ganpat university faculty of science teaching … · pneumoniae, clostridium tetani and plasmodium...

GANPAT UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME Programme Bachelor of Science Branch/Spec. Microbiology

Semester VI

Effective from Academic Year 2015-16

Effective for the batch Admitted in June 2015

Subject Code

Subject Name

Teaching scheme Examination scheme (Marks)

Credit Hours (per week) Theory Practical

Lecture(DT) Practical(Lab.) Lecture(DT) Practical(Lab.) CE SEE Total CE SEE Total

L TU Total P TW Total L TU Total P TW Total UMBA601RDT R-DNA

TECHNOLOGY 03 - 03 - - - 03 - 03 - - - 30 70 100 - - -

UMBA602VAM VIROLOGY AND MYCOLOGY 03 - 03 - - - 03 - 03 - - - 30 70 100 - - -

UMBA603MMB MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 03 - 03 - - - 03 - 03 - - - 30 70 100 - - -

UMBA604BPT BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY 03 - 03 - - - 03 - 03 - - - 30 70 100 - - -

ELECTIVE SUBJECT - 1 02 - 02 - - - 02 - 02 - - - 30 70 100 - - -

UENA606ENG ENGLISH-VI 02 - 02 - - - 02 - 02 - - - 30 70 100 - - - UPMA607PRA PRACTICAL

MODULE-VI - - - 06 - 06 - - - 12 - 12 - - - - 200 200

Total 16 - 16 06 - 06 16 - 16 12 - 12 180 420 600 - 200 200

GANPAT UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE Programme Bachelor of Science Branch/Spec. Microbiology

Semester VI Version 1.0.0.0

Effective from Academic Year 2015-16 Effective for the batch Admitted in July 2013

Subject code UMBA 601 RDT

Subject Name r-DNA TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY


(Per week) Lecture(DT) Practical(Lab.) Total CE SEE Total

L TU P TW

Credit 03 -- -- -- 03 Theory 30 70 100

Hours 03 -- -- -- 03 Practical -- -- --

Pre-requisites:

Students should have basic knowledge of Central dogma of life. Knowledge of Microbial Genetics is also advisable.

Learning Outcome:

The course will help the student to understand fundamentals of Recombinant DNA Technology and its applications.

Theory syllabus

Unit Content Hrs

1 FUNDAMENTALS 1.1. Milestones in genetic engineering and biotechnology. 1.2. Tools of recombinant DNA technology:

Hosts E. coli strains; Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris); Fungi (Penicillium, Aspergillus); Mammalian cell lines - names and genotypes. Enzymes: Restriction modification systems: Type I, II and III; Mode of action; Nomenclature. Application of Type II restriction enzymes in genetic engineering. DNA modifying enzymes and their applications: Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase, kinases and phosphatases, DNA ligases and DNA polymerases, reverse transcriptases, bacteriophage RNA polymerases, exonuclease III, BAL31, mung bean nuclease, S1 nuclease.

1.3. Vectors: Definition, criteria for selection of DNA vectors. Types of vectors: plasmid vector (pBR 322), phage vector (λ), cosmid, shuttle vector - YEP & Ti plasmid.

1.4. Genetic probes Oligonucleotides.

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2 2.1. Site-directed mutagenesis and Protein engineering: Primer extension is a simple method for site directed mutation.

2.2. PCR based site directed mutagenesis, Random mutagenesis. 2.3. Use of Phage display techniques to facilitate the selection of mutant peptides. 2.4. Gene shuffling, Production of chimeric protein.

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3 METHODS OF DNA, RNA AND PROTEIN ANALYSIS AND DNA TYPING 3.1. DNA sequencing: Chain termination, chemical cleavage and automated sequencing. 3.2. Agarose gel electrophoresis, Blotting techniques, dot blot and colony hybridizations.

Chromosome walking and jumping. SDS-PAGE. 3.3. DNA footprinting by DNase I, DNA microarray analysis. DNA fingerprinting by RFLP and

RAPD. Gel retardation assays. 3.4. In situ hybridization: FISH.

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4 AREAS OF APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 4.1. Agricultural biotechnology: Biofertilizers, bioinsecticides, genetically modified / transgenic

plants. 4.2. Enzyme biotechnology: Analytical, industrial and therapeutic applications. 4.3. Environmental biotechnology: Bioremediation, biofuels and bioleaching, MEOR. 4.4. Intellectual property rights and biotechnology, Ethical issues of biotechnology.

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Practical content

1. AgaroseGel electrophoresis of DNA. 2. Preparation of competent cells and transformation of plasmid DNA. 3. Immobilization of enzyme. 4. Isolation of genomic DNA from bacterial cells. 5. Isolation of plasmid DNA. 6. Polymerase Chain Reaction. 7. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography. 8. Separation of amino acids by thin layer chromatography. 9. Demonstration of separation of components of India ink by paper electrophoresis. 10. Immobilization of cells by calcium-alginate entrapment method. 11. Isolation of bacteriophage from sewage. 12. Physical and chemical analysis of urine. 13. Study of permanent slides:

a. