parametris -is erTianze gadasvlisas warmoiSoba bifurkacia da warmoiSoba
erTi aramdgradi da ori mdgradi
mdgomareoba : gantoleba axla SegviZlia CavweroT
Semdegi saxiT, romelic mosaxerxebelia xarisxobrivi analizisaTvis:
21 1( ) ( ) ( )x V xx t x t z tx b
,
(6) miRebuli (6) gantoleba bolo wevris ga-
reSe warmoadgens materialuri wertilis potencialur ormoSi moZraobis gantole-
bas (nax.2). Tu kavSirs da -s Soris ugul-vebelvyofT, materialuri wertili, rome-lic aRiwereba (6) gantolebiT SemTxveviTi Zalis moqmedebiT imoZravebs orkuzian potenciur ormoSi. xaxunis koeficientma SeiZleba miiRos sxvadasxva niSani.
nax. 2. potencialuri fazuri portreti
180
warmodgenili mosazrebebi miuTiTeben lorencis modelis yofaqcevis, rogorc atraqtoris, rTul qaosur xasiaTze. nax.1 da nax. 3-ze mocemulia moZraobis proce-sebi r parametris sxvadasxva mniSvnelobe-bisaTvis, rac adasturebs (1) lorencis mo-delis traeqtoriis rTul qaosur xasiaTs, romlebic aRiwereba mesame rigis deter-minirebuli diferencialuri gantolebe-biT. dadgenili faqti adasturebs Tana-medrove arawrfivi dinamikis gansacvif-rebel movlenas.
maRali 3n rigis determinirebul obieqtebze bifurkaciuli meqanizmebis mo-qmedebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia warmoiSvas rTuli qaosuri movlenebi. aseTi movle-nebis maTematikuri modelebi Seicaven xa-risxobriv da kvadratul arawrfivobas, romlebic gavrcelebulia sxvadasxva bune-bis obieqtebSi, maT Siris ekonomikaSi. amasTan warmoiSveba qaosis marTvis prob-lema, romelsac mecnierul literaturaSi eqceva sul ufro meti yuradReba.
Nnax. 3. lorencis modelis fazuri
traeqtoria samganzomilebiani modelis SemTxvevaSi
vaCveneT, rom aramarto warmoiqmnebian mdgradi zRvruli ciklebi, aramed aris imis SesaZlebloba rom procesi aRmoCndes qaosur atraqtorze. es EsaSiSroeba araris prognozirebadi, radgan qaosuri atraq-
tori SeiZleba warmoiqmnas mmarTveli pa-rametris gansazRvruli mniSvnelobis Sem-TxvevaSi (nax. 3). MmmarTveli parametris cvlilebis gziT SesaZlebelia Tavidan iq-nes acilebuli qaosuri atraqtori. zRv-ruli ciklebis konfiguracia gansazRv-ravs ekonomikuri procesis sirTules, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am valdebulebis Secvla ar aris SesaZlebeli, maSin unda Seicvalos romelime sxva mmarTveli parametri.
unda aRiniSnos, rom warmodgenili lo-rencis modeli aris sakmaod abstraqtuli. statiaSi gadmocemulia zogadi meTodo-logiuri midgoma, romelic principialu-rad axal SesaZleblobebs qmnis ekonomi-kuri procesebis analizisaTvis sinergeti-kis meTodebis gamoyenebiT. warmodgenili modelis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia gan-xorcieldes kompaniebis gakotrebis eko-nometrikuli prognozi da maTi saqmiano-bis gadasvla optimalur traeqtoriaze.
gGamoyenebuli literatura:
1. a. guguSvili. marTvissistemebi, mesame nawili. sinergetika. stu. Tbilisi. 690 g., 2004.
2. v. sesaZe, n. sesaZe. sinergetika, ara-wrfivi sistemebis sinTezi. stu. Tbilisi. 275 g., 2009.
3. v. sesaZe, n. sesaZe. sinergetika, ekono-mikuri procesebis kvleva. stu. Tbi-lisi. 161 g., 2009.
4. Чернавский Д. С., Старков Н. И., Щербаков А. В. Динамическая модель поведения общества. Синергетических подход в экономике //Новое в синергетике – М.: Наука, 2012. 286 .
5. Петерс Э. Хаос и порядок на рынках капитала, новый аналитический взгляд на циклы, цены и изменчивость рынка: Пер. с англ. М.: Издательство «МИР», 2002. — 336 с.
seqcia IV. erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis samarTlebrivi, politikuri da istoriul-
filosofiuri aspeqtebi
SECTION 3. LEGAL, POLITICAL, HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
DEVELOPMEN
CineTis saxalxo respublikis honkongis specialuri
administraciuli regionis konstituciis politikur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi
jemal gaxokiZe _ politikisa da samarTlis
mecnierebaTa doqtori, stu-s profesori
sofo midelaSvili _ socialur mecnierebaTa doqtori, stu-s asocirebuli profesori
reziume
honkongis fenomeni CvenTvis metad sa-intereso aRmoCnda, radgan 1997 wlis pir-vel ivliss misi dedasaxelmwifoSi dab-runeba marTlac unikaluri movlena da uk-ve arsebuli realobaa. aqedan gamomdinare mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia konfliqtis hon-kongis msgavsad gadawyvetis rogorc is-toriuli, ise porlitikur-samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri aspeqtebis analizi.
naSromSi gTavazobT honkongis specia-luri administraciuli regionis konsti-tuciis mniSvnelovan mxareebs politikuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT.
Political-economic aspects of the basic law of the hong kong speciasl administrative region of the
people’s republic of china
Summary
Hong Kong is a very interesting phenomenon for us because its return to the Mother Country on the first day of July 1997 was truly a unique event and the current reality. Therefore we consider it’s important to analyze historical as well as political-legal and economic aspects of the solution of the conflict.
In the article, we consider significant political and economic aspects of The Basic Law of Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong.
honkongi uZvelesi droidan CineTis te-ritoriis nawili iyo. opiumis omis (1840 weli) Semdgom honkongi okupirebul iqna didi britaneTis mier. 1984 wlis 19 de-kembers CineTisa da didi britaneTis mTav-robebis mier xelmoweril iqna erToblivi deklaracia honkongis Sesaxeb da dadas-turda, rom 1997 wlis 1 ivlisidan CineTis saxalxo respublikis xelisufleba aRad-genda suverenitets honkongze. amgvarad, Cineli xalxis didi xnis miswrafeba gand-gomili regionis dabrunebis Taobaze rea-lobad iqca. erovnuli erTianobisa da te-ritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis, honkongis-Tvis keTildReobisa da stabilurobis Se-narCunebis pirobiT, aseve, misi istoriisa da realobis gaTvaliswinebiT miRebul iq-na erToblivi gadawyvetileba honkongis specialuri administraciuli regionis da-arsebis Sesaxeb, Tanaxmad CineTis saxalxo respublikis konstituciis 31 muxlisa, principiT „erTi saxelmwifo, ori sistema”. friad sayuradReboa, rom 1984 wlidan 1997 wlis 1 ivlisamde, TiTqmis 13 wlis ganmav-lobaSi, Suamavlis funqciiT moqmedebda erTobliv mokavSireTa jgufi, romelmac dakisrebul misias brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi, razec damdgari Sedegi metyvelebs.
180
182
amasTan, aranakleb saintereso aRmoCnda didi britaneTis gansakuTrebuli poziti-uri roli, rogorc faqtobrivad Suamav-lisa, aRniSnuli problemis mogvarebasTan dakavSirebiT.
Cinur-britanuli deklaraciis xelmo-weris Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dadga honkon-gis konstituciis SemuSavebis sakiTxi. Kons-tituciis proeqtis SemuSavebis mizniT Se-iqmna mosamzadebeli komiteti, romelSic Sevidnen rogorc honkongis, ise CineTis kompetenturi warmomadgenlebi.
1985 wels honkongSi Tavis mxriv Seiqmna sakonsultacio komiteti, romelsac unda Seeswavla konstituciis proeqtTan dakav-SirebiT honkongis mosaxleobis mosazre-bebi, SeniSvnebi da winadadebebi da miewo-debina konstituciis mosamzadebeli komi-tetisTvis. am wesiT muSaoba gagrZelda TiTqmis sami weli.
konstituciis pirveli proeqti gamo-qveynda 1988 wlis aprilSi, xuTTviani sa-jaro konsultaciebis Semdeg. misi Caswo-rebuli varianti ukve meore proeqtis sa-xiT, gamoqveynda 1989 wlis TebervalSi, Tumca konsultaciebi kvlav grZeldeboda 1989 wlis oqtombramde. sabolood, hon-kongis specialuri administraciuli re-gionis ZiriTadi kanoni 1990 wlis 4 aprils daamtkica CineTis saxalxo respublikis erovnulma saxalxo kongresma. konstitu-cia ZalaSi Sevida 1997 wlis pirvel ivliss.
konstitucia Sedgeba preambulisgan, 9 Tavisagan da sami danarTisgan.
preambulaSi aRniSnulia, rom ,,honkongi iyo CineTis teritoriis nawili uZvelesi droidan. igi okupirebul iqna didi brita-neTi mier 1840 wels opiumis omis Semdeg. 1984 wlis 19 dekembers CineTisa da didi britaneTis mTavrobebma xeli moaweres erTobliv deklaracias honkongis Taobaze da daadasturs, rom CineTis saxalxo res-publikis mTavroba aRadgens honkongze iurisdiqcias 1997 wlis pirveli ivlisidan. amgvarad, dakmayofilebul iqna Cineli xalxis didi xnis miswrafeba honkongis da-brunebis Sesaxeb.
erovnuli erTianobisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvisa da honkongisTvis ke-TildReobisa da stabilurobis SenarCu-nebis mizniT, misi istoriisa da realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, CineTis saxalxo respub-
likam gadawyvita, aRadginos honkongze suvereniteti da CineTis saxalxo respub-likis konstituciis 31-e muxlis safu-Zvelze daarsdes honkongis specialuri administraciuli regioni principiT – „er-Ti saxelmwifo, ori sistema”. honkongSi so-cialisturi sistema da politika ar da-mkvidrdeba. CineTis saxalxo respublikis ZiriTadi politika honkongTan mimarTe-baSi CineTis xelisuflebam asaxa Cinur-britanul erTobliv deklaraciaSi.
CineTis saxalxo respublikis konsti-tuciis Sesabamisad, erovnuli saxalxo kongresi amtkicebs CineTis saxalxo res-publikis honkongis specialuri admini-straciuli regionis konstitucias, ayali-bebs sistemebs aRniSnul regionSi, raTa uzrunvelyfil iqnes CineTis saxalxo res-publikis ZiriTadi politikis ganxorcie-leba honkongTan mimarTebaSi”.
rogorc vxedavT, prambulaSi ucvlelad dafiqsirda CineTis xelisuflebis mier er-Tobliv deklaraciaSi asaxuli yvela ga-rantia, rasac unda dafuZneboda CineT-honkongis urTierTobebi 1997 wlis pirve-li ivlisidan. kKonstituciis pirveli mux-lis safuZvelze ,,honkongis specialuri administraciuli regioni aris CineTis saxalxo respublikis ganuyofeli nawili”. me-2 muxliT ki ─ ,,erovnuli saxalxo kon-gresi uflebamosilebas aniWebs honkongis specialur administraciul regions, isar-geblos maRali xarisxis avtonomiiT, hyav-des aRmasrulebeli, sakanonmdeblo da da-moukidebeli sasamarTlo xelisufleba, maT Soris, konstituciis debulebebis Se-sabamisad, hqondes saboloo gadawyveti-lebis miRebis ufleba".
konstituciis me-9 muxlis Sesabamisad honkongis xelisuflebis samive Stos, Ci-nuri enis garda, SeuZlia oficialur enad gamoiyenos inglisuric. amiT CineTma uda-vod pativi sca da gaiTvaliswina brita-neTis samomavlo interesebi honkongTan mimarTebaSi 1997 wlis Semdegac.
centralur xelisuflebasa da regions Soris urTierToba konstituciis me-12 da me-13 muxlebiT daregulirda, kerZod: hon-kongis regioni isargeblebs maRali xaris-xis avtonomiiT da pirdapir daeqvemde-bareba centralur xelisuflebas. amasTan ,,centraluri saxalxo mTavroba honkongis
183
specialur administraciul regions ani-Webs uflebamosilebas, sakuTari saSinao politika warmarTos winamdebare konsti-tuciis Sesabamisad”. es adasturebs, rom CineTis xelisufleba Tanaxmaa, honkongma Tavisi saSinao politika warmarTos Tavi-sive konstituciiT.
sayuradReboa centraluri xelisufle-bis uflebamosileba honkongSi sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebasTan dakavSire-biT, kerZod, me-18 muxlis mixedviT ,,im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erovnuli saxalxo kong-resis mudmivmoqmedi komiteti gadawyvets, gamoacxados sagangebo mdgomareoba hon-kongis specialur administraciul regi-onSi areulobis gamo, romelic safrTxes uqmnis erovnul erTianobasa da usafr-Txoebas da situacia regionis kontrols ar daeqvemdebareba, centralur saxalxo mTavrobas SeuZlia gamosces gankarguleba, raTa regionSi amoqmeddes Sesabamisi sa-xelmwifo kanonmdebloba”. konstituciis me-3 Tavi mTlianad daTmobili aqvs hon-kongis moqalaqeTa fundamentur uflebebs da movaleobebs. 24-e muxlis mixedviT ,,honkongis specialuri administraciuli regionis mosaxleoba ("honkongis macxov-reblebi") Sedgeba mudmivi da aramudmivi macxovreblebisagan.
honkongis specialuri administraci-uli regionis mudmivi macxovrebelia:
1. honkongis specialuri administraci-uli regionis daarsebamde an daarse-bis Semdeg honkongSi dabadebuli Ci-neTis moqalaqe;
2. CineTis moqalaqe, romelic honkongis specialuri administraciuli regio-nis daarsebamde an daarsebis Semdeg honkongSi uwyvetad cxovrobda ara-nakleb Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi;
3. (1) da (2) kategoriebSi CamoTvlil pir-Ta Svilebi;
4. araCineli erovnebis piri, romelic honkongis specialuri administraciu-li regionis daarsebamde an daarsebis Semdeg honkongSi Sevida moqmedi sam-gzavro dokumentiT, honkongSi Cveu-lebriv cxovrobda uwyvetad aranak-leb Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi da hon-kongs miiCnevs mis mudmiv sacxovrebel adgilad;
5. honkongis specialuri administraciu-li regionis daarsebamde an daarsebis Semdeg honkongSi dabadebuli 21 wlis asakamde piri, romelic Seyvanilia mo-saxleobis me-4 kategoriaSi;
6. pirvel-mexuTe kategoriebSi Seyvanili piri, visac honkongis specialuri ad-ministraciuli regionis daarsebamde mxolod honkongSi cxovrebis ufleba hqonda.
zemoxsenebul pirebs aqvT honkongis specialur administraciul regionSi cxo-vrebisa da regionis kanonmdeblobis Sesa-bamisad mudmivi piradobis mowmobis miRe-bis ufleba, rac adasturebs maTi cxovre-bis uflebas.
honkongis specialuri administraciu-li regionis droebiTi mcxovrebi iqneba piri, romelic cdilobs regionis kanon-mdeblobis Sesabamisad moipovos honkongis piradobis mowmoba, magram ar aqvs mud-mivad cxovrebis ufleba”.
CineTis centraluri xelisufleba gan-sakuTrebul sifrTxiles da pativiscemas afiqsirebs honkongSi arsebul tradici-ebisa da ZirZveli mosaxleobis interesebis mimarT. me-40 muxlSi vkiTxulobT, rom “honkongis specialur administraciul re-gionSi daculi iqneba kanonieri tradi-ciuli uflebebi da “axali teritoriebis” ZirZveli mosaxleobis interesebi”.
konstituciis me-4 Tavi exeba regionis politikur struqturas, romelic 6 nawi-lisagan Sedgeba. pirveli da meore nawili gansazRvravs mTavari aRmasruleblisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis arCevis, formirebis wess da kompetencias. kons-tituciiT mTavari aRmasrulebeli regi-onis xelmZRvaneli (mTavrobis meTauri) da warmomadgenelia. igi angariSvaldebulia centraluri saxalxo mTavrobis winaSe (mi-si daniSvnis, arCevis wesis Sesaxeb qvemoT, Semdeg TavSi gveqneba msjeloba). xazgas-mulia, rom mTavari aRmasrulebeli unda iyos patiosani da saqmisaTvis Tavdade-buli. misi funqciebi da uflebamosileba gansazRvrulia konstituciis 48-e muxliT, romlis mixedviT, is:
(1) xelmZRvanelobs regionis mTavrobas; (2) pasuxismgebelia konstituciisa da
sxva kanonebis dacvaze, romelsac iTvaliswinebs winamdebare konsti-
184
tucia da moqmedebs honkongis spe-cialur administraciul regionSi;
(3) xels awers sakanonmdeblo sabWos mier miRebul kanonproeqtebs da aq-veynebs kanonebs; xels awers saka-nonmdeblo sabWos mier miRebul bi-ujets, biujetis angariSsa da sabo-loo angariSebs centraluri saxalxo mTavrobis oqmisTvis;
(4) wyvets samTavrobo politikas da ga-moscems administraciul brZanebebs;
(5) centralur saxalxo mTavrobas dasa-niSnad warudgens: departamentebis mdivnebsa da mdivnis moadgileebs, biuros direqtorebs, komisars ko-rufciasTan brZolis sakiTxebSi, auditis komisiis direqtors, poli-ciis komisars, imigraciis direqtor-sa da sabaJo da saaqcizo komisars. winadadebebiT Sedis centraluri saxalxo mTavrobis winaSe aRniSnuli Tanamdebobis pirebis gaTavisufle-bis Taobaze;
(6) samarTlebrivi procedurebis Sesaba-misad niSnavs da aTavisuflebs mosa-marTleebs yvela doneze;
(7) samarTlebrivi procedurebis Sesaba-misad niSnavs da aTavisuflebs saja-ro moxeleebs;
(8) axorcielebs centraluri saxalxo mTavrobis miTiTebebs am konstitu-ciiT gaTvaliswinebul sakiTxebze;
(9) honkongis specialuri administraci-uli regionis mTavrobis saxeliT warmarTavs sagareo da sxva saqmeebs centraluri xelisuflebis mier mi-niWebuli uflebamosilebis farg-lebSi;
(10) sakanonmdeblo sabWos warudgens wi-nadadebebs SemosavlebTan an xarjeb-Tan dakavSirebiT;
(11) sajaro interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT wyvets usafrTxoebisa da sasicocx-lo mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs, romelma saxelisuflebo Tanamdebobis pirma an sxva personalma unda warudginos informacia sakanonmdeblo sabWos an mis komitetebs;
(12) Seiwyalebs sisxlis samarTlis dana-SaulSi msjavrdebul pirebs an umsu-buqebs maT sasjels.
(13) ixilavs Suamdgomlobebsa da saCiv-rebs.
garda amisa, konstituciis 50-e muxlis Tanaxmad ,,Tu mTavari aRmasrulebeli sa-kanonmdeblo sabWos mier meored warmod-genil kanonproeqts ar moawers xels an sakanonmdeblo sabWo ar miiRebs mTavro-bis mier wardgenil biujets an sxva mniSv-nelovan kanonproeqts da verc konsul-taciebis Sedegad moxdeba SeTanxmeba, maSin mTavar aRmasrulebels ufleba aqvs, dai-Txovos sakanonmdeblo sabWo.
mTavarma aRmasrulebelma sakanonmdeb-lo sabWos daTxovnamde konsultacia unda gaiaros aRmasrulebel sabWosTan. mTavar aRmasrulebels SeuZlia daiTxovos saka-nonmdeblo sabWo mxolod erTxel ufle-bamosilebis erT vadaSi”.
amrigad, gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityviT, rom mTavari aRmasruleblis uflebebi TiTqmis gaTanabrebulia qveynis prezidentis ─ meTauris sakonstitucio samarTliT aRiarebul uflebebTan. niSan-doblivia, rom mTavrobis stuqturaSi iqm-neba korufciasTan brZolis komisia, ro-melic angariSvaldebulia mTavari aRmas-ruleblis winaSe. rac Seexeba sisxlis sa-marTlis devnas, mas prokuratura uzrun-velyofs, xolo kontrols axorcielebs iusticiis departamenti. konstituciis me-4 Tavis me-3 nawili eTmoba sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas. sakanonmdeblo xelisufle-ba honkongSi warmodgenilia sakanonm-deblo sabWos saxiT. konstituciis 67-e da 68-e muxlebis Tanaxmad: ,,honkongis spe-cialuri administraciuli regionis saka-nonmdeblo sabWos wevrebi CineTis moqa-laqeebia, romlebic arian regionis mudmivi rezidentebi da ara aqvT ucxo qveyanaSi cxovrebis ufleba. amasTan, regionSi mud-mivad mcxovrebni, romlebic ar arian Cine-Tis moqalaqeebi an aqvT ucxo qveynaSi cxovrebis ufleba, SesaZlebelia arCeul iqnen sakanonmdeblo sabWoSi im pirobiT, rom maTi raodenoba ar gadaaWarbebs sab-Wos mTeli Semadgenlobis 20 %-s.
honkongis specialuri administraciu-li regionis sakanonmdeblo sabWo yalib-deba arCevnebis gziT.
sakanonmdeblo sabWos formirebis wesi ganisazRvreba honkongis specialur admi-nistraciul regionSi arsebuli faqtob-
185
rivi viTarebisa da etapobrivi da Tan-mimdevruli progresis principis Sesaba-misad. saboloo mizania sakanonmdeblo sabWos yvela wevris sayovelTao kenWis-yriT arCeva”. miuxedavad amisa, sakanonm-deblo sabWos yvela wevris arCeva sayo-velTao kenWisyriT dRemde ar aris uz-runvelyofili da aqedan gamomdinare, hon-kongelebis da CineTis centraluri xe-lisuflebis dapirispireba xSirad swored amiTaa gamowveuli da mas Cven qvemoT kidev davubrundebiT.
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis arCevis pirveli vada ganisazRvra 2 wliT, xolo Semdgomi vadebi ─ 4 wliT. mis uflebamosi-lebas gansazRvravs 73-e muxli, kerZod, sa-kanonmdeblo xelisufleba:
1. iuridiuli procedurebis Sesabamisad iRebs an auqmebs kanonebs, Seaqvs Ses-worebebi maTSi;
2. ganixilavs da amtkicebs mTavrobis mi-er wardgenil biujets;
3. amtkicebs sagadasaxado da sazogado-ebriv xarjebs;
4. mTavari aRmasrulebisgan iRebs da ga-nixilavs informacias;
5. ganixilavs mTavrobis muSaobas; 6. ganixilavs nebismier iniciativas, ro-
melic ukavSirdeba sazogadoebriv in-teresebs;
7. wyvets saapelacio sasamarTlos mo-samarTleebisa da umaRlesi sasamarT-los mTavari mosamarTlis daniSvnisa da moxsnis sakiTxs;
8. iRebs da ganixilavs honkongis mcxov-rebTa saCivrebsa da gancxadebebs;
9. wyvets mTavari aRmasruleblis impiC-mentis sakiTxs;
10. zemoaRniSnuli funqciebis Sesasru-leblad iwvevs pirebs, romlebsac Se-iZleba hqondeT informacia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
konstituciis me-4 Tavis me-4 nawili daTmobili aqvs sasamarTlo xelisufle-bas.
me-80 muxlis Tanaxmad ,,honkongis spe-cialuri administraciuli regionis sasa-marTloebi warmoadgenen sasamarTlo xe-lisuflebas regionSi yvela doneze da axorcieleben sasamarTlo Zalauflebas”.
honkongSi funqcionirebs pirveli ins-tanciis, saapelacio da uzenaesi sasa-
marTlo, riTac sasamarTlo xelisuflebas miniWebuli aqvs saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba da regulirdeba Sesabamisi kanoniT. gansakuTrebiT xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom marTlmsajuleba da samarTalwarmoeba efuZneba britanul ka-nonmdeblobas da, aqedan gamomdinare, iye-nebs precedentul samarTals. honkongSi SenarCunebul iqna honkongis nafic msa-julTa instituti. amiT regioni udavod dacul iqna CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi dRemde arsebuli dasjis umkacresi sisx-lis samarTlebrivi politikasgan, maT So-ris sikvdiliT dasjis gamoyenebisagan. mo-samarTleTa korpusis daniSvnisa da gan-Tavisuflebis prerogativa mTlianad hon-kongis mTavari aRmasruleblis da sakanon-mdeblo sabWos xelSia da regulirdeba konstituciis 88-e da 90-e muxlebiT.
konstituciis 93-e muxlis Sesabamisad ,,honkongis specialuri administraciuli regionis daarsebamde honkongSi momuSave mosamarTleebsa da sasamarTloTa sxva TanamSromlebs unarCundeba samuSao adgi-lebi, anazRaureba, SeRavaTebi, sargebeli da eqmneba muSaobis aranakleb xelsayreli pirobebi.
honkongis specialuri administraciu-li regionis mTavroba afinansebs mosa-marTleebsa da sasamarTloTa sxva Tana-mSromlebs, romlebic rogorc honkongis specialuri administraciuli regionis Se-qmnis Semdeg, ise manamde, gadadgnen an midian samsaxuridan gansazRvruli wesebis Sesabamisad, miuxedavad maTi moqalaqeo-bisa an sacxovrebeli adgilisa”.
zemoaRniSnuli konstituciuri garan-tiebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom honkongSi 1997 wlis pirveli ivlisis Semdeg faqtobrivad SenarCunda sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ara marto arsebuli sistema, aramed mosamarT-leTa korpusis stabiluroba.
konstituciis me-4 Tavis me-6 nawili eTmoba sajaro moxeleebs. 101-e muxli ad-gens: ,,honkongis specialuri administra-ciuli regionis mTavrobas SeuZlia sajaro samsaxurSi daasaqmos britaneli da sxva erovnebis moqalaqe, romelsac aqvs mudmivi piradobis mowmoba. mxolod CineTis moqa-laqeebs, mudmiv rezidentebs, romlebsac ara aqvT ucxo qveyanaSi cxovrebis ufleba, SeuZliaT daikavon Semdegi Tanamdebobebi:
186
departamentis mdivani da mdivnis moadgi-le, biuros direqtori, korufciis wina-aRmdeg brZolis komisiis wevri, auditis komisiis direqtori, policiis rwmunebu-li, imigraciis samsaxuris direqtori da sabaJosa da aqcizis rwmunebuli.
honkongis specialuri administraci-uli regionis mTavrobas SeuZlia samTav-robo departamentSi mrCevelad daasaqmos britaneli da sxva qveynis moqalaqe. SaWi-roebis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba mowveul iq-nen kvalificiuri kandidatebi aseve regi-onis garedan, raTa samTavrobo departa-mentebSi Seivsos profesiuli da teqnikuri Tanamdebobebi. ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi SeirCevian mxolod maTi individualuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. isini pasuxismgebeli arian regionis mTavrobis winaSe”.
Cveni azriT sayuradReboa konstituci-is 104-e muxli honkongis specialuri ad-ministraciuli regionisadmi erTgulebis Taobaze, kerZod, aRniSnuli muxlis Tanax-mad ,,honkongis specialur administraci-ul regionSi Tanamdebobis dakavebisas mTa-vari aRmasrulebeli, oficialuri pirebi, aRmasrulebeli sabWosa da sakanonmdeb-lo sabWos wevrebi, yvela donis sasamarT-los mosamarTleebi da sasamarTlos sxva TanamSromlebi fics deben CineTis saxalxo respublikis honkongis specialuri admi-nistraciuli regionis ZiriTadi kanonis dacvasa da CineTis saxalxo respublikis honkongis specialuri administraciuli regionisadmi erTgulebaze”.
konstituciis me-5 Tavi moicavs eko-nomikas, maT Soris finansebs, monetarul saqmeebs, vaWrobas, mrewvelobas, miwis ijaras, gadazidvebs, samoqalaqo aviacias.
konstituciis 106-e muxli calsaxad ad-gens, rom honkongis specialur administ-raciul regions aqvs damoukidebeli fi-nansebi.
honkongis specialuri administraci-uli regioni Tavis finansur Semosavlebs iyenebs mxolod da mxolod sakuTari miz-nebisaTvis da ar gadascems mas centralur saxalxo mTavrobas.
centraluri saxalxo mTavroba honkon-gis specialur administraciul regions ar sTxovs gadasaxadebis gadaxdas”.
garda amisa, konstituciis 109-e da 113-e muxlebiT dadginda Semdegi: ,,honkongis specialuri administraciuli regionis mTavroba uzrunvelyofs saTanado ekono-mikuri da samarTlebrivi garemos Seqmnas, raTa SenarCundes honkongis, rogorc saerTaSoriso finansuri centris statusi.
honkongis specialuri administraciu-li regionis monetaruli da finansuri sis-temebi iqneba gansazRvruli kanonis Sesa-bamisad.
honkongis specialuri administraciu-li regionis mTavroba TviTon gansazRv-ravs monetarul da finansur politikas, icavs biznesis Tavisufal saqmianobas da finansur bazars, kanonis Sesabamisad are-gulirebs da zedamxedvelobas uwevs maT.
honkongis dolari kvlavac rCeba mi-moqcevaSi.
honkongis specialuri administraciu-li regionis mTavrobas eniWeba ufleba-mosileba savaluto sakiTxTan dakavSire-biT, rasac mTlianad uWers mxars sare-zervo fondi.
honkongis specialur administraciul regionSi ar xorcieldeba ucxouri va-lutis kontrolis politika. honkongis dolari aris Tavisuflad konvertirebadi.
honkongis specialuri administraciu-li regionis mTavroba icavs kapitalis moZraobis Tavisuflebas regionis SingniT da gareT.
honkongis specialuri administraciu-li regionis savaluto fonds akontro-lebs regionis mTavroba umTavresad hon-kongis dolaris savaluto Rirebulebis regulaciis mizniT”.
araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti, rom konstituciiT honkongis specialuri ad-ministraciuli regionis srul gamgeblo-baSia regionis ekonomika da finansebi. ga-dazidvebis sferoc, maT Soris samoqalaqo aviaciac, regionis gamgeblobaSia. konsti-tuciis 124-e da 125-e muxlis Tanaxmad hon-kongis specialuri administraciuli regi-oni inarCunebs gadazidvebis menejmentis adrindel sistemebs da gadazidvaTa re-gulaciebs.
honkongis specialur administraciul regions centraluri saxalxo mTavroba aniWebs uflebamosilebas, gaagrZelos ga-dazidvebis registracia da Tavisi kanonm-
187
deblobis Sesabamisad gasces sertifika-tebi saxelwodebiT ─ ,,honkongi, CineTi".
128-e muxli garantias iZleva, rom ,,hon-kongis specialuri administraciuli regi-onis mTavroba Seqmnis pirobebs da miiRebs zomebs, raTa honkongs SeunarCundes saer-TaSoriso da regionuli saaviacio centris statusi”.
135-e muxlis mixedviT ,,im aviakompani-ebs, romelTa ZiriTadi saqmianoba ukavSir-deba samoqalaqo aviacias honkongis spe-cialur administraciul regionSi da rom-lebic daarsebulia honkongis specialuri administraciuli regionis Seqmnamde, mie-cemaT muSaobis gagrZelebis ufleba”.
konstituciis me-7 Tavi adgens garkve-ul wesebs sagareo saqmeebis mimarTule-biT, miuxedavad imisa, rom es sfero Ci-neTis saxalxo respublikis gamgeblobaSia. kerZod 150-e da 151-e muxlebiT: ,,honkon-gis specialuri administraciuli regionis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi CineTis sa-xalxo respublikis mTavrobis delegaciis wevris rangSi monawileoben centraluri saxalxo mTavrobis mier warmoebul dip-lomatiur molaparakebebSi, romelic gani-xilavs sakiTxs uSualod regionis Sesaxeb.
honkongis specialuri administraciu-li regioni, raki iyenebs saxelwodebas ,,honkongi, CineTi", inarCunebs da aviTa-rebs urTierTobebs, debs da axorcielebs SeTanxmebebs ucxo qveynebTan, regionebsa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan sxvada-sxva sferoebSi, maT Soris ekonomikur, sa-vaWro, finansur da monetarul, gadazid-vis, komunikaciebis, turizmis, kulturisa da sportis sferoebSi”.
konstituciis 157-e muxlis Tanaxmad ,,qveynis gareT sakonsuloebisa da sxva oficialuri an naxevrad oficialuri mi-
siebis dasaarseblad honkongis specialur administraciul regions esaWiroeba cen-traluri saxalxo mTavrobis nebarTva.
honkongSi im saxelmwifoTa sakonsulo-ebi da sxva oficialuri misiebi, romelTac aqvT oficialuri diplomatiuri urTier-Tobebi CineTis saxalxo respublikasTan, SenarCunebulia.
am garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT hon-kongSi im saxelmwifoTa sakonsuloebi da sxva oficialuri misiebi, romelTac ara aqvT oficialuri diplomatiuri urTier-Tobebi CineTis saxalxo respublikasTan, naxevrad oficialuri misiebia.
saxelmwifoTa misiebs, romelTac ar aRiarebs CineTis saxalxo respublika, aqvs mxolod arasamTavrobo institutis sta-tusi”.
honkongis konstituciis Sesaxeb upirve-lesad unda aRiniSnos, rom konstituciaSi 1984 wlis erToblivi deklaraciiT aRia-rebuli principebi sruledaa asaxuli da gaziarebuli. meore ─ is, rom konstitucia mis amoqmedebamde 7 wliT adre miiRo da daamtkica CineTis centralurma xeli-suflebam. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom garda didi britaneTisa da CineTis erToblivi deklaraciisa, mizanSewonilad CaiTvala honkong-CineTis momavali urTierTobebi-saTvis ramdenime wliT adre SeeqmnaT sa-mive mxarisaTvis misaRebi konstituciuri garantiebi, konstitucia _ ZiriTadi kano-ni, romelsac daefuZneboda ara marto honkongis xelisuflebis samive Stos ─ sa-kanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarT-lo xelisuflebis saqmianoba, aramed maq-simalur sicxades Seitanda kompetenciaTa da uflebamosilebaTa gadanawilebisa da gamijvnis saqmeSi centrsa da regions So-ris.
188
kapitalizmis dilema (politikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebi)
igor kveselava _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
stu-s profesori
Capitalism dilemma (pilotical and ekonomical aspects)
Igor Kveselava
summary The spread of modern history lead us to the
repeated interpretation of historical analysis. We should get used to the fact that, the art of history is always full of surprises, as there always will be various historians who speak in different voices.
Despite its complexity, the history written in a new manner, will lead us to the point, that its studying should be filled by new life and reality. Only that historian can write history objectively, who can find ability to be guided in it and acknowledge: “Belief that we occurred from somewhere is closely connected with the belief, that we go somewhere”.
As it seems, now the world is at an early stage of formation of a new global community. Fukuyama has given us a concrete situation of historical end of the 20th Century: hermeneutical, political and psychological explanation and the contemplation of future. Although, the book “The End of History and the Last Man” written by Francis Fukuyama has not appeared as a “faultless” conception and the whole world is far away from the development of totalitarianism, authoritarianism and dictatorship and as for the liberal democracy is has not settled down irreversibly in the XXI century yet. Moreover, certain part of historians unanimously maintain that the religious fundamentalism and nationalism is an alternative to the value of liberal democracy.
Recently history faces new kind of problems. The topic “The End of History” has been replaced by the topic “The end of the conception of modern capitalism”. As it seems, the modern capitalism exhausted its possibilities and recourses, about what politicians, scientists and statesmen (A. Gori, G. Soros, P. Drucker, K. Laggard, I. Wallerstein, A. Galchinsky, N. Ornshtein. G. Plender, T. Veigel, I. Schumpeter and others) are openly talking now.
There are opinions that mankind should gradually move to the humanitarian and social-economic system which is called socialism. Scientist estimated that, this kind of system should last 400-500 years. They added that in the distant future, this system would be replaced by a system of harmonious society, which would be shorter and would last 100-150 years.
So, if we take into account the theme of historian Pier Hail that “History is the Endless Polemic”, the era of “The End of History” will never come, but the
arguments and discussions about the human dilemma and paradigm will continue for long.
istoriis mamoZravebeli Zalaa adamianis brZola pirovnuli Tavisuflebisa da uf-lebebisaTvis, Tumca, erTi pirovnebis Ta-visufleba ar unda niSnavdes meore piro-vnebis Tavisuflebis dakargvas an SezRud-vas da is saxelmwifom unda daareguliros samarTliTa da kanoniT.
istorikosi Tu filosofosi mkvleva-rebi fiqroben, rom liberaluri demo-kratia «istoriis dasasruls» moaswavebs, meore mxriv ki kacobriobis adamianTa Ta-visuflebebi axal Tvisebriv mdgomareo-baSi unda gadavides.
istoria gverds ver auvlis samyaros Sinagan winaaRmdegobebs – erovnul umci-resobaTa da RaribTa problemebs da ag-resiul separatizms, romlebic ngreviT emuqreba liberalur demokratias.
Tanamedrove konkretuli istoriuli etapis procesebis analizi gvamcnobs, rom ar aris gamoricxuli «postistoriul siv-rceSi» myofi civilizebuli adamianebi da qveynebi isev warsuls, isev istoriul siv-rces daubrundnen da momavali warsulad gadaiqces. Tumca, imasac varaudoben, rom civilizacia kvlav wava «istoriis dasas-rulisken», magram rodis miaRwevs amas meored da ra msxverplis fasad aravin icis.
istoria ver miaCumaTebs «istoriis da-sasrulis» koncefciasac, romlis saTa-veebTan Tavis droze idgnen hegeli, ber-diaevi, iaspersi da sxva moazrovneebi da gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove fukuiama, romelmac hegelisagan gansxvavebiT mogvca XX saukunis dasasrulis konkretuli isto-riuli situaciis hermenevtikuli, politi-kuri da filosofiuri axsna da momavlis Wvreta, Tumca misi «istoriis dasasruli» ver aRmoCnda «ucdomeli» koncefcia da mTeli msoflio jer kidev Sors aris to-talitarizmis, avtoritarizmis, diqtatu-ris saboloo ganTavisuflebisagan da li-beraluri demokratia sabolood da Seuq-cevadad jer kidev da ver mkvidrdeba XXI saukunis msoflioSic.
cxadia, rodesac vsaubrobT «istoriis dasasrulze» mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara
189
kacTa modgmis istoriis dasasruli (apoka-lifsi), aramed is evoluciuri cvlile-bebi, romlebic ganapirobebs politikuri sistemebisa da ideuri Rirebulebebis cva-lebadobas. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs iseT sazogadoebasTan, romelSic adamianTa yve-la survili unda dakmayofildes da srul-ma Tanasworobam daisadguros.
Tu hegelisTvis es aris e.w. «libera-luri saxelmwifo», xolo marqsisTvis «komunizmi», fukuiamam, 1989 wels Jurnal «neiSenal interest»-Si gamoqveynebul Tavis erT-erT cnobil esseSi, «istoriis dasasruli» warmoadgina koncefcia, rom-lis Tanaxmad liberaluri demokratia Ca-moyalibda mmarTvelobis iseT sistemad, romlisken miiswrafvian Tanamedrove sa-xelmwifoebi. amdenad dasrulda ideolo-giuri dava da Sesabamisad istoriis evo-luciac. fukuiamam «gamarjvebulad» ga-moacxada sabazro demokratia, rogorc Ria konkurenciaze da Sejibrebaze damyarebu-li politikuri sistema.
amerikeli politologi fiqrobda, rom XX saukuneSi moxda liberalur-demokra-tiuli politikuri sistemis monopoli-zacia, xolo globalizaciam migviyvana er-Ti sistemis dominirebamde da «usazRvro» msoflios Seqmnamde. fukuiamas koncefcia nawilobriv gaziarebulia amerikeli poli-tologis endriu heivudis wignSic «po-litikuri ideologiebi», romelSic li-beralizmi, rogorc politikuri ideolo-gia gamocxadebulia RirebulebaTa im sis-temad, romlis gamyarebisken miiswrafvis ara marto msoflios sxvadasxva saxelm-wifoTa politikuri da ekonomikuri ins-titutebi, aramed samoqalaqo sazogadoe-bebi da saerTaSoriso politikuri struq-turebi.
msoflio qveynebis e.w. «erTian bazrad» Camoyalibebaze da neoliberaluri poli-tikuri ideologiisa da dasavluri poli-tikuri kulturis dominirebaze akeTebd-nen aqcentebs politikis mkvlevarebi pol hersti, grem tompsoni da sxvebi, da dar-wmunebulebi iyvnen, rom msoflioSi gaba-tondeboda liberalur-demokratiuli mma-rTvelobis sistema da bolo moeReboda avtoritarizmsa da socialistur centra-lizebul dagegmvas, Tumca bolo periodSi msoflioSi ganviTarebulma ekonomikurma, politikurma, socialurma da religiurma procesebma aCvenes, rom dasavluri Rire-bulebebi ar aRmoCnda kacTa modgmis isto-riis universaluri produqti da msofli-os sxvadasxva regionSi gamoikveTa iseTi
Rirebulebebi, romlebSic xazi esmeba erovnul identurobasa da TviTmyofado-bas da did zegavlenas axdens sazogadoeb-riv cnobierebaze, saxelisuflebo struq-turebze da samoqalaqo institutebze.
istoriis mkvlevarebi SeniSnaven, rom socializmi, rogorc idea ar damarcxe-bula da warmatebiT agrZelebs arsebobas msoflio sivrceSi. Sesabamisad, arseboben da moqmedeben marqsis mier aRmoCenili sazogadoebrivi kanonebi.
udavoa, marqsistuli socializmis Teo-ria gulisxmobda socializmis gamarjvebas maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi, Tumca mo-gvianebiT saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Ji-niT Sepyrobilma leninma daamaxinja marq-sizmi da wamoayena debuleba, rom socia-lizmis gamarjveba SesaZlebeli iyo kapi-talizmis yvelaze sust rgolSi – ruseTSi. Tumca stalinis didi Zalisxmevis miuxe-davad, mogvianebiT, es idea damarcxda.
dRes siamovnebiT saubroben socializ-mis da racionaluri kapitalizmis kon-fergenciaze, anu sxvadasxva sistemebis ur-TierTdaaxloebaze. amis saukeTeso magali-Tad miiCneven CineTs, romelic swrafad viTardeba da warmatebiT umklavdeba mso-flio ekonomikur krizisebs. es krizisebi ki bolo wlebSi umZlavres dartymas aye-nebs amerikis udides kompaniebs. maT Soris aRmoCnda «fordi», «kraisleri», «jene-ral motorsi» da sxvebi, romelTa gadar-CenisTvis saxemwifom socialistur meTo-debs mimarTa da didi finansuri daxmareba gauwia maT.
Tanamedrove kapitalizmi gansxvavdeba Zveli kapitalizmisagan. Tu veluri kapi-talizmi demokratiulia umaRlesi fenebi-saTvis, anu demokratia arsebobs xelisuf-lebisaTvis, Tanamedrove kapitalizmSi Se-darebiT meti demokratiaa mTeli sazoga-doebisaTvis. Tumca, rogorc wesi, kapi-talisturi sistema ulmobel konkuren-cias uWers mxars, sustebi kotrdebian, rac iwvevs winaaRmdegobas Sromasa da kapitals Soris. mwvavdeba urTierTobani damouki-debel da damokidebul saxelmwifoTa So-ris; winaaRmdegobaa TviT kapitalistur saxelmwifoebs Sorisac, rac iwvevs far-TomasStabian saxalxo gamosvlebs amerika-sa da evropaSi, socialuri samarTlianobis aRsadgenad.
udavoa, isic, rom demokratiis saxeliT mebrZoli didi saxelmwifoebi, sakmao Za-lisxmeviT erevian sxva qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi da cdiloben iq gavlenis mopo-vebas (avRaneTi, aRmosavleT evropa, bal-
190
kaneTi, egvipte, erayi, irani, kavkasia, li-bia, siria da sxv.).
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove ka-pitalizmi cdilobs adamianebi sabazro stiqiis ulmoblobas cotaTi mainc moari-dos, aq ufro gonivrulad aris Sexamebuli liberalizmi – konkurenciis Tavisufleba da saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba (socia-lizmi), rac ufro efeqtiania da perspeq-tiuli. Tanamedrove kapitalistur siste-maSi kvlav rCeba ZalaSi winaaRmdegoba mdidrebsa da Raribebs, mCagvrelebsa da Cagrulebs Soris.
cxadia, Tanamedrove viTarebaSi gasaT-valiswinebelia is realobac, rom evro-pulma kapitalizmma moaxerxa mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis garkveuli garantiebis Seqmna (Svecia, dania, norvegia da sxv.), Tumca es ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevam ganapiroba, rac ar aris saerTod damaxa-siaTebeli kapitalizmisTvis da ufro Ta-namedrove socializmisken miniSnebis ma-tarebelia.
exla Znelia viwinaswarmetyveloT marq-sistuli socializmis sistemis mobrune-baze praqtkaSi, magram, cxadia, rom mudmivi ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri sistemebi ar arseboben.
Tanamedrove kapitalizmma amowura Ta-visi SesaZleblobani da amis Sesaxeb dau-faravad laparakoben dasavleTeli poli-tikosebi, mecnierebi da saxelmwifo moR-vaweebi. jer kidev gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis vice-prezidenti albert gori werda: `ame-rikis SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri da ekonomikuri sistema sadReisod imdenad aris gacveTili da borotad gamoyenebuli, rom erovnuli ganviTarebis gzaze goniv-ruli arCevanis unari ar arsebobs. kapita-lizmis modeli amoiwura, xolo misi gameo-reba civilizacias srul kraxamde miiyvans~.
Tu angariSs gavuwevT mecnierTa da po-litikosTa daskvnebs imis Sesaxeb, rom sa-zogadoebriv-ekonomikur epoqebs gaaCniaT dabadebis, ganviTarebisa da dasasrulis periodi da zogadi kanonzomierebebidan gamomdinare ver ascdebian Secvlis pro-cess, kapitalizmis sistemas igi ukve miu-axlovda da XXI saukune am sistemis bolo TariRia. kacobrioba TandaTanobiT unda gadavides humanistur sazogadoebriv-eko-nomikur sistemaze – dasavlur socia-lizmze, romelmac mecnierTa gaTvliT 400-500 weli unda iarsebos.
socializms amJamad Tavisi ganviTarebis bavSvobis periodi udgas, xolo rogorc
mecnierebi varaudoben, momavalSi mas Ca-enacvleba ufro zepirovnuli sistema – harmoniuli sazogadoeba. Tumca, mkvle-varTa gaangariSebiT igi xanmokle iqneba da misi dabadeba, ganviTareba da dasasruli sul 100-150 weliwads moicavs.
socializmze gadasvla unda moxdes Tan-daTanobiT, upirvelesad sazogadoebis ganviTarebis am safexurze gadavlen ganvi-Tarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebi, mxo-lod evoluciis gziT, Sesabamisad unda ga-moiricxos procesis revoluciuri ganvi-Tareba.
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sistemis istoria rom dasasrulisken mieqaneba, amas bevri faqti adasturebs. 2012 wlis dasa-wyisSi, davosSi Semdgar msoflio qveynebis ekonomikur formuze gacxadda, rom ax-lovdeba kapitalizmis dasavluri modelis dasasruli. gavlenianma biznes-gamocemam «forbsma» gamoaqveyna publikacia, ro-melmac msoflios auwya, rom finansurma sistemam mohkla ekonomika da saWiroa «didi transformacia da axali modelebis Seqmna».
sainvesticio fondis mmarTvelis devid rubenSteinis gancxadebiT, Tavisufali bazris dasavlur models 3-4 weli aqvs imisaTvis, rom Seicvalos. rogorc Cans, dasavlur models realur konkurenicias uwevs ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic saxelmwifo ufro mniSnelovan rols as-rulebs ekonomikaSi, vidre amerikis Seer-Tebul Statebsa da dasavleT evropaSi.
dRes TiTqmis ar davoben imazec, rom kapitalizmis arsebuli tipebi saxelmwifo regulirebis arasakmarisobis gamo iwveven ekonomikur vardnas, rasac mosdevs socia-luri daZabuloba, saxalxo gamosvlebi, qaosi da konfliqtebic. miliardeli jorj sorosis azriT, msoflios win yvelaze mZime periodi elodeba. evrozonaSi qaosi da konfliqtebi gardauvalia, amerikaSi ki – quCis ajanyebebi da saxelmwifos mxridan mkacri zomebis miReba, rac moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis mkveTrad Sekvecas ganapirobebs, xolo globaluri ekonomikuri sistema, SesaZloa, mTlianad daiSalos.
