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The CVS includes Heart Blood vessels Blood Blood circulation

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The heart is a hollow, cone shaped muscular organ. Pump that circulates the blood throughout the body to nourish and to remove waste products from the tissues. The heart is divided into 4 chambers The size of the heart depends upon species and the overall size of the animal. Blue whale has a heart that weighs 1,000 pounds Whale weighs 120 tons

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The heart is covered by a saclike membrane, consists of three layers Pericardium Tough, fibrous external layer Parietal Lines the pericardium Epicardium Covers the surface of the heart

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The heart is divided into a left and a right side. The hollow of the heart is divided into four chambers. Each cranial chamber is called an atrium. A wall called the interatrial septum divides the atria into the right and left sides Each ventral chamber is called a ventricle. A wall called the interventricular septum divides the ventricles into right and left sides

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The atria have thin walls and are the receiving chambers. The right side of the heart receives blood from body tissues and sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated. The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the tissues.

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The ventricles have thicker walls than the atria. They are responsible for the pumping The left ventricles wall is thicker than the right however. Left pumps blood to all the blood vessels of the body Right lungs only

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Between the atria and the ventricles are valves. Atrioventricular valves Close to ensure that the blood flows in one direct and to prevent backflow of blood into the atria.

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The heart is a double pump - and both sides are doing much the same thing, it's just that their targets are different - the left side of the heart, full of oxygenated blood, is sending blood out to the body; the right side of the heart has just received its blood from the body, and is sending it out to the lungs.

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The cardiac cycle includes the contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the atria and the ventricles. The four heart chambers do not contract all at on time. The two atria contract in unison, and as they relax, the two ventricles contract.

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Animals have three major types of blood vessels Arteries Elastic tubes with thick walls Capillaries Minute, very thin-walled vessels that distribute blood to the tissues Veins Hollow tubes, similar to the arteries, with thinner and less elastic walls, which transport blood back to the heart

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The tough, fibrous external layer of membrane covering the heart is called __________. The outer surface of the heart itself is covered with a layer called the __________. The two thin walled receiving chambers of the heart are _________. The thicker walled chambers into which they feed are called _________.

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Pericardium Epicardium Atria Ventricles

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Blood is made up of about 60% plasma (liquid), and 40% formed elements, which consist of erythrocytes (red cells), leukocytes (white cells) and thrombocytes (platelets). Blood Transports oxygen Collects carbon dioxide Distributes nutrients Collects waste products of metabolism Carries hormones Maintains fluid contents of the tissues Serves as a temperature regulator

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The average amount of blood contained in a adult animal varies by species. Typically denoted as a % of body weight Depending on the species, blood makes up 6% - 8% of total body weight. Plasma is 90% water and 10% solutes. Solutes Most are proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, globulins) Nutrients End products of metabolism Gases Hormones

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Blood proteins can be divided up into 3 categories. Albumin Maintains water in the bloodstream. Draws water into the blood vessel through osmosis. Albumin is produced by the liver. Globulins Antibodies produced to fight disease. Globulins are produced by the immune system. Fibrinogen Aids in clotting blood. When a blood vessel is damaged, the fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.

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Erythrocytes (red blood cells) At maturity, erythrocytes are extremely small, nonnucleated disks. Contain hemoglobin an iron containing pigment Carry oxygen to body cells Lack or reduction of iron anemia Produced in the bone marrow (erythropoiesis) Average life span is 120 days in dogs

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Leukocytes (white blood cells) Much less numerous than erythrocytes Colorless Have nuclei 5 major types of leukocytes Neutrophils- function as phagocytosis (ingest through endocytosis) to destroy invading microorganisms Lymphocytes- function in phagocytosis and antibody formation Eosinophils- detoxify foreign proteins from allergens or parasitic infections Monocytes- have a horseshoe shaped nucleus and function mainly in phagocytosis Basophils fight allergic reactions

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Thrombocytes (platelets) originate in red bone marrow. They function in the clotting mechanism. Fibrinogen and prothrombin convert to fibrin and thrombin. The two work together to form a mesh for the blood to form a clot on. If clotting factors are not present, the resulting liquid is called serum.

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The liquid portion of blood is called ______. If the clotting elements are removed it is called __________. Blood makes up ______% to ______% of an animals total body weight. The scientific name for red blood cells is __________, and for white blood cells it is __________. Blood platelets are also called ________.

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The liquid portion of blood is called PLASMA. If the clotting elements are removed it is called SERUM. Blood makes up 6% to 8% of an animals total body weight. The scientific name for red blood cells is ERYTHROCYTES, and for white blood cells it is LEUKOCYTES. Blood platelets are also called THROMBOCYTES.

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The aorta, the largest artery in the body, originates from the left ventricle of the heart. The aorta arches dorsally then travels caudally. It branches into other arteries that supply the head, neck, thoracic limbs, chest, and abdomen, finally dividing into arteries that supply the pelvic limbs.

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Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart Brachiocephalic artery 3 large branches Right subclavian artery supplying the right thoracic limb Right common carotid supplying the right side of the head Left common carotid supplying the left side of the head Left subclavian artery supplying the left thoracic limb.

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Celiac artery supplying the liver, stomach, and spleen Cranial mesenteric artery supplying the small intestine Renal arteries supplying the kidneys Ovarian (or testicular) arteries supplying the structures for which they are named Caudal mesenteric artery supplying the large intestine

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A rhythm is the recurrence of an action or function at regular intervals. For the heart, the rhythm it keeps is called heartbeat The heartbeat is modified by electrical impulses from nerves that stimulate the myocardium. Sinoatrial node (SA)

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The SA is located in the wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava. The SA node works with Purkinje fibers to establish the basic rhythm of the heart. Purkinje fibers are less developed in the atria and are usually associated with the ventricles. The Purkinje fibers connect the SA with the atrioventricular node (AV)

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The AV node is found close to the junction between the atrium and the ventricle. It sends the electrical impulse to the ventricles. An electrocardiograph can pick up the electrical impulses and provide a print out of the heart rhythm. electrocardiogram

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Normal rhythm, but heartbeat is faster than normal. Normal rhythm, but heartbeat is slower than normal. Heart rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration SA node is not working. Heartbeat is irregular and rapid No regular rhythm, ventricles quiver uncontrollably. Cardiac arrest. The heart is not beating.

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Veterinarians evaluate many things when listening to the heart. Heart rate Heart rhythm Listen for murmurs or abnormal flow of blood

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Copyright 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning The rate and regularity of the heart rhythm is termed the heartbeat The heartbeat is influenced by the electrical impulses from nerves that stimulate the myocardium Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time

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Copyright 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning Auscultation is listening to body sounds with a stethoscope When auscultating the heart, a lubb/dubb sound is heard lubb = closing of the atrioventricular valves dubb = closing of the semilunar valves murmur = abnormal sound associated with turbulent blood flow

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Copyright 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning Blood pressure is the tension exerted by blood on the arterial walls The combining form for pressure or tension is tensi/o A pulse is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure Blood pressure is measured by a sphygmomanometer

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