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Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon

Hutchens Copyright Allyn & Bacon, 2008

Chapter 3

GENDER STEREOTYPES:

MASCULINITY AND

FEMININITY


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FROM GENDER ROLES TO

STEREOTYPES

Gender rolesActivities

Defined by behaviors

Gender stereotypes

Categorical

Defined by beliefs and attitudes about

masculinity and femininity Psychological traits and characteristics

Appropriate activities


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Myths & Media

Major Mythological ThemesMale as Powerful

Male as Normative

Female as EvilFemale as Giver of Life

Female as Sexual Being

Media Reflection of Myths

Representations of Boys & MenRepresentations of Girls & Women

Importance?


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His to r ical Views

The Cult of True Womanhood

Glorified Victorian image of women

Doctrine of Two Spheres

Dichotomous

The Male Gender Role Identity

Four themes

Hegemonic masculinity


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Gender Role Strain

Pleck (1981,1995)

Repressive for both males and females

Limits possibilities

Behavioral restrictions

But if men subscribe to the genderrole, why is it a strain?

Contradictory & stressfulViolating norms

Maladaptive characteristics


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Are Stereotypes Adaptive?

First impressionsCategorizing groups

Status quo

Tends to form from limitedpersonal/individual exposure

The more information we have about

someone the less stereotypes influence

Works with gender too! Behavior & personality become more important


7/21Copyright 2008 Allyn & Bacon


Development of Stereotypes

Begins at age 3

Starts with ones own sex, then

generalizes

Flexible application of stereotypes

decreases with age




Age-Related Trends

Very youngLabeling comes first

Less stereotyping than older children

Models consistency contributes to rigid

role expectations

Older childrenMore flexibility w/ greater exposure

Tendency to stereotype alwayspresent




Development & Maintenance

o f Stereotypes

Illusory correlation

Confirmation bias

AttributionsDispositional/Trait vs.Behavioral




Exerts power and control

Position of power over others

Helps to maintain status quo

Stereotyping Isnt Good For Us



HutchensCopyright Allyn & Bacon, 2008

AttitudesExplicit or Implicit

Systematic judgments combat

stereotypesRicher, across time/situations, etc.

Take time and repeated exposure

Evaluating Stereotypes




Research on Gender Role

Stereotyping

Started w/ common perceptionsFORCED CHOICE FORMATS

OPPOSITES INHERENT in responding

MeasurementTermansAttitude Interest Analysis Survey

Masculine/feminine on ONE DIMENSION

Males + and Females

Scores differentiated men from women

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI)

Mf Scale (unidimensional)

Femininity validated on 13 HOMOSEXUAL MEN

Copyright Allyn & Bacon, 2008




Research, continued

Positive vs. negative aspects of

masculinity and femininityBem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)

Personal Attributions Questionnaire (PAQ)

Racial and cultural differencesTests NOT normed on those other than

Caucasian

When compared other groups dont FIT

Racial and cultural differences E.g, Japanese and masculinity





Research, continued

Research into traitsBehavioral/personality domains:

Instrumentality vs. Expressiveness (1950s)

Agentic vs. Communal (Bakan, 1966)

Competency vs. Warmth-expressiveness (1970s)

Power/Potency vs. Niceness/Nurturance (1980s)

Instrumental vs. Expressive (Spence & Bukner, 2000)

Categorical assessments do not embrace:

Multidimensional qualities of both gendersIndividual differences within groups





So, Where Are We Now?

Measure traits of

masculinity/femininity

Not endpoints on a bipolar continuum

Androgyny

Having a mixture of both masculine and

feminine characteristics

Not universally accepted, but removes

dichotomy imposed on gender-related

behaviors, traits


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Prejudice vs. Discrimination

Stereotypes are the foundation.Prejudice

Negative evaluation of an entire group

Discrimination

Differential treatment of people in the

targeted group

Gender does not easily fit thestandard conceptualization of

prejudice


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Discussion Question

Can you think of an example

of prejudicial behavior based

on gender?


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Attitudes Toward Gender Roles

Gender IdeologiesTraditional

Egalitarian

Transitional

AffectHostile sexism

Benevolent sexism

CognitiveGender-Role Stereotyping

BehavioralSex Discrimination

Benevolent Discrimination


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Stereotype Threat (Claude Steele)

Fear of being negatively stereotyped

Influences women and ethnic

minorities to perform more poorly
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CONSIDERING DIVERSITY

Cross -Cul tural Assessments of Mascu l in i ty

& Fem inini ty

Across cultures in the United States

Across cultures around the world


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Sexism Worldwide

Glick and Fisks hostile and

benevolent sexism explain why male

dominance is so prevalent

Positive components allow for negativeviews

Ambivalent sexism holds for many

cultures around the world

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