Tanamedrove istorikosebi fiqroben, rom mimdinare situacias bevri saerTo aqvs 1930-iani wlebis did depresiasTan. Ro-gorc Cans, ganviTarebuli msoflios mim-dinare krizisi winaswar ganuWvreteli aR-moCnda, rogorc 80-ian wlebSi sabWoTa sis-temis kolafsi. j. sorosi cdilobs imaSic dagvarwmunos, rom im ideis kraxi, rom
191
bazrebs TviTregulireba SeuZliaT, marq-sizmis politikuri sistemis kraxis Tana-baria.
sakiTxi kapitalizmis istoriuli dasas-rulis Sesaxeb, ramdenime aTeuli welia ganixileba samecniero gamocemebSi. maT Soris sayuradReboa aSS-is erT-erTi cno-bili ekonomistis piter driukeris, 1993 wels gamocemuli wigni «postkapitalis-turi sazogadoeba». 2003 wels daibeWda msoflios erT-erTi avtoritetuli soci-ologis emanuel vallerstainis naSromi «nacnobi msoflios dasasruli», romelic gvarwmunebs, rom «kapitalizmi cdilobs gaakeTos ukanaskneli amosunTqva, axali sunTqvis SeZenis gareSe». misi mtkicebiT kapitalizmi, rogorc msoflio sistema 50 weliwadSi saerTod ar iarsebebs. amasve adasturebs gamoCenili amerikeli mecnieri elvin toffleric.
rogorc Cans, mzaddeba aucilebeli wa-namZRvrebi axali sazogadoebisTvis. Tana-medrove kapitalizmma daiwyo Tavisi Tavis uaryofa. mis wiaRSi ibadeba sakuTriv axali struqturebi, romlebic SeinarCune-ben kapitalizmis niSanTvisebebs.
Tu isev frensis fukuiamas koncefcias davubrundebiT, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg liberaluri demokratia triumfa-luri, globaluri modeli unda gamxdari-yo, Tumca, «istoriis dasasrulis» avtor-ma bolo periodSi imis mtkiceba daiwyo, rom kapitalizmisa da globalizaciis xar-vezebma safrTxe Seuqmnes demokratiul mo-dels.
sul axlaxan, 2012 wlis TebervalSi, ga-zeT «Spigelisadmi» micemul interviuSi, fukuiamam kvlav daadastura kapitalizmis ualternativoba, Tumca daadastura, rom am safexuris winsvlas xels uSlis garkve-uli faqtorebi, maT Soris uamravi teqno-logiuri gardaqmnebi, romelmac gamodevna dabali kvalifikaciis muSaxeli da bevrma samuSao adgili dakarga.
Tanamedrove istorikosebs albaT kidev karga xans mouwevT kamaTi kapitalizmis pa-radigmulobisa Tu dilemurobis Sesaxeb, miTumetes amerikas axali «didi depresia» daemuqra da uol stritze dawyebulma mo-Zraobam kidev erTxel aCvena msoflios, rom ekonomikuri da politikuri libera-lizaciis amerikulma modelma saSineli dartyma miayena rigiT adamianebs, xolo ufro gaamdidra qveynis yvelaze mdidari nawili. Tumca, fukuiama kvlav medgrad dgas kapitoliumis borcvze gaSlili dro-SiT, romelsac aseTi warwera amSvenebs:
«yvela misi xarvezis miuxedavad, libera-luri demokratia dRemde erTaderTi yve-laze optimaluri variantia mTel msof-lioSi».
amdenad, msoflio istoria bevri axali realobebis mowmea da amas verc saqarTve-lo acdeba. Tumca, mas mouwevs suvereni-tetis garkveuli nawilis daTmoba, poli-tikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da sxva problemebis mosagvareblad, miTumetes saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi gaerTianeba niSnavs valdebulebebis aRebas da ufleba-mosilebebis SezRudvasac, magram dasav-leTTan integraciulma procesebma qveynis damoukideblobis dasustebamde ar unda migviyvanos.
saqarTveloSi dawyebuli vesternizaci-is procesi misaRebi unda iyos erovnuli mentalitetisa da cxovrebis wesisaTvis, miTumetes, saqarTvelo aris qveyana, sadac istoriulad Tavs iyris sxvadasxva reli-giuri mimdinareoba da kulturuli nakadi.
liberaluri demokratia dasavluri samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi universaluri Rirebulebaa, magram is rTuli aRsaqmeli aRmoCnda qarTuli sazo-gadoebisTvis. saqarTvelos arasrul demo-kratias rTuli da grZeli gza aqvs gasav-leli. qveyanas sWirdeba kompasiani xeli-sufleba, romlis xomaldmac uxifaTod da droulad unda miaRwios sasurvel napirs.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. «istoriis Sesaxeb», krebuli jon tomis
redaqciiT, ilias universitetis gamo-cema, Tb., 2011.
2. frensis fukuiama «istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani», 1999.
3. endriu heivudi «politikuri ideolo-giebi», 2005.
4. pol hersti da grem tompsoni «globa-lizacia kritikuli analizi», «dioge-ne», Tb., 2005.
5. kveselava i., «saqarTvelos ekonomikuri da politikuri orientaciis zogierTi sakiTxi», Tb., 1999.
6. gori a., dedamiwa sasworis TefSze, niu-iorki, 1996.
7. fukuiama f., «sad aris memarcxeneebis amboxi?», gaz. «Spigeli», 2012 wlis Te-bervali, gaz. «rezonansi», 2012 wlis 8 Tebervali.
8. hegeli. «istoriis filosofia», Tb., 2005.
9. h. kisinjeri, «diplomatia» (rusul enaze), 2004.
iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis aspeqtebi sagadasaxado da sxva danaSaulTa
sferoSi
irakli gabisonia _ stu-s profesori , samarTlis departamentis ufrosi,
samarTlis doqtori irakli minaSvili _ stu-s ufrosi maswavlebeli,
samarTlis magistri
reziume SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iuridiuli piris
dasjadobis buneba erT-erTi sadavo sa-kiTxia, ara marto Cvens qveyanaSi, aramed evropul sivrceSi. is jer kidev meoce sa-ukunis dasawyisSi ganxilvis sagans warmo-adgenda, kerZod SeuZlia iuridiul pirs Tu ara Caidinos iseTi socialuri aqti, rogoricaa danaSauli, rac Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs aramarto obieqtur saqciels, aramed subieqtur, fsiqologiur aspeqteb-sac, romelic mxolod adamianis damaxasia-Tebeli Tvisebaa, miuxedavad amisa, araerT-ma civilurma saxelmwifom, aRiara iuri-diuli piri, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis subieqti ama Tu im danaSaulebze.
Summary
Nowadays we can say nature of commitment legal
person is disputable issue, not only in Georgia even in European area. In the beginning of twenty century it was subject of discussion. In particular, whether the legal entity is able to commit a social act, such is crime which in head means objective crime but also subjective, psychological aspects, which is human’s natural habit. Nevertheless in many civilized countries legal entity was recognized as the subject of a criminal offenses.
iseve rogorc msoflioSi, saqarTvelo-
Sic naTelia rom Tanamedrove organize-buli sazogadoebis arseboba warmoudge-nelia gadasaxadebis gareSe. qveynebis eko-nomikuri ganviTareba da masSi sazogadoe-bis didi nawilis CarTva pirdapir pro-porciulia, rac fiskaluri politikis gam-tareblebs aiZulebs, maqsimalurad gaa-
martivon TamaSis wesebi, raTa xeli ar Se-eSalos biznesis ganviTarebas. Tumca saga-dasaxado procedurebis gamartiveba noyi-er niadags uqmnis ukanono gamdidrebis mo-surneebs gadasaxadebisagan Tavis aride-bisTvis. es ki rTul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs gadasaxadebis amkrefebs, vinaidan, erTi mxriv, isini valdebulni arian, daakmayo-filon sazogadoebis sul ufro mzardi moTxovnebi, xolo meore mxriv – Seamciron gadasaxadebis damalvis riskebi.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis ko-deqsma, (2006 wlis agvistos kanoniT) sxva araerT saxelmwifos msgavsad ganicada cvlileba, Tuki adre sisxlis samarTlis subieqtad moiazreboda mxolod fizikuri piri, am droidan mas iuridiuli piric daemata; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, iuri-diul pirsac SeuZlia Caidinos danaSauli da Sesabamisad maszec gavrceldes sasje-li.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iuridiuli piris dasjadobis buneba erT-erTi sadavo sa-kiTxia, ara marto Cvens qveyanaSi, aramed evropul sivrceSi. is jerkidev meoce sau-kunis dasawyisSi ganxilvis sagans warmoad-genda, kerZod SeuZlia iuridiul pirs Tu ara Caidinos iseTi socialuri aqti, ro-goricaa danaSauli, rac Tavis TavSi gu-lisxmobs aramarto obieqtur saqciels, aramed subieqtur, fsiqologiur aspeqteb-sac, romelic mxolod adamianis damaxasi-aTebeli Tvisebaa, miuxedavad amisa, ara-erTma civilurma saxelmwifom, aRiara iuridiuli piri, rogorc sisxlis samarT-lis subieqti ama Tu im danaSaulebze.
gamoTqma `iuridiuli piri” germanuli warmoSobisaa da pirvelad gamoiyena gus-tav hugom. rogorc Cans es termini swored misi damkvidrebulia. piri SeiZleba iyos iuridiulic – ramdenime adamiani, romle-
191
193
bic samarTlebrivi gagebiT miiCneva erT konkretu lindividad.
Cvens qveyanaSi, aRniSnuli cvlileba, miuxedavad sxva qveynebis gamocdilebisa, mainc damabnevel sakiTxs warmoadgens, radganac amis gamocdileba saqarTveloSi arasodes yofila, miT ufro mas Semdeg gax-da warmoudgeneli, rodesac sisxlis sa-marTlis kodeqsi germanul modelze iqna agebuli. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba, rom germaniis sisxlis samarTali ar ic-nobs iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTleb-riv pasuxismgeblobas, amasTanave Cvens qve-yanaSic mkacrad iyo daculi individu-luri pasuxismgeblobis principi, anu yve-la adamiani pasuxs agebs mxolod mis mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis.
qarTuli sisxlis samarTali aRiarebs individualuri Seracxvis princips, anu martivad rom iTqvas erTi adamiani ara-sodes ar agebs pasuxs meore adamianis mier Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis, ra organizebu-li erTianoba an myariurTierToba arunda akavSirebdeT erTmaneTTan, magram iuridi-uli piris danaSaulis subieqtad aRiarebam migviyvana im aucileblobamde, rom aqamde absoluturi principi, raRac maStabiT Se-kveciliyo, konkretuli piris qmedebis ga-mo pasuxs agebs iuridiuli piri, eseigi er-Ti qmedeba gamoiwvevs konkretuli iuridi-uli pirisaTvis sasjelis dakisrebas, masSi momuSave pirebis dasjas.
amJamad Cveni kvlevis mizani ar aris srulyofilad warmovaCinoT iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-loba da amasTan erTad gamovTqvaT zogi-erTi mosazreba aRniSnul institutTan mi-marTebaSi. amis gakeTeba ki ubralod Se-uZlebelia, Tu zogadad mainc ar mimovi-xilavT iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarT-lebrivi pasuxixmgeblobis aspeqtebs, cal-keul sazRvargareTis qveynebSi da saqarT-veloSi.
iuridiuli pirisaTvis sisxlissamarT-lebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis sam-Soblod saerTo samarTlis qveynebi iTv-lebian, sadac iuridiuli piri samarTlis subieqts warmoadgens, inglisuri samarT-lis Tanaxmad danaSaulebrivi qmedeba iuridiuli piris miera Cadeniladaa miCne-uli, Tu is ganxorcielda uSualod am or-ganizaciaSi momuSave fizikuri piris mier,
an Sedegi gamowveuli iyo iseTive piris umoqmedobiT; amasTan, korporaciis saqmia-noba SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos, masSi momuSave fizikuri piris subieqturi qce-visagan, amave drosiuridiuli piris sisx-lisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ar ga-moricxavs konkretuli fizikuri pirebis pasuxismgeblobas msgavsi qmedebisaTvis.
amerekis SeerTebuli Statebis sisxlis samarTali didi xnis manZilze yalibde-boda da viTardeboda inglisuri saerTo samarTlis sistemis safuZvelze, swored inglisuri sisxlis samarTlidan gavrcel-da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi iuridiul pirTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-loba, sadac iuridiuli pirebisaTvis sisx-lissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis da-kisrebis sakiTxi regulirdeba rogorc fe-deraluri, aseve sisxlis samarTlis ka-nonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, sisxlissamart-lebrivi pasuxsmgebloba ekisrebaT korpo-raciebs, arakorporaciul gaerTienebebs da pirebs, romlebic moqmedeban an valde-bulni arian imoqmedon aRniSnuli organi-zaciebis sasargeblod.
unda aRiniSnos isic, iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlebi, moyolebuli 1849 wlidan, mra-valjer daasabuTa aSS-s uzenaesma sasamar-Tlom, romelmac SeimuSava kidec Seracxvis principebi, romlis Tanaxmadac corpora-ciam SeiZleba pasuxi agos Tavisi agentis qmedebisaTvisTu is Cadenilia agentis sam-saxurebrivi kompetenciis farglebSi da korporaciis interesebisaTvis Tu is Cade-nilia agetis samsaxurebrivi kompetenciis farglebSi da korporaciis interesebisaT-vis, radganac korporacia SeiZleba moqme-debdes misi agentis an misi mmarTveli pirebis mier.
unda SevniSnoT isic, rom aSS-s sasa-marTloebi korporaciis pasuxismgeblobas maSinac aRiareben, Tu Tavis TanamSromlebs ayenebs iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom iZule-bulni xdebian ganaxorcielos marTlsawi-naaRmdego qmedeba.
iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTleb-rivi pasuxismgebloba dawesebulia ara marto saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi aramed aseve kontinentur samarTlis sistemis qve-ynebSic, magaliTad safrangeTSi jerkidev 1870 wels „ordonansebis“ kanonebi iTva-
194
lisiwnebda iuridiuli pirebisaTvis sisx-lissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis da-kisrebas, maT mier Cadenili danaSaulis-Tvis. safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis ko-deqsis 121-e muxli iTvaliswinebs iuridi-uli pirebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasu-xismgeblobas, amasTanave iuridiuli pire-bis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblo-ba ar gamoricxavs dasjas fizkuri pirebi-sa, romlebmac Caidines igive danaSauli, aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom 2005 wlis 31 de-kembris kanoniT iuridiul pirTa danaSau-lis Semadgenlobis wre ufro metad gafar-Tovda.
safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis ko-deqsSi, rogorc zogad, aseve kerZo na-wilSi, detalurad aris reglamentirebuli iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismegebloba, sainteresoa aRniSnos safrangeTis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogadi nawili gansazRvravs iuridiuli piris dasjadobas, aseve misi recidivis SemTxvevaSi, anu kanonmdebeli uSvebs iuridiuli piris recidivs da zogadi nawiliT ganazRvrulia recidivis dros misi dasjadobis wesebi, kerZod recidivis samarTlebriv Sedegs warmoadgens iuri-diuli pirisaTvis jarimebis gaormageba, gacilebiT didi sanqciebis dadeba, vidre es gaTvaliswinebulia misi pirvelad Cadenisas.
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT, ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxismgeb-loba sagadasaxado darRvevisaTvis,
iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTleb-rivi pasuxismgebloba SemoRebulia aseve araerT saxelmwifoSi, gansakuTrebul ang-lo-amerikul sistemis qveynebSi, aRniSnul qveynebSi wina planze iqna dayenebuli pragmatuli pragmatuli mosazreba da Se-moRebulia korporaciaTa sisxlissamarT-lebrivi dasjadoba, unda iTqvas, rom kor-poraciaTa simravle maTi sul ufro mzardi zegavlena ekonomikur da sazoga-doebriv cxovrebaze, maT mier didi eko-logiuri da sxvagvari katastrofis gamo-wveva iyo winapiroba, romelic Tavis Tavze angloamerikul marTmsajulebas ubiZga, iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis daweseba.
iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTleb-rivi pasuxismgeblobis uaryofis saxelm-
wifoTa ricxvs miekuTvneba germania, ro-melsac iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarT-lebriv dasjadobasTan dakavSirebiT saer-To qveynebis gansxvavebuli midgoma aqvs. germanul sisxlis samarTalSi gabatonebu-lia Sexeduleba, romlsi Tanaxmadac iuri-diuli piri bunebrivi TvalsazrisiT ar aris qmedunariani da ar aris SesaZlebeli masze sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-lobis daweseba. aseT dasjadobas miiCneven, aseve braleuli pasuxismgeblobis prin-cipTan Seusabamos, miuxedavad amisa am Sexedulebas gamouCndenen mowinaaRmdege-ebi, romlebic saWirod miiCneven aseTi pa-suxismgeblobis SemoRebis, aseT dasja-dobis safuZvlad, dReisTvis isev da isev rCeba, mxolod korporaciis farglebSi calkeuli individis qmedeba.
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba mxolod formalurad aris reglamentirebuli (14-e da 75-e mux-lebi), xolo kerZo nawilis 265-e muxlis mesame nawilis „b“ qvepunqti iTvalsiwinebs iuridiuli piris mier TaRliTuri gziT kreditis miRebas, aqve miTiTebulia, rom daisjeba is, vinc aRniSnuli qmedeba pi-radad ganaxorciela, magram araferia na-Tqvami TviTon am kompaniaze, romlis in-teresebisaTvis man es qmedeba ganaxorci-ela. amdenad aRniSnul muxlSi iuridiuli piris pasuxismgebloba faqtiurad arapir-dapir aris mocemuli, Semoifargleba mxo-lod im piris dasjiT, romelic misi in-teresebiT moqmedebda.
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis meToTx-mete muxli exeba subsidiur pasuxis-mgeblobas, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu danaSauli warmomadgenlis meSveobiT Caidina iuridiulma pirma, maSin sisxlis-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba aseve da-ekisreba iuridiul pirsac (savaWro amxa-nagobasac) da mis warmomadgenelsac, anu saxezea aseve fizikuri pasuxismgeblobac. meore abzaci Seicavs analogiur formu-lirebas, im piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, romlemac sawar-mos mflobelisagan an uflebamosili pi-risagan miiRo nawilobrivi, an sruli mar-Tvis davalebaromelic Sedis sawarmos mflobelis kompetenciaSi. mesame nawilis mixedviT, aseTi qmedebis Camden pirs,
195
ekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxism-gebloba, magram pirdapir ar aris miTi-Tebuli Tuki aseT SemTxvevaSi iuridiuli piric daisjeba am qmedebisaTvis.
arian iseTi qveynebic, romlebic da-uSveblad Tvlian iuridiuli pirebis sisxlissamarTlis pasuxismegblobas. maga-liTad iaponiis iaponiis sisxlis samarT-lis kanonmdebloba saerTod ar aRiarebs iuridiul pirs, rogorc danaSaulis su-bieqts, rac Seexeba bulgareTis ungreTis da xorvatiis kanonmdeblobas, piradi pa-suxismgeblobis principidan gamomdinare, danaSaulis subieqtTan cnobili arian mxo-lod fizikuri pirebi, amasTan gamomri-cxvelia iuridiuli pirebisaTvis sisxlis-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisre-ba.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iuridiuli piris rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi dana-Saulis subieqtis cnobis problema mraval qveyanaSi rCeba sadavod da aRniSnul sa-kiTxze mimdinareobs diskusiebi, sazRvar-gareTis qveynebis mravali mecnier-iuris-ti ixreba imisaken, rom sisxlissamart-lebrivi pasuxismgebloba danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaTvis SeiZleba daekisroT ara marto Seracxad fizikur pirs - adamians, aramed usulo materiasac, romelsac war-moadgens iuridiuli piri.
sainteresoa isic, rom evrokavSiri am TemasTan dakavSirebiT TavSekavebas iCens, ar avaldebulebs mis wevr qveynebs, aRi-aron iuridiuli piris sisxlissamartleb-rivi pasuxismgebloba. evrogaerTianebis sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi saq-meze „Vandervenne“ iuridiuli pirebis das-jadobis sayovelTao valdebuleba uaryo.
rogorc Cans qarTvelma kanonmdebelma gaiTvaliswina ucxoeTis qveynebis gamo-cileba aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da qarTuli sisxlissamarTlis kanonmdeb-lobaSi Semoitana siaxle, romelic iuri-diuli piris danaSaulis subieqtad cnobis sakiTxs exeba. bunebrivia isic, rom auci-lebeli gaxda iuridiuli pirisaTvis sisx-lissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis da-kisrebis Taviseburebis proceduruli sa-kiTxebic asaxuliyo sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanonmdeblobaSi.
iuridiuli piris ganmartebisas, moq-medi sisxlissamarTlis kanonmdeblobidan
gamomdinare unda vigulisxmoT is iuri-diuli pirebi, romlebic daregistrire-bulni arian saTanado organoebSi da war-moadgenen komerciuli an arakomerciuli iuridiul pirebs. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1071 muxlis Tanaxmad iuridiul pirs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pa-suxismgebloba daekisreba sisxlis samarT-lis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli im dana-SaulisaTvis, romelic Cadenilia iuridiu-li piris saxeliT an misi meSveobiT (ga-moyenebiT) an/da mis sasargeblod, pasuxis-mgebeli piris mier.
pasuxismgebel pirad iTvleba iuridiu-li piris xelmZRvanelobaze, warmomadgen-lobaze, misi saxeliT gadawyvetilebis mi-Rebaze uflebamosili piri an/da iuridiu-li piris sameTvalyureo, sakontrolo, sarevizio oganos wevri.
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis meoTxe na-wilis mixedviT iuridiul pirs daekisreba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba miuxe-davad imisa, dadgenilia Tu ara danaSaulis Camdeni piri.
iuridiul pirs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisreba im SemTxvevaSi Tu zedamxedvelobisa da kontrolis ara-jerovnad ganxorcielebis gamo SesaZlebe-li gaxda iuridiuli piris daqvemdebare-baSi myofi fizikuri piris mier danaSaulis Cadena iuridiuli piris sasargeblod.
fizikuri piris qmedebis mimarT bralis an marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli garemoebebis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi, iuri-diuli piri Tavisufldeba sisxlissamarT-lebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan.
amdenad, sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Sesuli novaciiTqarTuli sisxlis samarT-lis kanonmdebloba kidev ufro dauaxlov-da saerTo samarTlis sistemis qveynebs.
rogorc iuridiul literaturaSia mi-TiTebuli saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli iuridiuli pirebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxism-geblobis definicia da kodeqsSi miTiTebu-li danaSaulebebi, romlebzedac dawesebu-lia iuridiuli pirebis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxsmgebloba da sasjelis saxeebi sav-sebiT akmayofilebsevrokavSiris standar-tebs.
amasTanave brali, anu piris individua-luri samarTlebrivi gakicxva, rasac mosa-
196
marTle Tavis ganaCenSi adgens, iuridiuli piris saqcieli SeiZleba socialur-eTni-kurad negatiurad Sefasdes, kanonmdeb-lebis mier SemoRebuli iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, am negatiur Sefasebas gamoxatavs da dasabu-TebisaTvis araferSi ar sWirdeba, - indi-vidualuri samarTlebrivi gakicxva.
rodesac, zogad aspeqtSi ukve ganvi-xileT iuridiuli piris sisxlissamart-lebrivi pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburebebi, rogorc saqarTveloSi aseve sazRvargare-Tis qveynebSi, ufro advili gasagebi xdeba gamovTqvaT Cveneuli xedva mis calkeul problematur sakiTxebze, upirveles yov-lisa albaT sisxlis samarTis kanonmdeb-lobaSi iuridiul pirTa mier Cadenili danaSaulebebi ar SeiZleba amomwuravad miviCnioT, radgan rogorc sCans, Cveni azriT kanonmdeblis TvalTaxedvis aredan gamorCa socialurad iseTi saSiSi danaSau-li, rogoricaa gadasaxadisagan Tavis ari-deba.
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblo-ba sagadasaxado darRvevisaTvis SemoRe-bul iqna 1994 wlidan. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Sevida 160-emuxli (mogebis (Se-mosavlis) an gadasaxadi Tdasabegri sxva obieqtis damalva (Semcireba), da 160 muxli (saxelmwifo sagadasaxado organoebis mo-Txovnebis Seusrulebloba gadasaxadis ga-daxdisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT). am mux-lebs 1994 wlidan daemata sami muxli: 173-e (yalbi aqcizuri markebis damzadeba, ga-saReba an gamoyeneba), 1731-e (yalbi saga-dasaxado angariS-faqturis damzadeba, ga-saReba an gamoyeneba) da 1732-e (markirebas daqvemdebarebuli aqcizuri saqonlis aq-cizuri markis gareSe gamoSveba, realiza-cia, Senaxva da transportireba) muxlebi.
2000 wlis pirvel ivniss ZalaSi Sesul axal sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi pasuxis-mgebloba sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis formulirebulia or mux-lSi: me-200 muxlSi (markirebas daqvemdeba-rebuli aqcizuri saqonlis aqcizuri mar-kis gareSe gamoSveba, Senaxva, realizacia an gadazidva), romelic moTavsebulia ocda-meeqvse TavSi - danaSauli samewarmeo da sxva ekonomikuri saqmianobis winaaRmdeg da 218-emuxlSi (gadasaxadisaTvis Tavis arideba), romelic moTavsebulia ocdamer-
ve TavSi - danaSauli safinanso saqmianobis sferoSi.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-sis 218-e muxli gulixsmobs gadasaxadisaT-vis Tavis aridebas, kerZod didi odenobiT gadasaxadisaTvis ganzrax Tavisarideba – isjeba jarimiT an Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT samidan xuT wlamde. igive qmedeba, Cadenili: araerTgzis; gansakuTrebiT didi odenobiT, winaswari SeTanxmebiT jgufis mier, isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT xuTidan rva wlamde, qonebis an misi nawi-lis gasxviseba gadasaxadisaTvis Tavis ari-debis mizniT, isjeba jarimiT an Tavisuf-lebis aRkveTiT vadiT oridan sam wlamde.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos ad-ministraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis 2007 wlis 16 ianvris ganCinebaSi # bs-210-200 (k-06), ganmartebulia, rom sisx-lis samarTlis kodeqsis 218-e muxliT ga-Tvaliswinebuli danaSaulis Semadgenlo-bis (gadasaxadisaTvis Tavis arideba) erT-erT aucilebel elements warmoadgens gan-zraxvis arseboba. amis gamo gadasaxadebi-saTvis Tavis arideba yovelTvis ar iZleva aRniSnuli danaSaulis Semadgenlobas. ara-med mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tuki piri ganzrax Segnebulad aridebs Tavs sagadasa-xado valdebulebas Semosavlis (mogebis) damalvis an Semcirebis gziT.
danaSaulis obieqti aris saxelmwifos safinanso interesebi, sagadasaxado regu-lirebis sferoSi warmoSobili sazogado-ebrivi urTierTobebi. gadasaxadisaTvis Tavis aridebis dros saxeze gvaqvs biujet-Si da saxelmwifo fondSi gadasaxadis ga-dauxdeloba an arasrulyofilad gadaxda, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs biujetze.
gadasaxadisaTvis Tavis arideba SeiZle-ba gamovlindes rogorc moqmedebaSi (dek-laraciaSi yalbi monacemebis Setana, saga-dasaxado da sabuRaltro dokumentebSi Semosavlebisa da gamoqviTvebis Sesaxeb mo-nacemTa gayalbeba da sxva), aseve umoqme-dobaSi (sabuRaltro da sagadasaxado do-kumentebSi dabegvris obieqtis Seutanlo-ba, sagadasaxado deklaraciis dadgenil vadaSi warudgenloba). iuridiuli praqti-kis ganzogadebis safuZvelze dadgenilia is xerxebi da saSualebebi, romelTac ga-dasaxadebisaTvis Tavis amridebelni Tavi-anT saqmianobaSi iyeneben, Tumca maT qme-
197
debis sisxlissamarTlebrivi kvalifika-ciisaTvis mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-si didi odenobis ramodenime gansazRv-rebas gvaZlevs, gansazRvrebebi mocemulia Tavebis da zogjer konkretulad muxlob-riv donezec, magaliTad sakuTrebis wina-aRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis dros, ocda-mexuTe TavSi mocemulia daTqma, rom ko-deqsis am TavSi did odenobad iTvleba nivTis (nivTebis) Rirebuleba 10 000 laris zeviT.
konkretuli 218-e muxli muxli Tavad gansazRvravs Tu ras Tvlis Tavis Semad-genlobaSi did da gansakuTrebiT did ode-nobad, aRniSnulma gansazRvrebam ramdeni-mejer ganicada cvlileba, 2004 wlis 29 dekembris cvlilebis Sesabamisad am mux-liT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebisaTvis did odenobad iTvleboda sagadasaxado orga-noSi aRricxvaze ayvanis Sesaxeb gancxade-bis wardgenisaTvis dadgenili vadis amo-wurvidan 1 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba, Tu damaluli gadasaxadi aRemateboda ga-dasaxdeli gadasaxadis 25 procents da 100000 lars, xolo am muxliT gaTvalis-winebuli qmedebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT did odenobad-Tu damaluli gadasaxadi aRemateboda gadasaxdeli gadasaxadis 30 procents da 120000 lars. 2005 wlis 30 ivnisis mdgomareobiT muxlis am nawilma Semdegi saxe miiRo; am muxlSi did ode-nobad iTvleboda, rodesac gadasaxdeli gadasaxadis Tanxa aRemateboda ocdaxuTi aTas lars, xolo gansakuTrebiT did ode-nobad – rodesac Tanxa aRemateboda sa-mocdaTxuTmetaTas lars, saqarTvelos 2011 wlis 27 dekembris cvlilebis mixed-viT ki, muxls mieca dRevandeli redaqcia da SeniSvnis saxiT migviTiTebs, rom am muxlSi did odenobad iTvleba, rodesac gadasaxdeli gadasaxadis Tanxa aRemateba ormocdaaTiaTaslars, xolo gansakuTre-biT did odenobad – rodesac Tanxa aRe-mateba asiaTas lars.
vinaidan saubaria gadasaxadisagan Tavis aridebis kuTxiT sisxlissamarTlebriv pa-suxismgeblobaze, aucilebelia ganvixi-loT saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsic, romlis 275-e muxlis meoTxe nawili 2011 wlis 27 dekemberis cvlilebamde miuTi-
Tebda, rom piris mier sagadasaxado dek-laraciaSi gadasaxadis Tanxis 25 000 larze metiT Semcireba iTvleboda gadasaxadisa-gan didi odenobiT Tavis aridebad da iw-vevda pasuxismgeblobas saqarTvelos sisx-lis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis Sesabami-sad. xolo 2011 wlis 27 dekembris cvlile-biT ki muxlis meoTxe nawili Camoyalibda Semdegi redaqciiT; piris mier sagadasa-xado deklaraciaSi gadasaxadis Tanxis 50000 larze metiT Semcireba iTvleba ga-dasaxadisagan didi odenobiT Tavis ari-debad da iwvevs pasuxismgeblobas saqarT-velos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad.
Sesabamisad 50 000 laris dafiqsireba rogorc gadasaxadisagan didi odenobiT Tavis aridebis Semadgeneli odenoba, gan-xorcielda orive kanonSi 2011 wlis 27 de-kembris cvlilebebiT, ris Sedegadac moxda kanonmdeblobis, saqarTvelos sagadasaxa-do kodeqsis da saqarTvelos sisxlis sa-marTlis kodeqsis sruli Tanxvedra aRniS-nul sakiTxSi.
saqarTvelos ssk-is 218-e muxlis mier gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis obieqturi mxare gamoxateba didi odenobiT gadasaxa-disagan Tavis aridebaSi, 218-e muxlSi sa-xezea umeqmedobis deliqti, aq SeiZleba saxeze gvqondes rogorc wminda umoqmedo-ba, iseve umoqmedoba moqmedebiT, danaSau-li ganzraxia, eseigi damnaSave Segnebulad aridebs Tavs gadasaxadis gadaxdas, riTac zians ayenebs saqarTvelos safinanso sis-temas.
magram dasadgenia da dRemde bundova-nia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis ko-deqsSi Tu ratom iTleba damnaSaved saqar-Tvelos ssk-is 218-e muxliT gaTvalis-winebuli danaSaulis arsebobisas mxolod fizikuri piri. qvemoT mocemul msjeloba-Si realurad davinaxavT Tu vin aris da-naSaulis Camdeni saqarTvelos ssk-is 218-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis ar-seobisas.
danaSaulis Camdeni qmedebis Semadgen-lobidan gamomdinare unda iyves gadasaxa-dis gadamxdeli, magram vin aris gadasaxa-dis gadamxdeli?
aRniSnuli SekiTxvaze pasuxs Tavis Tav-Si gvaZlevs saqarTvelos sagadasaxado ko-deqsi, romlis meoce muxli migviTiTebs,
198
rom gadasaxadis gadamxdeli aris piri, romelsac aqvs am kodeqsiT dadgenili ga-dasaxadis gadaxdis valdebuleba. Sesaba-misad vinaidan dadgenili aris Tu vin aris gadasaxadis gadamxdeli,
yuradReba mivaqcioT samarTlebriv termins „piri“, sagadasaxado kodeqsi ter-mins „piri“ Tavis TavSi ganmartavs merve muxlis meTvramete nawiliT da iZleva daTqmas, rom aRniSnuli kodeqsis mixedviT „piri“ aris – fizikuri piri an iuridiuli piri - saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisad, sawarmo an organizacia- saqar-Tvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis Sesabami-sad.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi ki ganmartavs, rom iuridiuli piri aris gan-sazRvruli miznis misaRwevad Seqmnili, sa-kuTari qonebis mqone, organizebuli war-monaqmni, romelic Tavisi qonebiT damouki-deblad agebs pasuxs da sakuTari saxeliT iZens uflebebsa da movaleobebs, debs garigebebs da SeuZlia sasamarTloSi gamo-vides mosarCeled da mopasuxed, iuridi-uli piri SeiZleba iyos korporaciulad organizebuli, wevrobaze dafuZnebuli, wevrTa mdgomareobaze damokidebuli an misgan damoukidebeli da misdevdes an ar misdevdes mewarmeobas. iuridiuli piri, romlis mizania samewarmeo (komerciuli) saqmianoba, agreTve misi filiali unda Seiqmnas „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi ganmartavs, rom sawarmod iTvleba Semdegi warmonaqmnebi, romlebic axorcieleben ekonomikur saqmianobas an Seqmnili arian ekonomikuri saqmianobis gansaxorcieleb-lad, sawarmod iTvleba Semdegi warmonaqm-nebi, romlebic axorcieleben ekonomikur saqmianobas an Seqmnili arian ekonomikuri saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad, saqarTve-los kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad Seqmnili iuridiuli pirebi, ucxo qveynis kanon-mdeblobis Sesabamisad Seqmnili korpora-ciebi, kompaniebi, firmebi da sxva msgavsi warmonaqmnebi, miuxedavad imisa, aqvT Tu ara iuridiuli piris statusi, agreTve ucxouri sawarmos mudmivi dawesebuleba, gaerTianebebi, amxanagobebi da sxva msgavsi warmonaqmnebi, romlebic ar aris gaTvalis-winebuli am nawilis „a“ da „b“ qvepunq-
tebiT. sawarmos ar miekuTvneba individua-luri mewarme.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi gan-martavs, rom organizaciad iTvleba Sem-degi warmonaqmnebi, arasamewarmeo (arako-merciuli) iuridiuli pirebi, agreTve sa-zogadoebrivi an religiuri organizaciebi (gaerTianebebi), dawesebulebebi, romlebic arian saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesa-bamisad Seqmnili arasamewarmeo (arakomer-ciuli) iuridiuli pirebi an Seqmnili arian da moqmedeben ucxo qveynis kanonmdeblo-bis Sesabamisad, agreTve ucxo qveynis ka-nonmdeblobis Sesabamisad Seqmnili orga-nizaciebis saqarTveloSi arsebuli filia-lebi da sxva analogiuri qvedanayofebi, romelTa meSveobiTac isini mTlianad an na-wilobriv axorcieleben saqmianobas (rwmu-nebuli piris saqmianobis CaTvliT), aseve sabiujeto organizaciebi, sajaro samarT-lis iuridiuli pirebi, korporaciebi, da-wesebulebebi, saerTaSoriso (saxelmwifo-TaSorisi, samTavrobaTaSoriso, diploma-tiuri) organizaciebi – saerTaSoriso sa-marTliT regulirebuli organizaciebi, diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebi da sa-konsulo dawesebulebebi, ucxouri arasa-mewarmeo organizaciebi.
Sesabamisad vinaidan yvela mocemuloba ukve saxeze gvaqvs, cota ufro detalurad ganvavrcoT saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 275-e muxli, kerZod, aRniSnuli muxlis mixedviT piris mier sagadasaxado deklaraciaSi gadasaxadis Tanxis 50 000 larze metiT Semcireba iTvleba gadasaxa-disagan didi odenobiT Tavis aridebad, aRniSnuli ki niSnavs, rom fizikuri piris an iuridiuli piris (saqarTvelos samoqa-laqo kodeqsis Sesabamisad), sawarmos an organizaciis (saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis Sesabamisad) mier sagadasaxado deklaraciaSi gadasaxadis Tanxis 50 000 larze metiT Semcireba iTvleba gadasa-xadisagan didi odenobiT Tavis aridebad. aRniSnuli qmedeba ki rogorc sagadasaxa-do kodeqsi gviTiTebs iwvevs pasuxismgeb-lobas saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis ka-nonmdeblobis Sesabamisad.
exla uSualod gadavideT saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis gan-xilvaSi, sadac ganvixiloT iuridiuli pi-ris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblo-
199
bis sakiTxebi da davinaxavT, rom adgili gvaqvs garkveul winaaRmdegobebTan sa-qarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqssa da sisx-lis samarTlis kodeqss Soris.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-sis meSvide muxli Semdegia; sisxlissa-marTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZve-lia danaSauli, eseigi am kodeqsiT gaTva-liswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego da bra-leuli qmedeba. iuridiuli piris sisxlis-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZve-li ganisazRvreba am kodeqsis Sesabamisi normebiT.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-sis 1071-e muxlis mixedviT; iuridiul pirze vrceldeba am kodeqsiT dadgenili normebi. am kodeqsis miznebisaTvis, iuri-diuli piri niSnavs samewarmeo (komerciul) an arasamewarmeo (arakomerciul) iuridi-ul pirs (mis uflebamonacvles). iuridiul pirs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-loba daekisreba am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswi-nebuli im danaSaulisaTvis, romelic Ca-denilia iuridiuli piris saxeliT an misi meSveobiT (gamoyenebiT) an/da mis sasargeb-lod, pasuxismgebeli piris mier. am muxlis me-2 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli pasuxism-gebeli piri aris iuridiuli piris xel-mZRvanelobaze, warmomadgenlobaze, misi saxeliT gadawyvetilebis miRebaze ufle-bamosili piri an/da iuridiuli piris sa-meTvalyureo, sakontrolo, sarevizio or-ganos wevri. iuridiul pirs sisxlissa-marTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisreba im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac danaSauli Cade-nilia iuridiuli piris saxeliT an misi me-SveobiT (gamoyenebiT) an/da mis sasargeb-lod, miuxedavad imisa, dadgenilia Tu ara danaSaulis Camdeni fizikuri piri. iuri-diul pirs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-mgebloba daekisreba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu am muxlis me-3 nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli pa-suxismgebeli piris mier zedamxedvelobisa da kontrolis arajerovnad ganxorciele-bis gamo SesaZlebeli gaxda iuridiuli pi-ris daqvemdebarebaSi myofi fizikuri pi-ris mier danaSaulis Cadena iuridiuli piris sasargeblod. pasuxismgebeli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobias-gan gaTavisufleba ar warmoadgens iuri-diuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasu-
xismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis safu-Zvels.
iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebri-vi pasuxismgebloba ar gamoricxavs imave danaSaulisaTvis fizikuri piris sisxlis-samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. Sisxlis-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ar aTavi-suflebs iuridiul pirs danaSaulis Sede-gad mis mier miyenebuli zianis anazRau-rebis valdebulebisagan, aseve mis mimarT kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili pasuxismgeb-lobis sxva zomebis gamoyenebisagan. fi-zikuri piris qmedebis mimarT bralis an marTlwinaaRmdegobis gamomricxveli ga-remoebebis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi iuridiu-li piri Tavisufldeba sisxlissamarTleb-rivi pasuxismgeblobisagan.
Sesabamisad saqarTvelos sisxlis sa-marTlis kodeqsis aRniSnuli muxlebis da saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis mi-xedviT, naTelia, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 218-e muxliT gaTva-liswinebuli danaSaulis Camdeni piri unda iyves fizikuripiri da iuridiulipiri.
magram dRevandeli sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba ar gvaZlevs SesaZleblo-bas, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 218-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis CadenisaTvis dadges iuridiu-li piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-mgeblobis sakiTxi, vinaidan saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1072 muxli gvaZlevs daTqmas, rom iuridiul pirs sisx-lissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba dae-kisreba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es ga-nisazRvreba am kodeqsis Sesabamisi muxliT.
ras niSnavs Tu es ganisazRvreba am ko-deqsis Sesabamisi muxliT, amaze pasuxi na-Telia, Tavad muxlSi unda iyves daTqma iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxisgebaSi SesaZlo micemis Sesaxeb, ro-gorc es aRniSnulia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 142-e muxlis SeniSv-naSi, 1421 muxlis SeniSvnaSi, 1431. muxlis SeniSvnaSi, 157 - e muxlis SeniSvnaSi, 158 - e muxlis SeniSvnaSi, 159 - e muxlis SeniSvnaSi, 1641 muxlis SeniSvnaSi, 171e muxlis SeniSv-naSi, 186e muxlis SeniSvnaSi, 192e muxlis SeniSvnaSi, 194e muxlis SeniSvnaSi da ase Semdeg.
msgavsi xasiaTis daTqmas ki saqarTve-los sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 218-e mux-
200
li ar gvaZlevs, Sesabamisad ar gvaqvs sa-Sualeba ssk-is 238-e muxliT gaTvaliswine-buli danaSaulis CadenisaTvis pasuxism-gebloba davakisroT iuridiul pirs.
mimaCnia, rom sxva danaSaulebisagan gansxvavebiT swored iuridiuli piria val-debuli (raTqmaunda ssk-is 218-e muxlis subieqtebTan erTad) ganuxrelad daicvas safinanso reJimi, kidev meti, Tuki iuri-diuli piri finansurad agebs pasuxs da mis mimarT dawesebulia sanqcia, - gadaixados gadasaxadi, sauravi, jarima, sruliad gau-gebaria ratom arunda iyos is saqarTvelos ssk-is 218-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli da-naSaulis subieqti maSin, rodesac faqtiu-radac da iuridiuladac aRniSnuli dana-Sauli swored iuridiuli piris sasargeb-lod aris Cadenili.
Sesabamisad aRniSnuli sakiTxi realur sakanonmdeblo xarvezad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli.vinaidan ganxilul iqna Cvens mier, Tu vin aris gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, Sesabamisad ganxilul unda iqnes, Tu ra aris da ra saxis gadasaxadebi arsebobs saqarTveloSi, rac xels Segviwyobs sakiTxze msjelobis gagrZelebaSi.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi gva-Zlevs miTiTebas, gadasaxadis cnebisa da saxeebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac ga-dasaxadi aris am kodeqsis mixedviT sa-valdebulo, upirobo fuladi Senatani bi-ujetSi, romelsac ixdis gadasaxadis gada-mxdeli, gadaxdis aucilebeli, araekviva-lenturi da usasyidlo xasiaTidan gamom-dinare. gadasaxadis saxeebia saerTo-sa-xelmwifoebrivi da adgilobrivi gadasaxa-debi. saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxa-debia am kodeqsiT dawesebuli gadasaxade-bi, romelTa gadaxdac savaldebuloa sa-qarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. adgilob-rivi gadasaxadia am kodeqsiT dawesebuli da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmo-madgenlobiTi organos normatiuli aqtiT SemoRebuli gadasaxadi (zRvruli ganakve-Tebis farglebSi), romlis gadaxdac saval-debuloa Sesabamisi adgilobrivi TviT-mmarTveli erTeulis teritoriaze.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis mi-xedviT, saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv gadasa-xadebs miekuTvneba: saSemosavlo gadasaxa-di, mogebis gadasaxadi, damatebuli Rire-bulebis gadasaxadi (dRg), aqcizi, impor-
tis gadasaxadi, xolo adgilobriv gada-saxads miekuTvneba qonebisgadasaxadi.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi gan-sazRvravs saSemosavlo gadasaxadis su-bieqts –gadasaxadis gadamxdels, anu pirs romelsac zogadad ekisreba sagadasaxado valdebuleba konkretul dabegvris obi-eqtTan mimarTebiT.
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadamxdels warmoadgens mxolodfizikuri piri. gada-saxadis miznebisTvis fizikuri pirebi iyofa or kategoriad – rezident da ara-rezident fizikur pirebad. ararezidenti fizikuri piri gadasaxadis gadamxdels warmoadgens mxolod saqarTveloSi arse-buli wyarodan miRebul SemosavlebTan mimarTebiT“.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi gan-sazRvravs mogebis gadasaxadis gadamx-dels, romelsac warmoadgens sawarmo, ro-melic ar warmoadgens fizikur pirs. war-monaqmnis sawarmod kvalificirebis miz-niT, araaa ucilebeli mas hqondes iuri-diuli piris statusi. mogebis gadasaxadis miznebisTvis sawarmoebi iyofa or ka-tegoriad: rezident da ararezident sa-warmoebad. unda vivaraudoT, rom rezi-dent sawarmos warmoadgens saqarTvelos sawarmo, xolo yvela danarCen sawarmos ki – ararezidenti sawarmo. anu, saqarTvelos sawarmo da rezidenti sawarmo, iseve, ro-gorc ucxouri sawarmo da ararezidenti sawarmo, urTierTSemcvleli cnebebia. ara-rezidenti sawarmo gadasaxadis gadamx-dels warmoadgens mxolod saqarTveloSi arsebuli wyarodan miRebul Semosavleb-Tan mimarTebiT. mogebis gadasaxadis gada-mxdelis cneba aseve moicavs pirebsac, rom-lebsac uSualod ar akisriaT gadasaxadis gadaxda. magaliTad, rodesac arareziden-ti piris kuTvnili gadasaxadi gadaixdeba gadaxdis wyarosTan dakavebis wesiT Semo-savlis gadamxdelis (sagadasaxado agentis) mier. am SemTxvevaSi, gadasaxadis gadamx-dels kvlav es ararezidenti piri warmoad-gens, xolo sagadasaxado agentiki – ara.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi gan-sazRvravs damatebuli Rirebulebis gada-saxadis (SemdgomSi – dRg) gadamxdels, kerZod aRniSnuli gadasaxadis gadamxde-lia piri, romelic registrirebulia dRg-is gadamxdelad, piri, romelic valdebu-
201
lia gatardes registraciaSi dRg-is ga-damxdelad, piri, romelic axorcielebs saqonlis imports an droebiT Semotanas saqarTveloSi, mxolod am importze an droebiT Semotanaze, registraciis valde-bulebis gareSe, ararezidenti (garda sa-qarTvelos moqalaqe fizikuri pirisa), romelic eweva momsaxurebas saqarTveloSi dRg-is gadamxdelad registraciisa da sa-qarTveloSi sagadasaxado aRricxvaze myo-fi ararezidentis mudmivi dawesebulebis gareSe, mxolod am momsaxurebaze daeqvem-debareba ukudabegvras, piri, romelic sa-xelSekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebis farglebSi axorcielebs moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis sagnis (saqonlis) kreditoris sakuTrebaSi gadacemas mxolod am operaciaze daeqvem-debareba ukudabegvras, registraciis val-debulebis gareSe, piri, romlis saqonlis realizaciac xdeba sagadasaxado davalia-nebis gadaxdevinebis uzrunvelyofis Ro-nisZiebis farglebSi an sxva fuladi val-debulebis (garda sisxlissamarTlis da administraciuli wesiT dakisrebuli sanq-ciebisa) gadaxdevinebis mizniT, auqcionis, pirdapiri miyidvis an sxva wesiT, mxolod am operaciaze, registraciis valdebule-bis gareSe, piri, romlis sameurveo qonebis realizaciac xdeba „gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos ka-noniT gansazRvruli wesiT, mxolod am ope-raciaze, registraciis valdebulebis ga-reSe.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis mi-xedviT, „aqcizis gadamxdelia piri, rome-lic an saqarTveloSi awarmoebs aqcizur saqonels, an axorcielebs mis eqsports an imports. gadamxdelTa kategoriaSi xvdeba iseTi piric, romelic avtosatransporto saSualebebs awvdis 1-li nawilis d) qve-punqtSi miTiTebul saqonels an eweva mobi-lur sakomunikacio momsaxurebas. amas gar-da, aqcizis gadamxdelia aseve is piri, ro-melic me-4 nawiliT gansazRvrul SemTx-vevebSi moipovebs aqcizur saqonelze sa-kuTrebis uflebas.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis mixedviT, importis gadasaxadis gadamxde-lia piri, romelic saqarTvelos sabaJo sa-zRvarze gadaaadgilebs saqonels, garda eqsportisa.
