GENERAL HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS

BY

Rudy sukamto

ANGIOLOGY

• Is the description of the organs of circulation of the blood and lymph - the heart and vessels, including the spleen and thymus.

• The heart is the central hollow muscular organ which function as a suction and force pump: the differences in pressure caused by its contraction and relaxation chiefly determine the circulation of the blood and lymph.

• It is enclosed in a fibrous sac – the pericardium

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Consists of :• 1. the heart (cor)• 2. the arteries, which convey blood (sanguis)

from the heart to the tissue.• 3. the capillaries ( vas capillare), microscopic

tubes in the tissue, which permit the necessary interchange between the blood and tissue.

• The veins, which convey the blood back to the heart

PERICARDIUM

• Is the fibroserous sac which encloses the heart and, in part, the great vessels connected with it.

• The fibrous layer (pericardium fibrosum) is relatively thin, but strong and inelastic.

- dorsally it is attached to the large vessels at the base of the heart and continue to the m. longus colli.

- ventrally: it is attached to sternum by the strong sternopericardiaca ligament in cattle, horse and swine. In carnivore by a phrenopericardiac ligament to the diaphragm.

HEART

• The size, shape and position has variation between and within species.

• Occupies the greater part of the middle mediastinal space.

• Its have : an apex, base, two surfaces and two borders.

• Divides into two atrium and two ventricles.

HEART

• Apex: lies centrally dorsal to the sternum.• Base is directed dorsally. Its formed by the

right and left atria.• Interventricular septum: is the partition

which separates the cavities of the two ventricles.

• Septum atrioventriculare.• Sulcus coronarius: indicates the division

between the atria and the ventricles.

HEART

• Sulcus interventriculare paraconal ( longitudinalis sinister). tdk mencpai apex

• Sulcus interventriculare subsinousal (longitudinalis dexter) mencapai apex

ATRIUM DEXTER

• Auricle, forms the right cranial part of the base of the heart and lies dorsally to the right ventricle.

• Its have 5 openings:- vena cava cranialis, vena cava caudalis, sinus coronarius, ostium atriventriculare dextrum, foramina venarum minimarum.

• Pectinate muscles.• Oval foramen: through which the two atria

communicate in the fetus.

Ventricle dexter

• Conus arteriosus,

• valvula tricuspidales.

• Chordae tendineae

• Papillary muscles

• Trabeculae carnae: muscular ridges and bands.

• Moderator bands (trabeculae septomarginales)

ATRIUM SINISTER

• Same as dexter.

Ventricle dexter

• Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum

• Valvula bicuspidales/mitralis/sinister.

• Ostium aortae. is guarded by aortic valve composeed of three semilunar cusp.

• Chordae tendineae are fewer but larger than right ventricle

BLOOD VESSELS

• Divides into pulmonary and systemic.• Pulmonary trunk conveys the blood from

the right ventricle to the lungs, where it is arterialized and is returned by the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.

• The portal system is often applied to the portal vein and its tributaries, which come from the stomach, intestine, pancreas and spleen.

CORPUS CAVERNOSUM

• Corpus cavernosum: is an erectile structure which consists essentially of intercommunicating blood spaces enclosed by smooth muscle and fibroelastic tissue. These spaces (cavernae) are lined with endothelium and contained blood.

• Distention of the cavernae which blood produces the enlargement and hardening of the corpus which is termed erection.

• Vasa vasorum: the walls of the blood vessels are supplied with blood by numerous small arteries.

ARTERIES

• classify on the basis their structure such as:

• 1. large or elastic

• 2. medium or muscular.

• 3. small arterioles.

artery recurrent; run in opposite direction to that of the parent stem.

• Anasthomosis: the intercommunication of branches of adjacent arteries.

• Vascular plexus: the connections of the arteries are made by network of numerous fine branches.

• Retia vasculosa: wide-meshed networks of vessels.

• Rete mirabile is a network intercalated in the course of an artery.

VEINS

• In general, arranged like the arteries, but are usually of greater caliber.

• Vena comitans or satellite vein ; a vein accompanies an artery and is usually homonymous.

• Venous plexuses: anasthomose several veins.• Venous sinuses: vein is enclosed by dense

membranes and run usually in bony grooves.• Emissarium: a vein which connects one of

these sinuses with veins outside the cranium.• Veins of the contain valves (valvula venosa)

• Most of the blood from the body returns to the heart by way of the venae cavae. However, several alternate routes are possible such as the azygos system, the vertebral system and the portal system.