gendered language in society. gender role development gender—cultural, social, and psychological...
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Gendered Language Gendered Language in Societyin Society
Gender Role Development
• Gender—cultural, social, and psychological meanings associated with masculinity or femininity
• Gender roles —various traits designated either masculine or feminine in a given culture
• Gender identity —A person’s psychological sense of being male or female
• Between ages 2-3 years, children can identify themselves and other children as boys or girls. The concept of gender or sex, is, however, based more on outward characteristics such as clothing.
Language Development
• Noam Chomsky asserts that every child is born with a biological predisposition to learn language “universal grammar”
• Motherese or infant directed speech.
• Style of speech used by adults in all cultures to talk to babies and children.
Language Development
• Infant preference for human speech over other sounds– before 6 months can hear differences used in all languages– after 6 months begin to hear only differences used in native
language
• Cooing—vowel sounds produced 2–4 months• Babbling—consonant/vowel sounds between
4 to 6 months• Even deaf infants coo and babble
Language Development
MONTH Speech Characteristic
2 Cooing vowel sounds 4 Babbling consonant/vowel 10 Babbling native language sounds12 One-word stage 24 Two-word stage24+ Sentences
Gender Differences
• Toddler girls tend to play more with dolls and ask for help more than boys
• Toddler boys tend to play more with trucks and wagons, and to play more actively
Gender Differences
• After age 3 years we see consistent gender differences in preferred toys and activities
• Children are more rigid in sex-role stereotypes than adults
Social Learning Theory
Gender roles are acquired through the basic processes of learning, including reinforcement, punishment, and modeling
Gender Schema Theory
– Gender-role development is influenced by the formation of schemas, or mental representations, of masculinity and femininity
– Children actively develop mental categories of masculinity and femininity and categorize these into gender categories or schemas
– Trucks are for boys and dolls are for girls is an example of a gender schema
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development• Jean Piaget (1896–
1980) Swiss psychologist who became leading theorist in 1930s
• Cognitive development is a stage process
• Piaget believed that “children are active thinkers, constantly trying to construct more advanced understandings of the world”
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective
• Emphasized the child’s interaction with the social world (other people) as a cause of development– Vygotsky believed language to be the
foundation for social interaction and thought
– Piaget believed language was a byproduct of thought
Which Makes Sense 2 U?
– Vygotsky believed language to be the foundation for social interaction and thought
– Piaget believed language was a by-product of thought
Gendered What?
• What do we mean by “gendered language”?
• Examples?
Your Turn to Discuss
• Why does gendered language matter?
• What’s the big deal?
Gender Appropriate Language?
• To ensure that you've used gender -savvy language in your writing, try asking yourself the following questions:
Are Generics Harmful?
• Generics… man, he,
• Do these imply a specific gender’s superiority?
Gender Appropriate Language?
• Have you used "man" or "men" or words containing one of these to refer to people who may be female?
• If so, consider substituting another word. For example, instead of "fireman," try "firefighter.“
• Other examples?
Gender Appropriate Language?
• If you have mentioned someone's gender, was it necessary to do so?
• If you identify someone as a female architect, for example, do you (or would you) refer to someone else as a "male architect"?
Gender Appropriate Language?
• And if you then note that the woman is “an beautiful curvy mother of two”, do you mention that the man is a “muscular, handsome father of three”?
• Unless gender and gender-related traits are relevant to your point, leave them unmentioned.
• Looks, figure, clothes, parenthood…
Gender Appropriate Language?
• Do you use any occupational stereotypes?
• Examples…• “female doctor”• “stewardess”• “actress”
• Watch for the use of female pronouns for elementary school teachers and male ones for scientists, for example.
Source: http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/gender.html#7
So What?
• Why does this stuff (appropriate language) matter? Seriously…
It’s What’s Expected
• Gender role expectations are transmitted in part through a culture’s use of language.
• These can be subtle or not-so-subtle.
Examples of Influence• Policeman… suggests that this is a
male job.
• Firefighter implies that either sex might hold the job. Gender neutral.
• Sex bias in language can influence perceived opportunities.
Watch This
• Click here for a video summary of the use of gendered language in society.
• http://vimeo.com/11194487 • 6 min
He Man• He• Man• “Mankind”
So What?
• Would you care more/less if you were a member of the opposite sex?
Introducing…Mr or Mrs
• Would you care if you were introduced as Mrs. if you’re a man?
• Would you care if you were introduced as Mr. if you’re a woman?
Introducing…or… Ms…?
• Does “Ms.” Solve anything?
• Do you use the title Ms.
• Why or why not?
Ms. Mizzz
• Used as a courtesy title before the surname or full name of a woman or girl: Ms. Doe; Ms. Jane Doe.
• Used in informal titles for a woman to indicate the epitomizing of an attribute or activity: Ms. Fashionable; Ms. Volleyball.Source: http://www.answers.com/topic/ms-2#ixzz1WYozUcuA
Gender Appropriate Language?
• Do you use language that in any way shows a lack of respect for either sex?
• Have you used "he," "him," "his," or "himself" to refer to people who may be include females?
Your Turn to Discuss• How do men
and women use language differently?
• Examples?
• Let’s BRAINSTORM…
• Type what comes to mind quickly!!
Your Turn to Discuss
• How has the gendered use of language changed over time?
• Examples of gendered use of language?
• Why are men less touchy-feely?
Your Turn to Discuss
• Barriers to communication?
• Examples of how men and women use communication differently that can create problems?
Gendered Language in Politics
• Hillary and Bill Clinton did largely conform to their gender roles in the interviews, their language reflecting the historic power relation between men and women.
• http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070424093752.htm
• On further analysis, however, it was noticed that many of the differences were attributable to…
• …who was doing the interview
• ….their gender• …rather than who was
the interviewee.
Food for Thought
• Is gendered language helpful or harmful in politics?
• Or does it depend on the canditate’s gender?
• Click here…• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKP71pL-tfY
Mars vs. Venus?• Why are “men from Mars” and
“women from Venus”…?
http://www.amazon.com/Mars-Women-Venus-Communication-Relationships/dp/006016848X
Quotes about Men
• Please click the link and find one quote that strikes your interest.
• http://www.notable-quotes.com/m/men_quotes.html
Come back and paste your quote into the discussion.
Quotes about Women• Please click the
link and find one quote that strikes your interest.
• Come back and paste it into the discussion
• http://www.notable-quotes.com/w/women_quotes.html
What about Body Language?
• How to Tell if a Guy is Attracted?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNxRzsMBZKs&feature=rela
ted
– Proximity?– Touch?– Lean in?– Smiling?
Watch This• Here’s a (strange) video about the
using an Un-Gendered pronoun in the English language.
• http://vimeo.com/20414580 (5:30)
But What About…?• We live in a patriarchal society.• Married women take the
husband’s last name usually.• Children are typically given the
husband’s surname.
• So… isn’t gendered language OK?
Your Turn to Discuss• What are some
ways that gendered language will be important to the continuing globalization processes?
• How will changes in gendered language affect progress toward equality between men and women around the world?
Questions?• Feel free to ask.
End of Seminar
• Thank you for attending!
• Listen to the gendered use of language in your surroundings!
• You’ll be surprised what you hear!