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis mi-xedviT, qonebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelia, rezidenti sawarmo/organizacia – mis ba-lansze ZiriTad saSualebad aRricxul aq-tivebze, daumontaJebel mowyobilobebze, daumTavrebel mSeneblobaze, agreTve mis mier lizingiT gacemul qonebaze, ararezi-denti sawarmo – saqarTvelos teritoria-ze arsebul, am muxlis pirveli nawiliT gansazRvrul qonebaze (maT Soris, ijaris, qiris, uzufruqtis an sxva amgvari saxis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze gacemul, sa-qarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul qoneba-ze), fizikuri piri - sakuTrebaSi arsebul uZrav qonebaze (maT Soris, daumTavrebel mSeneblobaze, Senoba-nagebobaze an maT nawilze), iaxtebze (katarRebze), Sveulmf-renebze, TviTmfrinavebze, ararezidenti-sagan lizingiT miRebul qonebaze, eko-nomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis Sem-TxvevaSi, mis balansze ZiriTad saSualebad aRricxul aqtivebze, daumontaJebel mo-wyobilobebze, agreTve mis mier lizingiT gacemul qonebaze. am muxlis pirveli na-wilis miznebisaTvis piri qonebis gadasa-xadis gadamxdelia mflobelobaSi an/da sargeblobaSi arsebul, gardacvlili pi-ris saxelze registrirebul qonebis gada-saxadiT dabegvris obieqtze, garda im Sem-Txvevisa, rodesac qonebiT sargebloba xorcieldeba ijaris, qiris, uzufruqtis an sxva amgvari saxis xelSekrulebis sa-fuZvelze.
gasaTvaliswinebelia garemoeba, rom ze-moaRniSnuli yvela gadasaxadis gadamxde-li SesaZloa iyos mewarme iuridiuli piri.
magram mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRe-buli garemoeba, Tu konkretulad romel iuridiul pirs unda daekisros pasuxis-mgebloba saqarTvelos ssk-is 218-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis CadenisaT-vis da ratom. aRniSnuli sakiTxis dasad-genad, kidev erTxel moviyvan moviSveliebT saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 1071 muxls, romlis Tanaxmad iuridiul pirs sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-loba daekisreba sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-siT gaTvaliswinebuli im danaSaulisaTvis, romelic Cadenilia iuridiuli piris saxe-liT an misi meSveobiT (gamoyenebiT) an/da mis sasargeblod, pasuxismgebeli piris mier, Sesabamisad muxlidan gamomdinarec
202
ki naTelia, rom qmedebis Camdenis zusti gansazRvris mizniR unda iqnes dadgenili Tu vis rCeba mogeba gadasaxadis dafarvis Sedegad, visi biujeti an jibe ivseba konk-retuli danaSaulis Cadenis gziT da vin sargelobs aRniSnuli dafaruli gadasaxa-diT, anu rogorc 1071 vis sasargeblodaa aRniSnuli danaSauli Cadenili.
Cveni mosazrebiT, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 218-e muxliT gaTva-liswinebuli danaSaulis Camdeni iuridiu-li piri Tavisuflad SesaZlebelia iyos me-warme subieqti, anu samewarmeo iuridiuli piri, Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo;
realurad yoveli subieqti mxolod Tavisi uflebebis matarebelia – Sesabami-sad, mewarme subieqtis warmosaxva mesakuT-ris da ara sakuTrebis ampluaSi savsebiT gamarTlebuli iqneba. saxezea subieqti, Sesabamisad, aris uflebac. damfuZnebel pirTa sakuTrebad ar moiazreba sawarmos qoneba. kompaniis qonebis Seqmna da marTva ar gulisxmobs mis wevrze sakuTrebis uf-lebis warmoSobas. sawarmos sakuTreba ise-vea daculi, rogorc fizikuri piris sa-kuTreba da Tu am qonebas erT WrilSi gan-vixilavT, Sedegad, mudam ignorirebuli iq-neba sazogadoebis sakuTreba. partnioris interesi ki mogebis miRebaa, samewarmeo saqmianobis rentabelurobis SenarCuneba, sazogadoebis saukeTeso interesebidan ga-momdinare gadawyvetilebebis miReba, rac, Tavis mxriv, mogebis, aqtivebis mozidvis mizans kidev erTxel usvams xazs. iuridi-uli piris qoneba, iuridiuli piris, ro-gorc samarTlis subieqtis sakuTrebaa da ara misi damfuZneblebis an masSi monawi-leebisa, Tumca es ar gamoricxavs part-nioris mier wilis gasxvisebis an Tundac dividendis miRebis uflebas. sadavo gare-moebis gadasaWrelad isev da isev Sesatanis Setanis garigebis xasiaTs unda mivmarToT, kerZod, igi gaimijneba nasyidobis xelSek-rulebisagan da sazogadoebas aranair sapa-suxo moqmedebas an movaleobas akisrebs (dividendis upirobod gacemis movaleoba-sac ki). araerTi sasamarTlo gadawyveti-leba arsebobs sazogadoebaTa qonebisa da partniorTa sakuTrebis gamijvnasTan da-kavSirebiT.
saqarTvelos kanoniT mewarmeTa Sesa-xeb, samewarmeo saqmianobad miiCneva mart-
lzomieri da araerTjeradi saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba mogebis mizniT, damoukideblad da organizebulad, xolo mewarme subieqtebi arian: individualuri mewarme, solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sa-zogadoeba (sps), komandituri sazogadoeba (ks), SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazoga-doeba (Sps), saaqcio sazogadoeba (ss, kor-poracia) da kooperativi.
mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni gviTiTebs, rom solidaruli pasuxismgeb-lobis sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, ro-melSic ramdenime piri (partniori) erTob-livad, erTiani safirmo saxelwodebiT eweva samewarmeo saqmianobas da sazogadoe-bis valdebulebebisaTvis kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs agebs, rogorc solidaruli movaleebi, – mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, pir-dapir da uSualod.
xolo mogeba, solidaruli pasuxismgeb-lobis sazogadoebisa, ganisazRvreba Sem-degnairad, Tu wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili, yoveli sameurneo wlis bolos balansis safuZvelze dgindeba wliuri mo-geba an zarali da gamoiTvleba masSi yove-li partnioris wili.
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazoga-doebis partniorebi da komandituri sa-zogadoebis personalurad pasuxismgebeli partniorebi – sruli partniorebi (komp-lementarebi) sazogadoebis valdebulebe-bisaTvis kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs age-ben solidarulad, anu TiToeuli part-niori valdebulebebisaTvis pasuxs agebs mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, pirdapir da uSua-lod. partniorebs Soris sxvagvari SeTanx-meba baTilia mesame pirisaTvis.
individualuri mewarme, rogorc am ka-noniT gaTvaliswinebul ufleba-movaleo-baTa subieqti, warmoiSoba mxolod mewar-meTa da arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli pirebis reestrSi registraci-is momentidan. Tu registraciamde mewarme subieqtis saxeliT raime moqmedeba Ses-rulda, am moqmedebis Semsruleblebi da sawarmos damfuZneblebi pasuxs ageben per-sonalurad, rogorc solidaruli movale-ebi, mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, pirdapir da uSualod, am moqmedebidan warmoSobili yvela valdebulebisaTvis. es pasuxismgeb-loba ZalaSi rCeba mewarme subieqtis re-gistraciis Semdegac.
203
individualuri mewarme Tavis samewar-meo saqmianobid an warmoSobili valdebu-lebebisaTvis kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs agebs piradad, mTeli Tavisi qonebiT.
komandituri sazogadoeba aris sazoga-doeba, romelSic ramdenime piri erTiani safirmo saxelwodebiT eweva samewarmeo saqmianobas, Tu sazogadoebis kredito-rebis winaSe erTi an ramdenime partnioris pasuxismgebloba gansazRvruli sagaran-tio Tanxis gadaxdiT Semoifargleba – Se-zRuduli partniorebi (komanditebi), xo-lo sxva partniorebis pasuxismgebloba Se-zRuduli ar aris – sruli partniorebi (komplementarebi).
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazoga-doeba aris sazogadoeba, romlis pasuxis-mgebloba misi kreditorebis winaSe Semoi-fargleba mTeli misi qonebiT. aseTi sazo-gadoebis dafuZneba SeuZlia erT pirsac.
saaqcio sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romlis kapitali da yofilia wesdebiT gansazRvruli klasisa da raodenobis aqci-ebad. aqcia aris aramaterializebuli saxe-lobiTi fasiani qaRaldi, romelic adastu-rebs saaqcio sazogadoebis valdebulebebs partnioris (aqcioneris) mimarT da aqcio-neris uflebebs saaqcio sazogadoebaSi. Sa-aqcio sazogadoebis wesdebiT SeiZleba ga-nisazRvros is Rirebuleba, romelze nak-lebi RirebulebiTac dauSvebelia am kla-sis aqciebis pirveladi ganTavseba (aqcie-bis nominaluri Rirebuleba). saaqcio sa-zogadoebis pasuxismgebloba misi kredi-torebis winaSe Semoifargleba mTeli misi qonebiT. saaqcio sazogadoebis aqcioneri pasuxs ar agebs saaqcio sazogadoebis val-debulebebisaTvis. saaqcio sazogadoebis dafuZnebisas kapitali SeiZleba ganisa-zRvros nebismieri odenobiT, ssi-is direq-torebma keTilsindisierad da gulmodgi-ned unda Seasrulon dakisrebuli amoca-nebi. Tu direqtori ar Seasrulebs Tavis movaleobas, igi valdebuli aaunazRauros sazogadoebas miyenebuli zarali. direq-torebi pasuxs ageben solidarulad, mTeli Tavisi qonebiT, pirdapir da uSualod. Tu dadgenilia zianis faqti, maSin direqto-rebma unda daadasturon, rom isini saqmes uZRvebodnen am kanonisme-9 muxlis me-6 punqtis Sesabamisad. sazogadoebas ar Se-uZlia uari Tqvas zianis anazRaurebis mo-
Txovnaze. es moTxovna SeiZleba gamoiyenon sazogadoebis kreditorebma, Tu sazoga-doebisagan ar miuRiaT TavianTi moTxov-nebis kompensacia.
kooperativi aris wevrTa SromiT saq-mianobaze dafuZnebuli an wevrTa meurneo-bis ganviTarebisa da Semosavlis gadidebis mizniT Seqmnili sazogadoeba, romlis amo-canaa wevrTa interesebis dakmayofileba da igi mimarTuli ar aris upiratesad moge-bis miRebaze, kooperativi Tavisi valdebu-lebebis gamo kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs agebs mxolod Tavisi qonebiT.
zemoaRniSnuli detaluri ganmartebe-bis SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom mewarme subieqtTa personificirebuloba kidev erTxel metyvelebs maT SesaZleblobaze, aRiWurvon iseTi uflebiT, rogoricaa sakuTrebis ufleba. swored es ganapiro-bebs mewarme subieqtisTvis qonebis mflo-belis statusis miniWebas, maTi fiqciad aRiarebis miuxedavad. es ukanaskneli ki mi-iRweva iseTi dogmaturi wanamZRvrebis ga-baTilebiT, romlis mixedviT, mxolod fi-zikuri piri SeiZleba iyos samarTlis su-bieqti. amaSi vlindeba mewarme subieqtis unikalurobac, rac gamoixateba abstraq-tuli warmonaqmnis mier fizikur pirTaT-vis maxasiaTebel uflebaTa (igulisxmeba ara yvela) sakuTar Tavze morgebis Sesa-ZleblobaSi.
Sesabamisad, ragdanac mewarme subieqti aris mesakuTre da ara sakuTreba, aRWur-vili aris sakuTrebis uflebiT, gaaCnia qoneba da mogeba, mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia ganzrax Segnebulad aaridos Tavi sagada-saxado valdebulebas Semosavlis(mogebis) damalvis an Semcirebis gziT, ris Sedega-dac sikeTe, anu mogeba rac miRweul iqneba gadasaxadis damalvis gziT, rCeba iuridiu-li piris sakuTrebaSi, amiT ivseba Tavad iuridiuli piris biujeti da ara konkre-tuli fizikuri piris jibe, xolo aRniSnu-lis Semdgom, ki iuridiuli piris xazina rCeba mogebuli. Tu rogor moxdeba Semd-gom aRniSnuli xazinidan fuladi Tanxis ganawileba da misi garkveuli miznebisaT-vis gamoyeneba, es damokidebulia mewarme subieqtis mmarTvelobaze, formebze da ga-dawyvetilebis mimReb pirebze.
SesaZlebelia aRniSnuli msjelobis gacnobis dros daibados mosazreba, rom
204
konkretul SemTxvevaSi mewarme subieqti aris danaSaulis Cadenis xerxi da saSua-leba, miviCnev, rom aRniSnuli aris mcdari msjeloba, vinaidan sakiTxi konkretul Sem-TxvevaSi gvaqvs sapirispirod, danaSaulis Cadenis iaraRad da saSualebad, romelic gamoyenebuli aris iuridiuli piris mier gadasaxadis dafarvis Sedegad miRebuli TanxiT mogebis misaRebad, am SemTxvevaSi aris fizikuri piris gonebrivi SesaZleb-lobebi, misi Tanamdeboba da resursi, anu fizikuri piri an ori an meti fizikuri piri, iqneba es buRalteri, damfuZnebeli Tu sxva. aqve arunda dagvaviwydes zemo-aRniSnuli da ukve ganxiluli sakiTxi mas-zed, rom kanoni gvaZlevs Cven saSualebas rom iuridiul pirTan erTad pasuxismgeb-loba davakisroT fizikur pirsac.
vinaidan vTavazobT dasabuTebul mosa-zrebas, imisas rom mewarme iuridiul pirs daekisros sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-mgebloba saqarTvelos ssk-is 218-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis CadenisaT-vis, mizanSewonilad miviCnevT, rom gani-sazRvros sasjelic, miTiTbuli danaSau-lis CadenisaTvis.
sasjelis individualizaciis procesSi samarTliani sasjelis uzrunvelsayofad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba sasjelis sworad SerCevis princips, rac samarTlia-nobis principis cxovrebaSi gatarebis um-niSvnelovanesi garantiaa.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kanon-mdebloba, iuridiuli piris mier Cadenili danaSaulis sasjelad gvTavazobs likvi-dacias, saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmevas, jarimas, qonebis CamorTmevas.
miTiTebuli sasjelebidan qonebis Ca-morTmeva SeiZleba dainiSnos mxolod da-matebiT sasjelad.
saqarTvelos ssk-is mixedviT, sasjelis saxiT likvidaciis daniSvnisas sasamarTlo (garda „saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa) niSnavs likvidators (likvidatorebs), romelic uzrunvelyofs iuridiuli piris likvida-cias, iuridiuli piris likvidaciisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesis Sesaba-misad. likvidaciasTan dakavSirebuli xar-jebi gadaxdeba msjavrdebul iuridiul pirs. am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTx-
vevebSi komerciuli bankebisa da arasaban-ko sadepozito dawesebulebebis likvida-cias, sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis safuZvelze, axorcielebs saqarTvelos erovnuli ban-kis mier daniSnuli likvidatori (likvida-torebi). likvidacia SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dadgindeba, rom danaSaulebrivi saqmianoba iuridiuli pi-ris Seqmnis ZiriTad mizans an misi saqmia-nobis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens.
saqarTvelos ssk-is mixedviT, saqmia-nobis uflebis CamorTmeva niSnavs iuridi-uli pirisaTvis uvadod an erTidan 10 wlamde vadiT saqmianobis erTi an ramdeni-me saxis akrZalvas. saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeva SeiZleba gavrceldes saqmiano-baze, romlis ganxorcielebisas anromlis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT iqna Ca-denili danaSauli.
iuridiuli pirisaTvis jarimis minima-luri odenoba Seesabameba am kodeqsis 42e muxliTfizikuri pirisaTvis gaTvaliswine-buli jarimis ormocdaaTmag odenobas. fi-zikuri pirisaTvis ki 42-e muxlis mixedviT, jarimis minimaluri odenobaa 2000 lari. Tu am kodeqsis gansakuTrebuli nawilis Sesabamisimuxlis sanqcia sasjelis saxiT iTvaliswinebs Tavisuflebis aRkveTas sam wlamde vadiT, jarimisminimaluri odenoba ar unda iyos 500 larze naklebi.
jarimis odenobas sasamarTlo adgens Cadenili danaSaulis simZimis, danaSauliT miRebulisargeblisa da iuridiuli piris materialuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswine-biT, romelicganisazRvreba misi qonebiT, SemosavliTa da sxva garemoebebiT. Tu iuridiuli pirisaTvis ZiriTadi sasjelis saxiT jarimis gadaxdevineba SeuZlebelia, essasjeli Seicvleba saqmianobis uflebis CamorTmeviT an likvidaciiT. Tu am kodeq-sis kerZo nawilis muxlis SeniSvnaSi jarima miTiTebulia rogorc ZiriTad, ise damate-biT sasjelad, ZiriTadi sasjelis saxiT jarimis gamoyenebisas damatebiT sasjelad jarima argamoiyeneba.
xolo, iuridiuli pirisaTvis qonebis CamorTmevaze vrceldeba am kodeqsis 52e muxlis moTxovnebi, 52-e muxli ki miuTi-Tebs, rom qonebis CamorTmeva niSnavs dana-Saulis sagnis an/da iaraRis, danaSaulis Casadenad gamiznulinivTis an/da danaSau-
205
lebrivi gziT mopovebuli qonebis sa-xelmwifos sasargeblod usasyidlod Ca-morTmevas. danaSaulis sagnis an/da iara-Ris an danaSaulis Casadenad gamiznuli nivTis CamorTmeva niSnavs braldebulis-Tvis, msjavrdebulisTvis mis sakuTrebaSi an kanonier mflobelobaSi arsebuli, gan-zraxi danaSaulis Casadenad gamoyenebuli an amisaTvis raime saxiT gamiznuli qonebis saxelmwifos sasargeblod usasyidlod Ca-morTmevas. danaSaulis sagnis an/da iara-Ris an danaSaulisCasadenad gamiznuli niv-Tis CamorTmeva xdeba sasamarTlos mier, am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuliyvela ganzra-xi danaSaulisaTvis, im SemTxvevaSi, ro-desac saxezea danaSaulis sagani an/da iara-Ri an danaSaulis Casadenad gamiznuli niv-Ti da maTi CamorTmeva saWiroa saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi aucileblobidan an calkeul pirTa uflebebisa da Tavisuf-lebebis dacvis interesebidangamomdinare anda axali danaSaulis Tavidan asacileb-lad. danaSaulebrivi gziT mopovebuli qo-nebis CamorTmeva niSnavs msjavrdebulisT-vis danaSaulebrivi gziT miRebuli qonebis (yvela nivTi da aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTe, aseve iuridiuli dokumentebi, rom-lebic iZleva uflebas qonebaze), agreTve am qonebidan miRebulinebismieri formis Semosavlebis an maTi Rirebulebis ekviva-lenturi qonebis saxelmwifos sasargeb-lod usasyidlod CamorTmevas. danaSau-lebrivi gziT mopovebuli qonebis CamorT-meva sasamarTlos mier iniSneba am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela ganzraxi danaSau-lisaTvis, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu damtkicdeba, rom es qoneba danaSaulebrivi gziTaa mopo-vebuli.
imisaTvis, rom gamovitanoT daskvna aR-niSnuli sasjelebidan Tu romeli unda ga-moviyenoT konkretuli danaSaulisaTvis, mokled mimovixiloT sasjelis miznebi.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis axalma kodeqsma uari Tqva sasjelis miznad msjav-rdebulis dasjis miCnevaze da sasjelis erT-erT miznad samarTlianobis aRdgena daadgina. samarTlianobis aRdgena Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs damnaSavisaTvis samarT-liani sasjelis Sefardebas, rac Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli mora-lis moTxovnebs unda Seesabamebodes. Sas-jelis Sefardeba ar SeiZleba efuZnebodes
samarTlianobis abstraqtul ideas da ta-lionis principis ganxorcielebas. samarT-liani ganaCeni unda iyos damnaSavis racio-naluri, mizanSewonili dasja, rac xels Se-uwyobs damnaSaveobasTan warmatebul brZolas, kanonebis, aseve, saerTo Tana-cxovrebis wesebis saTanado dacvas, moma-valSi danaSaulis Cadenis Tavidan acile-bas.
sasjelis zomis gansazRvrisas gansa-kuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces dam-naSavis personalur brals, samarTlebrivi sikeTis dazianebis xarisxs, piris gamoswo-rebis SesaZleblobas da amave dros, sa-zogadoebis socialuri dacvis aucileb-lobas. sasjelis daniSvnis siswore, upir-velesad, uzrunvelyofili unda iyos da-naSaulis kvalifikaciis sizustiT. Tumca, samarTliani ganaCenis dasadgenad, danaSa-ulebrivi qmedebis swori kvalifikacia sakmarisi ar aris. aq mosamarTles evaleba SedarebiT gansazRvrul sanqciebsa da al-ternatiul sasjels Soris SearCios swo-red konkretuli pirisaTvis sanqciis is saxe da farglebi, rac misi Rrma rwmeniTa da kanonze dayrdnobiT uzrunvelyofs sasjelis miznis ganxorcielebas.
Sesabamisad mizansewonili iqneba, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 218-e muxliT gavaliswinebuli danaSaulis Camden mewarme iuridiul pirs, ZiriTadi sasjelis saxed da zomad ganesazRvros jarima, romelic saqarTvelos sisxlis sa-marTlis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad gan-sazRvrul iqneba Cadenili danaSaulis adeqvaturad, xolo damatebiTi sasjelis saxed aseve mizanSewonili iqneba danaSau-lebrivi gziT mopovebuli qonebis saxelm-wifos sasargeblod usasyidlod CamorT-meva.
aRniSnuli muxlisaTvis, yovlad dauS-vebelia rom iuridiul pirs ganesazRvros likvidacia da saqmianobs uflebis CamorT-meva.
jarimis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos mier gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba ra Semamsubuqe-beli da damamZimebeli garemoebebi, iuri-diul pirs daekisreba adekvaturi fuladi jarima Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis, rig Sem-TxvevaSi es SesaZloa iqnes damaluli ga-dasaxadis odenobaT.
206
iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebri-vi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebidan gamomdi-nare ar SeiZleba ar Sevexo kidev erT, arc Tu nakleb mtkivneul problematikas, ro-melic amaswinaT gaiJRera qarTul iuridi-ul literaturaSi, kerZod ramdenad sa-marTlianiasisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT iuridiuli piris mier Cadenili danaSauli-saTvis, - yvela SemTxvevaSi sasjelis saxed iTvaliswinebdes likvidacias da umjobesi xomar iqneboda Tuki sasamarTlos orga-noebi ufro frTxilad da skulpiozurad gamoiyenebdnen aRniSnul sanqcias, radga-nac samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebi-sas ar aris gamoricxuli iuridiuli piris xelmZRvanelma marTlac Caidina iseTi qme-deba, rac iuridiuli piris pasuxismgeb-lobas iwvevs, magram damfuZnebeli rome-lic warmoadgens iuridiuli piris damfuZ-nebels, keTilsindisieria, danaSaulis bu-nebidan gamomdinare arc SeeZlo scdonoda xelmZRvanelis danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sesaxeb da arc raime marTlsawinaarmdego qmedeba ar Caudenia; aseTi pirobebis ar-sebobisas marTlac ra SuaSia damfuZnebe-li, xolo iuridiuli piris braleulobis dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi, Tuki iuridiul pirs sasjelis saxed Seefardeba likvi-dacia, bunebrivia damfuZnebels waerTmeva kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli samewarmeo saq-mianobis ganxorcielebis saSualeba, rac aseve udanaSaulo adamianTa samsaxurida gaTavisuflebas niSnavs, rogorc samarT-lianad miuTiTebs profesori o. gamyre-liZe yovelive zemoT Tqmuli „koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis principis aRdgenaa, es im adamianebisTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pa-suxismgeblobis dakisrebaa, visac danaSau-li ar Caudenia da pasuxs agebs sxvisi da-naSaulis gamo. “veTanxmebi iuridiul li-teraturaSi gamoTqmul Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom sasamarTlo organoebis mier sasjelis saxe, -likvidacia iuridiuli pi-risaTvis gamoyenebul unda iqnes Tuki iseni sistematiurad eweodnen adamianTa vaWrobas, narkodanaSauls, iaraRis vaWro-bas da a.S. rogorc amas aSS-s kanonmdeb-loba iTvaliswinebs.
albaT, umjobesia Tuki sisxlis samarT-lis calke muxliT iqneba gaTvaliswinebu-li Tu romel gansakuTrebiT mZime dana-
SaulisaTvis SeiZleba iuridiul pirs Se-efardos sasjelis saxe, - likvidacia.
bolos, sakiTxis dasmis saxiT, vfiq-robT iuridiul pirs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba unda daekisros aseve, ekologiuri danaSaulis CadenisaTvis, ra-dganac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT am qme-debebs, evrokavSiris mravali qveynis sisx-lis samarTlis kanommdebloba iTvalis-winebs.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-
si, https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/ 16426
2. saqarTvelos kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb, https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/ 28408
3. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, ttps://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1043717
4. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi 5. sagadasaxado valdebulebebi da sakuT-
rebis ufleba _ evropuli sasamarTlos xedva, avt, daviT lomTaZe „ adamianis uflebaTa dacvis konstituciuri da saerTaSoriso meqanizmebi „ statiaTa krebuli 2010 ,
6. gamyreliZe o., sisxlis smaarTlis prob-lemebi tomi mesame gamomc. „meridiani“, 2013, gv 49-50
7. Jurnali „marTmsajuleba da kanoni“ N4 (43), sasjelismiznebida sasjelis Sefar-debis sisxlissamarTlebrivi da krimi-nologiuri aspeqtebi, avt. mzia lekvei-Svili, http://library.court.ge
8. mamniaSvili m., gloveli c., iuridiuli piris sasjelis mimarTeba samewarmeo kanonmdeblobasTan, stu-s biznes-inJi-neringis fakultetis samarTlis depar-tamentis pirveli saerTaSoriso samec-niero konferenciis masalebi. stu-s gam. Tbilisi 2014 gv. 77-78.
9. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2005 wlis 25 ivlisis ganCineba, saqme NN1/14/335, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #4, 2005.http://www.library.court.ge/upload/J_SARCHEVI_N1-2_2012.pdf
10. zoiZe b., mewarmeobis Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis dacvis kavSir urTierToba wignSi: Tanamedrove sakorporacio sa-
207
marTlis Teoriuli da praqtikuli sa-kiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2009; 128-138. http://www.library.court.ge/upload/J_SARCHEVI_N1-2_2012.pdf
11. “… the real property is held in the name of the partnership, not in the names of the individualpartners”, Bevans R.N., Business Or-ganizations and Corporate Law, New York, 2007. http://www.library.court.ge/upload/J_ SARCHEVI_N1-2_2012.pdf
12. Schneeman A., The Law of Corporations and Other Business Organizations, 5th ed., New York, 2009, 66. http://www.library.court.ge/upload/J_SARCHEVI_N1-2_2012.pdf
13. b. zoiZe sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2005, 114-116 , el. misamarTi; http://www.library.court.ge/upload/J_ SARCHEVI_N1-2_2012.pdf
14. Sesatani - mewarme subieqtis sakuTrebis uflebis garantis konteqstSi, a. Toxa-Ze, samarTlis Jurnali 2012. http://www.library.court.ge/upload/J_ SARCHEVI_N1-2_2012.pdf
15. levan nadaria, zviad rogava, kaxa ruxaZe, bondo bolqvaZe „saqarTvelos
sagadasaxado kodeqsis komentari“ wigni pirveli, 2012 weli.
i. imerliSvili, „sagadasaxado danaSaulis gamoCenis meTodika“, doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad Ser-Ceuli disertacia, stu 2014 gv. 54
16. a.oxanaSvili, iuridiuli piris sisxlis-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, Tsu iuridiuli fakultetis „samarTlis Jurnali“. 2009, N2,
i. gabisonia, iuridiul pirTa sisxlissa-marTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakvanZo sakiTxebi, Jurnali „cxovreba da kano-ni“. 2007,2, gv 12
17. m. turava, sisxlis samarTali. zogadi nawili. danaSaulis moZRvreba, gamom-cemloba „meridiani“.
18. b. jiSkariani, evropuli sisxlis sa-marTali, gam. „iuristebis samyaro“ 2003, gv.114
19. svaniZe k., sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasu-xismgebloba gadasaxadisaTvis Tavis aridebisas.
208
ekonomikuri danaSauli
givi abaSiZe _ samarTlis doqtori, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo
universitetis asocirebuli profesori
reziume naSromSi mokled ganxilulia sakuTre-bis, samewarmeo, ekonomikuri da safinanso saqmianobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSau-li, romelic safrTxes uqmnis ara marto qveynis ekonomikur da finansur ganvi-Tarebas, aramed zogadad sxva danaSaulis warmoSobis da gavrcelebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. gadmocemulia saxelmwifos mier Sesaba-misi samarTlebrivi saSualebebiT ekono-mikuri saqmianobis, sakuTrebis, sagadasa-xado kanonmdeblobis, sameurneo da same-warmeo subieqtebis uflebebis da intere-sebis dacvis, am kategoriis danaSaulTa wi-naaRmdeg brZolis aucileblobis Sesaxeb.
Economic Crime
Givi Abashidze summary
The present paper briefly describes the crime
committed against property, business, economic and financial activities, which threatens not only the economic and financial development of the country but generally it is one of the important factors of originating and propagating other crimes as well.
We have described here the necessity of protecting the rights and interests of the economic activities, property, tax law, economic and industrial subjects and the ways of fighting against these kind of crimes.
sakuTrebis, samewarmeo, ekonomikuri da safinanso saqmianobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSauli Tavisi arsiT Cveni qveynisaTvis erT-erTi destruqciuli, damangreveli da saxifaTo movlenaa. is safrTxes uqmnis ara marto qveynis ekonomikur, finansur, fu-lad-sakredito sistemis ganviTarebas, aramed zogadad sxva danaSaulebis warmo-Sobis da gavrcelebis erT-erTi mniSvnelo-vani faqtoria.
zogadad ekonomikis sferoSi Cadenili danaSauli axali movlena ar aris, is Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens da rogorc ekonomikuri fenomeni arsebobs uZvelesi droidan. saxelmwifos ZiriTadi amocana da movaleobaa samarTlebrivi gze-biT, Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis gamoyene-biT am kategoriis danaSaulTa winaaRmdeg brZola.
damoukidebel saqarTveloSi damkvid-rebulma sabazro ekonomikam dRis wesrigSi daayena sameurneo da ekonomikuri saqmia-nobis sferoSi arsebuli sisxlissamartle-brivi normebis gadaxedva, Tavisufali sa-vaWro urTierTobebis da ekonomikuri saq-mianobis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo aqtebis SemuSaveba da maTi axleburad Ca-moyalibeba.
Tanamedrove moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, axali sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis Sesa-tyvisi sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis Seqmnam, rac ZiriTadad eyrdnoboda qveya-naSi arsebul samarTlebriv da dasavluri samarTlis tradiciebs, xeli Seuwyo same-warmeo kanonmdeblobis srulyofas, ekono-mikis sferoSi arsebul danaSaulTa erTian klasifikacias, am sferoSi arsebuli sisx-lissamarTlebrivi normebis swor inter-pretacias.
aRniSnulis kvalobaze sameurneo sfe-roSi Cadenil danaSaulebma ganaxlebuli da gadamuSavebuli saxiT saTanado asaxva hpova damoukidebeli saqarTvelos axal sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi, rogorc eko-nomikurma danaSaulma da misi ZiriTadi mizani da principia samewarmeo seqtoris ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxelmwifo Care-visagan dacva, bazarze jansaRi konkuren-ciis SenarCuneba, fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis sakuTrebis, safinanso da fulad-sakredito sistemebis, sagadasaxado kanon-mdeblobis da sxva sameurneo da samewarmeo subieqtebis uflebebisa da interesebis dacva.
209
amJamad moqmed saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT ekonomikuri danaSau-lis TavSi Tavmoyrilia sakuTrebis, same-warmeo an sxva ekonomikuri saqmianobis, fulad-sakredito, safinanso saqmianobis da samewarmeo an sxva organizaciaSi samsa-xuris interesis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli da-naSaulebi.
amdenad, sameurneo danaSaulis TavSi Se-vida mTeli rigi axali normebi, romlebsac daekisraT marTlwesrigis dacvis funqcia kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi, rac aucilebeli iyo, radgan sakuTrebis insti-tutisa da sabazro ekonomikis ganviTareba ganpirobebulia saxelmwifos mier konsti-tuciiT aRiarebuli sakuTrebisa da same-warmeo saqmianobis uflebebis dacviT.
ekonomikis sferoSi Cadenili danaSauli da misi mZime Sedegebi pirdapir aris da-kavSirebuli saxelmwifo biujetis Sesru-lebasTan, rac Tavis mxvriv gansazRvravs Cveni qveynis TiToeuli moqalaqis keTil-dReobas, xelfasebisa da pensiebis gacemas, infrastruqturis ganviTarebas da a. S.
zogadad saxelmwifos da pirvel rigSi samarTaldamcavi organoebis ZiriTadi amocanaa droulad iqnas gamovlenili da aRkveTili samewarmeo da ekonomikuri saqmianobis sferoSi Cadenili yvela saxis danaSauli, konkretuli damnaSave piri mi-eces sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi, mi-Rebuli iqnas zomebi amgvari danaSauleb-rivi qmedebis Sedegad saxelmwifoze miye-nebuli zianis anazRaurebisaTvis.
ekonomikur sferoSi Cadenil danaSaul-Ta Soris sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTu-li danaSauli, kerZod qurdoba, Zarcva, ya-CaRoba, TaRliToba, gamoZalva, miTviseba, gaflangva, nivTis dazianeba an ganadgu-reba da sxva misi erT-erTi avtonomiuri na-wilia.
sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ze-moT CamoTvlili danaSaulebi Seadgens danaSaulTa im jgufs, romelSic yovelT-vis arsebobda danaSaulis sagani, rasac mi-ekuTvneba sasaqonlo-materialuri faseu-loba, fuli, moZravi da uZravi qoneba, na-yofi, produqcia, mosavali, Sinauri cxo-velebi, fasiani qaRaldebi daa sxv.
samewarmeo da sxva ekonomikur, fulad-sakredito da safinanso saqmianobis sfe-roSi Cadenil danaSaulTa Soris gavrce-
lebul danaSauls warmoadgens samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis xelis SeSla, ukanono Semosavlebis legalizeba, falsifikacia, yalbi saangariSsworebo dokumentebis dam-zadeba da gamoyeneba, fulis kupiurebis, sakredito baraTebis da aqcizuri markebis gamoyeneba, sabaJo wesebis darRveva, gadasaxadisaTvis Tavis arideba da sxv.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi sameurneo da ekonomikuri xasiaTis dana-Saulebis winaaRmdeg brZola, maTi drouli gamovlena da aRkveTa, rogoric aris fal-sifikacia, adamianis sicocxlisa da jan-mrTelobisaTvis saSiSi produqciis damza-deba, SeZena da realizacia.
falsificirebuli produqciis warmo-eba, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadad xdeba qveynis biujetSi Sesatani Tanxebis Sesamcireb-lad, rac zians ayenebs saxelmwifos safi-nanso interesebs, amasTan arRvevs produq-ciis warmoebis standartizaciisa da ser-Tifikaciis wesebs.
rac Seexeba adamianis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi produqciis damzadebis, Semotanis da realizaciis kri-minalizacias da aRniSnulisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis gafarToebas, is ganpirobebulia imiT, rom ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTveloSi gaxSirda amgvari produqciis damzadebis, SeZenis, aseve misi Semotanis SemTxvevebi. swored, kanonmdeb-lis mizania amgvari danaSaulebrivi xelyo-fisagan mosaxleobis janmrTelobisa da sicocxlis dacva.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sferoa kon-trabandasTan brZola. sabaJo wesebis dar-Rvevis socialuri mavneoba imaSi mdgoma-reoba, rom igi zians ayenebs saxelmwifos ekonomikur interesebs, radgan amgvari da-naSaulebrivi qmedebis Sedegad saxelmwifo biujetSi ar Sedis sabaJo gadasaxadebi da mosakreblebi, amasTan am danaSauliT Sesa-Zlebelia ziani miadges aseve qveynis uSiSroebas, roca kontrabandis sagans war-moadgens iaraRi, sabrZolo masala, radio-aqtiuri nivTiereba da Tavisufali brun-vidan amoRebuli sxva nivTebi.
ekonomikur danaSaulTa Soris saTanado yuradReba unda mieqces danaSaulebs fu-lad-sakredito sisitemaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki yalbi fulis an fasiani qaRaldis, yalbi Cekis an sakredito saangariSsworebo bara-
210
Tis damzadebis da gasaRebis winaaRmdeg brZolas, radgan amgvari danaSauli mniSv-nelovan safrTxes warmoadgens qveynis eko-nomikisaTvis, Zirs uTxris fulis simyares da arTulebs fulis mimoqcevis regulire-bas, amasTan es danaSauli mometebul saSi-Sroebas iZens sabazro ekonomikis piro-bebSi. saWiroa yalbi fulis damzadebisa da gasaRebis faqtebis drouli gamovlena da damnaSave pirTa dasja.
zogadad qveynis warmatebuli ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelo-vani safuZvelia korufciis damarcxeba da ekonomikur, sameurneo danaSaulTa wina-aRmdeg brZolis gaaqtiureba.
sainteresoa rogoria saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri danaSaulis dinamika da mdgo-mareoba am danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis mxvriv, rac Cvens mier gaanalizebuli iqna saqarTveloSi 2014-2015 wlebis Svid TveSi Cadenili amgvari danaSaulis statistiku-ri monacemebis mixedviT.
2015 wlis Svid TveSi ekonomikis sfe-roSi saqarTveloSi sul registrirebulia 7944 danaSauli, 352 erTeuliT naklebi 2014 wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT. maT Soris 7532 danaSauli Cadenilia sakuTre-bis winaaRmdeg, rac 342 erTeuliT naklebia gasuli wlis amave periodTan SedarebiT.
samewarmeo da sxva ekonomikuri saq-mianobis winaaRmdeg mimdinare wlis amave periodSi Cadenilia 117 danaSauli da 41 erTeuliT aris gazrdili wina wlis Sesa-bamis periodTan SedarebiT. Ffulad-sakre-dito sistemaSi wels sul registrirebuli iqna 144 danaSauli, rac 21 erTeuliT Sem-
cirda wina welTan SedarebiT. Aaseve, 40 erTeuliT Semcirda danaSauli safinanso saqmianobis sferoSi. MTumca, mimdinare wlis Svid TveSi 10 erTeuliT gaizarda da-naSauli samewarmeo da sxva organizaciebis samsaxuris interesis winaaRmdeg.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom rogorc aRniS-nuli kategoriis danaSaulis statistiku-ri monacemebiT irkveva, dabalia ekono-mikis sferoSi Cadenil danaSaulTa gaxsnis maCveneblebi, rac saSualod registryre-buli mTliani danaSaulis mxolod 35- 40%-s Seadgens, romelic ra Tqma unda uaryofiTad aisaxeba ekonomikur da same-urneo danaSaulTa winaaRmdeg brZolis mdgomareobaze.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. Tbilisi, 2014 wlis mdgomareobiT
2. sisxlis samarTali. kerZo nawili (wigni pirveli), avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisi, 2008 weli.
3. n. gvenetaZe, g. mamulaSvili. Ppasuxismgebloba samewarmeo da sxva ekonomikuri danaSaulisaTvis. Tb. 2008 weli
4. m. lekveiSvili, g. mamulaSvili. Ppasuxismgebloba ekonomikuri danaSaulisaTvis, Tb. 1999 weli
5. http://www.24saati.ge/weekend/story 6. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library 7. http://police.ge/files/pdf/
211
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganviTarebis problemebi da perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi
boris WiWinaZe _ ekonomikis doqtori,
akaki wereTlis saxelobis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis maswavlebeli,
saqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecniero sazogadoebis wevri
reziume miuxedavad bolo 20 weliwadSi gatare-
buli reformebisa, adgilobrivi TviT-mmarTvelobebis ganviTarebis kuTxiT ki-dev bevria gasakeTebeli, raTa saqarTve-los adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebSi mni-Svnelovnad gaumjobesdes socialur-eko-nomikuri mdgomareoba.
sakvanZo sityvebi: adgilobrivi biu-
jeti, transferi, finansuri damoukideb-loba, strategiuligegma, dagegmareba.
The development problems of self-government institutions
in Georgia and future perspectives
Boris Chichinadze
Summary Despite of the reforms passed during the last 20
years in Georgia additional reforms are needed for the future development of self-government institutions. The government has a lot to do to solve social-ecomical problems and improve situation in this regard.
yvelas kargad moexseneba, rom qveynis
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba faqtiurad warmoudgenelia adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebSi socialur-ekonomi-kuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis gareSe. mainc raSi gamoixateba socialur-ekono-mikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba?, es Zi-riTadad moicavs adgilobriv TviTmmarT-velobebSi mcxovrebi pirebis ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebas. gaumjobeseba mi-iRweva im SemTxvevaSi roca gaizrdeba mo-qalaqeTa dasaqmebis done, Semcirdeba umu-Sevroba, gaizrdeba investiciebis raode-noba, aRorZindeba mwarmoebiTi seqtori, adgilebze Seiqmneba eqsportisTvis gan-kuTvnili konkurentunariani produqcia,
gaumjobesdeba moqalaqeTa komunaluri, sa-transporto da infrastruqturuli mom-saxurebis done, Tanamedrove evropul do-nes miuaxlovdeba moqalaqeTa uzrunvel-yofa janmrTelobis sferoSi, gaumjobes-deba adgilobrivi ekologiuri mdgomare-oba da sxva. aRniSnulis uzrunvelsayofad ki saWiroa gamarTuli da moqalaqeTa ke-TildReobaze orientirebuli kanonebis miReba, raSidac Tavisi wili pasuxismgeb-loba ekisreba, rogorc centralur aseve adgilobriv xelisuflebas.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 1012-e mux-lis mixedviT adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-lobis uflebamosilebani gamijnulia sa-xelmwifo organoTa uflebamosilebebisa-gan. TviTmmarTvel erTeuls aqvs sakuTari da delegirebuli uflebamosilebani. Adgi-lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis uflebamosi-lebaTa gansazRvris ZiriTadi principebi da uflebamosilebani dgindeba organuli kanoniT.
aRniSnuli muxlis mixedviT TviTmmarT-veli erTeuli uflebamosilia Tavisi ini-ciativiT gadawyvitos nebismieri sakiTxi, romelic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT ar aris xelisuflebis sxva organos ufleba-mosileba da akrZaluli ar aris kanoniT. saxelmwifo organoebis mier TviTmmarT-veli erTeulisaTvis uflebamosilebaTa delegireba dasaSvebia sakanonmdeblo aq-tebis, agreTve xelSekrulebebis safuZ-velze, mxolod Sesabamisi materialuri da finansuri resursebis gadacemiT, romelTa odenobis gaangariSebis wesi ganisazRvreba kanoniT.
imave konstituciis 1013-e muxlis mixed-viT adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas aqvs sakuTari qoneba da finansebi. TviTmmarT-veli erTeulis organoebis mier TavianTi kompetenciis farglebSi miRbuli gadawy-vetilebebis Sesruleba savaldebuloa
212
TviTmmarTveli erTeulis teritoriaze. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoe-bis saqmianobis saxelmwifo zedamxedvelo-ba xorcieldeba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis mizania adgi-lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis normatiuli aqtebis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa da delegi-rebuli uflebamosilebebis jerovani gan-xorcieleba. saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba xorcieldeba misi miznebis proporciu-lad.
rogorc vxedavT saqarTveloSi moqmed ZiriTad kanonSi – konstituciaSi mocemu-lia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis funqcionirebis samarTlebrivi safuZvle-bi. rac Seexeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-lobebis uflebamosilebaTa gansazRvris ZiriTad principebs da uflebamosilebebs, is dgindeba ,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-lobis kodeqsis“ mixedviT.
saqarTveloSi dRes moqmedi `adgilob-rivi TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsis“ Tanax-mad adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba aris TviTmmarTvel erTeulSi registrirebul saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa ufleba da Se-saZlebloba, maT mier arCeuli adgilob-rivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis meSve-obiT, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis sa-fuZvelze gadawyviton adgilobrivi mniSv-nelobis sakiTxebi. adgilobrivi TviT-mmarTveloba xorcieldeba municipalite-tebSi – TviTmmarTvel qalaqsa da TviT-mmarTvel TemSi.
amave kanonis mixedviT municipalitets gaaCnia sakuTari da delegirebuli ufle-bamosilebebi. municipalitetebis sakuTa-ri uflebamosilebebi igive eqskluziuri uflebamosilebebia. sakuTari uflebamo-silebebis gansaxorcieleblad adgilob-rivi municipalitetebi centraluri xe-lisuflebidan Rebuloben gaTanabrebiT transfers. xolo delegirebuli ufleba-mosilebebis gansaxorcieleblad Rebulo-ben miznobriv transfers.
municipalitetebis sakuTari ufleba-mosilebebis CamonaTvali mocemulia ,,ad-gilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsis“ me-16-e muxlSi. sakuTari uflebamosile-bebidan SegviZlia gamovyoT ZiriTadi uf-lebamosilebebi, rogoricaa:
1. adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis bunebrivi resursebis, maT Soris wylis da tyis resursebis da municipalitetis sa-kuTrebaSi arsebuli miwis resursebis marTva kanoniT dadgenili wesiT;
2. municipalitetis sivrciT-teritori-uli dagegmva da Sesabamis sferoSi normebisa da wesebis gansazRvra. qa-laqmTSeneblobiTi dokumentaciis, maT Soris, miwaTsargeblobis genera-luri gegmis, ganaSenianebis regulire-bis gegmis, dasaxlebaTa teritoriebis gamoyenebisa da ganaSenianebis reguli-rebis wesebis damtkiceba;
3. adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saavtomo-bilo gzebis marTva da adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis gzebze sagzao moZraobis organizeba;
4. gare vaWrobis, gamofenebis, bazrebisa da bazrobebis regulireba;
5. gare reklamis ganTavsebis reguli-reba;
6. sasaflaoebis mowyoba da movla-pat-ronoba;
7. adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis obieqtebze SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pi-rebisaTvis, bavSvebisa da moxucebisaT-vis saTanado infrastruqturis ganvi-Tareba, maT Soris, sajaro TavSeyris adgilebisa da municipaluri trans-portis saTanadod adaptirebisa da aR-Wurvis uzrunvelyofa;
8. usaxlkaroTa TavSesafriT uzrunvel-yofa da registracia;
9. wyalmomaragebis (maT Soris, teqnikuri wyliT momaragebis) da wyalanirebis uzrunvelyofa; adgilobrivi mniSvne-lobis samelioracio sistemis ganvi-Tareba.
aq moviyvane municipalitetebis saku-Tari uflebamosilebebis is nawili, ro-melTa umravlesoba TiTqmis arcerT mu-nicipalitetSi ar xorcieldeba. aRniS-nuli ZiriTadad gamowveulia adgilobrivi sakuTari finansebis ukmarisobiT da cen-traluri xelisuflebis Sesabamisi orga-noebis araoperatiulobiT. zemoaRniSnu-li sakiTxebis mougvarebloba ki adgilob-rivi mosaxleobis samarTlian guliswyro-mas iwvevs.
adgilobriv municipalitetebs garda ze-moaRniSnuli sakuTari uflebamosilebebi-
213
sa ,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ko-deqsis“ me-16-e muxlis me-4 nawiliT ufleba aqvs ganaxorcielos RonisZiebebi dasaqme-bis xelSewyobis, soflis meurneobis, maT Soris, sasoflo-sameurneo kooperaciis, mxardaWerisa da turizmis ganviTarebis, socialuri daxmarebisa da jandacvis, ad-gilobriv doneze axalgazrduli politi-kis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis, masobrivi sportis xelSewyobis, garemos dacvis, sa-zogadoebrivi ganaTlebis, genderuli Ta-nasworobis xelSewyobis, adgilobrivi mni-Svnelobis arqivis warmoebis, cxovrebis jansaRi wesis damkvidrebis, adamianis janm-rTelobisTvis usafrTxo garemos Seqmnis, municipalitetis teritoriaze investici-ebis mozidvis, inovaciuri ganviTarebis mxardaWeris da sxva mizniT.
rogorc vxedavT adgilobriv TviT-mmarTvelobebs, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sakuTari uflebamosilebebis garda uf-leba aqvT ganaxorcielon zemoaRniSnuli RonisZiebebic, magram praqtikaSi mdgoma-reoba sul sxvagvaradaa, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebi xSir SemTxvevaSi araTu damatebiT, aramed maT eqskluziur uflebamosilebebsac ver axorcieleben. es ZiriTadad gamowveulia adgilobrivi fi-nansuri resursebis simciriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTmmarTvelobebs gaaCniaT sa-kuTari uflebamosilebebi da maT uzrun-velsayofad centraluri biujetidan eZ-levaT gaTanabrebiTi transferi, es ver uzrunvelyofs TviTmmarTvelobebis wina-Se mdgari sakiTxebis droul da efeqtur gadawyvetas. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mniSvnelovan daxvewas saWiroebs TviT-mmarTvelobebisaTvis gadasacemi transfe-ris gamosaangariSebeli formula, rome-lic dadgenilia finansTa ministris 2009
wlis 30 dekembris №904 brZanebiT (gaTanab-rebiTi transferis gaangariSebis inst-ruqciis damtkicebis Taobaze). aRniSnuli brZanebiT TviTmmarTvelobebisaTvis ga-dasacemi transferi gaingariSeba saqarT-velos sabiujeto kodeqsiT damtkicebuli
formulis mixedviT, es formulaa T=E-R, T aris adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTe-ulis biujetisaTvis gamosayofi gaTanab-rebiTi transferi, Earis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTulis biujetis xar-jebisa da arafinansuri aqtivebis zrdis
jami, R aris adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujetis Semosavlebi (granteb-is garda), romelic calkeuli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujetisaTvis gainagariSeba mimdinare wlis prognozisa da gasuli 3 wlis faqtobrivi maCveneblis tendenciis mixedviT.
2015 wels adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-lobebisaTvis da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisaTvis gadasacemi transferis
odenoba mocemulia cxril №1–Si.
cxrili .№1
№
dasaxeleba
sul trans-
feri
maT Soris gaTanabre
biTi
maT Soris
miznobrivi
maT Soris specia-luri
1 avtonom. respublika
TviTmmarT.
erTeulebi
854,800.0 834,233.0 11,567.0 9,000.0
afxazeTis
avtonom.
respublikis
metad saintereso suraTs vRebulobT
Tu gavaanalizebT konkretuli TviT-mmarTvelobebisaTvis gadasacemi gaTanab-rebiTi transferis odenobebs, maT Soris TbilisisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli transfe-ris CaTvliT. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis movi-taneT informacia TiToeuli regionidan erTi municipalitetis. monacemebi moce-
mulia cxril №2-Si
cxrili №2
№
dasaxeleba
sul 2015 wels
gadasacemi gaTanabre-
biTi transferi
M mosaxleobis
raodenoba 01.01.2015 wlisTvis
transferis
odenoba erT sul
mosaxleze 2015 wels
1 Tbilisis municipali-teti
412,282.2 1 118 000 368.80 lari
2 gurjaanis municipali-teti
6,985.4 54 100 129.10 lari
3 zestafonis municipali-teti
6,549.5 57 600 113.70 lari
4 martvilis municipali-teti
5,322.5 33 400 159.40 lari
214
5 qarelis municipali-teti
6,177.0 41 300 149.60 lari
6 gardabnis municipali-teti
3,741.4 82 200 45.50 lari
7 lanCxuTis municipali-teti
5,881.1 31 400 187.30 lari
8 axalqalaqis municipali-teti
6,332.7 44 900 141 lari
9 cageris municipali-teti
4,081.8 10 300 396.30 lari
10
yazbegis municipali-teti
718.1 3 700 194.10 lari
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, erT sul mo-
saxleze TbilisSi 2015 wels gaTanabrebiTi transferis odenoba Seadgens 369 lars, xo-lo saqarTvelos sxva municipalitetebSi erT sul mosaxleze gaTanabrebiTi trans-feris odenoba saSualod 170 laria. miuxe-davad imisa, rom gaTanabrebiTi transfe-ris garda adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs gaaCniaT qonebis gadasaxadebidan da sxva adgilobrivi mosakreblebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi, isini sakuTari finansuri re-sursebis simcires ganicdian. saqarTvelos TviTmmarTvelobebis sabiujeto Semosav-lebis dakvirvebam gviCvena, rom TviTmmar-Tvelobebis sakuTari Semosavlebi gadasa-xadebis da mosakreblebis CaTvliT (gaTana-brebiTi transferis gareSe) Seadgens Tvi-TmmarTvelobebis sabiujeto Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 20%-s, rac Zalian dabali ma-Cvenebelia (saSualo evropuli maCvenebeli Seadgens 35-40%-s), gamomdinare aqedan da-balia TviTmmarTvelobebis sabiujeto da-moukideblobis xarisxi, rac TviTmmarTve-lobebis centrze da guberniaze damokide-bulebas mniSvnelovnad zrdis. Seqmnili mdgomareoba ki safrTxis qveS ayenebs ka-nonmdeblobiT aRiarebuli TviTmmarTve-lobebis biujetebis damoukideblobas. am mimarTulebiT saWiroa centraluri xeli-suflebis mxridan gadaidgas qmediTi nabi-jebi TviTmmarTvelobebis sabiujeto da-moukideblobis gazrdis kuTxiT, rac pir-vel etapze saSemosavlo da mogebis gada-saxadebidan (am etapisaTvis 30%-is odeno-biT) garkveuli anaricxebis TviTmmarTve-lobebis biujetebSi CaricxvaSi unda ga-moixatos.
Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamomdinare aucilebelia TviTmmarTvelobebma Seadgi-non Tavisi teritoriebis strategiuli gan-viTarebis moklevadiani da grZelvadiani samoqmedi gegmebi. wlebis ganmavlobaSi am gegmebis Sedgena problemebTan iyo dakav-Sirebuli, rac ZiriTadad gamoixateboda imaSi, rom TviTmmarTvelobebSi arCevnebis gziT mosuli yoveli axali mTavroba ar axdenda misi winamorbedis mier dawyebili saqmeebis gagrZelebas da axal xedvebs aya-libebda, rac mTlianobaSi strategiuli gegmebis Sedgena-damtkicebas aferxebda.
saWiroa am mimarTulebiT qmediTi nabi-jebis gadadgma, radganac Tu ar iqneba TviTmmarTvelobebis strategiuli gegmebi da ar gaizrdeba TviTmmarTvelobebs Soris konkurentunarianobis xarisxi, maSin azrs dakargavs TviTmmarTvelobis mcnebac, es ki saqarTvelos avtoritets partniori evropuli qveynebis TvalSi mniSvnelovnad Seasustebs. am mimarTulebiT udidesi pa-suxismgebloba ekisreba centralur xeli-suflebas, amas gvavaldebulebs aseve evro-pasTan xelmowerili ,,asocirebis xelSek-rulebac“.
amJamad moqmedi `adgilobrivi TviT-mmarTvelobis kodeqsis“ 54-e muxlis pirve-li nawilis `e.g.“ qvepunqtis mixedviT mu-nicipalitetis gamgebeli/meri municipa-litetis uflebamosilebis farglebSi uz-runvelyofs Sesabamisi socialur-ekono-mikuri ganviTarebisa da sxva programebis, strategiebisa da gegmebis momzadebas, sak-rebulosTvis dasamtkiceblad wardgenas da ganxorcielebas.
TviTmmarTvelobebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT am etapisaTvis adgilobrivi TviT-mmarTvelobebis mier Sedgenil unda iqnes strategiuli ganviTarebis gegmebi. Stra-tegiuli gegma unda Sedgebodes Semdegi indikatorebisgan.
1. 1. mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri daxasiaTeba
a. mosaxleobis struqtura. b. mosaxleobis Semosavlebis maCvenebeli.
2. municipalitetis ekonomikuri baza. a. mrewveloba da soflis meurneoba. b. dasaqmeba. g. mcire da saSualo biznesi. d. sainvesticio saqmianoba.
215
e. saSuamavlo saqmianoba. 3. municipaluri finansebi, arasacxov-
rebeli fondebi da miwaTsargebloba. a. municipaluri biujeti. b. municipaluri arasacxovrebeli uZ-
rav-moZravi qoneba da miwaTsargeb-loba.
g. moziduli grantebi. 4. momsaxurebis sfero da saqalaqo me-
urneoba. a. sacxovrebeli da misi xelmisawvdo-
moba. b. sacxovreblis komunaluri momsaxure-
ba. g. satransporto momsaxureba. d. kavSirgabmulobis momsaxureba. e. kulturul-saganmanaTleblo momsa-
xureba. v. socialuri dacva. z. jandacva. T. ganaTleba. i. wesrigis dacva. k. ekologia. l. vaWroba. m. keTilmowyoba. n. sakonsultacio momsaxureba. o. gadamzadebis centrebi. saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom strategiuli
gegmis Sedgenas gaaCnia Tavisi etapebi da safexurebi.
pirveli etapi moicavs strategiuli gegmis koncefciis damuSavebas, romelsac Wirdeba 2-5 Tve. aRniSnul periodSi saWi-roa municipalitetebis resursuli poten-cialis gansazRvra, prognozebis Sedgena, romelic Tavis mxriv moicavs demografias, sicocxlis dones da qalaqis ekonomikis dargobriv struqturas. aseve qalaqis gan-viTarebis koncefciis formirebas da Sesa-bamisi mimarTulebebis gansazRvras.
meore etapi moicavs strategiuli geg-mis Sedgenas, romelsac Wirdeba 6-7 Tve. aR-niSnul periodSi unda damuSavdes sxvada-sxva miznobrivi programebi. unda ganisa-zRvros saWiro Tanxebis da mosazidi fu-ladi resursebis struqtura. unda SemuSa-vdes strategiuli gegmis grafiki, Semdeg unda moxdes am atrategiuli gegmis gan-xilva da sakrebuloebSi damtkiceba.
mesame etapi moicavs strategiuli geg-mis realizacias da monitorings. am peri-odSi xdeba dasaxuli gegmebis Sesrulebis
monitoringi, TviTmmarTvelobebis socia-lur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis periodu-li Seswavla da miRebuli Sedegebis dasa-xul miznebTan Sedareba.
Cemi azriT, am etapze TviTmmarTvelobe-bis doneze saWiroa gatardes Semdegi Ro-nisZiebebi:
1) TviTmmarTvelobebis saSemosavlo ba-zis gaZlierebis mizniT, kanoniT mkacrad unda ganisazRvros saxelmwifo gadasaxa-debidan (am etapisaTvis mogebis da saSemo-savlo gadasaxadebidan) adgilobrivi TviT-mmarTvelobebis biujetebSi Casaricxi pro-centuli anaricxebis odenobebi;
2) am etapze, adgilobrivi TviTmmarT-velobebis saqmianobis efeqturobis amaR-lebisTvis, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa ganxorci-eldes cvlileba TviTTmmarTvelobis moq-med kanonSi, raTa mniSvnelovnad gaimijnos centrisa da TviTmmarTvelobebis kompe-tenciebi, aseve dasaxvewia TviTmmarTve-lobebisaTvis gadasaricxi transferis ga-mosaangariSebeli formula, raTa TviT-mmarTvelobebma miiRon transferis is odenoba, romelic maT ekuTvniT;
3) dasaxvewia kanoni ,,investiciebis sa-xelmwifo mxardaWeris Sesaxeb“. kanoniT Se-RavaTebi unda dauwesdeT im fizikur da iuridiul pirebs, romlebic ganaTavseben kapitals municipalitetebis teritoria-ze, aRniSnuli midgoma maTTvis erTgvari stimuli iqneba;
4) adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis strategiuli gegmebis Sedgenis uzrunvel-sayofad saWiroa Sedges qalaqebis paspor-tebi, sadac Tavmoyrili iqneba informacia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis ekono-mikuri SesaZleblobebis, ekologiuri mdgomareobis, adamianuri da bunebrivi ka-pitalis Sesaxeb;
5) aucilebeli sakanonmdeblo doneze moxdes adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis kompetenciebis gazrda mosaxleobis dasaq-mebis da samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis mimar-TulebiT. saWiroa adgilobrivi gadamza-debis centrebis da profesiuli saswav-leblebis Seqmna, romlebmac unda uzrun-velyon adgilobrivi moqalaqeebis dasaqme-ba da dasaqmebuli pirebis sistematuri ga-damzadeba, amisaTvis ki saWiroa centra-luri xelisuflebis mier moxdes municipa-
216
litetebis Sesabamisi finansuri uzrun-velyofa;
6) municipalitetebSi statistikuri in-formaciis moZiebis srulyofis mizniT saWiroa Seiqmnas adgilobrivi statisti-kuri samsaxurebi, radganac am etapisaTvis municipalitetebis umravlesoba ver flo-ben informacias maT samoqmedo terito-riaze ganTavsebuli adgilobrivi da ucxo-uri investiciebis, aseve arsebuli sawar-moebis da maT balansze ricxuli qonebis Sesaxeb, maSin rodesac am sawarmoebis ba-lansze ricxuli qoneba warmoadgens adgi-lobrivi biujetebis qonebis gadasaxadis ZiriTad wyaros. swored municipaluri statistikuri samsaxurebi unda awvdides TviTmmarTvelobebs swor da utyuar info-rmacias TviTmmarTvelobebis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis ganmsazRvravi indikatorebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli statis-tikuri informaciebi Semdeg asaxvas hpo-vebs Sesabamisi TviTmmarTvelobebis mier damtkicebul programul biujetebSi.
7) sistematurad moxdes TviTmmarTve-lobebSi dasaqmebuli pirebis kvalifika-ciis donis amaRleba. saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom wina wlebSi am mimarTulebiT TviT-mmarTvelobebis biujetebidan faqtiurad erTi lari ar daxarjula.
8) TviTmmarTvelobebis mier moxdes uc-xoeTis damegobrebuli qalaqebis gamocdi-
lebis gaziareba, iq arsebuli teqnologi-uri miRwevebis CvenTan danergvis mimarTu-lebiT. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Seiqmnas er-Toblivi sawarmoebi, rac mniSvnelovnad ga-zrdis TviTmmarTvelobebis konkurentu-narianobis xarisxs. dReisaTvis am mimarTu-lebiT TviTmmarTvelobebSi arsebuli
mdgomareba metad savalaloa da veranair kritikas ver uZlebs.
9) TviTmmarTvelobebma arsebuli kanon-mdeblobis farglebSi maqsimalurad unda Seuwyon xeli investiciebis mozidvas.
10) TviTmmarTvelobebma Seadginon Se-sabamisi turistuli ruqebi, rac mniSvne-lovnad gazrdis TviTmmarTvelobebis cno-badobas da xels Seuwyobs adgilobrivi tu-rizmis ganviTarebas.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis kodeq-
si. 2. sabiujeto kodeqsi. 3. sagadasaxado kodeqsi
217
RvTaeba `odi~ – fuladqceuli oqros RvTaeba da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis sakiTxi
mMilord siWinava _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, stu-s profesori
RvTaeba zevsi
Deity ,,odi’’ - the deity of gold transformed into money and question of Goergian statehood
Milord Sichinava, doctor of economic sciences,
professor Summary
In the foreign language mythological dictionaries worldwide deity odi is considered as non-Georgian deity. Whereas it is purely Georgian deity. Its ancestor is deity Obi who is the same as Georgian Zeus.
In the author’s opinion deity Obi’s transformation into deity odi is linked to turning gold into money, and correspondingly, to giving rise to the oldest and the most powerful state in Georgia approximately in V-IV millennia BC. It is proved by several circumstan-ces, especially - by some expressions still existing in Georgian language such as `oditgan~, `odindeli~ and so on; as the synonym of the oldest powerfulness of this country. It is also testified by the fact that this na-me is linked with richness and greatness and so forth.
The author thinks that the very place where it might have been appeared the worshipping deity odi should be ancient odishi which literally means odi’s motherland - odi’s country in Kolkhian language. The name `odishi~ continues its existence in contemporary Kholxis and covers rather large territory in the down-stream of the Enguri river still rich in gold .
The author also thinks that other people’s - similar to odi - deities: Dios in ancient Greece, odi ancient Scandinavia (namely among Vikings), odin and Wô-dan in Northern Europe(namely in Germany), Ogdi with Tunguska Peoples (in Siberia) and so forth, - may be represented as the result of the great human migrations from ancient Georgia for gold millennia ago.
reziume
msoflios xalxTa ucxoenovan miTolo-giur leqsikonebSi RvTaeba odi miCneulia araqarTvelur RvTaebad. magram sinamdvi-leSi igi wminda qarTveluri RmerTia. misi winaparia RvTaeba obi, romelic igive qar-Tveli zevsia.
avtoris azriT, RvTaeba obi-s gadaqceva RvTaebad odi dakavSirebulia oqros fu-lad gadaqcevasTan da, Sesabamisad, erT-erTi uZvelesi da uZlieresi saxelmwifos warmoSobasTn saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulSi. amas adasturebs
araerTi garemoeba. gansakuTrebiT dRemde SemorCenili gamoTqmebi qarTul enaSi: `odiTgan~, `odindeli~ da a.S., rogorc qve-ynis ZvelTaZveli Zlevamosilebis sinoni-mi, saxelis odi dakavSireba simdidresa da sidiadesTan da sxv.
adgili, sadac SesaZloa aRmocenebuli-yo RvTaeba odi-s kulti, avtoris azriT, unda iyos swored Zveli odiSi, rac sityva-sityviT niSnavs odi-s samSoblos, odi-s qveyanas kolxurad. saxeli odiSi dRemdea SemorCenili kolxeTSi da moicavs sakmaod vrcel teritorias oqroTi dRemde kvla-vac mdidar mdinare enguris qvemo auzSi.
avtoris azriT, RvTaeba odi-s msgavsi Zveli RvTaebebi sxva xalxebSi: diosi-Zvel berZnulSi, odi - Zvel skandinaviaSi (ker-Zod, vikingebSi), odini da vodani - Crdilo evropaSi (kerZod, germaniaSi), ogdi-tun-guskebSi (cimbirSi) da sxv., SeiZleba oq-rosTvis swored saqarTvelodan aTaswle-ulTa winaT mosaxleobis didi migraciebis Sedegs warmoadgendes.
218
oqros simdidris fuladqcevisa da, Se-sabamisad, fuladqceuli oqros RvTaebis, anu igive RvTaeba zevsis, epoqa ZvelberZ-nul miTebSi1 saqarTveloSi TiTqosda swo-red Tavad odiTgan iRebs saTaves. `odiT-gan swored ase iyoo...“, „marTlac, rom swo-red odindelia...“ da a.S., ityvian xolme qarTul enaze2 da am frazaSi erTgvar epo-qas, odi-s epoqas afiqsireben. vin aris odi, es didi odi, odi, romelmac Seqmna epoqa?
odi aq swored qarTvelT RmerTia, fu-ladqceuli oqros RvTaeba.3 magram msof-lios xalxTa ucxoenovan miTologiur leqsikonebSi RvTaeba odi Cveulebrivad miCneulia araqarTvelur RvTaebad. sinam-dvileSi aRniSnul RvTaebas sakmaod Rrma da myari fesvebi moeZebneba qarTveli xalxis uZveles rwmena-warmodgenebSi. Ta-nac igi aSkarad dakavSirebulia ara marto miwis damuSavebis procesTan4, aramed, ro-gorc Cans, agreTve saerTod Rirebulebis fuladi formis warmoSobisa da, Sesabami-sad, oqros simdidris fulad gadaqcevisa da misi gafetiSebis procesTan.
RvTaeba odi-s kultis aRmocenebis (ase-ve Tavad terminis – odiSi-s5 etimologiis), misi adgilisa da rolis Sesaxeb Zvel RvTaebaTa qarTul panTeonSi arsebobs araerTi Sexeduleba, rom igi wvimis, avdar-tarosis, miwis, mosavlisa da a.S. RmerTia da sxv. am TvalsazrisiT gakeTebulia erT-
1 Sdr. Avtoris statiebi[7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12] da sxv. 2 „odi“ (Zv. - isl. Odr, sityvasityviT „gaogneba“ da „poezia“), skandinaviur miTologiaSi aris RmerTi, freinis qmari, romelic glovobs oq-ros cremlebiT (kursivi Cvenia - m. s.) mis aryof-nas (igi Soreul laSqrobaSi imyofeba); „odi“ etimologiurad emTxveva odins da albaT war-moadgens mis hipostazs“ [22]. Sdr. aseve [20, 21] da sxv. 3 avtoris statia: „oqros fetiSi saqarTveloSi da RvTaeba odi - qarTvelT RvTaeba“ [14. 231-232], romelic mieZRvna aRniSnul sakiTxebs, mi-zezTa da mizezTa gamo, daibeWda naklulad. wi-namdebare statia misi uSualo gagrZelebaa, gam-didrebuli saTanado masalebiTa da komentare-biT. 4 o d i kolxTa miwis RmerTi (aqed. odiSi, odo-ia, oda saxli, odiSaria). „rogor iqneba sulSi odis Zala damakldes“ (giorgi odiSvili)“ [4]. 5 igive odi-si, odis sacxovrebeli adgili, odis samSoblo, odis qveyana kolxurad. saxeli odiSi dRemdea SemorCenili kolxeTSi da moicavs sak-maod vrcel teritorias oqroTi dRemde kvla-vac mdidar mdinare enguris qvemo auzSi.
gvari paralelebi Zvel RvTaebebTan: obi (sityvasityviT: Rvare, awvime da a.S. kolxu-rad), igive vobi (vebi) svanurSi, vou af-xazurSi da sxv. da isini dakavSirebulia, rogorc miRebulia, Sromis simRerasTan – odoia da rig terminTan: odi, daodva, odoSi6 da sxv.7
ase, rom RvTaeba obi8 (vobi, vebi, vou da sxv.), misi zemoaRniSnuli versiiT, marYT-lac da ca-Rrublisa da avdar-tarosis RvTaebas, anu igive „RrubelT batons“, ma-Sasadame, igive „qarTvel zevss“ unda war-moadgendes.9 magram RvTaeba zevsi Zvel berZnul rwmena-warmodgenebSi iwodeba Zev-sad da diosad, an kidev Zevsi-diosad. ami-tom arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom „vobi“ da „vebi“ unda „dios“-s anu „Zevs“-s udrides. da marTlac, berZnul miTologiaSi „Zevsi-diosi“ ca-Rrublisa da avdar-tarosis RvTaebad iTvleboda“ [15. 119]. aqedan ga-momdinare, rogorc Cans, savsebiT dasaS-vebia RvTaeba obi Tavad saqarTveloSic ga-daqceuliyo RvTaebad odi10 – termins mieRo amgvari cvlileba - `obi~ - `odi~ - Se-sabamis movlenaTa cvlilebis kvaldakval da, amdenad, obis dRe anu igive obiSxa kol-xurad odi-s anu oZis, igive diosis (zevsis) dRed gadaqceuliyo. amgvari daskvnis ga-keTebis safuZvels gvaZlevs is garemoeba, rom paraskevi, anu obis dRe, igive diosis (zevsis) dRe Zvel berZnulSi, Zvel qar-
6 „o d i wvima-mzianiT nawyenoba“ [15]. „o d i mo-savalT waxdena mzis sicxisgan nawvimarzed, ржа на хлебе, еше не убранном“ [17]. „d a o d v a (d a o d a v s) mosavalT waxdena cxaris mzisagan nawvi-marzed“. iqve; „o d o S i nuSTa, nigozTa da ege-viTarTa, cercvTa, simindTa egeviTarTa dauJa-mebelsa da simagrenaklebsa o d o S s uwodeben“ [15] da sxv. 7 Sdr. [19. 116-120]; [3. 168 - 170]; [18. 97-104]; [6. 145-154]; [1]; [2. 459-464] da sxv. 8 sagulisxmoa terminis o b i tenTan (da, amde-nad, maSasadame, wyalTan da wvimasTan) dakavSi-reba qarTul enaSic. „o b i tenianma (n) adgil-man, anu saWmelman xanierma (n) TeTri biZgi moi-kidos, mas obs uxmoben“ [15]; „o b i momwvano biZ-gi xavsiviT datenianebul nivTTa zeda mokide-buli waxdenisagan, плеснь [17]“ da sxv. 9 misi erTgvari Sesatyvisebia, rogorc Cans, „elia“, „pirimze“ da sxv. Sdr. [19. 116-120, 151] da sxv. 10 Sdr. terminebi: obi da odi da daobeba da da-odeba da sxv.; aseve s. WanturiSvilis, v. beriZis da sxv. mosazrebebi bgeraTa „b“ da „g“ monacvle-obis Sesaxeb qarTul enaSi da a.S.
219
TulSic iwodeboda diosis dRed11 da aseve oZis dRed [16].
aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc Cans, savse-biT naTelia obis, oZi-sa da diosis, igive zevsis igiveoba, maSasadame, is faqti, rom Zveli berZnuli RvTaebis _ zevsis anu di-osis aSkara qarTveluri Sesatyvisia saxel-dobr swored kolxuri `odi~ anu, etyoba, aseve odo, odoia _ kolxurad.
miuxedavad amisa, literaturaSi dRem-de araa azrTa erTianoba saxelis – odi-s da, Sesabamisad, agreTve terminis – odiSis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. amitom savsebiT bu-nebrivia daisvas kiTxva: ra garemoebani un-da dasdeboda safuZvlad RvTaeba obis sa-xelwodebis swored amdagvar cvlilebas?
rogorc mecnierebaSi miRebulia, civi-lizaciis sawyis etapze adamianebi umetes-wilad afetiSebdnen bunebis Zalebs, magram mogvianebiT amgvar funqcias iZenen agreT-ve ukve sazogadoebrivi Zalebic, romlebic iseve gaurkvevelni da auxsnelni rCebian maTTvis da iseTive sisastikiTa da daun-doblobiT upirispirdebian maT da bato-noben maTze, rogorc TviT bunebis Zalebi. Kkacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi ki ase-Ti Zala araerTia. erT-erTi amgvari unika-luri sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri movle-na, romelmac, etyoba, Zirfesvianad Secva-la civilizaciis ganviTarebis procesi da, amdenad, Sesabamisad, aseve adamianTa rwme-na-warmodgenebic, aris, rogorc Cans, oq-ros simdidris gadaqceva fulad da Rire-bulebis fuladi formis aRmoceneba da ga-batoneba.
oqro TavisTavad araa fuli. magram war-moebisa da gacvlis ganviTarebis kvalda-kval igi TandaTanobiT imkvidrebs Rirebu-lebis sayovelTao eqvivalentisa da namd-vili fulis funqcias. amitom swored am-dagvar udides zogadsakacobrio mniSvne-lobis movlenas ar SeiZleboda ar gamoew-via adamianTa cnobierebis Sesabamisi cvli-lebac, romlis erT-erTi utyuari gamov-linebaa TiTqosda swored RvTaeba zevsis, rogorc fuladqceuli oqros RvTaebis
kultis aRmoceneba da gabatoneba Zvel berZnul miTebSi, romelic imavdroulad iTvleba aseve ca-Rrublisa da avdar-ta-
11 ix. [15 ], sityva „SabaTi“.
rosis RvTaebad, da, amdenad, Zveli eladis uzenaes RvTaebad.
savsebiT zusti analogiaa am SemTxveva-Sic. RvTaeba odi-c (igive obi, vobi, vebi, vou da sxv.), rogorc ca-Rrublisa da av-dar-tarosis RvTaeba, iqceva aseve istori-ulad fuladqceuli oqros RvTaebad oq-ros simdidris fulad gadaqcevisa da Ri-rebulebis fuladi formis aRmocenebisa da gabatonebis kvaldakval saqarTvelo-Sic, qarTveli eris kanonzomieri istoriu-li ganviTarebis Sedegad aTaswleulTa manZilze. amasve mowmobs araerTi garemo-eba, gansakuTrebiT saxelis odi dakavSi-reba simdidresa da sidiadesTan, rogori-caa, magaliTad, oda saxli, odebi – igive himnebi, aseve, rogorc dasawyisSive iyo mi-TiTebuli, dRemde moRweuli rigi gamo-Tqma qarTul enaSi: `odiTgan~, odindeli~, `odinis Jamisa“ da a.S., rogorc qveynis ZvelTaZveli Zlevamosilebis sinonimi da sxv,12 rac, usaTuod, savsebiT zusti fiqsa-ciaa im epoqisa, roca saTaves iRebs RvTaeba odi-s, anu, rogorc Cans, qarTveli zevsis,13 zevsi-diosis ZvelberZnul miTebSi, anu igive zevs-odoias?14 Tayvaniscema Zvel kolxur rwmena-warmodgenebSi, rogorc, et-yoba, sakuTriv swored fuladqceuli oq-ros RvTaebis kultis aRmoceneba da gaba-toneba da, Sesabamisad, rogorc Cans, aseve erT-erTi uZvelesi da uZlieresi sa-xelmwifos aRmoceneba da ganviTarebac saqarTveloSi misi Sesabamisi yvela specifikuri atributikiT.
amdenad, yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT vivara-udoT, rom RvTaeba odi, igive odo, odoia kolxurad, danamdvilebiT unda warmoad-gendes saerTod oqros simdidrisa da, sa-xeldobr, swored fuladqceuli oqros simdidris RvTaebas, anu igive RvTaeba zev-sis, zevsi-diosis wminda qarTvelur va-riants, igive JiniSi-odi-s, zevs-odoias kolxurad. misi kultis aRmoceneba da ga-
12 Tumca sakuTriv kolxur enaSi dRemde SemorCa sul sxva gamoTqma - „miTa JamiSi“ – „miTa Jamisa“ kolxurad, rac ZvelTaZvelis, Zalian Zvelis sinonimia. Sdr. avtoris naSromi [11. 48]. 13 swored imisi, rac zeviTaa? zenas? zemores? da a. S. qarTulad. 14 igive „JiniSis”? anu zemores? kolxurad, Ji-niSi - odis? – odis, romelmac Seqmna epoqa.
220
batoneba saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT m-dinare enguris auzSi, oqromravlobiT gan-Tqmul kolxeTSi, albaT, rogorc Cans, swo-red odiSSi15, egreTwodebuli miTolo-giuri qronologiiT saTaves iRebs da-axloebiT Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulSi.16 amitom misi analogebi (prototipebi) sxvadasxva xalxSi: sakuTriv `odi~ skandinaviis qvey-nebSi, saxeldobr, swored norvegiaSi, ker-Zod, vikingTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi, `odi-ni~, „vodani“ _ Crdiloeli zevsi, ufro evropis Crdilo nawilSi, saxeldobr, swo-red germanelebSi17, `ogdi~ _ mdinareebis:
obis?,18eniseisa da angaris19 auzSi, kerZod,
tunguskTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi, Soreul cimbirSi20 da a.S., savsebiT zusti semanti-
15 anu igive swored odisSi, sadac iSva da aRzev-da odi da saidanac SeZra msoflio?. 16 Sdr. mosazreba: axal evropaSi XIX s-mde TiTq-mis araferi icodnen mravali Zveli kulturis Sesaxeb. aman bevrad ganapiroba warmodgena ber-Znebze, rogorc vunderkindebze, romelTac „... yoveli SemTxevisaTvis, evropul kontinentze mainc, civilizaciis damwyebad Tvlidnen ... mag-ram droTa ganmavlobaSi amgvari rwmena Tanda-Tan icvleboda ... gamoirkva, rom, bevri ram, ra-sac berZenTa damsaxurebad miviCnevdiT, Turme maTze gacilebiT ufro adre arsebula sxva ci-vilizaciaTa wiaRSi. a.m. Turme qalaquri cxov-rebis primitiuli formebi ukve neoliTSi yofi-la gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi da Sesabamisad aq yvelaze gvian Zv.w.a. VII aTaswleulidan mainc klasobrivi sazogado-ebis raRac Canasaxebze SegviZlia vilaparakoT. e.w. neoliTuri revolucia mZlavri stimuli gaxda kulturis mTeli Semdgomi ganviTarebisa. IV aTaswleulidan asparezze gamodian ukve ci-vilizaciebi _ am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT, anu qveynebi, romelTa mosaxleobas aqvs Tavisi damwerloba, xelovneba da sakmaod win wasuli qalaquri cxovreba, diferencirebuli ekono-mikuri da socialuri urTierTobebiT“ (kursivi Cvenia-m.s.)... amieridan kacobriobis ganviTare-bis nabijebi saocrad Cqari xdeba“ [5. 9]. es mov-lenebi savaraudod, rogorc Cans, gacilebiT adrea warmoSobili da ganviTarebuli antikur saqarTveloSi. 17 interess iwvevs am TvalsazrisiT wylis sa-xelwodeba evropul enebSi: Вода - „voda“ rusul-Si, Water - „voTa“ inglisurSi da sxv. 18 Sesaswavlia am TvalsazrisiT saxelic - obi, rogorc mdinaris saxelwodeba da aseve misi Se-nakadebis – bia, irtiSi, toboli, tura da sxv. saxelebic. 19 sagulisxmoa saxelis angara msgavseba saxel-Tan - enguri da aseve mdinare angaras erT-erTi saTave-Senakadis saxelwodeba - ia. 20 interess iwvevs es toponimic, anu igive „si-biri“ rusulad, xalxuri etimologiiT igive s-iberia?, rogorc es uTqvams iqaur mcxovrebs,
kuri sazrisiT, oqrosTvis swored saqarT-velodan da aseve uZvelesi civilizaciebis imdroindeli sxva centrebidan, maT Soris Tavad SuamdinareTidan21, xalxTa didi da intensiuri migraciebis erT-erT utyuar dasturs unda warmoadgendes.22
G
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. beraZe T. odiSis politikuri geografi-idan. – saqarTvelos istoriuli geogra-fia. t. III. Tb., 1967;
2. beraZe T. „megreli“, „samegrelo“, „odi-Si~. - saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis aR-mniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli termi-nologia. Tb., 1993.
3. beriZe v. odi, odiSi da odoia. Jurn. „mnaTobi”, N12, 1959.
4. gelovani ak. miTologiuri leqsikoni. Tb.,1983.
5. gordeziani r. berZnuli civilizacia. xuT wignad. t. 1. Tb., 1988.
6. kilanava b., kilanava k. RvTaeba vobi. Jurn. „ciskari“, N6, 1981.
7. siWinava m. zevsi da promeTe anu miniS-nebani berZnul miTosSi warmoebisa da fulis dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. Jurn. „ekonomika“, N4-5, 1994.
8. siWinava m. uranosi, kronosi da zevsi anu miniSnebiTi mxatvruli warmodgene-bi antikur miTosSi fulis aRmocenebis istoriis Sesaxeb. Jurn. „ekonomika“, N6-8, 1994.
9. siWinava m. oqros sawmisi: erT-erTi pirveli oqros moneta dedamiwaze. Jurn. `ekonomika~, #9-12, 1994.
10. siWinava m. sasaqonlo - fulad urTier-TobaTa kanonzomieri istoriuli ganvi-
ZirZvel cimbirels, sakmaod maRali Tanamde-bobis pirs, yamiris asaTviseblad Casuli qarT-velebisTvis gamarTul sufraze q. krasnoiars-kSi - „Cven siberebi anu iberebi varTo!“ - azri momawoda amave sufris monawilem, Jurnalistma goliaT kekeliam 1997 wels q. TbilisSi, erov-nul biblioTekaSi erTad muSaobisas. 21 igi istoriulad araa cnobili oqros simdid-ris bunebrivi siuxviT da amitom Znelia vivara-udoT am regionSi am procesebis ufro adreuli ganviTareba, vidre maTi ganviTareba sakuTriv swored saqarTveloSi. Sdr. avtoris statia [13]. 22 Sdr. oqros sabadoTa mdebareobis sqema deda-miwaze [23].
221
Tarebis safexurebi saqarTveloSi. Jurn. „ekonomika“, N12, 1996.
11. siWinava m. saqarTvelo da antikuri mi-Tosi: sasaqonlo-fulad urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis safexurebi. dis. ekon. mecn. doqt... Tb., 1999.
12. siWinava m. lari Tu manaTi?! Jurn. „eko-nomika“, N 7-8, 2000.
13. siWinava m. sikli Tu skili?! Jurn. „ga-dasaxadebi“, N7, 2012.
14. siWinava m. oqros fetiSi saqarTveloSi da RvTaeba odi - qarTvelT RvTaeba. Jurn. „biznes-inJineringi“, N4, 2013.
15. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qar-Tuli. t.1. Tb., 1991.
16. Rlonti al.. dReTa da TveTa Zvelqar-Tuli mwignobruli da xalxuri saxel-wodebisaTvis. gaz. „eri“. 3.07.1991.
17. CubinaSvili n. qarTuli leqsikoni. Tb., 1961.
18. WanturiSvili s. naduri simRera „odo-ias” sakiTxisaTvis. Jurn. „macne”, N6,1970.
19. javaxiSvili iv. Txz., 12 t-ad. t. 1. Tb., 1979.
20. Мифологический словарь. 2-е изд., сост.:М. Н.Ботвиник, М.А. Коган, М.Б. Рабинович, Б.С. Селецкий. Л., 1961.
21. Мифологический словарь. Гл. Ред. Е.М. Меле-тинский. М., 1991.
22. Мифы народов мира. Энциклопедия в двух томах. Второе изд. т.2. М. 2000.
23. Фирсов Л.В. рассказы о золоте. Магадан. 1957, წიგნში: Потемкин С.В. Благородный 79-й. М. “Недра”. 1988.
222
yirimeli TaTrebis sakiTxi nacisturi germaniis aRmosavlur politikaSi
ivane osaZe _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori
Вопрос крымских татар в «восточной» политике нацисткой Германии
Иване Осадзе, профессор ГТУ
Резюме
Вся история взаимоотношений нацистского военно-политического руководства с националь-ным движением крымских татар свидетельствует о том, что оно не рассматривало их в качестве рав-ноправного союзника. Мусульманские комитеты на территории полуострова, и организация на территории Германии были нужны немцам преж-де всего, как инструмент оккупации, националь-ной политики или пропаганды, при помощи которого они собирались влиять на основную массу татарского населения в тех или иных целях. Ещё одной стороной существования крымско-татарских организаций было их незавидное по-ложение «разменной монеты» в «борьбе полно-мочий» между различными властными структура-ми третьего рейха.
reziume
mesame raixis samxedro-politikuri xelmZRvanelobis urTierToba yirimel TaTrebTan naTlad asaxavs misi `aRmosav-luri~ politikis winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs. nacisturi germania cdilobda gamoeyene-bina yirimeli TaTrebi sakuTari miznebis realizaciisaTvis. 1941 wlis dekemberSi okupirebuli yirimis teritoriaze daiwyo Seqmnis procesi muslimanuri komitetebisa – eTnikuri kolaboracionistuli organi-zaciebisa warmomadgenlobiTi funqciebiT. deklarirebuli iyo, rom isini daicavdnen yirimeli TaTrebis interesebs axali xe-lisuflebis winaSe. realurad es organi-zaciebi gaxdnen okupantebis mTavari damx-mareebi partizanebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. maTi saSualebiT xdeboda moxaliseebis ga-dabireba yirimeli TaTrebis kolabora-cionistul formirebebSi da mosaxleobis fsiqologiuri damuSaveba.
sakvanZo sityvebi: yirimi, nacistebi,
germania, mesame raixi, yirimeli TaTrebi, nacionalistebi, muftiati, berlini, memo-randumi.
arsebuli masalebidan Cans, rom yirimi
hitlerisa da sxva nacisti xelmZRvane-lebis gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevda. igi gegmis mixedviT raixskomisariat `uk-rainis~ SemadgenlobaSi moiazreboda, mag-ram rozenbergi daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom yirimi uSualod mesame raixis kontrol-qveS yofiliyo. is amtkicebda, rom pirvel msoflio omamde germanel kolonistebs aq ekuTvnodaT mniSvnelovani teritoriebi da yirimSi XVI saukuneSi cxovrobdnen go-Tebi, Zveli germanuli tomi. amgvarad, na-xevarkunZuli mxolod formalurad uerT-deboda ukrainas, realurad is unda emar-TaT germaniidan.
dokumentebidan irkveva, rom hitlers yirmis momavali warmodgenili hqonda aq mcxovrebi xalxebis gareSe, 1941 wlis 16 iv-liss samxedro-politikuri xelmZRvane-lobis TaTbirze man ganacxada: `naxevar-kunZuli aucileblad unda gaiwmindos yve-la ucxoelisagan da dasaxldes germane-lebiT~.
nacisturi germaniis politika yirimeli TaTrebis mimarT atarebda winaaRmdegob-riv xasiaTs. mesame raixis samxedro-poli-tikuri xelmZRvaneloba cdilobda gamoe-yenebina yirimeli TaTrebi sakuTari mizne-bis realizaciisaTvis. Tavis mxriv, TaTari nacionlistebi mTel Zalisxmevas mimar-Tavdnen arsebuli viTarebis TavianTi geg-mebis ganxorcielebisaTvis gamosayeneb-lad.
1941 wlis oqtomberSi ramdenime yiri-melma TaTarma emigrantma memorandumiT mimarTa nacisturi partiis sagareo poli-tikur ganyofilebas, romlis xelmZRvane-li iyo cnobili nacisti ideologi alfred rozenbergi. memorandumSi xazgasmuli iyo TaTrul-germanuli TanamSromlobis Sesa-xeb 1918 wels da gadmocemuli iyo xedva yi-rimis naxevarkunZulis momavlis Taobaze. maTi gegmebiT is unda gamxdariyo mesame raixis mokavSire TaTruli saxelmwifo.
223
1941 wlis dekemberSi ori yirimeli Ta-Tari politikuri aqtivisti _ edige ki-rimili da mustejib ulkiusali _ Cavidnen berlinSi da Seecadnen kontaqti daemyare-binaT germaniis xelisuflebasTan. mesame raixis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan Sexvedrebis dros sxva mraval sakiTxTan erTad ganixilavdnen umTavress – damou-kidebeli yirimis momaval beds. yirimeli TaTari nacionalistebi germanel Cinovni-kebs Txovdnen miecaT garantiebi, rom ase-Ti damoukidebloba principSi SesaZlebeli iyo, magram am mimarTulebiT prozitiurs verafers ver miaRwies. kirimali da ulkiu-sali Seecadnen mieRoT nebarTva moenaxu-lebinaT okupirebuli ukrainisa da yirimis teritoriaze arsebuli samxedro tyveTa banakebi, sadac SeiZleba yofiliyovnen yi-rimeli TaTrebi. germanelebma maSinve ka-tegoriuli uari ganucxades, moimizezes ra karantini. Tumca mogvianebiT rozen-bergis nebarTviT maT SeZles poloneTSi, litvaSi da belorusiaSi SeRweva, sadac agreTve sakmaod mravalricxovani iyo mus-limanuri mosaxleoba. berlinSi yofnis kidev erTi Sedegi iyo isic, rom marTalia araoficialurad, maT SeZles safuZveli CaeyaraT yirimeli TaTrebis momavali war-momadgenlobisaTvis germaniaSi.
1941 wlis dekembridan daiwyo procesi muslimanuri komitetebis Seqmnisa – eTni-kuri kolaboracionistuli organizacie-bisa warmomadgenlobiTi funqciebiT. maTi Seqmnisas deklarirebuli iyo, rom am komi-tetebs unda daecvaT yirimeli TaTrebis interesebi axali xelisuflebis winaSe. Si-namdvileSi es organizaciebi gaxdnen oku-pantebis mTavari damxmareebi partizanebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. maTi meoxebiT xde-boda moxaliseebis gadabireba yirimeli TaTrebis kolaboracionistul formire-bebSi da fsiqologiuri damuSaveba. musli-manuri komitetebi Seiqmna yirimis yvela did qalaqsa da raionSi. sayuradReboa, rom germanelebma akrZales mTavari komitetis Seqmna, romelic iqneboda xelmZRvaneli instancia yvela danarCenisa. Tumca simfe-ropolis komiteti asrulebda am funqcias arasajarod. xazgasasmelia, rom am organi-zaciebis mTeli saqmianoba mimdinareobda yirimis uSiSroebis policiisa da sd-is Se-fis sruli kontrolis qveS. igi daJinebiT
moiTxovda, rom maTi xelmZRvanelebi daka-vebuli yofiliyvnen mxolod sameurneo da humanitaruli sakiTxebiT da yovelnairad aeridebinaT Tavi politikisaTvis. Tumca praqtikaSi es yovelTvis ase ar iyo, rac iwvevda konfliqtebs yirimel TaTar naci-onalistebsa da okupantebs Soris. cxadia, rom saWiro iyo Suamavali, am rolis Ses-rulebaze ki pretenzias acxadebdnen ber-linSi myofi emigrantebi.
mTeli 1942 weli kirimalma moandoma organizaciuli sakiTxebis gadawyvetas da yirimeli TaTrebis warmomadgenlobis po-ziciebis ganmtkicebas. amasTan erTad ber-linis warmomadgenloba gaizarda raode-nobrivadac. axla mis SemadgenlobaSi ukve Tormeti kaci yo. esjgufi uaxloes mizne-bad isaxavda: upirveles yovlisa yirimeli TaTari samxedro tyveebisa da germaniaSi gayvanili „aRmosavleli muSebis“ xvedris Semsubuqebas, agreTve yirimSi demografi-uli situaciis Secvlas. TaTaruli warmo-Sobis mosaxleobis procentis gazrdis mizniT kirimali da misi xalxi gegmavdnen yirimSi CaesaxlebinaT muslimanuri mosax-leoba belorusiidan, litvidan da rumine-Tidan. fiqrobdnen kidev daemyarebinaT kavSiri TaTrul sazogadoebasTan yirimis teritoriaze.
icodnen ra es miznebi berlinis warmo-madgenlobisa, germanelebi weliwadze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi ukrZalavdnen mis wev-rebs naxevarkunZulze Sesvlas. aseTi gam-gzavrebis yvelaze kategoriuli mowina-aRmdege iyo yirimis generaluri komisari alfred frauenfeldi. mas Zalze aSfoTeb-da berlineli emigrantebis politikuri ambiciebi. frauenfelds ar moswonda ag-reTve maTi gegmebi yirimeli TaTrebis Ca-saxlebis Taobaze. nacisturi partiis xel-mZRvanelTa Soris igi iyo erT-erTi mTava-ri momxre momavalSi naxevarkunZulis ger-manizaciisa. miuxedavad amisa 1942 wlis ivlisSi is iZulebuli gaxda ecnobebina edige kirimalisaTvis, rom cnobs mis Stabs, rogorc sruluflebian warmomadgenlobas yirimeli TaTrebisa, magram mxolod ekono-mikur da humanitaruli sferos sakiTxebSi. unda iTqvas, rom frauenfeldis Tanxmo-baze gavlena moaxdina profesor gerhard fon mendes poziciam, romelic aRmosavle-Tis okupirebuli olqebis saqmeTa samini-
224
stroSi dakavebuli iyo Turquli da kavka-sieli xalxebiT, da, rogorc misi Sefi ro-zenbergi, iTvleboda did megobrad yvela-si „visac Cagravda rusuli imperializmi“.
yirimSi mogzaurobis Semdeg kirimalis Stabs oficialurad uwodes yirimel Ta-TarTa nacionaluri centri 1943 wlis ian-varSi, xolo amave wlis noemberSi saminist-roSi Seiqmna yirimel TaTarTa ganyofi-leba (Krimtataren leitstelle), romlis xelmZR-vanel doqtor rihard kornelsens unda mieca saTanado miTiTebebi kirimalisa da misi xalxisaTvis. rozenbergi imedovnebda, rom am centris wevrebi imoqmedebdnen mxo-lod germanuli instruqciebis Sesabamisad da gamoiCendnen iniciativas mxolod da-saSveb farglebSi. miuxedavad amisa kiri-malma praqtikulad Tavidanve daiwyo damo-ukidebeli moqmedeba da Tavis berlinel mfarvelebs xSirad ayenebda momxdari faq-tis winaSe. aman ki gamoiwvia mTeli seria konfliqtebisa mesame raixis sxvadasxva instanciebs Soris.
germanelebma yuradRebis miRma datoves simferopolis muslimanuri komitetis programa, romlis mixedviTac unda Seqmni-liyo TaTarTa saxelmwifo germaniis pro-teqtoratis qveS, sakuTari armiis formi-reba da erovnuli parlamentis arCevnebi. es dokumentebi gaigzavna berlinSi gansa-xilvelad, magram maTi damtkiceba ar momx-dara. aseTive bedi ewia amet ozenbaSlis mi-er 1942 wlis noemberSi Sedgenil memoran-dums, romelSic gadmocemuli iyo ger-maniisa da yirimel TaTarTa TanamSromlo-bis programa. memorandumSi is iTxovda ec-noT es ukanasknelni naxevarkunZulis mkvidr mosaxleobad da mesame raixis mo-kavSire xalxad. yvela yirimel TaTars, romelic iyo gasaxlebuli, neba unda darT-voda dabrunebisa. imaT, vinc ukve cxovro-bda yirimSi, unda mieRoT koleqtivizaciis dros warTmeuli miwis nadelebi. mTavari riskenac miiswrafoda ozenbaSli iyo re-ligiuri da nacionaluri centri, romel-sac eqneboda xalxis ndoba. 1943 wlis Te-bervalSi es memorandumi kirimalis daxma-rebiT gadaeca „aRmosavluri politikiT“ dakavebul yvela ZiriTad germanul ins-tancias. berlinelma TaTrebma didi Za-lisxmeva gamoiCines, rom am memorandums gacnoboda rac Seexeba meti Cinovniki Tum-
ca rezultati aRmoCnda nulovani. Adgi-lobrivi uSiSroebis policiisa da sd-is ufrosma miiRo zomebi, rom es dokumenti ar gavrcelebuliyo yirimSic.
aRsaniSnavia, rom germaniis samxedro-politikuri xelmRvaneloba mTlianobaSi loialurad ekideboda islams, cdilobda muslimanebi gadaeqcia Tavis mokavSireebad ssrk-is da inglisis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. sabWoTa kavSiris zogierT okupirebul te-ritoriaze „islamuri faqtori“ gaxda erT-erTi instrumenti nacistebis nacionalu-ri politikisa. es politika xorcieldebo-da yirimSic. saokupacio xelisufleba yo-velnairad uwyobda xels mis aRorZinebas (meCeTebis gaxsna, daxmareba sasuliero pirebis momzadebaSi da a. S.). magram amasTan erTad germanuli saokupacio xelisufle-ba ewinaaRmdegeboda muslimani maRali sa-suliero pirebis - muftiebis arCevas. ase-Ti politikis mizezi sruliad naTeli iyo - ar surdaT Seqmniliyo centri, romelic sasulierodan aucileblad gaxdeboda po-litikuri. yirimis okupaciis Semdeg nacio-nalistebma wamoayenes muftis arCevis wina-dadeba.
sagulisxmoa, rom yirimeli TaTari na-cionalistebi ar iyvnen martoni am mimar-TulebiT Zalisxmevis dros. maT sakmaod gavleniani mokavSireebi yavdaT germaniis politikur wreebSi. maT Soris ukve zemoT naxsenebi gerhard fon mende, romelic mi-iCnevda, rom progermanulad ganwyobili muftis gamoCenas eqneboda dadebiTi mxa-reebi: „islamuri samyaro erTi mTlianobaa. amitom germaniis Semxvedri nabiji musli-manebisadmi aRmosavleTSi uciloblad ga-moiwvevs Sesabamis ganwyobas yvela musli-manSi“.
omis pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi na-cionalistebis Txovnebi mTlianad uyu-radRebod rCeboda, xolo 1943 wlis oq-tombridan situacia Zireulad Seicvala: sabWoTa xelisuflebam uari Tqva agresiul antireligiur politikaze da neba darTo aerCiaT sruliad sabWoTa muslimanTa muf-ti, romlis rezidenciac gaxda taSkenti. pirvelebma, am movlenaze reagireba moax-dines „aRmosavleTis saministroSi“. yiri-mel TaTarTa ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelma kornelsenma da fon mendem moamzades memorandumi, romelSic germaniis samxed-
225
ro-politikur xelmZRvanelobas sTava-zobdnen gadaedgaT sapasuxo nabijebi da eCvenebinaT, rom taSkentis muftis arCev-nebi aris aralegitimuri, TviTon is ki ma-rionetia moskovis xelSi.
sawinaaRmdego moqmedebis yvelaze efeq-tur formad avtorebs miaCndaT mxolod yirimis, kavkasiis, Turqestanis da volgis-pireTis muslimani maRali samRvdeloebis kongresis mowveva. kongresis Semdeg igeg-meboda yirimis muftis arCeva, rac faqto-brivad iyo fiqcia, ramdenadac kandidati am postze korelsenma winaswar SearCia. axali sasuliero lideri unda gamxdariyo amet ozenbaSli, romelic am droisaTvis imyofeboda rumineTis teritoriaze.
gadamuSavebis Semdeg memorandumi gada-eca gansaxilvelad saxmeleTo jarebis sardlobas, romlis gankargulebaSic iyo yirimis teritoriis saokupacio administ-racia. proeqti gamoiyureboda friad mac-durad, Tumca armiis xelmZRvanelobam igi dabloka. ozenbaSlis xsenebamac ki germa-neli generlebi daarwmuna imaSi, rom mo-mavali muftiati iqneboda yirimeli TaTa-ri nacionalistebis politikuri aqtivo-bisa da intrigebis centri. amasTan erTad yirimi am droisaTvis ukve warmoadgenda „alyaSemortymul cixe-simagres“ da mis teritoriaze muslimanuri sasuliero-po-litikuri centris Seqmnas SeeZlo mxolod gaemwvavebina erovnebaTSoris urTierTo-ba. yirimSi vermaxtis jarebis sardlis ge-neral-polkovnik ervin ienekes azriT, TaTrebi ubralod ar imsaxurebdnen aseTi „dafasebas“.
bunebrivia aseTi verdiqti niSnavda yi-rimis muftiatis aRdgenis proeqtis dasas-ruls, miuxedavad imisa, rom rozenbergis TanamSromlebi am Temaze saubarsa agrZe-lebdnen 1944 wlis 28 Tebervlamde. unda aRiniSnos, rom yirimeli TaTrebis mimarT gansxvavebuli poziciebi hqondaT rozen-bergis uwyebas da vermaxtis samxedro xelmZRvanelobas, rac zogjer maTi urTi-erTobis gamwvavebas iwvevda.
mxolod 1945 wlis 17 marts, rodesac yirimi ukve gaTavisuflebuli iyo germa-neli okupantebisagan, alfred rozenberg-ma mesame raixis mTavrobis saxeliT gaakeTa oficialuri gancxadeba, romelSic yiri-mel TaTarTa nacionaluri centri cnobil
iqna yirimeli TaTari xalxis erTaderT politikur da diplomatiur warmomadgen-lad.
dagvianebuli politikuri aRiareba am organizaciisa iyo mTavari Sedegi yirimel TaTarTa erovnuli moZraobis TanamSrom-lobisa mesame raixis xelmZRvanelobasTan. mTeli istoria nacisturi samxedro-poli-tikuri xelmZRvanelobis urTierTobisa yirimel TaTarTa erovnul moZraobasTan mowmobs, rom is ar ganixilavda maT Tanas-woruflebian mokavSired. muslimanuri ko-mitetebi naxevarkunZulze da germaniis te-ritoriaze arsebuli organizacia germane-lebs sWirdebodaT upirveles yovlisa ro-gorc instrumenti okupaciis, erovnuli politikis an propagandisa, romlis saSua-lebiTac maT gavlena unda moexdinaT TaT-ruli mosaxleobis ZiriTad masaze. yiri-mel TaTarTa organizaciebi asrulebdnen agreTve arcTu saxarbielo rols „sasinji qvisa“ nacisturi germaniis saxelisuflebo struqturebs Soris „uflebamosilebaTa brZolaSi“
yirimis momavalTan dakavSirebuli na-cisturi samxedro-politikuri xelmZRva-nelobis gegmebis analizi saSualebas gvaZ-levs davaskvnaT, rom misi politikuri or-ganizaciisa da erovnuli mowyobis modeli namdvilad arsebobda, igi iTvaliswinebda naxevarkunZulis srul germanizacias, rac gamoricxavda yirimeli TaTrebis raime formiT saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis arsebobas.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. mixeil svaniZe, osmaleTis istoria,
Tbilisi, 1999; 2. zbignev bJezinski, didi saWadrako dafa,
Tbilisi, 2014; 3. ivane osaZe, yirimi hitleris gegmebSi,
Jurn. biznes-inJineringi, #3, 2014; 4. Чикин А.М. Что они готовили для нас,
http://www/ruslo/cr/articles/604/ ; 5. Период немецкой оккупации Севастополя,
http://www.sevastopol.ws./Pages/said=4b ; 6. Lambert M. Frauenfeld, Betaskript Pablishing,
Surhone, 2011; 7. Ганина Н. А. Крымско-готский язык. СПб:
«Аления», 2011; 8. Айбабин А. И. Этническая История ранневи-
зантийского Крыма. Симферополь; Дар, 1999;
saxelmwifo rolis modifikacia ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi
maia amirgulaSvili _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori,
qeTevan mdinaraZe _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori
State Role Modification of the Economy in the Condition of Globalization
Maia AmirgulaSvili Qetevan MdinaraZe
Summary
The article deals the arguments, which confirm the active role of globalization and post-industrial transition. It is said that today country’s government can neither develop nor implement the economic policies of other countries and particularly the globalization of the leading subjects without taking into account standards of behavior. Globalization makes a significant impact on the state's economic functions, leads to economic regulation forms, methods and tools for a significant change.
In the era of globalization is the most important functions of the state not only protect the national economy from the external factors influence, the so-called “External shocks", which is practically impo-ssible today, but in the world's agricultural unions its effective activity and the country's competitiveness on a global scale.
reziume
warmodgenil statiaSi mocemulia is
argumentebi, romlebic adastureben sa-xelmwifos aqtiur rols globalizaciisa da postindustriuli transformaciis pi-robebSi. naTqvamia, rom dRes arc erT qveynis mTavrobas ar SeuZlia SeimuSaos da ganaxorcielos ekonomikuri politika sxva qveynebisa da gansakuTrebiT globaliza-ciis wamyvani subieqtebis qcevis normebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. globalizacia, arsebiT zegavlenas axdens saxelmwifos ekonomikur funqciebze, iwvevs ekonomikis regulirebis formebis, meTodebisa da ins-trumentebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebas.
globalizaciis epoqaSi saxelmwifos um-niSvnelovanesi funqciaa ara mxolod ero-vnuli ekonomikis dacva gare faqtorebis zemoqmedebisagan anu e.w. „garegani Soke-bisgan“, rac dRes praqtikulad SeuZlebe-lia, aramed msoflio sameurneo kavSirebSi
misi efeqtiani CarTvis uzrunvelyofa da qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba globaluri masStabiT.
sakvanZo sityvebi: globalizacia, sa-
xelmwifo, ekonomika, transformacia,
saxelmwifos ekonomkur rolze Tana-
medrove pirobebSi ori umniSvnelovanesi procesi zemoqmedebs: globalizacia da postindustriuli sazogadoebis (ekono-mikis) Camoyalibeba. pirveli gamoixateba imaSi, rom sagrZnoblad izrdeba rogorc sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebis ur-TierTdamokidebuleba erovnuli ekono-mikuri politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxor-cielebaSi, ise maTi damokidebuleba ze-erovnul (zesaxelmwifo) institutebze. yovelive es, ra Tqma unda, zRudavs erov-nul mTavrobaTa suverenitetis xarisxs, aviwroebs maTi avtonomiurobis sivrces da warmoSobs calkeul qveynebSi mareguli-rebel RonisZebaTa unificirebisa da Se-Tanxmebis aucileblobas.
zemoaRniSnuli xom ar niSnavs imas, rom globalizaciis epoqaSi mimdinareobs sa-xelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis Sesusteba da ufro metic –saxelmwifos kvdoma? am Teziss arc Tu ise cota momxre hyavs samecniero wreebSi, romlebic sxvadasxva argumentis gamoyenebiT cdiloben mis dasabuTebas[1.30] ramdenad Seesabameba es mosazrebebi realobas?
rogorc cnobilia, Tanamedrove saxel-mwifos istoria, romelic vestfaliis sistemidan iwyeba, ramdenime istoriuli etapis momcvelia. pirvel etapze (XVI-XVII saukuneebi) ganxorcielda saxelmwifos, rogorc Zaladobis institutis Camoya-libeba da umaRlesi saxelisuflebo Zala-uflebis gadasvla sasuliero fenidan sa-ero fenis xelSi. meore etapi ukavSirdeba
225
227
XVIII saukunis evropaSi pirveli respub-likis warmoqmnas da xelisuflebis dayo-fas, pirvel konstituciebs da adamianis uflebaTa ideis aRmocenebas; mesame etapi moicavs XIX saukunes, romelic gamoir-Ceoda koloniuri saxelmwifoebis warmo-SobiT, msoflios dayofiT metropoliebad da koloniebad; meoTxe etapze (XX saukune) daiwyo stiqiurad funqcionirebadi bazris saxelmwifo regulireba da saxelmwifos socializacia; mexuTe etapi – XXI saukunis dasawyisia, roca globalizaciis proce-sebis intensiurad ganviTarebis Sedegad dRis wesrigSi dadga saxelmwifos sicocx-lisunarianobisa da perspeqtivis prob-lema.
farTo gagebiT, saxelmwifo, rogorc sociumi, sakuTar TavSi moicavs: 1. saxel-mwifos, sakuTari azriT, anu sazogadoebis politikuri organizaciis forma; 2. sazo-gadoebas da 3. bazars. es ori ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv mravali socialur-ekono-mikuri subieqtisgan Sedgeba, romlebic moqmedeben principiT „aq“ da „axlave.“ maTgan gansxvavebiT saxelmwifo mowode-bulia Seasrulos qveynis erTianobis „xerxemlis“ roli, uzrunvelyos sazoga-doebriv-ekonomikuri cxovrebis stabi-luroba da uwyveti ganviTareba. nebismier qveyanaSi, maTi ganviTarebis donis miu-xedavad, bevri problemaa, romlis damo-ukideblad gadawyveta arc bazars SeuZlia, arc sazogadoebas da igi mxolod saxelm-wifos prerogativaa.
saxelmwifo gansazRvravs da icavs im zogad konteqsts, romelSiac bazari TviT-regulirdeba. amis gareSe, Tavis droze, SeuZlebeli iqneboda sabazro urTier-Tobebze gadasvla da misTvis civilize-buli formebis miniWeba.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi saxelmwifosa da bazris urTierTmimarTebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia maTi TanamSromloba, romelic iZleva mkacri da swrafad cvalebadi mega da makro garemosadmi ekonomikuri agen-tebis umtkivneulo adaptaciis SesaZleb-lobas, axalisebs konkurencias da inova-ciebs. yalibdeba marTvis institutebis erToblioba, romelic avsebs da awesrigebs bazars.
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli Zalian mniS-nelovania, Tumca ar amowuravs mraval-
mxriv da rTul urTierTkavSirs saxel-mwifosa da bazars Soris ganviTarebul industriul da postindustriul siste-maSi. dRes uaRresad aqtualuria is ga-remoeba, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifo imyofeba ara bazris gareT da „zevidan ki ar uyurebs“ bazars, aramed organuladaa CaSenebuli bazarSi, warmoadgens bazris aqtiur moTamaSes, romelic pasuxismge-belia mTeli sazogadoebis interesTa rea-lizaciaze.
postindustriul sazogadoebaSi sa-xelmwifos ekonomikuri roli mis Semdeg funqciebSi realizdeba: warmoebis regulireba im dargebSi,
romlebSic warmoiSoba bunebrivi mo-nopolis pirobebi (eleqroenergiis warmoeba da ganawileba, telekomuni-kaciebi, transporti, kavSirgabmu-loba, wyalmomarageba da a.S.);
sabazro ekonomikis araxelsayreli socialuri Sedegebis koreqtireba, romelmac xeli unda SeuSalos so-cialuri uTanasworobis gaRrmavebas, umuSevrobisa da siRaribis zrdas;
ekonomikis stabilizacia makroeko-nomikuri politikis instrumentebis gamoyenebiT, romelic mowodebulia daicvas ekonomika krizisuli dacemisa da fasebis inflaciuri zrdisagan.
rogorc CamonaTvalidan vxedavT, es aris funqciebi, romlebic axasiaTebs sa-xelmwifos ganviTarebul sabazro ekono-mikis (industriuli tipis) qveynebSi. post-industriul sazogadoebaSi icvleba mxo-lod maTi ganxorcielebis wesebi da for-mebi.
evrokavSiris Tanamedrove realoba adasturebs, rom adgili aqvs erovnuli saxelmwifos zogierTi suverenuli funq-ciis gadacemas am udidesi regionuli gaer-Tianebis doneze: magaliTad, fulad sa-kredito politikis umniSvnelovanes para-metrs evropis centraluri banki gansa-zRvravs. amasTanave, evrokavSirSi amJamad Seqmnili rTuli situaciis miuxedavad erovnul saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi kate-goriulad ewinaaRmdegebian zeerovnul (zesaxelmwifo) doneze fiskalur ufleba-mosilebaTa delegirebas. xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebasac, rom globalizacia Tavad warmoSobs rig problemebs, romelTa gada-
228
wyveta saxelmwifos monawileobis gareSe praqtikulad SeuZlebelia (magaliTad, migraciis regulirebis, narkotrafikis, terorizmis gavrcelebis, da sxv. )
postindustriuli saxelmwifo nebis-mier Tavis gamoxatulebaSi socialurad orientirebiuli saxelmwifoa da gansx-vaveba calkeuli qveynebis mixedviT am „socialurobis“ mxolod xarisxSia.
socialuri Tanasworobis an uTanaswo-robis xarisxze Cven SegviZlia msjeloba qveynebis Sesabamisi maCveneblebis urTi-erTSedarebis safuZvelze. postindust-riul saxelmwifoebSi Semosavlebis gana-wilebaSi miRweuli Tanasworobis xarisxi sakmaod maRalia, rac Zalian mniSvnelo-vania, rameTu igi uzrunvelyofs sazoga-doebaSi socialuri stabilurobis Senar-Cunebas, icavs mas Zlieri ryevebisa da revoluciebisagan.
Tanamedrove globalizaciis procesTan mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovania erovnuli saxelmwifos fsiqologiuri, mentaluri, kulturologiur-istoriuli da yofiTi aspeqtebi. iseT Zlier integraciul war-monaqmnebSiac ki, rogoricaa evrokavSiri da Tavisufali vaWrobis zona aSS-sa da kanadas Soris, adamianebSi erovnuli identurobis SenaCunebis survili sakmaod Zlieria. amasTan dakavSirebiT ai ras Se-niSnavs erT-erTi kanadeli biznesmeni: „ra Tqma unda, me integraciis momxre var, magram vfiqrob, rom Cemi qveyana sauke-Tesoa da masze arasdros vityvi uars“ [2.21-22]. evrogaerTianebaSi, sadac mimosvlis sruli Tavisuflebaa, sakuTari qveynis farglebs gareT cxovrobs 5,5 mln.kaci anu am gaerTianebis mTeli mosaxleobis mxo-lod 1,5 procenti [3.171].
amrigad, mravali argumenti arsebobs imis dasamtkiceblad, rom saxelmwifo, globalizaciisa da postindustriuli transformaciis pirobebSic, aqtiur rols TamaSobs qveynebis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. Sesabamisad, Teoriulad araswori da praqtikulad miuRebelia im ekonomistTa mosazreba, romlebic cdiloben aRniSnu-lis sawinaaRmdegos damtkicebas. amasTa-nave isic aSkaraa, rom dRes arc erT qveynis mTavrobas ar SeuZlia SeimuSaos da gana-xorcielos ekonomikuri politika sxva
qveynebisa da gansakuTrebiT globaliza-ciis wamyvani subieqtebis qcevis normebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. globalizacia, rogorc aRvniSneT, arsebiT zegavlenas axdens saxelmwifos ekonomikur funq-ciebze, iwvevs ekonomikis regulirebis formebis, meTodebisa da instrumentebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebas.
globalizaciis epoqaSi saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa ara mxolod da ara imdenad erovnuli ekonomikis dacva gare faqtorebis zemoqmedebisagan anu e.w. „garegani Sokebisgan“, rac dRes praqti-kulad SeuZlebelia, aramed msoflio sa-meurneo kavSirebSi misi efeqtiani CarTvis uzrunvelyofa da qveynis konkurentuna-rianobis amaRleba globaluri masStabiT. am TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove saxelmwi-fos roli metad mniSvnelovania. mxolod mas SeuZlia globaluri bazris moTxov-nebidan gamomdinare da misi koniunqturis Sesabamisi erovnuli ekonomikis struq-turis Seqmna, romelSic gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs samecniero-teqnologiuri pro-gresis daCqareba, axali codnis generi-rebasa da Zveli codnis Senaxva-dagroveba-gavrcelebaze damyarebuli informaciuli tipis ekonomikis Seqmna.
saxelmwifos roli gansakuTrebiT re-liefurad gamoixateba ekonomikuri kri-zisebisa da postkrizisuli ganviTarebis periodebSi. 2007-2008 wlebis globalurma krizisma yvelas TvalnaTliv daanaxa sa-xelmwifos udidesi mniSvneloba kapita-listuri sabazro ekonomikisaTvis am uaR-resad rTuli da saxifaTo procesebis da-ZlevaSi. swored saxelmwifo gamovida am SemTxvevaSi e.w. „brij-menejeris“ rolSi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Rочетов ". Uлобалистика: теория, методология,
практика. V. 2003, №3 2. The Economist, Dec.-19-th, 1998. 3. Pollan R., Abbott J. Strategies in the Global
Political Economy. London, 1999.
229
Crdilovani ekonomikis samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi saqarTveloSi
mamuka sarCimelia _ ekonomikis doqtori, stu-s profesori
Legal Issues of Underground Economy
in Georgia
Mamuka Sarchimelia Doctor of Economic, Professor
Summary
In scientific article there are discussed issues of underground economy, determination of undergro-und economy is given. Underground economy is a part of national economy acting with breaking the law, is not accounted by governmental organs and does not pay state taxes. The underground economy brings the biggest losses for the country, which in the first time is expressed in mostly unequal income distribution. It also causes ineffective growth of eco-nomy, decrease in state income in order to avoid taxes. Eradication of corruption in state organs needs a very strong mechanism. Complete eradication of negative results of underground economy is impossible in the conditions of transformable economy.
Правовые вопросы теневой экономики
в Грузии
Мамука Сарчимелия Доктор экономики, профессор
Резюме
В научной статье рассмотрены правовые воп-росы теневой экономики, дана определение те-невой экономики. Теневая экономика является частью национальной экономики, которая дейст-вует нарушая закон, не учитивается органами го-сударственного управления и не платит государ-ственные налоги. Теневая экономика приносит большие потери для страны, это в первую очередь отображается в неравномерное распределение до-ходов. Ее существование также вызывает рост эко-номической неэффективности, снижение госу-дарственных доходов из-за уклонения от уплаты налогов. Устронение коррупции в государствен-ных учреждениях требует мощный механизм. Пол-ное устронение негативных результатов теневой экономики невозможно в условиях трансформи-рованной экономике.
reziume
samecniero statiaSi ganxilulia Crdi-lovani ekonomikis sakiTxebi, mocemulia Crdilovani ekonomikis gansazRvra. Crdi-lovani ekonomika erovnuli ekonomikis na-wilia, romelic moqmedebs kanonis darRve-viT, ver aRiricxeba saxelmwifo marTvis
organoebis mier da ar ixdis saxelmwido gadasaxadebs. Crdilovan ekonomikas udi-desi danakrgebi moaqvs qveynisaTvis, rac, pirvel rigSi, aisaxeba Semosavlebis metad uTanabro ganawilebaSi. misi arseboba aseve iwvevs ekonomikuri araefeqturobis zrdas, saxelmwifo Semosavlebis Semcirebas gada-saxadebisagan Tavis aridebis gamo. Saxelm-wifo uwyebebSi korufciis aRmofxvra Zli-er meqanizms moiTxovs. Crdilovani ekono-mikis negatiuri Sedegebis sruli aRmofx-vra SeuZlebelia transformirebadi eko-nomikis pirobebSi.
Crilodan ekonomikaSi igulisxmeba fa-ruli aralegaluri aRuricxavi saqmianoba.
sabWoTa kavSirSi Crdilovani ekonomi-kisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebis, saxelmwifo da sazo-gadoebrivi qonebis dataceba, rac warmo-ebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi funqcioni-rebda. ucxoeTSi Crdilovani ekonomikis nacvlad metwilad xmarobdnen termins fa-ruli an Savi ekonomika. maT axsnas iuridi-uli da ekonomikuri poziciidan cdilobd-nen postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi. amasTan er-Tad yuradsaRebia SromaSi23 moyvanili ar-Cil jorjaZis citata, rom kanoni ramdena-dac samarTaliani unda iyos, igi Zalis ga-reSe yinulze dawerili Tamasuqia. am Sem-TxvevaSic samarTaldarRvevebis gamkacre-basac Zala dakarguli aqvs, Tumca aucile-belia ar dairRves biznesisaTvis saWiro garemo pirobebi.
1. Crdilovani ekonomika qveynis eko-nomikis gardaqmnas axlda, romelic sa-xelmwifoebrivi kontrolis Sesustebasac niSnavda. amasTan aRvniSnavT imasac, rom saqarTveloSi Crdilovani ekonomikis gav-rcelebul saxeebs Soris gamoyofen ko-rufcias. igi naklebad Seswavlili prob-lemaa24.
23 v. papava. postkomunisturi kapitalizmis po-litikuri ekonomia da saqarTvelos ekonomika. Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 98. 24 n. arevaZe, v. miSina. Crdilovani ekonomikis arsi da struqtura postkomunisturi trans-formaciis pirobebSi. sabazro ekonomikis ganvi-Tarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi. samecniero
230
biurokratebis nawili momWirneobas ver egueba da Crdilovani ekonomikiT siRari-bisagan Tavis gadarCenas cdilobs. rode-sac isini darwmunebuli arian, rom mcire danaSaulzec mkacr pasuxs ar ageben, maSin danaSauls Caidenen. amasTan dakavSirebiT v. papava aRniSnavs25, saqarTveloSi erovnu-li antikorufciuli programis SemmuSave-beli jgufis mier mocemul iuridiuli Sinaarsis rekomendaciebze, romelTa nak-lia qveyanaSi dausjelobis damkvidrebis pirobebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobis daSveba.
Crdilovani ekonomikis, maT Soris ko-rufciis xelSemwyobi pirobebis aRmofxvra Sesabamis Zlier meqanizms moiTxovs, rom-lisaTvis damnaSaveoba ganixileba qveynis ekonomikuri da samarTlianobis usafr-Txoebis pirobebSi, rodesac SesaZlebeli xdeba SeizRudos usamarTlod gamdidre-buli mosaxleobis mdidari fenis TavaSve-buli moqmedebebi da isini Cayenebuli iq-nebian xalxis samsaxurSi, Tanac ise, rom maT ar mieces korufciiT sargeblobis Se-saZlebloba.26
Crdilovani ekonomikis aRmofxvrisaT-vis pirobebis formirebaSi saimedoa ke-Tilsindisieri mosaxleobis Zlieri saSua-lo fena, romelsac SeeZleba moTokos bi-urokratiis uaryofiTi zegavlena priva-tizaciaze.
qveyanaSi keTilsindisieri mosaxleobis Zlieri saSualo fena xels uwyobs siRari-bis daZlevis pirobebis Seqmnas. amasTan er-Tad mniSvneloba unda mieniWos religiis gafrTxilebas, rom adamiani Tavis qonebas ise unda miiCnevdes, rogorc RaribebisaT-vis daxmarebis gawevis saSualebas, rac oq-ros wesis Tanaxmad niSnavs, moeqce sxvebs ise, rogorc ginda, rom mogegqcnen.
2. Crdilovani ekonomika metnaklebi zomiT TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi funq-cionirebda. amdenad misi prognozireba Se-saZlebeli unda gaxdes, magram rTulia awm-yos ganusazRvrelobiT gamowveuli msje-lobis saimedobis xarisxSi garkveva.
Cveni azriT, Crdilovani ekonomikis mi-zezia is, rom postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi dResac ki arc erTi sameurneo periodi ar damTavrebula dadebiTi gawonasworebuli
Sromebis krebuli. tomi IV. Tbilisi, ,,mecnie-reba”, 2004, gv. 217. 25 v. papava. postkomunisturi gardamavali peri-odis makroekonomika. Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 282. 26 r. sarCimelia, n. arevaZe. mosaxleobis Zlieri saSualo fenis formirebisaTvis saqarTveloSi. Jurn. ,,ekonomisti” #5, 2009, gv. 54.
savaWro balansiT. saqarTvelo ormagi de-ficitis pirobebSia da rodesac qveynis bi-ujetiT bevrad meti ixarjeba, vidre Se-mosavalSia igi aRricxuli, aseT garemo-pi-robebSi maT saimedobaze msjelobasac ki azri ara aqvs.
Crdilovani ekonomikis inerciiT zemoq-medebis mizezia isic, rom komunisturi ti-pis ekonomikis msxvrevis Semdegac saqmos-nebma borotad gamoiyenes SromiTi koleq-tivis uflebebi da privatizacia, postsaq-mosnis mewarmiT Canacvlebam saqarTvelos ekonomika rTuli problemebis winaSe daa-yena.27
Tu ki qveyanaSi mmarTveli aparati ver axerxebs maqsimalurad SezRudos Crdilo-vani ekonomika, es qveynis administraciis sisustes niSnavs, aseve gaaCnia SezRudvis wesebsac da misi ganxorcielebis meqaniz-mebs.
Crdilovan ekonomikaSi danaSaulis faq-tors SedarebiT meti sifaqiziT gaanalize-ba sWirdeba, vidre igi Cveulebriv piro-bebSi aris Sefasebuli. TviT ekonomikuri faseulobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani for-ma Rirebulebis paradoqsi winaaRmdegob-rivia. igi zogjer bevrad Zviri Rirs, maga-liTad puri, vidre musikaluri instru-menti. meores mxriv, Tu ki mivmarTavT re-sursebis SezRudulobis principsa da sar-geblianobis Teorias, aRmoCndeba, rom pu-ris naWers gacilebiT meti sargeblianoba aqvs, vidre musikalur instruments. 28
Crdilovani ekonomika arsebobda met-naklebi zomiT yvela qveyanaSi, gansxvave-buli saxelwodebiT da masStabebiT. igi dResac axlavs sabazro ekonomikas. Crdi-lovani ekonomikis uaryofiTi Sedegebis sruli aRmofxvra SeuZlebelia, gansakuT-rebiT mbrZanebluri dagegmvis sistemidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesSi.
yuradsaRebia Crdilovani ekonomikis samarTlis sferosTan dakavSirebuli fun-qcionireba, masSi isic, sawarmos daxurvis SemTxvevaSi Tu vis ekisreba pasuxismgeb-loba. amasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvneloba eniWeba samarTlis kanomdeblobis gamoye-nebas ekonomikur danaSaulTan brZolaSi, romelic gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas sa-qarTveloSi, magram saimedoa misi mogvare-ba globalizaciis pirobebSi.
27 v. papava. postkomunisturi ekonomia da sa-qarTvelos ekonomika. Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 115. 28 r. asaTiani. ekonomikisa da biznesis leqsiko-ni. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba ,,siaxle”, 2010, gv. 396.
ojaxuri Zaladobis statistika socialuri problemebis fonze
naira virsalaZe _ akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo da quTaisis universitetis asocirebuli profesori
Family violence statistics on the grounds of social problems
Naira Virsaladze
Doctor of Economics Associated Professor Akaki Tsereteli State University
Summary
The family in Georgia is the strong social institute.
As a rule, in the family should be calmness and attunement. Though, family isn’t always the “nest of attunement” and family members aren’t always favorable. Very often on the basis of different opinion and misunderstanding family may become the place of violence.
Family violence may happen in any country of the world and Georgia isn’t exclusive. There are many reasons of violence in the family in Georgia, though the main is social problems, unemployment and economic distress.
Family violence in Georgian society is taboo issue and nobody talks about it public, though in recent years, facts of family violence are so frequent that the issue is the order of the day.
In the article (in spite of less information) we tried to analyze the situation in the country which will help interested persons to solve problems.
reziume
saqarTveloSi ojaxi sakmaod Zlieri so-cialuri institutia. wesiT ojaxSi simSvi-de da harmoniuloba unda sufevdes. Tumca, ojaxi yovelTvis ar aris „harmoniulobis bude“ da arc ojaxis wevrebi arian erT-maneTis mimarT mudam keTilganwyobilni. xSirad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis da ga-ugebrobis fonze ojaxi, Tbili kera Zala-dobis adgili xdeba.
ojaxSi Zaladobas adgili aqvs msofli-os nebismier qveyanaSi, gamonaklisi arc sa-qarTveloa. aq ojaxSi Zaladobis mravali mizezi arsebobs, Tumca ZiriTadi mainc qve-yanaSi arsebuli socialuri problemebi, umuSevroba da ekonomikuri siduxWirea.
ojaxuri Zaladoba qarTul sazogadoe-baSi tabuirebuli Temaa da masze xmamaRla ar saubroben, Tumca bolo periodSi,
ojaxSi Zaladobis faqtebi imdenad momrav-lda, rom es sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi dadga.
statiaSi (miuxedavad mwiri informaci-isa) vecadeT gagveanalizebina qveyanaSi arsebuli mdgomareoba, rac garkveulwi-lad problemis gadaWraSi daexmareba dain-teresebul pirebs.
sakvanZo sityvebi: ojaxi, ojaxuri Za-
ladoba, zneoba, morali, genderuli Zala-doba, ekonomikuri siduxWire, socialuri problemebi, umuSevroba.
ojaxi _ patara saxelmwifoa, adamiani
ojaxSi iRebs yvelafris sawyiss. ojaxSi ya-libdeba igi rogorc pirovneba. ojaxi aris safuZveli da sayrdeni sazogadobrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebisa, radgan zne-obrivad ganviTarebuli ojaxebi qmnian zne-obrivad ganviTarebul sazogadoebas. ojaxi aris adgili _ Tbili kera, sadac gulRiad gvxvdebian da Sens problemebs gulwrfelad iziareben. ojaxi marto er-Tad cxovreba ar aris, ojaxi erTmaneTis-Tvis cxovrebaa da Tu aq erTmaneTis az-rebi, Sexedulebebi da survilebi gaTva-liswinebuli ar iqna, patara problemac ki SeiZleba did tragediad iqces.
Zaladoba adamianTa sazogadoebaSi uZ-velesi droidan arsebobda. `ojaxuri Zaladoba~ genderuli Zaladobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa, romelsac ojaxis romelime wevri sxva wevrebze axorcie-lebs. ojaxuri Zaladoba aris ganmeoreba-di, xSiri seqsualuri, fizikuri, fsiqolo-giuri, ekonomikuri Seuracxyofa, romelic moZaladis mier sxvaze (msxverplze) kont-rolsa da Zalauflebis mopovebas gulisx-mobs. statistikis mixedviT ojaxuri Zala-doba aris yvelaze xSiri danaSauli ameri-kis SeerTebul StatebSi (aq weliwadSi sa-Sualod 4 milioni qali ganicdis fizikur Seuracxyofas mamakacebis mxridan da yo-vel 15 wamSi xdeba ojaxuri Zaladobis er-
230
232
Ti faqti), aziur qveynebSi moZaladeebis rolSi umetesad mamakacebi gvevlinebian, ojaxuri Zaladoba maTTvis Cveulebrivi movlenaa. evropaSi 5-dan 1 qalze xorci-eldeba ojaxuri Zaladoba meuRlisgan an seqsualuri partniorisgan, dasavleT ev-ropaSi ki emansipaciis Sedegad momravld-nen mCagvreli da moZalade qalebi. 29.
ojaxSi Zaladobas adgili aqvs msofli-os nebismier qveyanaSi. igi damangrevel da yovlismomcvel aqtualur socialur pro-blemas warmoadgens, erT-erTi yvelaze se-riozuli da gavrcelebuli Zaladobis formaa, universaluri movlenaa, romelic SesaZlebelia Seexos sazogadoebis nebismi-er wevrs, miuxedavad misi rasobrivi, so-cialuri, Tu kulturuli kuTvnilebisa.
ojaxSi Zaladobis Tema gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri XX saukunis bolos gaxda. Tu aqamde iTvleboda, rom ojaxSi Zaladoba, mxolod ama Tu im konkretuli ojaxis problemaa, axla igi miiCneva erT-erT mniS-vnelovan sazogadoebriv problemad, rom-lis gadawyvetac saxelmwifoebriv doneze unda moxdes. yovelive zeviT aRniSnuli miuTiTebs ojaxSi Zaladobis problemis universalurobasa da aqtualurobaze. sa-grZnobi cvlilebebi ganxorcielda saxel-mwifo politikis donezec. Tu 2003 wels mxolod 45 qveyanas hqonda kanoni ojaxSi Zaladobis Sesaxeb, 2006 wlisTvis es ricxvi 60-mde gaizarda, 2011 wlisaTvis ki msof-lios 196 qveynidan ojaxSi Zaladobis wina-aRmdeg mimarTuli kanoni 126 qveyanas aqvs. amasTan erTad, dasavleTis qveynebis kanon-mdeblobaSi gaCnda specialuri muxli, ro-melic iTvaliswinebs moZaladobis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas.
ojaxSi Zaladobis problema mwvaved dgas dRevandel saqarTveloSic. kultura-Si, sadac mamakacs wamyvani roli uWiravs, xSiria qalTa rolis dakninebisa da maTi diskriminaciis faqtebi. vinaidan, ojaxSi Zaladoba kulturaSi Rrmad aris fesvgad-gmuli, amitom es Tema qarTveli xalxisT-vis yvelaze saTuTia. umetes SemTxvevaSi ojaxuri Zaladoba Cvens sazogadoebaSi ta-
29 Source: genderul terminTa mokle leqsikoni = Краткий словарь гендерных терминов / merkvilaZe ia; [red.: naira popiaSvili ; Targmani hamlet zukakiSvilisa] - Tb. : kavkas. saxli, 2003 - 112gv. ; 20sm. - ISBN 99928-71-46-6 : [f.a.]
buirebuli Temaa da masze xmamaRla ar la-parakoben. qarTuli ojaxi iseT zneobriv da moralur principebzea agebuli, rom ojaxis yvela wevri ukidures mdgomareoba-mde cdilobs dafaros momxdari da daicvas ojaxis „saxeli“. Tumca, bolo periodSi, ojaxSi Zaladobis faqtebi momravlda, rac pirdapir kavSirSia qveyanaSi arsebul mZime socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareo-basTan. qveyanaSi arsebulma qronikulma ekonomikurma krizisma qarTveli kacebis garkveuli nawili umoqmedo da cxovrebaze xelCaqneuli gaxda. samwuxarod qalma, de-dam _ rogorc Svilebze sicocxlis ZafiT dakavSirebulma arsebam, Tavis Tavze aiRo Svilebisa da TviT ojaxis fizikuri gadar-Cenis sakiTxi. amitomac dRes aravisTvis siaxles ar warmoadgens, ucxoeTSi gadax-vewil qarTvelTa umetesoba rom qalia, dedaa. amiT nawilobriv mogvarda zogier-Ti ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, mo-ixsna daZabuloba da ojaxi fizikur ganad-gurebas gadaurCa. magram, Tavi iCina ufro mniSvnelovanma problemam – dedis gaucxo-ebam SvilebisaTvis, ojaxis `marCenali~ qa-lis rolis gazrdam...
ojaxSi Zaladobis problema specifiku-
riა da zusti statistikis mopoveba Wirs. am mizniT norvegiis mTavrobisa da gaeros mosaxleobis fondis erToblivi Zalisxme-viT 2010 wels saqarTveloSi Catarda kvle-va, romelic „qalTa mimarT ojaxSi Zalado-bis erovnuli kvlevis“ saxeliTaa cnobili.
kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT qorwinebaSi myof qalTa 9,1% anu yoveli me-11 qali aRiarebs, rom fizikuri Zaladobis msxver-plia; qalTa 35% aRniSnavs, rom meuRlis/ partnioris mxridan gamoucdia Zaladobis sxvadasxva formebi qcevis kontrolis mizniT, aqedan, qalTa 29%-s ar aqvs ufleba urTierToba hqondes sakuTar ojaxTan, qalTa 50% fiqrobs, rom coli qmars unda ujerebdes, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ar eTanxmeba. qalTa 34, 1% ki qmris mier co-lis cemas garkveul SemTxvevebSi dasaSve-bad miiCnevs.
aSkaraa, rom saqarTveloSi jer kidev farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba or-magi moralis Sesaxeb, rac sazogadoebas, ganaTlebas, SromiT saqmianobas Tu sqesob-riv cxovrebas, qalisa da kacis mimarT sxva-dasxvagvari uflebebis, movaleobebis da
233
molodinebis sistemiT aregulirebs da mkacrad mijnavs am or sqess. tradiciebTan erTad saqarTveloSi didi roli aqvs re-ligiur Sexedulebebs, romlis mixedviT qali unda iyos kacis morCili da unda emsaxurebodes mas.
2007-2014 wlebSi saqarTveloSi dafiq-sirda ojaxSi Zaladobis 1 102 faqti. moZa-ladeebs Soris 92% mamakacia. ojaxSi Zala-dobis msxverpli yvelaze xSirad 25-dan 44-wlamde qalebi arian. ojaxuri Zaladobis saxeebidan ki sWarbobs fizikuri (36%) da fsiqologiuri Zaladoba (55%).30
2014 wels dafiqsirda 544 Zaladobis faqti, rac wina wlis maCvenebels 113 er-TeuliT, anu 26,2%-iT aRemateba. ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTa da moZaladeTa yve-laze didi ricxvi dafiqsirda Tbilisis, qvemo qarTlisa da kaxeTis regionSi (ix. grafiki #1).
grafiki #1
wyaro: http://www.geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=607&lang=geo
Zaladobis msxverplTa da moZaladeTa ricxvi asakobriv WrilSi aseTi suraTiT xasiaTdeba ( ix. #2 grafiki).
3..http://www.ambioni.ge/ojaxuri-zaladobis-sesaxeb-stati-stika (specialistebi miiCneevn, rom es cifrebi realur situacias zustad ar asaxavs da ojaxSi Zaladobis SemTxvevebi gacilebiT metia, radgan Zaladobis msxverplni samarTaldamcavebs mxo-lod ukidures SemTxvevebSi mimarTaven).
2015 wlis mxolod eqvs TveSi saqarTve-loSi dafiqsirda Zaladobis 454 faqti, rac gasuli wliuri maCveneblis 83.5%-s Sead-gens. motanili cifrebi naTlad metyve-leben bolo periodSi saqarTveloSi Zala-dobis faqtebis zrdis tendenciaze.
grafiki #2
wyaro:
http://www.geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=607&lang=geo
marTalia, 2014-2015 wlebis ianvar-ivnis-Si registrirebul danaSaulTa saerTo ri-cxvi 905 erTeuliT Semcirda, magram oja-xSi Zaladobis faqtebi 323 erTeuliT anu 2.3-jer gaizarda, matebis tempma 132% Seadgina(ix. cxrili#2).
ojaxSi Zaladoba kompleqsuri problem-aa da ar arsebobs samoqmedo gegma, rome-lic yvela situacias moergeba. Tumca, Zaladobis msxverplTaTvis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da daxmarebis drouli aR-moCenis sistemis Seqmna ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis meqanizmis mTavari daniSnulebaa.
es aris problema, romlis gadasaWrelad xelisufleba da mTeli sazogadoeba unda gaerTiandes, raTa ojaxis TiToeulma wev-rma igrZnos Tavi daculad da ojaxebSi su-fevdes genderuli Tanasworoba.
ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis mizniT au-cilebelia xelisuflebam uzrunvelyos
qveyanaSi socialur-ekonomikuri viTare-bis gaumjobeseba, romelsac Tan mohyveba upirvelesad samuSao adgilebis Seqmna da mosaxleobis Semosavlebis realuri zrda.
cxrili #1 ojaxSi momxdar danaSaulebaTa statistika saqarTvelos regionebis mixedviT (erTeuli)
2013 wlis 5 ianvris
mdgomareobiT
2014 wlis 5ianvris
mdgomareobiT
2015 wlis ianvar -
ivnisi
regionebi
mkvl
elo
ba
jan
mrT
elo
bis
daz
iane
ba
Zal
ado
ba
mkvl
elo
ba
jan
mrT
elo
bis
daz
iane
ba
Zal
ado
ba
mkvl
elo
ba
jan
mrT
elo
bis
daz
iane
ba
Zal
ado
ba
sul saqarTveloSi 8 20 431 22 38 544 7 12 454
Tbilisi 3 4 82 7 8 66 2 3 65
samegrelo zemo
svaneTi
0 1 13 0 4 37 2 0 21
imereTi da raWa-
leCxumi
5 3 28 3 2 68 1 2 98
guria 0 1 5 2 11 13 0 1 7
aWara 0 1 31 1 3 50 0 1 62
samcxe-javaxeTi 0 1 42 0 1 64 0 0 31
Sida qarTli 0 1 62 1 2 70 0 0 32
mcxeTa mTianeTi 0 3 42 2 3 35 0 0 20
qvemo qarTli 0 4 57 2 1 44 1 2 40
kaxeTi 0 1 69 4 3 97 1 3 78
wyaro: http://police.ge/
cxrili #2
saqarTveloSi registrirebuli danaSaulis statistika
2014-2015 wlebis ianvar-ivnisi (erTeuli)
2014 weli 2015 weli danaSaulis saxeoba
sul
registri
rebuli
gaxsnili gaxsnili
%
sul
registr
irebuli
gaxsnili gaxsnili
%
danaSaulis saerTo
radenoba
18 339 9 430 51.4% 17 434 9 772 56.1%
ojaxuri Zaladoba 243 136 55.9 566 409 72.3
wyaro: Sss sainformacio-analitikuri departamenti
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. genderul terminTa mokle leqsikoni = Краткий словарь гендерных терминов / mer-kvilaZe ia; [red.: naira popiaSvili ; Targmani hamlet zukakiSvilisa] - Tb. : kavkas. saxli, 2003 - 112gv.
2. “ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Za-ladobis msxverplTa dacvisa da daxma-
rebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanoni da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 126-e prima muxli.
3. qalTa mimarT ojaxSi Zaladobis saki-Txebis erovnuli kvleva saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi.
4. http://www.geostat.ge/
233
kulturisa da xelovnebis sferos organizaciebis
marTvis sistema
naira RvedaSvili _ SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da
kinos saxelmwifo universitetis menejmentis mimarTulebis
asocirebuli profesori
Culture and art organizations management system
Naira Gvedashvili
Summary
Any organization is established to accomplish something. Culture and art organizations have specific goals, which are related to products, presentation, propagation or education. This pragmatic approach represents the cultural sector, as colorful blanket. This includes organizations of high art, such as galleries and symphonic orchestras, cultural forums and etc.
The mission of cultural and art organizations is to satisfy human spiritual and cultural needs.
The management of cultural and art organizations as well as their management subsystem, is quite multifaceted. That’s why we should consider it in various aspects, and summarize the results by special classificatory.
As for the elements inside the system, they create horizontal and vertical rows; there are horizontal and vertical connections between them. Eelements of one row create hierarchical levels in organization mana-gement.
These and other interesting questions are related to this article.
Key words: Culture and art organizations, labor
resources, technology, management, current proces-ses.
reziume
nebismieri organizacia raRaca miznis
misaRwevad iqmneba. kulturisa da xelov-nebis organizaciebs gaaCniaT specifikuri miznebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia pro-duqciasTan, prezentaciasTan, gavrcele-basTan an ganaTlebasTan. es pragmatuli midgoma warmoadgens kulturis seqtors, rogorc Wrel sabans. es moicavs maRali xelovnebis organizaciebs, rogoricaa ga-lereebi da sinfoniuri orkestrebi, masob-rivi kulturis firmebi da sxva. kulturis da xelovnebis sferos organizaciaTa misia
aris adamianTa sulieri da kulturuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba.
kulturisa da xelovnebis sferos or-ganizaciebis menejmenti rogorc misi mmarTvelobiTi qvesistema, sakmaod mra-valwaxnagovania. amitom igi mraval sxvada-sxva aspeqtebSi unda ganvixiloT. maTi Se-degebis Sejameba ki specialuri klasifika-toriT unda moxdes.
rac Seexeba sistemis SigniT arsebul elementebs, isini qmnis horizontalur da vertikalur rigebs, romelTa Soris arse-bobs aseve horizontaluri da vertikalu-ri kavSirebi. erTi rigis elementebi ki qmnian organizaciis marTvaSi ierarqiul doneebs. am da sxva saintereso sakiTxebs exeba aRniSnuli statia.
sakvanZo sityvebi: kulturisa da xe-
lovnebis sferos organizaciebi, SromiTi resursebi, teqnologia, menejmenti, mimdi-nare procesebi.
organizacia es aris adamianTa jgufi,
romelTa saqmianoba Segnebulad kordinir-deba da regulirdeba erTi an ramdenime miznis misaRwevad.
saqarTveloSi organizaciebi iTvlebian iuridiul pirebad. isini registrirdebian statistikis departamentSi da Semosavle-bis samsaxurSi (rogorc gadasaxadis gada-mxdelebi). maT gaxsnili aqvT angariSebi bankSi, aqvT wesdeba, beWedi, iuridiuli da faqtiuri misamarTi.
organizaciebs miekuTvneba SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebi, amxana-gobebi, koperativebi, individualuri me-warmeebi, saaqcio sazogadoebebi, solida-ruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebebi da maTi filialebi da warmomadgenlebi.
234
236
CamoTvlili statusebi SeiZleba hqon-deT: Teatrebs, kinoTeatrebs, kino da fo-to-studiebs, muzeumebs, saxl-muzeumebs, sakoncerto darbazebs, kulturis sasax-leebs, kulturis centrebs, SemoqmedebiT muSakTa saxlebs, biblioTekebs da a. S.
nebismier organizacoas, maT Soris kul-turisa da xelovnebis sferos organizaci-ebis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli saerTo ni-Sani is aris, rom maTi arsebobisaTvis auci-lebelia resursebis gansazRvruli odeno-ba. ZiriTadi resursebi, romelTac iyenebs organizacia Semdegia: adamianebi, e. i. Sro-miTi resursebi, kapitali, masalebi, teqno-logia da informacia. saWiroa resursebis marTva saTanado doneze organizaciis miz-nis an miznebis misaRwevad.31
ase rom, organizacia aris ara marto mi-si Semadgeneli nawilebis ubralo erToba, aramed sistemuri erTianoba, romelsac axasiaTebs: mTlianoba, struqturireba, struqturis da garemos urTierTkavSiri, ierarqiuloba, aRweris simravle, mraval-ferovneba.
mTlianoba niSnavs sistemis da misi Ti-Toeuli elementis TvisebaTa erTianobas, darRvevebis, gayofis SeuZleblobas.
struqturireba niSnavs aRweras misi struqturis TvisebebiT da ara misi calke-uli elementebis qceviT;
garemos da struqturis urTierTda-mokidebulebaSi igulisxmba garemosTan urTierTobisas sistemaSi Tvisebebis gam-omJRavneba da formireba.
ierarqiuloba niSnavs imas, rom sistemis TiToeuli elementi SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos rogorc damoukidebeli sistema, ro-melic globaluri sistemis erT-erT ele-ments warmoadgens.
aRweris mravalferovnebaSi igulisx-meba sistemis makroskopiuli, mikroskopi-uli, ierarqiuli, funqcionaluri da pro-cesualuri warmodgena.
kulturisa da xelovnebis sferoSi or-ganizaciis sistemuri midgomiT marTvis modeli SeiZleba ase ganisazRvros:
1. konceptualuri — roca igi ganixi-leba inteqtualuri saqmianobis marTvis sistemis modelis rolSi;
31 g. SublaZe, b. mRebriSvili, f. wowkolauri. ,,menejmenetis safuZvlebi.’’ Tb., 2008. gv. 26.
2. empiriuli, roca ganixileba konkre-tuli organizacia;
3. adamiani-manqana, roca marTvis kon-turSi CarTulia informaciis Senaxvis da damuSavebis kompiuteruli sistema;
4. daxuruli an Ria _ es damokidebulia imaze rogori informacia gamoiyeneba (Ria Tu daxuruli), rogoria gadasawyveti amocanebi da kavSiri gare samyarosTan;
5. droiTi, roca organizacia garkveu-li vadiT iqmneba, anda periodulad masSi xdeba formaluri da araformaluri cvli-lebebi.32
organizaciis marTvis sistema Sedgeba calkeuli qvesistemebisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli SeiZleba TviTonac raRaca sis-temad aRiweros, Tumca masSi SeiZleba ga-moiyos iseTi komponentebi, romlebic or-ganizaciis ierarqiis umdables doneze ar-seboben.
rogorc aRvniSneT organizacia raRaca miznis misaRwevad iqmneba. am miznis miR-wevis gzaze problemebis gadasawyvetad sa-Wiroa gadawyvetilebebis miReba. am gadawy-vetilebebSi ki erTmaneTTan kavSirSi myo-fi menejerebi da specialistebi iReben.
rac Seexeba kulturisa da xelovnebis organizaciebs, maT gaaCniaT specifikuri miznebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia pro-duqciasTan, prezentaciasTan, gavrcele-basTan an ganaTlebasTan. es pragmatuli midgoma warmoadgens kulturis seqtors, rogorc Wrel sabans. es moicavs maRali xe-lovnebis organizaciebs, rogoricaa gale-reebi da sinfoniuri orkestrebi, masobri-vi kulturis firmebi, rogoricaa uzarma-zari gasarTobi kompaniebi, TviTSemoqme-debis da folkloruli jgufebi, romle-bic tradiciuli kulturis nawilia.33
rogorc cnobilia, kulturisa da xe-lovnebis sferos organizaciebis menejmen-ti rogorc misi mmarTvelobiTi qvesistema, sakmaod mravalwaxnagovania. amitom igi mraval sxvadasxva aspeqtebSi unda ganvixi-loT. maTi Sedegebis Sejameba ki specialu-ri klasifikatoriT unda moxdes.
32 М. П. Переверзев, Т. В. Косцов. ,,Менеджмент в сфере кулътуры и искуства.’’ М., ИНФРА-М. 2015, стр. 20 33 xip hagorti. ,,saxelovnebo menejmenti.’’ antreprenioruli stili. Tb., 2013. gv.12
237
organizaciasa da garemos Soris ur-TierTkavSiri. nebismieri organizacia funqcionirebs gansazRvrul garemoSi. gare garemo metad rTulia. es aris mraval-ricxovani pirobebi da faqtorebi, romleb-zec organizaciam reagireba unda moaxdi-nos.
gare garemos axasiaTebs cvlileba. es cvlileba metad swrafia. organizacia val-debulia miesadagos am cvlilebebs.
gare garemos axasiaTebs gaurkvevlobac. amas iwvevs informaciis simravle da ara-sandooba. Tu informacia zustia da sando, maSin garemo nakleb gaurkvevelia.
marTvis subieqtsa da obieqts Soris kavSiri. sistemuri midgomis meTodolo-giis Sesabamisad, rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, sistema SeiZleba ganvixiloT mikrosko-pul, makroskopul, ierarqiul, funqciona-lur da procesualur aspeqtebSi. sistemis makroskopuli ganxilva gvixsnis organiza-ciis kavSirs gare garemosTan da gvaZlevs misi marTvis efeqtianobis Sefasebis Sesa-Zleblobas. rac Seexeba mis mikroskopul ganxilvas igi gviCvenebs organizaciis mar-Tvis subieqtsa da obieqts Soris kavSirebs. marTvis obieqti aris samarTavi qvesistema, subieqti ki mmarTveli qvesistema. maT So-ris pirdapiri da ukukavSiri arsebobs. Su-bieqti aZlevs `komandebs~ obieqts raime moqmedebebis Sesasruleblad, ukan ki iRebs informacias mis Sesruleba — ar Sesrule-baze. am davalebebis faqtiuri Sesruleba gviCvenebs Tu ramdenad efeqturad muSa-obs menejmenti organizaciaSi.
rac Seexeba organizaciis empiriul da konceptualur models, igi SeiZleba aRi-weros 5 sabazo elementiT. esenia:
1. gare garemo; 2. organizaciis resursebi; 3. mizani(misia); 4. organizaciuli struqtura; 5. organizaciis sasicocxlo cikli.34 am elementebis formalizacia `mowesri-
gebuli xuTeulis~ principiT organizaci-is modelis agebis da mis menejmnetSi mim-dinare procesebis ufro Rrmad gamokvle-vis saSualebas iZleva. dasaxelebuli prin-cipi gulisxmobs organizaciis Cvens mier
34
М. П. Переверзев, Т. В. Косцов. ,,Менеджмент в сфере кулътуры и искуства.’’ М., ИНФРА-М. 2015, стр. 25
dasaxelebuli xuTi elements Soris urTi-erTkavSiris mxedvelobaSi gaTvaliswine-bas, romlebic menejmentis rogorc orga-nizaciis marTvis Semdegi sistemis forma-luri logikis dadgenaSi gvexmarebia.
organizacia, rogorc sistema — S, Sed-geba S0 _ struqturuli elementebisagan, isini qvesistemebad iwodebian. S0 elemen-tebis simravle qmnis qvesistemebis elemen-tarul bazas:35
0SS xolo 0ES
S sistemis gareT garemo warmoadgens mis garSemo myof obieqtebis sistemas, ro-melTa Tvisebebi ara mxolod gavlenas ax-denen sistemaze, aramed TviTonac ganic-dian mis zegavlenas. am kavSiris formali-zeba ase SeiZleba.
YXS ˆ
X _ aris gare garemodan sistemaSi Se-mavali obieqtebis simravle;
Y _ aris garemos sistemis gareSe obieq-tebis simravle, romlebzec moqmedebs sis-tema (mocemul SemTxvevaSi organizacia).
sistemis resursebi aris R simravlidan
is P _ obieqtebi, romelTa cvlileba S sis-temis struquturuli elementebis cvli-lebis efeqtianobaze aris damokidebuli,
anu PR , xolo RS
organizaciis mizani mis misiaSi devs. kulturis da xelovnebis sferos organi-zaciaTa misia aris adamianTa sulieri da kulturuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-leba. miznis formalizdeba bevrad aris da-mokdiebuli GTviT organizaciis formali-zebaze. ekonomikur amocanebSi maTematiku-ri funqciis formalizebac sakmarisia, aq ki, saWiroa socio-kulturuli rangis kri-teriumebis damatebac.
Sedegad S organizaciis principuli struqtura aris iseTi S* modeli, romel-sac gansazRvravs urTierTobaTa sistema, romelic ierarqiis TiToeul doneze pa-rametrebs ayalibebs: 1. organizaciuli sistemis da misi qvesis-
temis elementarul bazas: E0, E1…., En;
35 М. П. Переверзев, Т. В. Косцов. ,,Менеджмент в сфере кулътуры и искуства.’’ М., ИНФРА-М. 2015, стр.25
238
2. organizaciaSi Semaval yvela qvesiste-
mas: 001 ES , 11 ES i ,... nni ES
3. organizaciis da misi yvela qvesistemis gare garemos:
000ˆ YXS ii , iii YXS 111
ˆ , ...
ninini YXS ˆ
4. TiToeul qvesistemebs elementebs So-ris da gare garemosTan urTierTobis xasiaTs.
5. sistemis TiToeul ierarqiul doneze elementebis agregirebis wess.36 `mowesrigebuli xuTeulis~ organizaci-
is formalizaciis meTodi saSualebas iZ-leva sistemuri analizis meTodologiis sxvadasxva aspeqtebiT ganvixiloT igi da davaproeqtoT gare garemosTan droSi ade-qvaturi misi marTvis efeqturi sistema. cneba dro iqneba bolo sabazo elementi. igi daaxsaiaTebs organizaciis sasicocx-lo cikls.
kulturisa da xelovnebis sferoSi sa-mewarmeo saqmianoba metad aqtualuria. aq yvelaze metad gavrceleba pova indivi-dualurma mewarmeobam, amxanagobam da sa-zogadoebebma. pirvels Seesabameba erTpi-rovnuli sawarmo (sole proprietorship), meo-res _ partnioroba (partnership), mesames korporacia (corporation).
individualuri mewarmeoba yvelaze mar-tivi formaa. aseT dros ar iqmneba iuridi-uli piri da organizacia atarebs fizikuri piris gvars da saxels. kulturisa da xe-lovnebis bevr sferoSi aseT mewarmes li-cenzia sWirdeba (magaliTad, musikaSi, mxa-tvrobaSi).
amxanagoba aris ori an orze meti ada-mianis mier Seqmnili samewarmeo organiza-cia, isini TviTon, uSualod monawileoben saqmian SesrulebaSi. amxanagebi solidaru-lad ageben pasuxs kontragentebis winaSi. amxanagobaSi Senatani SeiZleba iyos qoneba, m.S. pirvel rigSi fuli, magram SeiZleba iyos SromiTi saqmianobac.
sazogadoeba aris iuridiuli piri, ro-melsac qmnian moqalaqeebi an iuridiuli pirebi raime saqmis erToblivad Sesasru-
36 М. П. Переверзев, Т. В. Косцов. ,,Менеджмент в сфере кулътуры и искуства.’’ М., ИНФРА-М. 2015, стр.26
leblad. amxanagobisagan gansxvavebiT sa-zogadoeba ar moiTxovs damfuZvneblebis adgilze dasaqmebas. sazogadoebas aqvs wes-deba da sadamfuZvneblo xelSekruleba.
saqarTveloSi sami saxis sazogadoebis dafuZvneba SeiZleba. esenia: saaqcio sazo-gadoeba, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sa-zogadoeba da solidaruli pasuxismgeblo-bis sazogadoeba. maT Soris yvelaze gavr-celebulia saaqcio sazogadoeba.
saaqcio sazogadoeba aris Ria da daxu-ruli. orive maTganis sawesdebo kapitali yalibdeba aqciebis gamoSvebiT da gayid-viT. gansxvaveba mxolod imaSia, rom daxu-ruli saaqcio sazogadoeba aqciebs yidis mxolod sazogadoebis SigniT, Ria ki-Ta-visuflad.
amaT garda, arsebobs municipaluri sa-warmoebi da saxelmwifo korporaciuli sa-warmoeebi, maT unitaruli organizaciebi ewodebaT. am saxis sawarmoTa qoneba ganu-yofelia. unitaruli organizaciis qoneba ekuTvnis an municipalitets an saxelmwi-fos.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. g. SublaZe, b. mRebriSvili, f. wowko-
lauri. ,,menejmenetis safuZvlebi.’’ Tb., 2008
2. xip hagorti. ,,saxelovnebo menejmenti.’’ antreprenioruli stili. Tb., 2013
3. М. П. Переверзев, Т. В. Косцов. ,,Менеджмент в сфере кулътуры и искуства.’’ М., ИНФРА-М. 2015
samarTlebrivi garemos cvlis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi da maTi zegavlena biznesis ganviTarebaze
xaTuna beriSvili – ekonomikis doqtori,
Tsu-s asocirebuli profesori
Legal Environment Change Tendencies in Georgia and Their Influence
on Development of Business
Khatuna Berishvili Summary
The present work discusses legal environment of
business and the tendencies of economic development. For the formation of legislative environment of business the economic and political factors should be taken into consideration. That’s why each should be selected from the correct viewpoint for the state to become favorable for doing business both for local and foreign investors. Proceeding from the said above it can be boldly said that a democratic order from the political systems and improvement of the “right of property” in the legislative system are the main factors for development of business in the state. As for economic development, as we have mentioned above, economy and business are mutually connected processes, because development of business determines economic development of a country and an economically developed state is attractive for investors to invest their free capital.
reziume
naSromSi ganvixileT biznesis samarT-lebrivi garemo da ekonomikuri ganviTa-rebis tendenciebi. biznesis sakanonmdeb-lo garemos formirebisTvis gasaTvalis-winebelia ekonomikuri da politikuri faq-torebi, amitom TiToeulis swori kuTxiT SerCevaa aucilebeli, radgan saxelmwifo gaxdes biznesis keTebisTvis sasurveli, rogorc adgilobrivi iseve ucxoeli inves-torebisaTvis. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdi-nare SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom poli-tikuri sistemebidan demokratiuli wyoba da sakanonmdeblo sistemaSi `sakuTrebis uflebis" srulyofa ZiriTadi xelSemwyobi faqtorebia saxelmwifoSi biznesis ganvi-TarebisaTvis. rac Seexeba ekonomikur gan-viTarebas, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT eko-nomika da biznesi urTierTdakavSirebuli procesebia, vinaidan biznesis ganviTareba gansazRvravs qveynisTvis ekonomikur gan-
viTarebas da ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifo mimzidvelia investorebisaT-vis Tavisufali kapitalis dasabandeblad.
sakvanZo sityvebi: samarTlebrivi ga-
remo, investiciebi, biznesi, ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, ganviTareba, resursebi.
samarTlebrivi garemo aris mniSvnelo-vani faqtori biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis. qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri da poli-tikuri procesebi gansazRvraven biznesis samarTlebriv garemos. Tavis mxriv, ukanas-kneli gansazRvravs ekonomikur ganviTare-bas da qveynis winsvlas. biznesis keTebis-Tvis xelsayreli samarTlebrivi garemos formireba Tanamedrove demokratiuli sa-xelmwifos ganviTarebis qvakuTxedia. Swo-red mowesrigebul da mimzidvel biznesga-remoSi devs is gasaRebi, romliTac unda gadaiWras saxelmwifos winaSe mdgari so-cialuri problemebi da moxdes qveynis mo-saxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis ga-umjobeseba. aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanasknel wlebSi qveynis biznesgaremos ganviTarebis mdgomareoba erTgvari polemikis sagnad gadaiqca.
qveyana, romelic ekonomikurad Zlieri da ganviTarebulia ufro metad mimzidve-lia investiciebis ganxorcielebisTvis. Ami-saTvis ki umniSvnelovanesi piroba qveynis srulyofili sakanonmdeblo sistemaa. sa-qarTvelom demokratiuli ganviTarebis kursi aiRo 2004 wlis Semdeg da Zalian mok-le periodSi, miaRwia warmatebas da mo-winave adgili daikava ganviTarebad qvey-nebs Soris. umniSvnelovanesi normatiuli aqti, romelic im periodSi miRebul iqna sakanonmdeblo organos mier, iyo saqarT-velos kanoni `sakuTrebis uflebis" Sesa-xeb.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 21-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Sesabamisad sakuTreba da memkvidreobis ufleba aRiarebulia da uz-
238
240
runvelyofilia. dauSvebelia sakuTrebis SeZenis, gasxvisebis an memkvidreobiT miRe-bis sayovelTao uflebis SezRudva. aRniS-nul muxlSi ganmtkicebuli kerZo sakuT-rebis ufleba, erTi mxriv, aris sakuTrebis rogorc institutis garantia da, meore mxriv, sakuTrebis, rogorc pirovnebis uf-lebis garantia. institutis garantiis cne-ba zogadad samarTlis mecnierebaSi vaima-ris respublikis periods ukavSirdeba. ada-mianis uflebebis klasikuri dacvis funq-ciidan gamomdinare, mesakuTrisTvis saqar-Tvelos konstituciis 21-e muxlis 1-eli punqtis safuZvelze uzrunvelyofilia xe-lisuflebis samive Stosa da maT Soris, sa-kanomnmdeblo xelisuflebisgan Tavis dac-vis ufleba. aq aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom 21 muxliT daculia mxolod kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirTa sakuTreba da ara saxelm-wifo sakuTreba. Sesabamisad, sajaro samar-Tlis iuridiul pirs ar SeuZlia sasamart-los mimarTos im argumentiT, rom saxelm-wifom daarRvia 21-e muxliT uzrunvelyo-fili misi sakuTrebis ZiriTadi ufleba. sakuTrebis ZiriTadi uflebiT pozitiuri TvalsazrisiT daculia sakuTrebiT sarge-bloba, negatiuri TvalsazrisiT ki _ mesa-kuTris ufleba, ar isargeblos Tavisi sa-kuTrebiT. saxelmwifos mxridan sakuTre-bis uflebaSi Carevis ori gza arsebobs: Se-zRudva da sakuTrebis uflebis CamorTme-va. saxelmwifos valdebulebaa pativi sces sakuTrebis uflebas, saxelmwifom Tavi unda Seikavos pirovnebis sakuTrebis uf-lebaSi Carevisagan. es valdebuleba sa-xelmwifos ukrZalavs TviTneburad xelyos pirovnebis sakuTebis uflebebi da daakis-ros mas gaumarTleblad mZime tvirTi. es valdebuleba aseve moiTxovs daicvas pi-rovneba mesame mxaris Carevisgan. statis-tika gviCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos sakons-titucio sasamarTloSi Semosuli konsti-tuciuri sarCelebis 1/3 -ze meti Seexeba sadavo normebis konstituciurobas saqar-Tvelos konstituciis 21-e muxlTan mimar-TebiT. sakuTrebis konstituciur samarT-lebrivi da samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi ga-geba ar aris identuri. sakuTrebis konsti-tuciuri uflebis daculi sferos gansa-zRvrisas amosavali wertilia saqarTve-los konstituciis 21-e muxli. xolo samo-qalaqo samarTalSi sakuTrebis cnebisTvis
sayrdeni wertilia mesakuTris neba da ne-bismieri kerZosamarTlebrivi Tu sajaro samarTlebrivi boWva garedan Tavsmoxve-uli Cans, xolo konstituciur samarTleb-rivi gagebisTvis mTavari maxasiaTebelia kanonmdeblis uflebamosileba sakuTrebis uflebis Sinaarsis gansazRvrisas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom samarTlebrivi saki-Txebi did gavlenas axdens nebismier qveya-naSi biznesis garemoze da mis ganviTareba-ze. amasTan "biznesis keTebis" simartive sxvadasxva indikatorebzea damokidebuli. msoflio bankis „biznesis keTebis“ mona-cemTa baza uzrunvelyofs biznesis regu-lirebisa da biznes-garemos obieqtur Se-fasebasa da am Sefasebis Sedegad Sesabamisi indikatorebis miRebas. 2011 wlis ivnisSi moxda 183 qveynis ekonomikis gradacia biz-nesis keTebis simartivis mixedviT. aRniS-nul gradaciaSi saqarTvelom msoflioSi me-16, xolo regionSi 1-li adgili daikava.
saqarTvelos adgili biznesis simartivis mixedviT 2014 wels
183 ქვეყანას
შორის აღმ. ევროპისა და
ცენტ. აზიის რეგიონში
ბიზნესის დაწყების სიმარტივე
7 2
ლიცენზიის მიღება 4 1
თანამშრომელთა დაქირავება
89 8
ქონების რეგისტრაცია
1 1
კრედიტის მიღება 8 2
ინვესტორთა დაცვა 17 4
გადასახადების გადახდა
42 5
საგარეო ვაჭრობა 54 5
კონტრაქტების აღსრულება
41 8
ბიზნესის დახურვა 109 19
ბიზნესის კეთება (საერთო ინტეგრირებული ინდექსი)
16 1
241
2014 wlis ivnisis monacemebis mixedviT ki saqarTvelo msoflios 189 qveyanas So-ris biznesis keTebis simartivis mixedviT me-15, xolo regionSi kvlavindeburad 1-el adgils ikavebs.
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba ganisa-zRvreba kerZo seqtoris Tavisufali ganvi-TarebisTvis saWiro winapirobebiT, ker-Zod, efeqturi da gamWvirvale mTavroba da biznesSi Caurevloba. evrokavSirTan aso-cirebis xelSekrulebis xelmowerasTan er-Tad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba evrokavSirTan daaxloebaze orientirebu-li politikis efeqtur ganxorcielebas, kerZod ki antikorufciuli zomebis gata-rebasa da sajaro samsaxuris Semdgom gan-viTarebas. imavdroulad aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikuri politika mimar-Tulia konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaze, biznesis ganviTarebaze da asocirebis Tao-baze xelSekrulebisa da Rrma da yovlismo-mcveli savaWro xelSekrulebis (DCFTA) moTxovnebis Sesrulebaze, rac ara mxolod saqarTvelos evropasTan ufro Rrma inte-grirebis procesis winapirobaa, aramed ase-ve qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobis aucilebeli pirobac. saqarTvelom gaaad-vila transsasazRvro vaWroba erTi fanj-ris principiT momuSave sasazRvro-gamSve-bi zonebis gaxsnis gziT foTsa da Tbilis-Si. saqarTvelom aseve gaaZliera Tavisi da-culi tranzaqciebis sistema. samoqalaqo kodeqsSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sedegad usafrTxoeba gavrcelda sxvadasxva pro-duqtebze, Semosavlebze da uzrunvelyo-fis saxiT gamoyenebuli aqtivebis Canacv-lebaze. saqarTvelos kargi Sedegebi aseve imiT aixsneba, rom qveyanam arCevani daba-lansebuli regulirebis sasargeblod gaa-keTa. unda aRiniSnos, rom finansebTan xel-misawvdomoba, samuSao Zalis Sesabamisi kva-lificiuroba da dabali profesiuli eTika biznesis keTebis sferoSi kvlav seriozul gamowvevad rCeba.
2014 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobam 2020 wlis periodamde qveynis socialur-ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis strategia daamtkica. es aris qveynis pirveli strategiuli do-kumenti, romelSic Camoyalibebulia qvey-nis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi miznebi da mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTa-rebis uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebuli
midgomebi. aseTi dokumentis arseboba karg safuZvels qmnis Semdgomi 6 wlis ganmavlo-baSi Sedegebis gaumjobesebisTvis da eko-nomikuri zrdis TvalsazrisiT xelSesaxebi Sedegebis miRwevisTvis. saqarTvelom gar-damavali periodis adreuli etapidanve mi-aRwia STambeWdav ekonomikur zrdas, rac ZiriTadad garkveuli reformebis gatare-biT iyo ganpirobebuli. erT sul mosaxle-ze mSp 2000 wels arsebuli 690 aSS dolari-dan 2013 wels 3597 aSS dolaramde gaizar-da. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis pozitiur tendenciebze 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTve-los omma da globalurma ekonomikurma krizisma iqonia uaryofiTi zegavlena, Tumca 2010 wels negatiuri tendenciis Sem-cireba gamoikveTa. 2013 wels saqarTvelos ekonomika 3.2 %-iT gaizarda.
siRaribis cvlis tendencia saqarTveloSi
ase gamoiyureba
aseve mniSvnelovania umuSevrobis roli
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo ramdenime wlis ganmav-lobaSi umuSevroba umniSvnelod Semcirda, 2015 wlis monacemebiT igi kvlav maRalia da 12.3%-s Seadgens, xolo axalgazrdebSi umuSevroba 60%-s aRemateba. UNDP UNDP-is 2014 wels Catarebuli kvlevis mixedviT, mosax-leobis 70% socialurad an ekonomikurad daucvelia.
2014 wlis globaluri konkurentunaria-nobis indeqsSi saqarTvelom 69-e adgili daikava, sami adgiliT zemoT gadainacvla 2013 wlis poziciidan. ukve meoTxe welia, saqarTvelos dadebiTi tendencia aqvs aR-niSnul indeqsSi (grafiki 1).
242
grafiki 1. saqarTvelos pozicia globaluri konkurentunarianobis
indeqsSi
konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis 119 kri-
teriumi 12 Tematur jgufSi aris gadanawi-lebuli. aRniSnuli jgufebis mixedviT, sa-qarTvelos yvelaze kargi pozicia Sromis bazris efeqtianobaSi aqvs – msoflioSi 41-e adgils ikavebs. xolo yvelaze dabal poziciaze (121-e adgili) inovaciebis ku-TxiT aris.
saqarTvelos upiratesobebsa da naklo-vanebebs Tu SevajamebT, aseT suraTs mivi-RebT: saqarTvelo SedarebiT konkurentu-nariania institutebis ganviTarebiT, inf-rastruqturiT, Sromis bazris efeqtiano-biT, dabali gadasaxadebiTa da regulaci-ebiT, savaluto kontrolis ararsebobiT, dabali kriminaliT, biznesis dawyebisa da
warmoebisTvis biurokratiuli procedu-rebis naklebobiT. problemebia Semdegi mi-marTulebiT: sakuTrebis uflebebis dac-vaSi, inovaciebSi, saSualo da umaRles ga-naTlebaSi, mecnierebasa da kvlevebis warm-oebaSi, konkurenciis doneSi Sida bazarze, finansebisadmi xelmisawvdomobaSi, profe-sional samuSao ZalaSi, politikosebisadmi sazogadoebis ndobasa da politikis ara-stabilurobaSi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. Sengelia T., globaluri biznesi, `uni-
versali~, Tb., 2013. 2. kublaSvili k., adamianis uflebebi. Tb.,
2005. 3. ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturu-
li uflebebi _ statiaTa krebuli _ ka-tarina krauzi _ sakuTrebis ufleba.
4. kokaZe b., sakuTrebis uflebis konsti-tuciursamarTlebrivi dacva saqarTve-loSi. Tb., 2012.
5. saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia 6-7 aprili, 2012 weli, `uni-
versali~, Tb., 2012. 6. http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings 7. http://forbes.ge/news/453/saqarTvelos-
ekonomikis-konkurentunarianoba
243
auditis Catarebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi
nino failoZe _ stu-s profesori, giorgi sulaSvili _ stu-s asistent profesori,
Jana gabaraevi _ stu-s doqtornti
Резюме
Аудит стал неотъемлемой частью современной экономтческой и финансовой системы. В последнее время аудит выполняет один из ключевых ролей в принятии решений в правлении хозяйственных субьектов. Создание гос. службы аудита сыграла положительную роль в рзвитии этой сферы деятельности, улучшилась законодательная база. В роследнее время возрасло число компний которые проводят инициативный аудит. Аудит является трудным и длительным процессом. Желательно в будущем улучшение законодтельной базы, привести в соответствии с международным стандартам внутренние стандрты, проведении гос. политики с целью популяризации этой сферы, что в свою очередь положительно отразится на фискальной системе, правильный и своевременный учет налогов.
Ключевые слова: удит, виды аудита, альтер-нативный аудит.
reziume
auditi Tanamedrove ekonomikis da safi-nanso saqmianobis ganuyofel nawilad Camo-yalibda. bolo periodSi mas mniSvnelovani roli ukavia kompaniebis marTvaSi. saxelmwi-fo auditis samsaxuris Camoyalibebam xeli Seuwyo am sferos ganviTarebas, sakanonmdeb-lo bazis Camoyalibebas da am saqmianobis popularizacias. bolo periodSi im kompani-ebis ricxvmac imata romelTaTvis auditis Catareba ar aris savaldebulo da mxolod nebayoflobiTia. auditi rTuli da xangrZ-livi procesia. mas Tan sdevs uamravi niuan-si. sasurvelia momavalSi moxdes misi gan-viTareba, Sida saxelmwifoebrivi standar-tebis daxvewa da maTi SesabamisobaSi moyvana saerTaSoriso standartebTan. saxelmwifo politikis gatareba am sferos populariza-ciis mizniT xels Seuwyobs fiskaluri sis-temis ganviTarebas da gadasaxadebis swor aRricxvas, maT droulad gadaxdas, raTa Ta-vidan acilebul iqnas momavalSi mewarmee-bisTvis sanqciebis dakisreba rac uaryofi-Tad isaxeba maT finansur mdgomareobaze.
sakvanZo sityvebi: auditi, auditis sa-xeobebi, alternatiuli auditi.
ZiriTadi nawili
Tanamedrove ekonomikis sabazro urTier-Tobaze gadasvlas mohyva sakuTrebis forme-bis axali organizaciul struqturuli er-Teulebis Camoyalibeba. sakanonmdeblo ba-zis ar arsebobam da bazris moTxovnebma ga-napiroba kontrolis axali meqanizmebis Se-moReba. ganviTarebul qveynebSi kontrolis erT-erT da warmatebul meqanizmad Camo-yalibda auditi da saxelmwifo auditis sam-saxurebi. am warmatebulma praqtikam ganapi-roba saqarTveloSic auditis ganviTarebis xelis Sewyoba. miRebul iqna kanoni auditis Sesaxeb, romelmac ganasxvava auditis Cata-rebis savaldebulo da nebayoflobiTi saxe-obebi.
Cvens mier iqneba ganxiluli auditis Ca-tarebis mizezebi da faqtorebi, misi saxeo-bebi da auditis Catarebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi.
auditoruli saqmianoba warmoadgens sa-mewarmeo saqmianobas auditorebis mier an auditoruli kompaniebisTvis. garda im Sem-Txvevisa, rodesac audits atarebs saxelmwi-fo struqturebi. finansuri auditi warmo-adgens safinanso sabuRaltro saqmianobis Semowmebas, misi Sesabamisobis dadgena kanon-mdeblobasTan da saerTaSoriso standar-tebTan. Tanamedrove auditi gvevlineba sa-xecvlilad da moicavs Semowmebis sxvadasxva formebs, rogorc safinanso Semowmebas, ase-ve kompaniis struqturul da Sida procese-bis Semowmebas. bolo wlebSi auditma swrafi progresi ganicada.
auditis formireba-xangrZlivi procesia, romelic dResac dasrulebuli ar aris. aqe-dan gamomdinare, auditis gansazRvreba unda iyos sakmarisad farTo, raTa moicavdes Se-mowmebis tipebs da miznebis mravalsaxeobas. `auditis ZiriTadi koncefciebis debuleba-Si“, romelic 1973 wels gamoaqveyna amerikis buRalterTa asociaciis auditis ZiriTadi koncefciis komitetma: `auditi“ ewodeba ekonomikur qmedebaTa da movlenaTa Sesaxeb
244
arsebuli cnobebis obieqturi Sekrebisa da Sefasebis sistemur process, im mizniT, rom ganisazRvros dadgenil kriteriumebTan am mtkicebis Sesabamisobis xarisxi da Semow-mebis Sedegebi gadaeces dainteresebul pi-rebs“. audits SegviZlia mivceT gansazRvre-ba, rogorc biznesis eqspertiza auditi gan-sxvavdeba reviziisgan, rogorc Sinaarsobri-vad ise midgomebiTac. auditi afasebs ara mxolod finansuri angariSgebis Sesabamiso-bas da arsebiTi uzustobebis gamovlenas, aramed samuSao procesebis optimizacias, xarjebis racionalizacias da meti mogebis miRebas kompaniisaTvis. axali mimarTulebis danergvisas auditi afasebs gaweuli an gasa-wevi xarjebis Sefardebas mosalodnel Sede-gebTan.
auditis mTavari mizania obieqturi da realuri informacia moagrovos Semowmebu-li subietis Sesaxeb. am miznis misaRwevad aucilebelia auditi Seicavdes Semdeg kom-ponentebs:
1. damoukidebloba da obieqturoba audi-tis Catarebisas;
2. konfidencialoba; 3. profesionalizmi kompetenturiba da
keTilsindisierad Sesruleba dakisre-buli valdebulebebis;
4. statistikuri monacemebis da arsebuli meTodologiis gamoyeneba;
5. axali inovaciuri teqnologiiebis ga-moyeneba;
6. loialuri damokidebuleba klientis mi-marT;
7. pasuxismegloba im Sedegebze romelsac daaskvnis Catarebis Semdgom;
8. racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miReba auditis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT da a.S.
bolo periodSi aqtualuri gaxda axali mimarTulebebis auditi. Tanamedrove eko-nomikis mamoZravebeli Zalaa axali teqno-logiebi, aseTi saxis axali mimarTulebebis audits uwodeben teqnologiur audits. aseT gamokvlevebs ZiriTadad atareben msx-vili auditoruli kompaniebi da dargidan gamomdinare, rTulia da arc arsebobs meTo-dolgia misi Catarebis. auditorebi eyrdno-bian sxvadasxva gamokvlevebs axali teqno-logiis efeqturobaze, Tu ramdenad moTxov-nadi iqneba is danaxarjebi, rac dakavSirebu-lia am axali teqnologiis modelis Seqmnas-Tan, ramdenad gayidvadi iqneba da ra ekono-mikur Sedegebs miiRebs kompania. Teqno-
logiuri auditi gvaZlevs daskvnas mosalo-dnel Sedegebze da axali teqnologiebis da-nergvis mizanSewonilobaze.
saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia savaldebulo da nebayoflobiTi auditi.
saqarTvelos kanonSi `auditoruli saq-mianobis Sesaxeb~ me-7 muxlis 4) punqti Camo-yalibebulia Semdegi redaqciiT:
auditis Catareba savaldebuloa: a) saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis zeda-
mxedvelobisadmi daqvemdebarebuli subieq-tebisaTvis, romlebsac evalebaT yovelwli-uri auditis Catareba;
b) im sawarmoebisaTvis, romlebic akmayo-fileben saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier gan-sazRvrul kriteriumebs;
g) saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gansa-zRvrul sxva SemTxvevebSi, garda am punqtis „a“ da „b“ qvepunqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli subieqtebisa.
am kanonis mixedviT gardamaval da daskv-niT debulebaSi auditis Catarebis ufleba aqvT 2013 wlis 1 ianvris Semdeg. savalde-bulo auditis Catarebis uflebis mqone pir-Ta reestrSi registracias eqvemdebarebian saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 202-e muxlis me-2 nawilis safuZvelze saqarTve-los mTavrobis mier gansazRvruli audito-rebi/auditoruli firmebi.
1. am muxlis me-9 punqtiT gaTvaliswine-buli wesi moqmedebs 2013 wlis 1 ianvridan 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi. amasTanave, aRniSnul punqtSi miTiTebuli auditorebis/audito-ruli firmebis xarisxis kontrolis siste-mis monitoringi ar xorcieldeba 2013 wlis 1 ianvridan 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
2. 2013 wlis 1 ianvridan 3 wlis ganmav-lobaSi amave kanonis me-7 muxlis, me-4 punq-tis, „g“ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli subi-eqtebisTvis auditis Catarebis ufleba aqvs nebismier auditors/auditorul firmas, mi-uxedavad imisa, Tu romeli tipis reestrSia registrirebuli.
3. auditors/auditorul firmas ufleba aqvs, Caataros am kanonis me-7 muxlis, me-4 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli subieqtebis 2012 da 2013 wlebis finansuri angariSgebis audi-ti, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli tipis re-estrSia registrirebuli.
Sida auditi gulisxmobs kompaniaSi Sida auditis samsaxuris Camoyalibebas, romelic kompaniis sameurneo operaciebis mudmiv kontrols axorcielebs da rogorc wesi ya-
245
libdeba, rogorc erT-erTi ZiriTadi kont-rolis meqanizmi.
gare auditi aris damoukidebeli audito-ris an auditoruli kompaniis mier Catare-buli Semowmeba arsebuli uzustobebis da-sadgenad.
nebayoflobiTi auditis Catarebis mizani SegviZlia CamovayaliboT sami ZiriTadi miz-nis misaRwevad, es damokidebulia damkveTis moTxovnebze. finansuri auditis ZiriTadi sa-xeobebi SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT 3 saxeobis:
1. dadasturebiTi auditi _ dadasture-biTi auditis ZiriTadi mizani da mimarTu-lebaa safinanso sabuRaltro dokumentaci-is da procedurebis Semowmeba. Seicavs Tu ara arsebiT uzustobebs da xdeba Tu ara kompaniis arsebuli procesebis da ZiriTadi saqmianobis Sesabamisi aRricxva, Seesabameba Tu ara saerTaSoriso standartebs da adgi-lobriv kanonmdeblobas buRaltruli sis-tema;
2 sistemuri da saorientacio auditi – sistemuri da saorientacio auditi moicavs Sida kontrolis sistemis Semowmebas da sa-eqsperto daskvnis dadebas Sida kontrolis sistemis Semowmebis analizze dayrdnobiT;
3 riskebis Sefasebis auditi _ riskebis Sefasebis auditi gulisxmobs im mimarTule-bebis audits, sadac maRalia riski, audito-ri afasebs im dargebs, sadac maRalia riskis Semcveloba da auditoruli procedurebis CatarebiT gvaZlevs suraTs riskis Sesaxeb da mosalodneli Sedegebis Sesaxeb am riskis arsebobis pirobebSi.
Sida da gare auditi gansxvavdeba Tavisi Sinaarsobrivi TvisebebiT.
Sida auditi saerTaSoriso praqtikiT aris Sida samsaxuri. Sida samsaxuris TanamS-romlebi arian kompaniis TanamSromlebi, ro-melTa ZiriTadi mizania TanamSromlebs da-exmaron sworad da efeqturad awarmoon saq-mianoba, ganaxorcielon analizi da daicvan, rogorc kompaniis, aseve mflobelebis inte-resebi. Sida auditis Camoyalibeba dadebiT gavlenas axdens kompaniis saqmianobaze da amaRlebs finansuri angariSebis saimedoo-bas.
gare auditi gansxvavdeba Sida auditis-gan. gare auditis SemTxvevaSi damoukidebe-li eqspertebis mier xdeba finansuri anga-riSgebis sisworis da saimedoobis Sefaseba, gansxvavdeba agreTve Semowmebis Catarebis xasiaTi: pirveladi da ganmeorebiTi.
pirveladi auditi tardeba pirvelad ar-sebul klientTan mimarTebaSi. es zrdis ris-kebs da auditis maStabebs, xolo ganmeore-biTi tardeba regularulad, auditoruli kompaniebis mier Seswavlilia klienti da iTvliswinebs mis specifikas.
auditis ZiriTadi mizani da faqtorebi, Tu ratom unda Catardes auditi gaxlavT is, rom auditi gvaZlevs utyuar informacias arsebuli finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, amcirebs riskebs, zrdis angariSgebis san-doobas da gvaZlevs saSualebas gavakeToT analizi samomavlo gegmebis Sesaxeb.
auditis daskvna konfidencialuri in-formaciaa da misi gacnoba xdeba mxolod me-nejmentis an mflobelebis mier, daskvnis Se-degebze xdeba analizi, Tu ra mimarTulebiT aris saWiro cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba mo-salodnel finansur Sedegebze da axali mi-marTulebis danergvaze.
saqarTvelos arsebuli kanoniT auditis Sesaxeb, auditis Catarebis uflebamosileba aqvT:
1. saqarTveloSi registrirebuli iuri-diuli piri, ucxoeTSi registrirebuli pi-ris saqarTveloSi arsebuli filiali da fi-zikuri piri saqarTveloSi auditis Catare-bis uflebamosilebas iZenen auditorTa re-estrSi (Semdgom reestri) registraciis Sem-deg.
2. reestrs awarmoebs (awarmoeben) akredi-tebuli profesiuli organizacia (organiza-ciebi).
3. saqarTveloSi registrirebuli iuri-diuli piri, ucxoeTSi registrirebuli pi-ris saqarTveloSi arsebuli filiali an fi-zikuri piri reestrSi registraciisaTvis gancxadebiT mimarTavs im akreditebul pro-fesiul organizacias, romelSic gawevrebu-lia igi.
4. saqarTveloSi registrirebuli iuri-diuli piris, ucxoeTSi registrirebuli pi-ris saqarTveloSi arsebuli filialis an fi-zikuri piris mier am muxlis me-6-9 punqtebSi aRniSnuli Sesabamisi moTxovnebis dakmayo-filebis SemTxvevaSi akreditebuli profe-siuli organizacia valdebulia daaregist-riros igi Sesabamis reestrSi.
5. reestri aris 2 tipis: a) savaldebulo auditis Catarebis ufle-
bis mqone reestri, romelSic registrirebu-li arian is auditorebi/auditoruli fir-
246
mebi, romlebsac aqvT savaldebulo auditis Catarebis ufleba;
b) savaldebulo auditis Catarebis uf-lebamosilebis ar mqone pirTa reestri, romelSic registrirebuli arian auditore-bi/auditoruli firmebi, romlebsac ar aqvT savaldebulo auditis Catarebis ufleba.
garda zemoTaRniSnulisa saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT Semowmebis ufleba aqvs sa-xelmwifo organoebsac, rogoricaa kontro-lis palata da finansTa saministro. kont-rolis palata, rogorc mudmivad moqmedi sakontrolo organo, organizaciulad da funqcionalurad damokidebuli organoa, angariSvaldebulia parlamentis winaSe, igi axorcielebs kontrols qveynis biujetis saSemosavlo da xarjviTi muxlebis Sesru-lebaze. kontrolis palatis sakontrolo uflebamosilebebi vrceldeba marTvis yve-la rgolze, Tu isini iyeneben sabiujeto sax-srebs. kontrolis palatis mier ganxorcie-lebuli sakontrolo RonisZiebebis Sedege-bis mixedviT gamoicema miTiTebebi, romle-bic iTvaliswineben gamovlenili darRveve-bis da damnaSave pirebis dasjis sxvadasxva RonisZiebebs.
finansTa saministro da sagadasaxado or-ganoebi warmoadgenen aRmasrulebeli xeli-suflebis organoebs, romlebic mowodebu-li arian SeimuSavon da praqtikulad gana-xorcielon saxelmwifo safinanso politika. kerZod finansTa saministros funqciona-lur movaleobas Seadgens qveynis swori sa-finanso-sagadasaxado politikis SemuSaveba _ aRsruleba da qveyanaSi safinanso orga-nizaciebis saqmianobisadmi saerTo xelmZR-vaneloba.
finansთa saministros erT-erTi qveuwye-baa auditis samsaxuri, romelsac gaaCnia samarTlebrivi ufleba: qveyanaSi registri-rebuli kompaniebis Semowmeba, Semowmebis Se-degebze dayrdnobiT kompaniebis dajarime-bis da am jarimebis aRsrulebis ufleba. 2010 wlis 31 dekembris finansTa ministris brZa-nebiT gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs ufleba mie-caT saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris magiv-rad Semowmeba CaetarebinaT auditorul kompaniebs, alternatiuli auditis SemoRe-biT gaizarda Semowmebebis raodenoba, Semo-
wmebis Sedegad kompania Tavidan icilebda jarimebs (darRvevis gamovlenis dros), rac dadebiTad aisaxa kompaniebis saqmianobaze xarjebis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT. alter-natiuli auditis Catarebis uflebis gada-cema kerZo kompaniebisTvis miuTiTebs maT maRalprofesionalizmze da keTilsindisie-rebaze, auditis Catarebis kvalificiur do-neze. samwuxarod, 2015 wlis 30 ianvris brZa-nebiT alternatiulo Semowmebis proeqti daixura.
daskvna
naSromis Sesruleba miznad isaxavs audi-tis arsis gansazRvras, mis mniSvnelobas Ta-namedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi. klasificirdeba kategoriis mixedviT arse-buli kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli audi-tis savaldebulo Catarebis aucilebloba rac migvaniSnebs auditis mniSvnelobaze.
auditis saqmianobis gaZliereba da gaRr-maveba dadebiT gavlenas moaxdens sameurneo subieqtebis saqmianobaze, gazrdis maT san-doobas, rac xels uwyobs finansur usafr-Txoebas da mimzidvels xdis, rogorc inves-torebisTvis, agreTve sakredito organiza-ciebisTvis, rac TavisTavad gavlenas axdens kompaniis ganviTarebaze, mis konkurentuna-rianobaze da rac isaxeba qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebzec.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. saqarTvelos kanoni buRaltruli aRri-cxvisa da finansuri angariSgebis auditis
Sesaxeb, 2012 wlis 29 ivnisi. №6598-rs. 2. saqarTvelos kanoni `normatiuli aqtebis
Sesaxeb~, Tb., 29 oqtomberi, 1996 weli. 3. auditis saerTaSoriso standartebi, Tb.,
1998weli.
4. montgomeri «auditi» Tbilisi 1997 weli. 5. Антонов А.С.–Аудит. Проблемы организаций и
станавления. Жрн. Бухгалтерский Учёт.Москва, 1994г.
247
stereotipebi, sirTuleebi da maRali molodinebi
maia Wedia _ q. foTis I saSualo skolis maswavlebeli natalia tabiZe _ q. foTis I saSualo skolis maswavlebeli
Стереотипы, трудности и высокие Ожидания
Резюме
Установите, чтобы сравнить стереотипы сов-ременных образовательных технологий в обу-чении - образование, акцент делается на пре-подавании информационных и коммуникацион-ных технологий (ИКТ) интеграции и ее значение. Это считается успешным школа для девяти характеристик одного из них - студенты высокими ожиданиями и высоким стандартам, а также раз-решение существующих проблем в преподавании химии в пути ,, обучения, делая ".
Ключевые слова: раннее обучение, обучение на практике, Информационные и коммуника-ционные технологии (ИКТ), Национальный план образования.
reziume
gadmocemulia saganmanaTleblo sfero-
Si arsebuli stereotipebis Sedareba Ta-namedrove specialur pedagogiur teqno-logiasTan _ ganmaviTarebel swavlebas-Tan, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia swavlebaSi informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnolo-giebis (ist) integraciasa da mis mniSvnelo-baze. ganixileba warmatebuli skolis cxra maxasiaTebelTagan erT-erTi maTgani _ moswavleebis mimarT maRali molodinebi da maRali standartebi, agreTve qimiis swavlebaSi arsebuli problemebis gadawy-vetis erT-erTi gza ,,swavla keTebiT“.
sakvanZo sityvebi: ganmaviTarebeli swavleba, swavla keTebiT, informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebi (ist), erovnuli saswavlo gegma (esg).
ZiriTadi teqsti
qimia saocrad uviTarebs axalgazrdo-bas azrovnebasa da inteleqts. igi xom zo-gadsakacobrio kulturuli memkvidreobis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, radgan qimia sa-bunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs Soris cen-traluri fuZemdebluri mecnierebaa da Tavisi wvlilic planetaze yvelaze rTuli movlenis, sicocxlis saidumloebis Secno-
baSi, Zalze didia. adamiani moqmedebisne-bismier sferoSi dakavSirebulia materia-luri samyaros garkveul gamovlinebasTan - nivTierebaTa cvlasTan mocemul piro-bebSi.
gabedulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTq-mis nebismieri profesiuli amocanis gada-wyvetaSi qimias udidesi mniSvneloba eniWe-ba da es sakmarisi safuZvelia misi sayovel-Tao swavlebisaTvis, magram faqtia, rom qi-miisadmi mozardebis interesis daqveiTeba saskolo ganaTlebis saerTo tendenciaa mTels msoflioSi. qimiisadmi ganwyoba qar-TvelmoswavleebSic rbilad rom vTqvaT, ar aris dadebiTi.
ra aris amis mizezi? sad aris gamosava-li?
upirvelesad gadasaxedia swavlebis Zve-li, tradiciuli meTodebi. adre moqmedi didaqtikis kursi srulad gamousadegari iyo kritikulad moazrovne da arastandar-tul situaciaSi optimaluri gadawyveti-lebebis miRebis unaris mqone pirovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebda Cvens skolebsa da univer-sitetebSi gamoyenebuli swavlebis meTo-debi organizaciis formebi da saswavlo sagnebis agebis meTodologia.
Tanamedrove specialuri pedagogiuri teqnologiiT, romelsac ganmaviTerebeli swavleba ewodeba, moswavle moiazreba srulfasovan subieqtad, romelic TviTon moqmedebs, TviTon swavlobs, maswavlebeli ki misTvis gezis mimcemia. erTi da imave moqmedebis Sesrulebisas moswavles Sesa-Zloa amoZravebdes sruliad sxvadasxva motivi: Tavi moawonos maswavlebels, Tavi-dan aicilos mSoblis sayveduri, an misgan moipovos kargi niSnisaTvis daTqmuli jildo. Seasrulos movaleoba, an eZios pasuxi Tavissave SekiTxvebze. mxolod am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTva-los moswavlis qmedeba mizanmimarTulad. miznebsa da aqtivobebSi Warbobs iseTi davalebebi, rodesac moswavles gaazre-buli aqvs, rom man TviTon unda Secvalos
248
sakuTari Tavi, TviTon unda iswavlos da ganviTardes.
tradiciul midgomasTan SedarebiT es ase gamoiyureba:
tradiciuli midgoma ganmaviTarebeli swavleba
funqciuri swavleba moswavles aswavlis saswavlo amocanis
gadawyvetas, moswavle imyofeba im individis
mdgomareobaSi, romelsac aswavlian.
moswavles aswavlian miznis dasaxvas
sakuTari ganviTarebisaTvis.
moswavle imyofeba im subieqtis
mdgomareobaSi, romelic TviTon
aswavlis Tavis Tavs.
moswavle imyofeba mkvlevaris, Semoq-medis poziciaSi. marTlac, imisaTvis, rom man aiTvisos principi, aRmoaCinos, unda Caataros gamokvleva.
informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoye-neba swavlebaSi.
informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoye-neba xels uwyobs moswavleTa motivaciis gazrdas, moswavleTa CarTvas swavla-swav-lebis procesSi esg gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis ukeT gagebasa da gaazrebas.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ist-is gamoyeneba qimiis gakveTilebze, sadac sagnis 1/3 eTmoba eqsperiments.
ist-is integracia swavlebaSi aris inovaciuri saqmianoba, romelic naklebad ergeba skolis Zvel tradiciul models.
ist-is gamoyenebiT icvleba saswavlo garemos xedva, swavlis garemo ar aris SezRuduli fizikuri sivrciT. misi Semad-geneli nawilia virtualuri sivrce, ro-melic saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs da maswavleblebs „gadavidnen“ saklaso oTa-xis kedlebs gareT da daukavSirdnen mTel msoflios.
ratom unda gamoviyoneT web 2.0 teq-nologiebi swavla-swavlebaSi? ra sarge-beli moaqvs am teqnologiebs moswavlee-bisa da maswavleblebisaTvis?
a. Web 2.0 teqnologiebi zrdian moswav-leTa CarTulobis xarisxs. swavla am teq-nologiebis gamoyenebiT ufro mimzidve-lia, vinaidan ufro axlosaa realur saq-mianobasTan.
b. Web 2.0 teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT moswavle ara mxolod swavlobs, aramed
monawileobs codnis SeqmnaSi, aseTi Se-saZlebloba moswavleebs adre iSviaTad Tu eZleodaT, magaliTad moswavlis mier Seq-mnili blogi da iq gamoqveynebuli infor-macia aris misi wvlili internetis kon-tentis SeqmnaSi. es mniSvnelovani socia-luri aqtivobaa, romelic zrdis moswavle-ebis motivacias.
g. Web 2.0 teqnologiebi gvaZlevs Ta-namSromlobis realur SesaZleblobebs
d. Web 2.0 teqnologiebi xels uwyobs kreatiulobis zrdas, rigiT moswavles aqvs SesaZlebloba Seqmnas multimediuri produqtebi gamoaqveynos internetSi da miiRos Sefaseba sxvadasxva Sefasebisgan
e. Web 2.0 teqlonogiebi xels uwyobs diskusiis da kritikuli azrovnebis unaris ganviTarebas. urTierToba realur audi-toriasTan moiTxovs met pasuxismgeb-lo-bas.
amjerad Tqveni yuradReba minda Seva-Cero warmatebuli skolis 9 maxasiaTebli-sagan erT-erTze moswavleebis mimarT ma-Ral molodinebsa da swavlis maRal stan-dartebze.
warmatebul skolebSi sjeraT, rom yve-la moswavles SeuZlia ZiriTadi saswavlo programiT gaTvaliswinebuli codnis da-ufleba da unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba, mas-wavleblebs ki SeuZliaT aRniSnuli miz-nebis miRwevaSi daexmaron.
maRali molodini aris nebismieri mo-swavlis warmatebis winapiroba, moswavle, romlis mimarTac aqvT pozitiuri ganwyoba da romlisganac bevrs elian, yovelTvis cdilobs Sesabamisad upasuxos amas, ro-gorc akademiuri (Teoriuli da praqtiku-li) saqmianobiT. amitomac molodini xSir SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs da faqtobrivad gansazRvravs moswavlis war-matebis xarisxs.
aris imedi, aris molodini, aris molodini, aris Sedegi. swavleba orientirebulia Sedegze, es
aris momavlis skola Tanamedrove gakve-TilebiT, axali miznebiT da amocanebiT.
siaxle sxva mraval aspeqtTa Soris gu-lisxmobs yuradRebis gamaxvilebas kvle-viTi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze. Tu aqam-de eqsperimentis Catarebis dros, moswav-le ZiriTadad damkvireblis rolSi
249
gamodioda, xolo Semsrulebeli maswav-lebeli iyo, axla TiToeulma moswavlem unda SeZlos praqtikulad muSaoba, kvle-vis Catareba, Sedegebis aRricxva da gaa-nalizeba, saTanado daskvnebis gakeTeba.
„ miTxari, da damaviwydeba; maCvene, da davimaxsovreb; momeci damoukideblad moqmedebis
saSualeba, da viswavli.“ Zveli Cinuri sibZne
jon diuis koncefciis mixedviT „ganaT-leba cxovrebisaTvis ki ar unda amzadeb-des, aramed Tavad unda iyos cxovreba. „am formuliT moswavle ar elis rodis gax-deba zrdasruli, rom raRac sixaruli mi-iRos, is ar aris Wupri, rom misgan odesRac lamazi pepela gamoiCekeba, igi Tavidanve lamazi da Wkviania.
Teoriuli da praqtikuli orientaciis garmaveba samecniero-kvleviTi bazis gan-viTarebis aucileblobas qmnis.
„sazogadoeba ganaTlebisagan moiTxovs Zalze bevrs, Tanxebi ki cota gamoiyofa.“ „codnis ZaliT“ moZravi sazogadoeba cod-nis gareSe ver ganviTardeba, ganaTlebisa-Tvis gamoyofili Tanxebis saerTo raode-nobidan samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi-saTvis gamoyofili Tanxa minimaluria.
praqtikuli samuSaoebis CatarebisaTvis „keTebiT swavlisaTvis „saTanado materia-luri bazaa saWiro. amJamad skolebs aqvT met-naklebad srulyofili materialur-teqnikuri baza, romelsac sWirdeba yovel-wliurad Sevseba-gamdidreba.
am kuTxiT minda giamboT amJamad foTis pirveli sajaro skolis qimiis kabinet-laboratoriis Sesaxeb. misi damaarsebeli iyo respublikis damsaxurebuli meTodist-maswavlebeli, qimiis pedagogTa mravali Taobis aRmzrdeli, mravali diplomis, sigelis, madlobis, medlebida da ordenebis mflobeli foTis sapatio moqalaqe qalbatoni Tina WoWua (1917-2007).
gveamayeba, rom varT im skolis maswav-leblebbi, sadac qimiis swavleba-swavla sxvadasxva droSi da TaobebSi mudmivad mimdinareobda Tanamedrove standartebi-sa da moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
amisaTvis uRrmesi madloba aw gardacv-lil qalbaton Tina WoWuas, Cvens aRmzr-delsa da damrigebels, romelmac Tavisi
uangaro, Tavdauzogavi da muxlCauxreli SromiT gausaZlis pirobebSic ki SeuZle-beli SeZlo - Seqmna unikaluri qimiis kabinet-laboratoria umdidresi saswavlo resursebiT, TviTnakeTi kombinirebuli Tu avtomaturi xelsawyoebiTa da sxvadasxva saxis TvalsaCinoebiT, romlis msgavsi Zne-lad Tu moipoveba ganviTarebuli qveynebis ganaTlebis kerebSic . . .
minda statia davasrulo misi yofili moswavleebis mogonebebiT Tina maswavle-belze da ganaTlebis yofili ministris aleqsandre kartozias CanaweriT qimiis laboratoriis STabeWdilebis wignSi.
ia xarebava: Cemo Tina maswavlebelo ! ramdenjer movsulvar, ramdenjer mina-
xavs es saocari laboratoria, imdenjerve gakvirvebuli da aRfrTovanebuli wavsul-var aqedan. ase iyo dResac, me ki ara, igive ganicades Cemma patarebmac, romlebmac ar ician ra aris saocari da ra aris Cveu-lebrivi.
es laboratoria xom Sedegia upirveles yovlisa gmirobamde amaRlebuli Sromis, es xom Sedegia didi trfobis, optimizmis, en-Tuziazmis, daxvewili gemovnebis, Tavgan-wirvis da ase SeiZleba gaagrZelo dausru-leblad . . .
es laboratoria aocebs yvelas da kvlav maocebs mec. TiTqos ar unda gavvocebu-liyavi, ara imitom rom bevri minaxavs da vici, ara me xom Tqveni moswavle viyavi, Tqveni uaxloesi megobris Svili var da TiTqos unda mcnobodiT sxvebze metad.
var am gabrwyinebul alags da wasvla mezareba, saiTac ar gaixedav, romel kuTxe-kunWulsac ar miadgebi yvelagan sizuste da sifaqize SemoganaTebs.
mxolod janmrTelobas da didi xnis sicocxles gisurvebT, Tu Tina maswavle-beli kargad iqneba, maSin kidev da kidev daxvewa-galamazeba uweria mis am ganyofel nawils, moswavleTa savaned qceul, qimiis laboratorias.
siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT Tqveni yofili moswavle da axla SviliviT axlobeli
ia xarebava 20/07/84
250
PP.S. ar SemiZlia ar gamovtyde, rom mSurs im bednieri Taobisa, romelsac aq, am warmtac, Seudarebel kabinetSi afrTianeb-diT. darwmunebuli var, rom is rac cvens dros iyo, iyo didebuli da bevr sxvaze aRmatebuli.
manana guguSvili: Zalian Znelia isaubro did adamianze da
gansakuTrebiT Znelia ilaparako Tina mas-wavlebelze.
vinc icnobs da icis misi xasiaTi, mxo-lod is mixvdeba risi Tqma msurs.
gasaxsenebeli Zalian Znelia, magram me minda Cems bavSvobis, moswavleobis xanas davukavSiro es mogoneba. dRes, roca mec maswavlebeli var da vici ra Sroma devs am profesiaSi, sul sxva TvaliT vuyureb Tina maswavleblis namoRvawars. am profesiis adamianTaTvis samuSao saTi skolaSi arc iwyeba da arc mTavrdeba, magram is rasac Tina maswavlebeli akeTebda dRevandeli gadasaxedidan Cems did gaocebas iwvevs. misTvis arc ardadegebi arsebobda da arc dResaswaulebi, arc gansazRvruli samuSao dro. diliT, Zalian adre iwyebda konsul-taciebis Catarebas da gvian saRamos gamoixuravda xolme laboratoriis karebs, uaRresad Sromismoyvare da samarTliani iyo Tina maswavlebeli. didi ridi da mokrZaleba maqvs am qalbatonis mimarT.
... „didi adamianebi uZeglod ikargeb-ian~. Tina maswavlebels ki Zegli ar sWir-deba, misi ukvdaveba, es qimiia kabinet-la-
boratoriaa romelic yovelTvis aocebda da kidev mravaljer gaaocebs mnaxvels.
manana guguSvili 1 sajaro skolis qarTuli enisa da
literaturis maswavlebeli aleqsandre kartozia: unda gamovtyde, rom aseTi kabineti ar
minaxavs, araTu arcerT sxva skolaSi, aramed bevr umaRles saswavlebelSic.
ver vfarav aRfrTovanebas. maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs vusur-
veb sikeTes, warmatebebs da qalbatoni Tina WoWuas tradiciis Rirseul gagrZelebas.
pativiscemiT
aleqsandre kartozia 12/11/1999 w.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTare-
bis erovnuli centri - skolis direq-toris praqtikuli gzamkvlevi
2. bela gomelauri - evropuli didaqtika 3. foTis #1 sajaro skolis qimiis labora-
toriis saarqivo masalebi.
251
monrealisa da kiotos oqmebis sabuTebad SemuSaveba da miReba
parmen lemonjava _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, stu-s profesori
valeri qiria _ ekonomikis doqtori, stu-s asocirebuli profesori
laSa murjikneli _ stu-s doqtoranti
SesavalSive gvinda avRniSnoT, rom ga-remos gaWuWyianebis doneze efeqtiani kon-trolis ganxorcieleba saerTaSoriso mas-StabiT praqtikulad SesaZlebelia da TvalsaCinoa maSin, rodesac miyenebuli ziani realurad xilulia da misi acilebis mizniT gasawevi RonisZiebebisaTvis finan-suri resursebi arsebobs da misawvdomia rogorc dabali ganviTarebis, ise maRali ganviTarebis qveynebisaTvis. mavne nivTie-rebaTa aseTi efeqtiani, kontrolis ga-wevis mizanSewonileba saerTo masStabiT faqtiurad dafiqsirda monrealis (kanada) konvenciis Sesabamisad qlorftornaxSir-badebis (qfn) koncentraciis arsebobisa da gamoyenebis uaryofiTi Sedegebis garemos gaWuWyianebis donesTan kavSiris SecnobiT da dafiqsirebiT. analogiuri kontrolis sakiTxi praqtikulad dRis wesrigSi dadga benzinis Semadgenlobidan tyviis minarevis gamoyofis dadebiTi Sedegis gacnobie-rebis Sedegadac. saerTo masStabiT, prob-lemis Rrma kvleviT dainteresebul spe-cialist mecnierTa cnobiT, 1985 wels mi-Rebuli iqna dedamiwaze ozonis fenis Se-narCunebisaTvis venis (avstria) saerTaSo-riso mniSvnelobis konvencia, romelic da-dasturda monrealSi 1987 wels Catarebu-li sxdomis oqmiT. 1986 wels ruseTi Seue-rTda venis konvencias, xolo monrealis konvenciis gadawyvetilebebi gaiziara 1988 wels.
Cveni azriT, aRniSnul saerTaSoriso Se-TanxmebaTa miRwevis mizania, msoflio sa-zogadoebriobis SeSfoTeba dedamiwis ozonuri fenis mdgomareobis gauaresebisa da problemis gamwvavebis gamo, radgan ozonuri fena icavs dedamiwis zedapirs ma-vne ultraiisferi gamosxivebisagan, xolo misi siWarbe iwvevs iseT mavne Sedegs, ro-goricaa kanis daavadebaTa raodenobis zrda.
problema imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom 1996w. mecnierebi, romlebic muSaobdnen am problemaze, S. roulandi (aSS, kalifor-niis Statis universiteti), m. molina (aSS, masaCuseTis, kembrijis teqnologiuri uni-versiteti) da p. krutceni (germaniis maks plankis saxelobis qimiis instituti) da-jildovdnen nobelis premiiT, dedamiwis atmosferoSi ozonis warmoqmnisa da daS-lisadmi miZRvnil gamokvlevaTa ciklisaT-vis. am mecnierebma daasabuTes, rom mzis sxivebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad sinTezuri haloidirebuli naxSirwyalbadebi iSlebi-an atomaruli qloris da bromis gamoyo-fiT, romlebic arRveven ozonur fenas.37
jer kidev 1977 wels, venis konvenciis gamocxadebamde, Seiqmna ozonis fenis da-cvis sakoordinacio komiteti iunepTan (gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis gare-mos programa).
XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasasrulsa da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi rig qveynebSi (aSS, kanada da skandinaviis qveynebi) miRe-bul iqna zomebi qlorftornaxSirbadebis gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg. upirvelesad, miC-neul iqna, rom unda aikrZalos dezodo-rantebSi da kosmetikur saSualebebSi ozo-nuri fenis damSleli nivTierebebis gamo-yeneba. XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyis-Si iunepis iniciativiT daiwyo globaluri koncefciis momzadeba, rac safuZvlad daedeboda konvenciis Seqmnas.
venis konvenciis Tanaxmad, misi xelmom-weri qveynebis erovnuli politika mimar-Tuli unda yofiliyo planetis ozonur fenaze uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis Sesamci-reblad. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom konkre-tuli RonisZiebebis vadebi ozonuri fenis dacvis RonisZiebebisaTvis da raime sanq-ciebi im saxelmwifoebis mimarT, romleb-
� Россия в окружающем мире. Анализический ежегодник, М., 998.
252
Sic aseTi RonisZiebebi araefeqtianad gan-xorcieldeboda, konvenciaSi gaTvaliswi-nebuli ar yofila.
1987 wels monrealSi 36-ma qveyanam xeli moawera oqms ozonis fenis damSleli nivTierebebis gamouyeneblobis Sesaxeb. es saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebda 1986 wlis doneze xuTi metnaklebad gamo-yenebuli qlorftornaxSirbadebis (qfn) warmoebis Sewyvetas. 1993 wlisaTvis maTi warmoeba unda Sekveciliyo 20%-iT, xolo 1998 wlisaTvis, – 30%-iT.
dReisaTvis monrealis oqmis ratifi-kacia moaxdina 184-ma qveyanam. igi amuSavda 1989 wlidan. monawileebi SeTanxmdnen Seew-yvitaT qlorftornaxSirbadebis sakuTari warmoeba da moxmareba Svidi Tvis ganmav-lobaSi monrealis oqmis ZalaSi Sesvlis momentidan da SeemcirebinaT maTi moxma-reba 50%-iT 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi. maRal-ganvTarebulma qveynebma miiRes ganvadeba 10 wliT xelomoweris droidan. oqmSi Se-vida londonis (1990), kopenhagenis (1992), venis (1995), monrealis (1997), pekinis (1999) ramdenime Sesworeba, romelic Seexo ZiriTad regulirebadi nivTierebebis Ca-monaTvalis gafarToebas da sxva sakiTxebs. kerZod, londonuri Sesworeba exeboda maRalganviTarebuli da dabalganviTare-buli qveynebis urTierTmoqmedebis praq-tikul mxares. konkretulad, ganviTarebu-li qveynebis mxridan finansuri da teq-nikuri mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofas. es mxardaWera sWirdebodaT dabalganviTa-rebul qveynebs maT mier oqmSi Cawerili valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad.
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze monrealis oqmis yvela monawile qveyana dayofili iqna sam kategoriad. pirvel or kategoria-Si Sevidnen qveynebi, romlebmac moaweres xeli SeTanxmebas, magram gansxvavdebian erT sul mosaxleze ozondamSleli nivTie-rebebis warmoebis doniT. pirvel jgufSi dabalganviTarebuli qveynebia, romlebic awarmoeben erT adamianze araumetes 0,3kg ozondamSlel nivTierebebs. meore jgufSia maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi. maTSi ozondamSlel nivTierebaTa warmoe-ba aRemateba erT adamianze 0,3kg-s. mesame jgufs miekuTvnebian qveynebi, romlebsac xeli ar mouweriaT monrealis oqmze. aseT dayofas principuli mniSvneloba aqvs,
radgan SeTanxmeba krZalavs nebismier sa-vaWro operacias ozondamSleli nivTiere-bebiT oqmze xelmomwer da araxelmomwer qveynebs Soris.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am SeTanxmebiT dabal-ganviTarebul qveynebs SeeZloT Seemcire-binaT ozondamSleli nivTierebebis warmo-eba da moxmareba ufro gvian maRalganvi-Tarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT. ase, maga-liTad, maRalganviTarebul qveynebs unda SeemcirebinaT ozondamSlel nivTierebaTa warmoeba 1996 wlis 1-ianvramde, xolo da-balganviTarebul qveynebs – 10 wliT gvian.
indoeTma 1992 wlidan, rodesac man xeli moawera monrealis oqms, 1995 wlamde gazarda qlorftornaxSirbadebis warmo-eba. aseve gazarda, ozondamSleli nivTie-rebebis sakuTari warmoeba CineTma. monrea-lis oqmSi iyo iseTi muxlebi, romelic akanonebda mxareTa araTanasworuflebian valdebulebebs. es Canawerebi oqmSi aixs-neboda imiT, rom Tu ar iqneboda aseTi pirobebi, maSin dabalganviTarebuli qvey-nebi ar moawerdnen xels oqms.
amis garda, aRsaniSnavia, rom maRal-ganviTarebuli qveynebi valdebulni arian Seitanon fuladi saxsrebi specialur mravalmxriv fondSi, romelic afinansebs proeqtebs dabalganviTarebul qveynebSi ozonur fenaze negatiuri zemoqmedebis Sesamcireblad.
garemos dacvis problemebis mogvare-baSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mon-realis oqmiT dafiqsirebul gadawyveti-lebebTan erTad kiotos (iaponia) oqmSi mocemul gadawyvetilebebsac.
kiotos oqmiT dadasturebuli gadawyve-tilebebi asaxaven qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis paToss, romlebmac msoflio masStabiTYTavisi ganviTarebis maRal safe-xurs miaRwies XX saukunis mijnaze.38 am pe-riodSi transnacionalur kompaniebs aReZ-raT survili ganviTarebis garkveul etap-ze SeemcirebiaT warmoebis narCenebi msof-lio arenaze, rasac Zlieri biZgi misca da-bali ganviTarebis qveynebis srulma Tanx-mobam am procesSi CarTuli yofiliyo yve-la transnacionaluri kompania.
2 Грабб М., Вровлик К., Брек Д; Киотский протокол: анализ и интерпретация, М., 2001.
253
kiotos oqmiT miRebul gadawyvetile-bebSi Cadebulia azri, rom ekonomikuri globalizacia gavrceldes ekologiur procesebzec. am oqmis gadawyvetilebebi iTvaliswinebs Seiqmnas narCenebiT saerTa-Soriso vaWrobis bazari, imisaTvis, rom daZleul iqnas globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis ekologiuri Sedegebi.
energoresursebis araracionaluri mo-xmarebis Sedegad, naxSirorJangis garemoSi normaze metad gabnevis problemis gada-wyveta kiotos oqmis gadawyvetilebis Ziri-Tadi sakiTxia, razedac, pasuxismgebloba ekisreba, rogorc maRalganviTarebul, ise dabalganviTarebul qveynebsac.
garemos gaWuWyianebis problemis ga-Suqebisas gansakuTrebiT unda gaanalizdes sasaTbure meurneobis, rogorc pozitiu-ri, ise negatiuri mxareebi. realuria, rom dReisaTvis msoflio masStabiT, rogorc dabali ganviTarebis, ise maRali ganviTa-rebis qveynebSi sasaTbure meurneobebSi iwarmoeba sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis mniSvnelovani nawili, rac misi pozitiuri mxarea, magram amave dros, am pirobebSi sasaTbure meurneobidan gamoyofili mavne airebi STanTqaven miwis zedapiris grZel-talRovan gamosxivebas, rac negatiurad cvlis atmosferos airebis struqturas. am bunebriv procesSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis Semcveloba, romelic gamoiyofa sasaTbu-re CarCoebidan. naxSirorJangis koncent-racia atmosferoSi, damtkicebulia, xang-rZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi stabiluri iyo, magram bolo droisaTvis, misi Sem-cveloba sagrZnoblad gaizarda. arsebobs mosazreba, rom Tu atmosferoSi saTbu-rebis airebis zrdis tempi ar Senelda, unda vivaraudoT, rom saTburebis airebis koncentracia atmosferoSi gaormagdeba da gamoiwvevs temperaturis zrdas 1,5-4,5°С-iT. es ganapirobebs okeanis donis awe-vas 30-140 sm-iT, risi Sedegic iqneba xSiri wvimebis Sedegad miwis eroziis zrda. zRvisa da okeanis doneebis aweva auci-lebels gaxdis napirgamagrebis aucileb-lobas, rac dakavSirebulia did danaxar-jebTan. yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdina-re aris mosazreba, rom sasaTbure Car-Coebidan atmosferoSi airebis cvlilebam
SeiZleba gamoiwvios mosaxleobis arsebiTi migracia planetis masStabiT.39
yovelive zemoT dafiqsirebulma si-tuaciam da sxva konkretulma momentebma dRis wesrigSi daayenes atmosferoSi saT-burebis CarCoebidan gamonayofi airebis gauvneblobis konvenciis SemuSavebis saki-Txi. momzadda kidec saTburebis CarCoebis aseTi konvencia, romelic 1992 wels xel-moweril iqna rio de Janeiros (brazilia) samitze. igi safuZvlad daedo kiotos oqms.
klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb saTburebis CarCo - konvencia ratificirebuli iyo 167 qveyanaSi. dReisaTvis am konvenciis momx-rea 190 qveyana, yvela maRali ganviTarebis qveynis, ruseTisa da damoukidebel Ta-namegobrobis qveynebis CaTvliT.
Camoyalibebulia ori saxis sia. pirvel siaSi CamoTvlilia maRalganviTarebuli da sxva qveynebi, romlebmac aiRes pasuxis-mgebloba konvenciis mTavari miznis mi-saRwevad. maT ivaldebules aRkveTon anT-ropogenuri xasiaTis minarevebis atmosfe-roSi gabneviT warmoqmnili negatiuri mxa-reebi. aRniSnul siaSi Sevidnen ZiriTadad is qveynebi, romelTa mizania dabali gan-viTarebis qveynebisaTvis finansuri daxma-rebis gaweva kiotos konvenciis mixedviT maTi valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad.
kiotos konvenciis mixedviT saTburebis negatiuri problemebis gadawyveta Ziri-Tadad ekisrebaT maRalganviTarebul qvey-nebs.
rac Seexeba imas, rom kiotos oqmiT, klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb siTburebis CarCo konvencia gaeros organizaciaSi Se-vides, amisaTvis is ratificirebuli unda iyos aranakleb 55 qveynis mier, im qveynebis CaTvliT, romelTa wilad 1990 wels modioda naxSirorJangis - 55 procenti.
atmosferos saTburebidan gamoyofili mavne airebis gaWuWyianebis Taobaze kio-tos oqmi ZalaSi Sevida 2004 wels, misi ruseTis mier ratifikaciis Semdeg.
aRsaniSnavia, rom atmosferoSi klima-tis globalur cvlilebas pirdapir an ara-
39 Фомин Б., Житницкий Е., Глобальное изменение климата и экономика: современное состояние проблемы. «Мировая экономика и международные отношения», 1999, №6.
254
pirdapir ganapirobebs adamianis saqmia-noba, rac Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens kli-matis bunebriv cvlilebebze. kiotos oq-miT dadasturebuli konvencia gansazRv-ravs TiToeuli maRalganviTarebuli qvey-nis sasaTbure CarCoebidan airebis gamo-yofis raodenobis nebarTvas 2008 wlidan 2012 wlamde periodebSi. am wlebis pirvel periodSi saTburebidan mavne airebis ga-moyofa 1990 wlis donesTan SedarebiT un-da Semcirebuliyo aranakleb 5 procentiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom evrokavSiris 15-ma qveya-nam aiRo valdebuleba 1990 welTan Seda-rebiT Seemcirebina saTburebidan mavne airebis gamoyofis raodenoba 85 procen-tiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kiotos oqmiT dafiq-sirebuli konvencia flobs CarCo saTbu-rebidan gamoyofili mavne airebis Sem-cirebis meTodebs da gaaCnia aRkveTis moqnili konkretuli meqanizmebi, romelTa Soris mniSvnelovania pirveli mavne niv-TierebaTa qvotiT vaWroba (mnqv), meore, erToblivi mkacrad ganxorcielebuli efeqtiani programebi (emgp), mesame, sufTa ganviTarebis teqnologiebis meqanizmebis (sgtm) gamoyeneba.
samive meqanizmis praqtikulad srulyo-filad gamoyeneba, Cveni azriT, sagrZnob-lad Seamcirebs atmosferoSi mavne airebis raodenobas da arsebiTad xels Seuwyobs garemos gajansaRebas.
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdi-nare SeiZleba davaskvnaT; garemos gaWuWyianebis doneze efeqtia-
nia kontrolis ganxorcieleba saerTa-Soriso masStabiT praqtikulad Sesa-Zlebelia, misi acilebis mizniT gasa-wevi RonisZiebebisaTvis finansuri re-sursebis arsebobis pirobebSi;
mavne nivTierebaTa efeqtiani kontro-lis gawevis mizanSewonileba saerTo masStabiT faqtiurad dafiqsrda mon-realis (kanada) konvenciis Sesabamisad;
problema imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom 1996 wels mecniereba, romlebic mu-Saobdnen am problemaze, dajildovd-nen nobelis premiiT;
1989 wels monrealSi 36 qveyanam xeli moawera oqms ozonis fenis damSleli
nivTierebebis gamouyeneblobis Sesa-xeb;
dReisaTvis monrealis oqmis ratifika-cia moaxdina 184 qveyanam. igi amuSavda 1989 wlidan;
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze monrealis oq-mis yvela monawile qveyana dayofili iqna sam kategoriad;
garemos dacvis problemebis mogvare-baSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs kiotos (iaponia) oqmSi mocemul gada-wyvetilebebsac;
klimatis cvlilebebis Sesaxeb saTbu-rebis CarCo-konvencia miRebuli da ratificirebuli iqna 167 qveyanaSi;
kiotos oqmiT dafiqsirebuli konven-cia flobs CarCo-saTburebidan gamo-yofili mavne airebis Semcirebis meTo-debs da gaaCnia aRkveTis sami moqnili konkretuli meqanizmi, romelTa gamo-yeneba, Cveni azriT sagrZnoblad Seam-cirebs atmosferoSi mavne airebis ra-odenobas da arsebiTad xels Seuwyobs garemos gajansaRebas.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. p. lemonjava, bunebis gamoyenebis
ekonomika, Tb., 2014. 2. p. lemonjava, bunebisa da sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaTa erTianoba da specifikuroba, Jurn. socialuri ekonomika #1, 2000w.
3. T. uruSaZe, v. loria. ekologiuri samarTali, Tb., 1996w.
4. К.В. Папенов, экономика природопользования, М., 2008г.
5. Россия в окружающем мире: Аналитический ежегодник, М., 1998.
6. Граб М., Вролик К., Броек Д. Киотский про-токол: анализ и интерпретация, М., 2001.
7. О государственной промышленной политике России. М., 2003.
8. Варанкин В.В. Методологические вопросы рациональной отценки природных ресурсов. М., 1974г.
9. Фомин Б., Житницкий Е. Глобальное измене-ние климата и экономика: Современное состо-яние проблемы. «Мировая экономика и меж-дународные отношения», 1999г., №6.
255
religia - biznesis warmatebis winapiroba
zurab jorbenaZe _ stu-s profesori
Религия - предусловые успешного бизнеса
Зураб Джорбенадзе
Резьюме
Одним из важных характеризющих современ-ного бизнеса является социалное ожидание. Со-циалное ожидание как то впольне отражается в действии бизнеса и оно по мере развитья изменя-ется. Сегодня этика бизнеса рядом с различными социальными ориентами приобрела новий дух. В частности это видно в том что этика бизнеса об-рела религиозную целонаправленность и в внъем сформировалось уникальное пространство взаи-моотношеный и успещный ареал взаимозависи-мости бизнеса и религии.
Успешный бизнес стал широко воспринятым к таким постулатам христианского православия как ”не обмани”, ”соблюдай справедливост”, ”люби ближнего своего”, ”делай добрые дела” и т. д. Реа-лизация отмеченных не так уж простой процесс в вдейсвый бизнеса но тем более оно впольно нужень для себъя. В этих случиях религия пред-станется как предусловые успешного бизнеса и духовно питает бизнес.
sakvanZo sityvebi: biznesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba, ekonomikis zneobrivi sa-xe, biznesis religiuri wanamZRvrebi, marT-lmadideblobis postulatebis realizaci-is ekonomikuri areali, religiuri faqto-ris konomikur politikaSi asaxvis mocemu-loba.
dRes, kacobriobis ganviTarebis Taname-drove etapze TiTqmis yvela religia ada-mianTa sazogadoebis momcvelobis yvela arealidan sazogadoebis, saxelmwifos ide-ur-politikuri saxis ganmsazRvreli gax-da. ufro metic, igi sazogadoebis cxovre-bis da saxelmwifos arsebobis iseT Zireul sawyisSi SeaRwia, rogoric aris ekonomika, Sesabamisi asaxviT ki politikac moicva; is Zirfesvianad `Caswvda~ SromiT urTierTo-bebs, SeaRwia biznesSi da aq arsebuli komu-nikaciebis xveulebSi Tavisi niSa daikava. amrigad, socialur-politikuri da socia-lur-ekonomikuri movlenebis ganviTarebis fonze religiam garkveul wilad `agresi-
ulad~ daiwyo biznesze Tavisi mrwamsis da principebis srulad gavrceleba.
dRes ukve udavod faqtia, rom Tanamed-rove biznesSi arsebuli yvela niuansi da esa Tu is wesi religiis zegavlenas gani-cdis. aRniSnuli garemoeba dRevandelma biznesma Seqmna, Camoayaliba da ganaviTara; da, mas Semdeg rac biznesma socialuri pa-suxismgeblobis maxasiaTebelis datvirTva da adeqvaturi buneba SeiZina - warmoCinda biznesis warmatebis sruliad specifikuri da Zalian saintereso piroba: religia.
dRes biznesis socialuri molodini gaxda Zalze arsebiTi saxasiaTo niSnuli gaxda; Tanamedrove biznesSi ekonomikuri faseulobebis efeqtianad warmarTvis da gaZRolis gverdiT Zireuli orientiri gaxda socialuri faseulobebis efeqtia-nad warmoeba. amdenad, gadaWriT SeiZleba mivaniSnoT, rom TviT biznesis eTikam mTlianobaSi nebsiT Tu uneblied, swored sxvadasxva saxis socialuri orientirebis gverdiT, warmatebiT SeiZina religiuris mizandasaxauloba da religiuri orienti-ri. aRniSnulma garemoebam ki saboloo jam-Si TviT biznesSi arsebuli mocemulobebis dacvis da warmatebis realizaciis winapi-roba Camoayaliba.
am fonze faqtia, rom Zalze upriania biznesisa da religiis Tanxvedris xarisxis srulad gacnobiereba. aRniSnuli miT uf-ro sakmaod moTxovnadi xdeba im saerTo fonze rac SeiniSneba dRevandel msofli-oSi: gasuli saukunis 80-90-iani wlebidan ekonomistebma sociologebma, Teologebma da a.S. daiwyes ekonomikuri zrdis maCve-neblebisa da religiis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxze dakvirveba; gaCnda seriozuli ekonomiur-Teologiuri rangis kvlevebi, romelSic mTelis sicxadiT dasturdeba rom Zlier da cxovelyofel religiur rwmenas pozitiuri zegavlena moaqvs eko-nomikur zrdaze, da TviT sazogadoebis ke-TildReobaze.
qveynis ekonomikuri warmateba, sazoga-doebis cxovrebis sikeTe da keTildReoba, am qveynis mcxovrebTa Sromis kanonzomieri Sedegi aris; am warmatebis SemoqmedTa re-ligiuri saxe da sulieri Zliereba, uzenae-
256
sis mimarT siyvarulis momcveloba da sim-kveTre adekvatur asaxvas poulobs mTels erze da qveyanazec ki. aq ki adamianis su-liTwmindoba orTav sofelsa Sina cxovre-bisa da warmatebis miRwevis winapirobad warmoCinda. saqarTvelos patriarqis mier gaJRerebuli es epoqaluri datvirTvis mqone qadageba yvela religiisaTvis Ta-nabarzomierad misadagebuli da adeqvatur ganzomilebad warmoCindeba.
warmatebuli biznesis Semoqmedi adamia-ni umravles SemTxvevaSi WeSmaritad reli-giuri saxis qmedebis matarebeli aris, igi RvTismosavi da uflismoyvarulia. RvTis-mosavi adamiani xom Tavis cxovrebas, Tavis nebismier qmedebas da saqmianobas uflis gadasaxedidan warmarTavs. am mimarTebiT Zalze sayuradReoba is faqti Tu rogor viTardeba movlenebi saqarTvlodan arc Tu ise Sors _ aziaSi axali islamuri sa-xelmwifos warmoSobis garSemo, rac Tval-naTliv adasturebs im azrs, rom religia zeadamianuri rangis mocemuloba aris da igi yovelTvis da yvela mimarTebaSi Zalze mgrZnobiare substancia aris da misi ro-gorc adamianis cxovrebis deda-azris mar-giqmedebis koeficienti ubralod warmo-udgenlad maRali aris.
biznesis warmatebis gzaze religiam Ta-visi adgili TavisTavad, `zedmeti Zalda-tanebis~ gareSe daikava. magram am mocemu-lobaSi TviT biznesmac garkveuli doziT provocirebac ki gauwia am process; da dRes Semdegi garemoeba Camoyalibda: biz-nesSi yovelTvis raRac xdeba, yovelTvis raRac procesebi mimdinareobs. biznesi, saqmiani samyaro xom erT adgilze ar dgas. aq yvelaferi icvleba, uSfoTveloba da simSvide ki fataluri aris. amasTan, sxva garemoebebis gverdiT biznesi did inte-ress avlens adamianis azrovnebisaken, vid-re adamianis sazogadoebis saqmianobis ne-bismieri sxva seqtori; da faqtia, rom Tu adamianis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im sferosTvis sakmarisia simarTlis damtkiceba da sxvisi aramarTebulobis fiqsacia, saqmian samyaroSi ki adamianma SeiZleba ivaraudos, rom igi marTali aris; amasTan aq, biznesSi arsebobs realobis Semowmebis mocemuloba. es mocemuloba ki aris bazari, da Tu bazari biznesTan Seu-Tanxmebelia, maSin bizness ubralod usia-movneba eqmneba. am mimarTebiT prevenciis
rangSi gamodis konstruqciuli moqmedeba; swored am saxis moqmedebis mimarT absolu-turi moTxovna arsebobs saqmian samyaroSi, biznesSi. saqmiani adamianis konstuqciuli qmedeba sxva saxis niSnulis gverdiT ubra-lod warmoudegenelia religiis gareSe.
Cveni qveynis adgili regionSi gamorCe-ulad Rirebuli aris: saqarTvelo xom sa-vaWro-ekonomikuri da Tundac politikur-ekonomikuri, socialur-politikuri da amave dros religiuri urTierTobebis gan-viTarebis rTul arealSi gzagasayars war-moadgens. aRniSnul mocemulobas kidev ufro kidev ufro aZlierebs Cveni reli-giuri mrwamsi _ marTlmadidebluri reli-gia; igi myarad dgas WeSmarit mociqulTa-gan naqadageb sjulze da dRevandel msof-lioSi 15 avtokefaluri religiidan erT-erTi Rirseuli warmomadgeneli aris.
religia biznesis warmatebis winapiroba aris (!). dRevandel msoflioSi aRniSnuli azri litoni srulebiT ar aris. aRniSnuli mocemuloba warmatebiT aris realizebuli da TvalnaTliv sCans israelis saxelmwi-fos da mTlianad ebrauli sazogadoebis magaliTze, sadac biznesma da religiam - urTierTdamokidebulebis Zalze unikalu-ri sivrce da Zalze warmatebuli areali Ca-moayaliba; da is warmatebebi rac israelis saxelmwifos gaaCnia dRes ekonomikis yvela dargSi, socialur da jandacvis sferoeb-Si, samxedro Tu sportis mimarTulebiT nebsiT Tu uneblied swored religiidan iRebs saTaves da religiiT aris zRvarde-buli. da amitomac savsebiT kanonzomiera-dac ki Zalze musirebs azri ebrauli biz-nesis oqros wesis (wesebis) Sesaxeb, anu iudaizmis postulatebis moTxovnis adeq-vaturi biznesis warmatebis wesebis Sesaxeb.
biznesisa da religiis urTierTmimarTe-bis sakiTxis srulad gacnobieba Zalze Ri-rebuli aris Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis, sa-dac qristianuli marTlmadidebloba da biznesi erTmaneTs `xvdeba" da erTmaneTs `hkveTs". aq ki Zalze Tavisdrouli orien-tirad gamodis qarTvel da ebrael erTa Tanacxovrebis 26-saukunovani amaRlebuli istoria da kidev ufro Zalian saintereso garemoeba: iudazmis da qristianizmis war-moSobis Camoyalibebis is geografiuli areali, romelic iudevelTaTvis aRqmuli miwis saxeliT da qristianTaTvis ki _ uf-lis movlinebis adgilad aris miCneuli. am
257
fonze biznesisa da religiis urTierTmi-marTebis sakiTxis mniSvneloba miT ufro faseuli aris maSin roca sazogadoeba qristianul marTlmadideblobas aRiarebs da iswrafvis Tavis saxe SeinarCunos biz-nesSi. es xom saboloo jamSi Cvenis azriT srulad miRwevadia marTlmadidebelobis iseTi kanonikuri moTxovnebis dacviT ro-goric Semdegi wesebi aris: "ar icruo", `da-icavi samarTlianoba(!)”, ”giyvardes moyvasi Seni(!)”, ,,iyavi keTili!", an ,,Caidine keTili saqme!";
biznesi saqmianobis iseTi saxea sadac sxvas arafers ar umtkiceb, aq faqtebi aris saxeze; biznesis gzaze moZraoba ki warmo-udgeneli aris marTlmadidebeli qristia-nobis mcnebis _ `ar icruo~ moTxovnis as-rulebis gareSe. `moerideT sicruesa da motyuebasa, nurca sityviT, nurca saqmiT nu atyueb moyvassa Sensa". marTlmadideb-lobis Tanaxmad `sicruis mama eSmakia da amitom arasodes gamarTldeba sicrue". (`aRsarebis agebis gamocdileba” gv. 70. ix. www.Otthodoxy.ge).
warmatebuli biznesi ubralod ver scdeba simarTlis dacvis da realizaciis moTxovnas; amitomac biznesis politikis formirebis da ganxorcielebis procesSi Zalze drouli da Rirebuli aris Semdegi religiuri moiTxovna _ ,,yvelaferi RvTi-snierad akeTe da masSi Sens Semwes hpoveb”. (`sulieri mdelo”. gv. 138. ix www.Otthodo-xy.ge.).
biznesi adamianTa urTierTobis speci-fikuri saxeoba aris da roca igi, anu biz-nesi sulierad samarTliani da amaRlebuli aris, maSin Rirseuli saqmianobasTan gvaqvs saqme. `netar arian, romelTa daicvan sa-marTali da hyon simarTle yovelTa Jamsa" _ qadagebs qristianoba. am wesis moTxov-nis aRsruleba yvela marTlmadidebel biz-nesmens evaleba. amasTan `mZimea gza simart-lisa, magram isaa erTaderTi da gadamrCeni gza da mas aciskrovnebs beTlemis varskv-lavis brwyinvaleba, - "naTeli igi, romeli bnelsa Sina Cans da bneli igi ver ewia". (ix. ilia II epistoleni, qadagebani, sityvani. naw. III gv. 164. ix. www.Otthodoxy.ge). aRniSnu-lis realizacia biznesSi Zalze faseulia da mas saTuTad dacva sWirdeba raTa war-mateba xelidan gaSvebuli ar iqnes.
`Seican Tavi Seni" _ marTlmadideblo-bis erT-erTi Zireuli moTxovnaa. am Tezis
perefrazireba srulad misaRebia biznesi-saTvis. sakuTari Tavis gamorCeulad war-moCenis survili yvela adamianSi ama Tu im zomiT Zevs; gamorCeulobis sindromi ada-mianis cdunebis motivirebas aZlierebs. am dros adamiani Tavs aZlevs uflebas, sxvis xarjze ukeT warmoCenis mizniT, yvela Se-saZlo xerxs mimarTos: mag. adamiani, mo-lodinis reJimSi myofTaganTagan urigod wasvlis surviliT garemomcvelebs xels hkravs, igi xom Tavis Tavs sxvebze ukeTesad Tvlis. am mocemulobas biznesi ubralod ver itans da isic movalea ukuagdos, raTa mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi da faseuli gaxdes.
nu CaTvli Sens Tavs sxvebisgan gamor-Ceulad(!) _ qadagebs marTlmadidebloba; igi gmobs adamianis cxovrebis am saxis man-kier mxares. `ras flob iseTs, yoyoCo kaco, rac ar migiRia? xolo Tuki miiRe, ras iqa-di, TiTqos ar migeRos? Seican, mdabalo sulo, Seni qvelismoqmedi da uyure, sxvisi ar miiTviso _ RmrTisa, rogorc sakuTari monapovari. Seican, bedkrulo, Seni arseba, Seigne Seni warmomavloba. (ioseb aToneli (isixasti), `monazvnuri gamocdilebis gad-mocema~. gv. 144. www.Otthodoxy.ge.). es wesi qarTveli biznesmenisTvis uTuod gasaTva-liswinebelia da man adeqvaturad unda imoRvaweos.
qristianoba srulad aRiarebs moTxov-nas: waaxalise sakuTari Tavi kargi muSao-bisaTvis. faqtia, adamiani kargad akeTebs mxolod imas, rac waxalisdeba. es moTxovna srulad jdeba biznesis wesebSi da amito-mac am mizniT marTlmadidebelma Tavisi suli unda gamoawrTos: Tu RvTis taZarSi modixar, upiratesad aanTe sanTeli saku-Tar gulSi, daunTe xilulad meore, Tu SeZleb (II kor. 9,7.) RmerTs, an da _ mis wmindans da gulmodgined iloce, vidre sanTlebi iwvian". (`sulieri mdelo~, gv. 241. www.Otthodoxy.ge).
`iyavi keTili!", an `Caidine keTili saq-me!" _ qadagebs marTlmadidebloba. bizne-si srulad movalea gaacnobieros religi-uri moTxovna: gaeciT sixaruliT da ara `sxva guliT" da an `sxva suliT". sxva Sem-TxvevaSi, adamiani "Zalian Zunwi" aris, imi-tom, rom rasac gascems, mas "yvelaferi enaneba". `es sityvebi samxilebelia CvenT-visac, Cvenc aseTebi varT _ an saerTod ar gavcemT, an gavcemT dananebiT". (arqimand-
258
riti ioane krestiankini, `aRsarebis agebis gamocdileba~. gv. 106. www.Otthodoxy.ge). amasTan, mTeli Tavisi arsiT sikeTis Cadena advili ar aris da rogorc religia mianiS-nebs keTili saqmis qmnis survili da misi aRsruleba mxolod sulierad mtkice ada-mians SeuZlia; (ix. `sulieri mdelo~. gv. 537. www.Otthodoxy.ge). da ramdenadac sikeTes Cadenas simtkice sWirdeba, amdenad es mxo-lod biznesmens ZaluZs _ igi xom Tavis saqmianobaSi SemarTebiT da medgrad dgas: biznesi sxvagvarad warumatebeli aris.
biznesi ubralod `fulis keTeba" ar aris; igi udidesi Sromis fasad warimarTe-ba. am rTul da winaaRmdegobriv gzaze biz-nesmeni movale aris aRasrulos erT-erTi Zireuli marTlmadidebluri mcneba _ `ar icruo". am mocemulobaSi ucilebelia `mo-erideT sicruesa da motyuebasa, nurca sityviT, nurca saqmiT nu atyueb moyvassa Sensa". miT ufro `sicruis mama eSmakia da amitom arasodes gamarTldeba sicrue". (`aRsarebis agebis gamocdileba” gv. 70. ix. www.Otthodoxy.ge). Tanamedrove biznesSi saq-meSi patiosneba erT-erTi faseuli mo-Txovnaa da amdenad qristianuli religia, rogorc warmatebis sulieri berketi, ade-qvatur moTxovnas ayenebs: ,,yvelaferi RvTisnierad akeTe da masSi Sens Semwes hpoveb” (`sulieri mdelo”. www.Otthodoxy.ge. gv. 138). am fonze biznesi ubralod movalea srulad gaiTaviso es religiuri wesi, da, adeqvaturad akeTos Tavisi saqme.
`dro fulia" _ acxadebs biznesi; bizne-si rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianoba da pro-cesi oTxi asos "f", "u", "l", "i" garSemo trialebs. aq, am situaciaSi mizani ar amar-Tlebs saSualebebs (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Tanamedrove biznesi _ z. j), amitomac biz-nesi unda efuZvnebodes Semdegi saxis bib-liuri principis asrulebas: `nu geqneba CanTaSi ori gansxvavebuli sawoni _ didi da mcire. nu geqneba saxlSi ori gansxva-vebuli sawyao _ didi da mcire. sawoni sruli da swori unda gqondes". Zvel aRTq-maSi (II sj. 25: 13-16) moyvanili es miniSneba pirdapiri xasiaTis moTxovna aris mogebis, sargeblis mimRebi pirisTvis; am fonze biz-nesmeni movale xdeba srulad daicvas da aRasrulos marTlmadideblobis Semdegi moTxovna: `aiZule Tavi RvawlisaTvis. nu
iurvi da dros uqmad nu dakargav!" (`mona-zvnuri gamocdilebis gadmocema”. gv. 137. www. Otthodoxy. ge.).
dRevandeli saqarTvelos xelisufle-bis saqmianobis erT-erTi prioritetuli mimarTuleba biznesis waxalisebis da xel-Sewyobis politikis formireba aris; da Tu es politika Sesabamisi doziT da formiT provocirebas gauwevs religiuri faqto-ris srulad ganSlis process, srulad gai-Tavisebs marTlmadideblobis iseT Zireul postulatebs, rogoric aris "giyvardes moyvasi Seni (!)", ,,iyavi keTili(!)", an `Caidi-ne keTili saqme(!)", maSin qarTuli biznesis sruli warmateba kanonzomieri da logiku-ri gaxdeba. qristianuli marTlmadideb-lobis aseve sxva danarCeni moTxovnebis sa-xelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis socia-lur nawilSi srulad asaxviT ekonomikis zneobrivi saxe srulad gakeTlSobildeba, misi socialur-ekonomikuri da TviT so-cialur-fsiqologiuri buneba ki mimzidve-li gaxdeba. amrigad, roca saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politika srulad aRiqvams rogorc calkeuli individis ise mTeli sazogadoebis yofiT da zneobriv moTxov-nebs erTi saerTo mocemulobis fonze, anu religiur faqtoris relsebze gadaiyvans Sedegi ekonomikur ayvavebas da Zlierebas ganapirobebs. aq, ubralod ar arsebobs mxolod calmxrivi moZraoba; am situaci-aSi aseve saxeze aris urTierTSemxvedri dineba: roca sazogadoebis religiuri sim-wife realurad xelSesaxebi aris, maSin sa-zogadoebis doneze formirebuli da saxe-ze arsebuli ekonomikur politika cxo-velmyofeli da warmatebulia. aRniSnuli saboloo jamSi mTlianobaSi naTlad ada-sturebs religiis adgilsa da mniSvnelo-bas biznesis ganviTarebis procesze.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. CikvaiZe d. saeklesio samarTali (leqci-ebis kursi). Tbilisi. 2008
2. CixlaZe n. marTlmadideblobis ekonomi-kuri paralelebi. quTaisi. 2013
3. jorbenaZe z.. biznesis religiuri aspeq-tebi: iudaizmi da marTlmadidebeli qristianoba. Tb., 2014.
4. www.Otthodoxy.ge
259
sasamarTlo-sakonstituco kontrolis institutis socialur-samarTlebrivi Sinaarsi da organizaciuli
safuZvlebi
nino niSnianiZe _ samarTlis doqtori
stu-s profesori Sorena wiqariZe _ stu-s doqtoranti
reziume
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv politi-
kuri ganviTarebisa da Camoyalibebis pro-cesSi mniSvnelovania 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstituciis miReba, romelic r qarTuli saxelmwifos demokratiul politikur sis-temis safuZvels warmoadgens. konstituci-am axleburad gaiazra sasamarTlo xeli-suflebis idea, romelic uaRresad aqtua-luri gaxldaT postsabWoTa saqarTvelo-saTvis da safuZveli Cauyara damoukidebe-li, miukerZoebeli, samartliani sasamarT-lo instituciis formirebas, romelic sruliad damoukidebeli ganStoebaa, rome-lic uzrunvelyofs marTlmsajulebisa da sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorciele-bis procesSi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrule-bel xelisuflebaTa Caurevlobas. aseTi damoukideblobis arseboba aucilebelia saxelmwifos funqciebis realuri ganxor-cielebisaTvis. sasamarTlo xelisufleba, qmnis sasamarTlo organoTa erTian siste-mas, romelic Sedgeba ori gansxvavebuli sa-samarTlo instituciis _ saerTo iuris-diqciis sasamarTloebis da sakonstitucio kontrolis ganmxorcielebeli sasamarTlo meqanizmis _ sakonstitucio sasamarTlo-sagan.
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos saxelmwifo-
ebriv politikuri ganviTarebisa da Camoya-libebis procesSi mniSvnelovan etaps war-moadgens 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstitu-ciis miReba, romelic qarTul politikur da iuriudiul mecnierebaSi Tamamad SeiZ-leba miviCnioT, rogorc qarTuli saxelm-wifos demokratiul politikur sistemaze gadsvlis sawyisad, konstituciam axlebu-rad gaiazra sasamarTlo xelisuflebis idea, romelic uaRresad aqtualuri gaxl-daT postsabWoTa saqarTvelosaTvis da sa-
fuZveli Cauyara axali demokratiuli sasa-marTlo instituciis formirebis process.
sasamarTlo, xelisuflebis sruliad da-moukidebeli ganStoebaa, romelic uzrun-velyofs marTlmsajulebisa da sakonsti-tucio kontrolis ganxorcielebis pro-cesSi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xe-lisuflebaTa Caurevlobas. aseTi damouki-deblobis arseboba aucilebelia saxelmwi-fos funqciebis realuri ganxorcielebi-saTvis, xolo damoukidebeli, miukerZoebe-li sasamarTlo xelisufleba demokrati-uli, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgens.
saqarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT, sasamarTlo xelisufleba xorcieldeba sa-konstitucio kontrolis, marTlmsajule-bisa da kanoniT dadgenili sxva formebis mixedviT. sasamarTlo organoTa erTobli-oba, romliTac xorcieldeba sasamarTlo xelisufleba, qmnis sasamarTlo organoTa erTian sistemas, romelic Sedgeba ori gansxvavebuli sasamarTlo instituciis _ saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebis da sakonstitucio kontrolis ganmxorciele-beli sasamarTlo meqanizmis – sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlosagan.
sakonstitucio iurisdiqcis upirateso-ba, riTac is saerTo iuris-diqciis sasa-marTloebisagan gamoirCeva, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom misi funqcionirebis pirobebSi saqmis garemoebaTa gamokvleva da gadaw-y-vetilebebis miReba, SedarebiT racionalu-ri proceduriT xorcieldeba. Sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlo Semoifargleba mxolod sakonstitucio samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis ganxilviT da es mas Tavidan acilebs imis aucileblobas, rom erTdroulad gadawy-vitos metad rTuli, specialuri sakiTxebi samarTlis sxvadasxva sferodan. gacilebiT martivad xdeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetile-bebisaTvis sayovelTaod savaldebulo xa-siTis miniWeba.
260
sasamarTlo sakonstitucio kontrolis organoebis uflebamosilebaTa zRvrebis TvaksazrisiT SeiZleba vimsjeloT pozici-ur da negatiur sakanonmdeblo uflebamo-silebebzec. tradiciuli midgomis piro-bebSi sakonstitucio kontrolis organos ar eniWeba pozitiuri sakanonmdeblo rwmu-nebulebebi (e.i. igi ver hqmnis axal normebs) da mas gaaCnia mxolod negatiuri sakanon-mdeblo rwmunebulebebi (normebis gauqme-bis saxiT), maSin, rodesac pozitiuri ka-nonmdeblis roli eniWeba parlaments, mag-ram sakonstitucio sasamarTlos negatiu-ri sakanonmdeblo rwunebulebebic gark-veul SezRudvebs ganicdis. ase, magaliTad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo samarTalwar-moebis procesSi, xSirad ifargleba saka-nonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-bebis uflebamosilebaTa SenarCunebis sa-sargeblod (sasamarTlos TviTSezRudvis principi, politikuri sakiTxebis gadawyve-taze uaris doqtrina.
unda aRiniSnos, rom msoflio qveynebis sakonstitucio kontrolis organoTa kom-petenciis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis analiziT dgindeba, rom sakonstitucio kontroli SeiZleba iyos winaswari da Sem-dgomi. Tanamedrove etapze upiratesad Sem-dgomi kontroli gamoiyeneba. rac Seexeba winaswar kontrols, saerTaSoriso samecni-ero da iuridiul forumebze sakonstitu-cio kontrolis es forma warmoadgens da-vis obieqts. Cveulebriv es dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom winaswari kontrolis ganma-xorcielebeli organo sinamdvileSi mxo-lod konsultaciuri funqciebis Semsru-lebeli gamodis, radgan ixilavs sakonsti-tucio debulebebs, saerTaSoriso xelSek-rulebebs, kanonebs da sxva normatiul aq-tebs (rogorc wesi, _ umaRles saxelmwi-foTa organoebis moTxovniT) maT gamo-qveynebamde da ZalaSi Sesvlamde. Saxel-dobr, espaneTSi winaswari kontrolis gauq-mebasTan erTad aRiniSneboda, rom specia-luri organos mier winaswari kontrolis ganxorcielebisas sakanonmdeblo xeli-sufleba uars acxadebs sakonstitucio kontrolis Tavis uflebamosilebebze anu kompetenciaze. am dros Wianurdeba saka-nonmdeblo procedura, xolo kontrolis xarisxi SezRuduli vadis gamo saeWvo xde-ba. Tavisi wminda saxiT, e.i. Semdgom kont-
rolTan Sexamebis gareSe, winaswari kont-roli safrangeTsa da rig afrikul qveyneb-Si gamoiyeneba. sxva qveynebi upiratesad iyeneben Semdgom kontrols da mxolod calkeuli xelmowerili saerTaSoriso Se-Tanxmebis mimarT gamoiyeneba winaswari kon-troli. zog qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba Semdgomi da winaswari kontrolis formebis agreTve sxva aqtebis mimarTebiT Sexameba (magali-Tad, kviprosi, rumineTi).
iuridiuli xasiaTiT Semdgomi kontro-li aris abstaqtuli (pirapiri) an konkre-tuli (iribi, damxmare). zemomoyvanili ana-lizidan gamomdinare abstraq-tuli kont-roli aRar saWiroebs komentars. konkre-tuli kontroli gamomdinareobs Cveuleb-rivi sasamarTlos mier konkretuli saqmis, ganxilvidan rodesac am sasamarTlos gar-kveuli kanonis arakonstituciurobis Tao-baze dasabuTebuli eWvi uCndeba (magali-Tad, italiaSi, anda igi darwmunebulia ama-Si (kerZod, germaniaSi, amgvari kontrolis Sedegebi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom eWvqveS dayenebuli norma ar gamoiyeneba gansazRv-ruli davis gadawyvetisas (misi arakonsti-tuciurobis sakiTxis ganxilvis garda). Dam-xmare sakonstitucio kontroli gamoiyene-ba amerikul sasamarTlo sistemaSi, saida-nac igi gavrcelda amerikis kontinentisa da zogierT sxva qveyanaSic.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo gadawyve-tilebebis miReba dReisaTvis ukve aRar izRudeba ubralo kasaciis funqciebiT da sakonstitucio sasamarTloTa pozitiuri gadawyvetilebebi TandaTanobiT sul ufro did mniSvnelobas iZenen. mTel rig SemTx-vevaSi es ki niSnavs saapelacio gadawyveti-lebebis miRebas (germania, aSS), romlebSic sakonstitucio sasamarTlo mimarTavs ka-nonmdebels sakiTxTa garkveuli wris gan-sazRvruli regulirebis iniciaciis miz-niT. sul axlaxans zogierTma saxelmwifom SemoiRo specialuri normebi sasamarTlo sakonstitucio kontrolis organoTa mier kanonmdeblis mimarT apelirebis uflebis TavlazrisiT. pozitiuri uflebamosilebe-biT sakonstitucio sasamarTlo warmoebis aRWurva sakmaod viwro formiT gamoiyeneba avstriaSi, ungreTSi, italiasa da portuga-liaSi. portugaliis sakonstitucio sasa-marTlos gaaCnia cxadad gamokveTili uf-lebamosilebani aRmoaCinos arakonstitu-
261
ciuri xarvezebi kanonmdeblobaSi da gaa-taros saTanado zomebi. ungreTis sakons-titucio sasamarTlos agreTve gaaCnia ara-sakonstitucio situaciis likvidaciis uflebamosilebani, Tu igi warmoiqmna sam-Tavrobo organos braliT. braziliis sasa-marTlo sakonstitucio kontrolis siste-ma uSvebs xelisuflebis organoTa da aseve parlamentSi warmodgenili politikuri partiebis da politikuri organizaciebis mier samarTlebriv regulirebaSi xarve-zebze gansakuTrebuli abstraqtuli saCiv-ris Setanas. italiis sakonstitucio kont-rolis sistema cnobilia Tavisi `koleqti-uri~ gadawyvetilebebiT, romelTa meSveo-biTac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeuZ-lia Seitanos damatebebi anda Secvalos kidec sadavo aqti.
zemomoyvanili analizidan gamomdinare naTeli xdeba sakonstitucio kontrolis orive formis Taviseburebani, saidanac Cans, rom winaswari da aseve, Sereuli, anu _ Semdgomi da winaswari kontrolis erTob-livi kombinaciis kompetenciis sakiTxi ar gaxlavT saTanado doneze Seswavlili arc Teoriulad da arc praqtikulad.
amdenad, romelime qveynis sakonstitu-cio kontrolis modelis uSualo kopireba saqarTvelos pirobebisaTvis mizanSeuwone-lia da moiTxovs sakonstitucio kontro-lis organoTa kompetenciis kompleqsur kvlevas arsebuli realiebis gaTvaliswi-nebiT.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ZiriTad kompetencias warmoadgens qveyanaSi kon-stituciuri kontrolis ganxorcieleba, magram samarTlis mecnierebaSi, dReisaTvis ar arsebobs konstituciuri kontrolis kompetenciis cnebis erTiani, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ganmarteba, Tumca erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli ganmarteba Semdegnairad JRers:
`sakonstitucio kontroli aris kanonm-deblobiT dadgenili procedura, romlis meSveobiTac xorcieldeba kanonebisa da sakanonmdeblo aqtebis Sesabamisobis dad-gena ZiriTad kanonTan “konstituciasTan”, nawili mecnierebisa sxvagvarad xsnis sa-konstitucio kontrolis arss. maTi azriT, `sakonstitucio kontroli es aris saqmia-noba, romelic mimarTulia xelisuflebis
danawilebisa da konstituciuri konfliq-tebis mogvarebisaken”.
sakonstitucio zedamxedvelobis praq-tikam TandaTanobiT gaafarTova horizon-ti, gaamdidra samoqmedo areali da kuTvni-li adgili daikava xelisuflebis StoTa urTierTqmedebis samarTlebrivi mowesri-gebis saqmeSi. yovelive aRniSnuls, mohyva is, rom iuridiul literaturaSi damkvidr-da axali termini _ `sakonstitucio kont-roli”. sakonstitucio kontroli da sakon-stitucio zedamxedveloba aratolfasi cnebebia. maT Soris zustad is zRvaria, ra zRvaric arsebobs or samarTlebriv qme-debas zedamxedvelobasa da kontrols So-ris.
Tanamedrove midgomiT, konstituciuri kontroli ganixileba farTo da viwro gagebiT. sakonstitucio kontroli farTo gagebiT, gulisxmobs yvela gamocemuli aq-tis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis Semow-mebas, xolo viwro gagebiT, mxolod norma-tiuli aqtis Semowmebis saSualebas iZleva.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, saxeze gvaqvs sakonstitucio kontroli farTo gagebiT, Tumca sakonstitucio kon-troli ar exeba yvela individualuri xa-siaTis aqtebsa da sasamarTlo gadawyveti-lebebs.
saqarTvelom msoflioSi gavrcelebuli konstituciuri kontrolis formebidan airCia germanuli modeli, damoukidebeli sasamarTlo organos saxiT, gansxvavebiT amerikuli sistemisgan, sadac konstituci-ur kontrols saerTo sasamarTloebi axor-cieleben da franguli modelisagan, sadac konstituciuri iusticia xorcieldeba kvazi sasamarTlo organos _ sakonstitu-cio sabWos mier.
yvelaze xSirad konstituciuri kont-rolis qveS moiazreben sajaro xelisufle-bis organoebs Soris urTierTobaTa iseT sistemas, romlis drosac makontrolebeli organo uflebamosilia Zaladakargulad gamoacxados kontrolsdaqvemdebarebuli organos samarTlebrivi aqtebi, sxva sity-vebiT _ konstituciuri kontroli aris controls daqvemdebarebuli organos saq-mianobis Semowmeba misi konstituciurobis TvalsazrisiT. aseT kontrols makontro-lebeli organo axorcielebs sakuTari an sxva subieqtebis iniciativis safuZvelze.
262
amdenad, konstituciuri kontroli SeiZ-leba warmovidginoT, rogorc qveynis Ziri-Tad kanonTan konstituciasTan, saxelmwi-fo organoebis da calkeuli Tanamdebobis pirebis mier gamocemuli samarTlebrivi aqtebis Sesabamisobaze kontrolis kanon-mdeblobiT dadgenili procedura.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarT-lo konstituciuri kontrolis organoTa im jgufs miekuTvneba, romelic maTTvis dadgenil sferoSi umaRlesi ZalauflebiT sargeblobs. sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia vr-celdeba samarTalSemoqmedebaze, politi-kur urTierTobaTa farTo wreze referen-dumze, arCevnebze, moqalaqeTa politikur gaerTianebaze, saerTaSoriso xelSekrule-bebze, parlamentis Sida cxovrebaze, umaR-lesi Tanamdebobis pirebis impiCmentis proceduraze, adamiansa da saxelmwifos Soris konstituciur urTierTobebze.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamo-sileba, misi farglebi, normatiuli regu-lireba da sxva Taviseburebebi xSirad war-moSoben problemur sakiTxs. kerZod, sakon-stitucio sasamarTlo axorcielebs kons-tituciur kontrols Tu, konstituciur zedamxedvelobas?
specialistebi, magaliTad prof. o. mel-qaZe termins “sakonstitucio kontroli” mijnavs “sakonstitucio zedamxedvelobis-gan” da miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos sakons-titucio sasamarTlo ufro sakonstitu-cio zedamxedvelobis organoa, vidre sa-konstitucio kontrolis, vinaidan kont-roli zedamxedvelobisgan gansxvavebiT marTvis procesSi TviTiniciativur Careva-sac gulisxmobs. maSasadame, sakonstitu-cio kontroli kanonSemoqmedebiT pro-cesSi garkveuli Carevaa kanonproeqtebis winaswari eqspertizis gziT, kanonTa kons-tituciurobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. sa-qarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ki ar axorcielebs kanonproeqtebis winaswar eqspertizas, ris gamoc is ufro zedamxed-velobis organod unda iqnes miCneuli, vidre kontrolis. savsebiTASesaZlebelia, rom sakonstituciosa samarTlos ufleba-mosileba momavalSi gafarTovdes da zogi-erTi evropuli qveynis: avstriis, italiis, portugaliis da sxvaTa msgavsad, ganaxor-cielos e.w prevenciuli kontroli. winas-wari kontroli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-
vania saarCevno kanonmdeblobasTan mimar-TebaSi, raTa erTpartiuli saparlamento umravlesobis pirobebSi imTaviTve gamoi-ricxos arakonstituciuri normebis miRe-ba.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarT-lo, tipiuri kontinenturi evropuli mo-delis sasamarTlos msgavsad, axorcielebs momdevno kontrols, ramdenadac is adgens ukve ZalaSi Sesuli normatiuli aqtebis Se-sabamisobas konstituciasTan. Tumca rati-ficirebas daqvemdebarebuli saerTaSori-so xelSekrulebis an SeTanxmebis konsti-tuciurobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRe-ba SesaZlebelia maT ratificirebamde. mxo-lod am erT SemTxvevaSia uflebamosili sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ganaxorcie-los winaswari konstituciuri kontroli.
normatiuli aqtis konstituciuroba ma-terialuri gagebiT iTvaliswinebs aqtis Sinaarsis konstituciis calkeul debule-bebTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxs. formaluri gagebiT ki aqtis konstituciuroba niSnavs, rom aqti Sinaarsobrivad Seesabameba kons-titucias, miRebuli gamoqveynebuli da ka-nonier ZalaSi Sesulia konstituciiT dad-genili wesiT: konstituciiT dadgenili uflebamosilebis farglebSi miRebulia im organos mier, romelsac konstituciiT mi-niWebuli aqvs kanonSemoqmedebiTi ufleba-mosileba. amasTan, aucileblad unda iyos daculi xelisuflebis danawilebis princi-pi. xSirad gamoyofen normatiul-samarT-lebrivi aqtis konstituciurobis Sefase-bis Semdeg kriteriumebs: a) normatiul-sa-marTlebrivi aqtis Sinaarsi; b) normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtis mimRebi organos kom-petencia; g) normatiul-samarTlebrivi aq-tis miRebisa da gamoqveynebis pro-cedura.
Sinaarsis mixedviT normatiuli aqti konstitucias unda Seesabamebodes ramde-nime kriteriumiT. normatiuli aqtiT ga-Tvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis buneba unda Se-esabamebodes konstituciis normebs da aseve, normatiuli aqti konstituciurobis TvalsazrisiTac unda pasuxobdes im prin-cipebsa da samarTlebrivi regulirebis miznebs, romlebic qveynis konstituciis preambulaSi devs.
yovelive aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia zogadad ganvmartoT, Tu ra SemTxvevaSia normatiuli aqti konstitu-
263
ciuri. kerZod, Tu igi Sinaarsobrivad See-sabameba qveynis uzenaes kanons, miRebulia uflebamosili subieqtebis mier Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi, gamoqveynebulia da Sesulia ZalaSi Sesabamisi formisa da proceduris dacviT.
amdenad, romelime qveynis sakonstitu-cio kontrolis modelis uSualo kopireba saqarTvelos pirobebisaTvis mizanSeuwone-lia da moiTxovs sakonstitucio kontro-lis organoTa kompetenciis kompleqsur kvlevas arsebuli realiebis gaTvaliswi-nebiT.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995 w. 2. “sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb”
saqarTvelos organuli kanoni, 1996 w. 3. s/k “sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebis
Sesaxeb”. 1996 w. 4. melqaZe o., dvali b. sakonstitucio sa-
marTloebis kompetencia. “adamiani da
konstitucia”, №3, 1999 w. 5. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos regalmen-ti, Tb., 1996 w.
5. herman Svarci. konstituciuri marTlm-sajulebis damkvidreba postkomunis-tur evropaSi. Tbilisi, “airis saqarTve-lo”, 2003 w.6. . Muller Z.F. Lerbuch der Verfassungs gerichtsbarkeit – Verfassungs proze-brecht. Heiden berg. 1991; Государственное право Германии. М. т. 1-2, 1994 г.
7. Garlicki, leszek. “The influence of American Ideas on the Development of Constitutionalism in Poland and Eastern Europe”. In Constitutionalism and Human Rights: America, Poland and France, editied by Kenneth Thompson and J.R.Ludwikowski, University Press of America, 2001.
8. germaniis konstitucia, 1949 w.
9. Баглай М.В. Слово о конституционном право-судии. Закон и право. 2010.
10. Чиркин В.Е. Предметы ведения федерации и ее субъектов: разграничение, сотрудничество,
11. Умнова И.А. Конституционные основы совре-менного российского федерализма. - М.: Дело, 2010.
L
264
komunikaciis procesis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi
lia metreveli _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori marine lomiZe _ stu-s asocirebuli profesori
Psychological Aspects of Communication Process Lia Metreveli,
Associated Professor, GTU Marine Lomidze,
Associated Professor, GTU
Summary A human is a biosocial creature. The feature of his
biological uniqueness is thinking and consciousness. The skill of conscious communication with a second human and society, human physical and mental features are formed in the process of public relations; his activities also gain sense in a social environment. Most important is that a human can feel his existence and own value only when being a member of a society, and especially its free, distinctive part. A human reveals, understands and assesses his “me” in communication with “you”.
Communication leads us to great effectiveness. Communication process success depends on the nature and quality of issued and received information, which is directly related to the relations of humans engaged in the process.
Individual internal values, belief and requirements form the unwavering attitudes to the world, the way that during the period of psychological maturity an individual unifies. This includes the life experience, social environment and hereditary factors; along with that intellect, education, religious belief and etc. All this influences the relations between “me and “others”. By his individual capabilities an individual perceives uniquely not only a human, but also the world.
reziume
adamiani biosocialuri arsebaa. misi bi-
ologiuri gansakuTrebulobis maCvenebe-lia azrovneba da cnobiereba. meore adami-anTan, sazogadoebasTan cnobieri urTier-Tobis unari, adamianis fizikuri da sulie-ri Tvisebebi yalibdeba sazogadoebriv ur-TierTobebSi, misi saqmianobac socialur garemoSi iZens azrs. rac umTavresia, ada-mians sakuTari arseboba, Tavisi Tavis Ri-rebuleba mxolod maSin SeuZlia ganica-dos, roca is sazogadoebis wevria, metadre
Tavisufali TviTmyofadi nawili. adamiani sakuTar „me“-s „Sen“-Tan urTierobaSi av-lens, acnobierebs da afasebs.
komunikacias mivyavarT didi efeqturo-bisaken. komunikaciis procesis warmateba damokidebulia gadacemuli da miRebuli informaciis bunebasa da xarisxze, rac pir-dapiraa dakavSirebuli am procesSi Car-Tul adamianTa Soris urTierTobaze.
individualuri Sinagani faseulobebi, mrwamsi da moTxovnilebebi ayalibebs ada-mianis uryev damokidebulebebs samyaro-sadmi ise, rom fsiqologiuri simwifis pe-riodSi, pirovneba mTliandeba. esaa cxov-rebiseuli gamocdileba, socialuri gare-mo, memkvidreobiTi faqtorebi. garda ami-sa, inteleqti, ganaTleba, religiuri mrwamsi da a. S. rac TavisTavad gavlenas ax-dens „mesa“ da „sxvebs“ Soris urTierTo-baze. pirovneba individualuri SesaZleb-lobebis sistemiT ara mxolod adamians, aramed samyarosac Taviseburad aRiqvams.
sakvanZo sityvebi: adamiani, komunikacia,
vizualuri, verbaluri, araverbaluri, la-koniuri.
„oratorma unda amowuros Tema da ara msmenelma moTmineba“.
uinston CerCili. komunikacia warmoadgens arxis meSveo-
biT informaciis gadacemisa da miRebis process. nebismieri urTierToba infor-maciis urTierTgacvliT yalibdeba. elvin toifeli Tavis naSromSi „mesame talRa“ informacias miiCnevs im nedleulad, ro-melzec axali civilizaciis ageba SeiZleba. Tanamedrove msoflioSi informaciis mo-poveba sainformacio omis fenomenTan aso-cirdeba. komunikacia aris saSualeba, rom-lis safuZvelze xdeba sxvadasxva saxis konfliqtebis mogvareba da sasurveli Se-degis miReba. komunikaciis efeqtur war-marTvas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs-igi
265
cxovrebas gvimartivebs. komunikacias yo-velTvis gaaCnia mizani, romelic minimum or adamians Soris informaciis gacvlaa. igi rTuli procesia: moicavs informaciis gadacemas, miRebasa da miRebul informa-ciaze reagirebas.
komunikaciis procesis sworad warmarT-visa da efeqtiani ganviTarebisaTvis mniSv-nelovania komunikaciis strategiisa da gegmis SemuSaveba. komunikaciis gegma sam ZiriTad elements moicavs: Sinaarsi, kon-teqsti da drois faqtori. igi pasuxobs ki-Txvebze: vin? ra? rodis? da vis? komunika-cia orientirebulia adamianze, mis mo-Txovnilebebze, miznebze, ganzraxvasa da molodinze. yvelaferi, rac Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi xdeba, dakavSirebulia ko-munikaciur procesebTan. komunikaciur qmedebaTa sistema aRwevs sazogadoebis TiToeul „ujredSi“ da uzrunvelyofs mis informirebulobas. cnobilia komunikaci-is ori tipi: verbaluri da araverbaluri.
araverbaluri anu vizualuri komu-nikaciis dros informacias, pirvel yov-lisa, mxedvelobis arxiT viRebT. o. fon bismarki ixsenebda: „ise arsad vgrZnobdi medlebis tarebis saWiroebas, rogorc peterburgsa da parizSi. iq quCaSi zrdi-lobianad da pativiscemiT rom mogepyron, medlebiani gulis Cvenebaa saWiro“.
verbaluri komunikacia informaciis gadacemaa dro- sivrcul ganzomilebaSi, romelSic Cveni metyveleba igeba. enobrivi komunikacia _ metyveleba (saubari) ego-centruli qmedebaa. metyveleba TavisTa-vad motivirebulia, rasac ganapirobebs ori ZiriTadi aspeqti: gare obieqturi faqtorebi da molaparakebis Sinagani mo-tivacia. isini, rogorc wesi, identuri an miaxloebiTia da enobrivi komunikaciis efeqturoba maT Tanxvedrazea damokide-buli. Tumca xSirad gare da Sinagani mo-tivaciebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia.
faqtobrivad, metyvelebis motivacias ganapirobebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gamovlena da msmenelisaTvis wardgena (ar-sebiTad sakuTari Tavis, pirovnuli „me“-s warmoCena da sazogadoebaSi adgilis dam-kvidrebis mcdeloba), profesiuli moRva-weobis Sesabamisi motivacia da mizanda-saxuloba, msmenelisaTvis informaciis sa-Wiroeba da azrTa dazusteba.
enam Seqmna adamiani, rogorc Tavisi so-cialuri arsebobis saSualeba. ra konkre-tuli funqcia daekisra amisaTvis enas? komunikacias aqvs Tavisi Sinaarsi, erTi adamiani atyobinebs meores. imisaTvis, rom Sedges komunikacia, anu informaciis ga-cema/miReba, unda arsebobdes Setyobinebis Sinaarsi _ TviT informacia. amis gareSe komunikacia ar arsebobs, mxolod kontaqti rCeba.
komunikaciis mTavari da erTaderTi su-bieqti adamiania, romelic Tavisi sico-cxlisunarianobis uzrunvelsayofad ur-TierTobaSi Sedis sxva adamianebTan. ada-mianuri urTierTobaTa sistema gaSuale-bulia kulturiT, romelic gansazRvravs adamianTa Soris urTierTobis xasiaTsa da efeqturobas. magram adamianis sxvadasxva-gvari saqmianobis procesSi Cndeba urTi-erTobis srulyofili da efeqturi for-mebis Ziebis moTxovnileba, romelic war-moSobs urTierTobis ama Tu im formebis sxvadasxva rolsa da daniSnulebas. an sxva-dasxva mizezis gamo,urTierTobis mraval-gvari forma adamianTa cxovrebaSi saTa-nado daniSnulebas iZens. komunikaciis funqciuri analizi saSualebas iZleva ga-movlindes is socialuri roli, romelsac igi asrulebs sazogadoebaSi da, Sesaba-misad, xels uwyobs sociumis arsis ufro zustad gagebas. magaliTad, efeqturi komunikaciaa quCaSi ormxrivi moZraoba, rac niSnavs, rom Tqven erTdroulad xarT adresantic da adresatic. Setyobinebis mimRebma yovelTvis unda daadasturos, rom man miiRo da gaigo informacia. Tu es komponenti ar arsebobs, komunikacia war-matebulad ver ganxorcieldeba. komunika-ciis efeqturobaze pasuxismgebelia orive mxare- rogorc adresanti, ise adresatic.
saubris dros unda veridoT katego-riul mtkicebulebebs. komunikaciis efeq-turobis ganmsazRvrel erT-erT faqtors metyvelebis manera warmoadgens. frazebi: „me vfiqrob“, „SesaZlebelia“, „ar aris ga-moricxuli“, „savaraudoa“ da a.S. umtkiv-neulod aRiqmeba msmenelis mier. yurad-Reba unda mivaqcioT metyvelebis norma-lur temps. metismetad swrafi metyvelebis gageba rTulia, metyvelebis metismetad neli tempi ki msmenelisaTvis mosawyenia.
266
yuradRebis miRma ar unda dagvrCes efeqtiani komunikaciis ganmsazRvreli principi, rogoricaa _ lakoniuroba mra-valsityvaobis nacvlad. igi „aucileb-lobasa da sakmarisobis princips“ gulisx-mobs. informacia unda moicavdes yvela im Sinaarsobriv elements, romelic aucile-belia da sakmarisia misi adekvaturi aRqmisaTvis. Setyobinebis moculoba unda Seesabamebodes informaciis raodenobas. informaciis zedmeti moculoba iwvevs Warbsityvaobas, zedmeti informaciuloba ki _ aRqmis sirTules. Seusabamoba infor-maciis moculobasa da raodenobas Soris amcirebs komunikaciis efeqturobis xa-risxs.
Zveli saberZneTis SemadgenlobaSi Se-dioda regioni lakonia. lakoniaSi mcxov-rebi xalxi sityvaZunwobiT gamoirCeoda. am regionSi Sedioda spartac. spartelebis lakoniurobis klasikuri pasuxi werilze makedoniis mefe filip II-isa, romelsac surda qalaqis aReba: mogiwodebT axlave dagvnebdeT, radgan Tu Cemi jari daiwyebs qalaqis dapyrobas, Cven gavanadgurebT mosavals, davawiokebT mosaxleobas da davangrevT qalaqs, razec spartanelebma upasuxes erTi sityviT: „Tu“.
yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT komu-nikaciis im formaze, romelic adamians ex-mareba areguliros da marTos konkretuli situaciebi, rogorc organizaciaSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT - jgufTaSoris, Si-dajgufur an interpersonalur doneze. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom komuni-kaciis sakiTxis Seswavlas pirad urTi-erTobaSi an organizaciul saqmianobaSi ar ZaluZs yvela problemis (ZiriTadad konf-liqtebis) gadaWra, magram sxvaobebis Sem-cireba da TanamSromlobis gaujobeseba Se-uZlia.
arsebobs e.w. kargi kontaqtebis Teoria, romelic gansxvavebulad udgeba mmarTve-lobiTi problemebis gadaWras. igi efuZne-ba Semdeg mosazrebebs: daqiravebulTa da xelmZRvanelTa mo-
Txovnilebebi da miznebi nebismier or-ganizaciaSi erTnairia;
xelmZRvanelobasa da daqiravebulebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamowveu-lia im gaugebrobiT, romelic warmoi-
Soba kargi kontaqtebis uqonlobis ga-mo;
SromiTi urTierTobebis gadasaWre-lad aucilebelia konfliqtebis ganei-traleba.
es Teoria garkveulwilad mimzidvelia da dadebiTi mxareebi aqvs, magram Znelia mas daveTanxmoT ramdenime faqtoris gamo. jer erTi, xelmRvanelTa da daqiravebul-Ta saboloo amocanebi yvela SemTxvevaSi identuri ver iqneba da, meorec, - orga-nizacia loialur ganwyobilebas ver Seqm-nis mxolod imiT, rom adamianebs saTanado informacias awvdides da kargad eqceodes. rasakvirvelia, kompetenciis jgufi, xel-mZRvaneloba, (profkavSiri) gavlenas axde-nen adamianis damokidebulebebsa da azreb-ze, magram mniSvnelovania sxva faqtorebic: ojaxi, eTnikuri warmomavloba, religiuri mrwamsi. yovelive is, rac informaciis mi-marT pirovnebis reagirebaSi aisaxeba. risi mosmena SeuZlia TiToeul adamians an Tundac jgufs, aranaklebadaa damokide-bulia imaze, Tu rogoria misi interesi da individualur fsiqikuri maxasiaTebeli. xSirad adamianis xasiaTs, mis gamocdi-lebasa da pirovnul mdgomareobas ufro meti gavlena aqvs komunikaciis proceseb-ze, vidre xelmRvanelobis mier miwodebul informacias.
komunikacia nebismieri organizmis - ojaxis, organizaciis, saxelmwifos sico-cxlisunarianobis safuZvelia. mainc rodis iwyeba komunikacia? sayuradReboa, rom komunikacias safuZveli eyreba dabadebamde, roca Canasaxs mucelSi dedis xma gaurkvevlad esmis. dabadebisTanave axalSobili SeiZleba SekrTes da mobrundes xmis gagonebaze, SeiZleba dedis xmac ki gaarCios sxva qalis xmisagan.
bavSvebi komunikacias yvelaze kargad ufrosebis mibaZviT da maTTan urTier-TobiT swavloben. ufrosma bavSvi Cvilobis asakidan unda CarTos komunikaciaSi. bavS-vis ganviTarebasTan erTad misi komuni-kaciis stilic TandaTanobiT icvleba, bavSvebisaTvis komunikaciis unar-Cvevebis SeTavsebis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa ufrosebisgan magaliTis aReba da Semdeg praqtikaSi gamoyeneba. ufrosebs, romle-bic zrunaven bavSvebze da aswavlian maT, cxadia, komunikaciis kargad ganviTare-
267
buli unar-Cvevebi unda hqondeT, radgan Seudarebeli mniSvnelobisaa magaliTis Zala.
bavSvs yvelaze metad sWirdeba yuradRe-ba, aRiareba da mikuTvnebulobis grZnoba, xSirad cudi qceva, mxolod da mxolod misi mcdelobaa, rom rogorRac SeamCnion. yuradReba bavSvs unergavs Tavdajerebu-lobis grZnobas. specialistebi gansazRv-raven komunikaciis sam ZiriTad moTxov-nilebas, romelic sapasuxo reaqcias an daxmarebas moiTxovs. ufrosebsa da bavS-vebs erTnairi adamianuri moTxovnilebebi aqvT - daikmayofilon TavianTi socialu-ri, emociuri, inteleqtualuri da fizi-kuri moTxovnilebebi. stereotipulma sab-Wourma frazam - „bavSvebic adamianebi arian“ - mniSvneloba dakarga. magram miu-xedavad amisa, mainc gvaviwydeba, rom bavS-vebi namdvilad arian pirovnebebi, romel-Tac igive Rirseba da adamianuri uflebebi aqvT, rac nebismier sxvas. adamianebis um-ravlesobas kargad axsovs bavSvobaSi ganc-dili mtkivneuli detalebi. samwuxarod, Cven xSirad viqceviT ise, TiTqos bavSvebis grZnobebi ar imsaxurebdes yuradRebas. Yve-la bavSvi odesme maswavlebeli, politi-kosi, eqimi an xelosani iqneba. bavSvobaSi gancdili ambebi adamianis xasiaTisa da pirovnebis ganuyofeli nawilia. zogjer ufrosebi iseT STabeWdilebas toveben, TiTqos bavSvebis emociebi da moTxovni-lebebi maT aRizianebT. gansakuTrebiT es problema maSin iCens Tavs, roca ufrosebs Tavad aqvT emociurad mZime periodi. ami-tom maT grZnobebis gamoxatvisas sifr-Txile unda gamoiCinon. grZnobebs dadebi-Ti da uaryofiTi gamoxatva bavSvebis saq-cielze Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens. drei-kensi acxadebs, rom ufrosi asakis bavS-
vebis dapirispireba sxva adamianebTan me-gobruli da daxvewilia mSvid situaciaSi, vidre konfliqtis dros. bavSvi SeiZleba CavrToT saubarSi da gamovikvlioT qcevis motivebi. ufross uCndeba Sansi, rom mo-zards kari gauRos komunikaciisaTvis. Gul-wrfeli komunikacia unda gaxdes bavSvis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesi. urTierTo-bisas Cveni mizani Setyobinebis miReba da qmedebaa. informaciis gacemas, maSin eqne-ba azri, Tu mas ar uaryofen. gulwrfelo-ba, Tavazianoba, taqti, konkretuli me-sijebi, warmatebuli komunikaciis garan-tia.
adamianma Zalian didi xnis win SeamCnia sityvis Zala _ ganazogados da SeamWidro-vos informacia logikur-Sinaarsobriv doneze. enobrivi niSani itevs farTo cne-bebs. amitomac aRmerTebda adamiani yovel-Tvis sityvas. swored igi warmoadgens sam-yaros erT mTlianad qcevis safuZvels _ sityva mTel samyaros itevs. sityvis unari, SemWidroebuli formiT „itvirTos“ saTq-meli, warmoadgens kategoriuli opoziciis _ „forma da Sinaarsi“ _ arss.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. xizaniSvili s., ulijanaSvili a., wiqa-riZe l., saqmiani urTierTobebis kul-tura, Tb.: sagamomcemlo saxli `teqni-kuri universiteti~, 2007;
2. Edward S. Inch, Barbara Warnick, Critical Thin-king and Communication. the Use of Reason in Argument. Pearson Education Inc 2010 (Targmani qarTul enaze);
3. Mary Ellen Guffey. Essentials of Business Com-munication. Mason. 2010 (Targmani qarTul enaze).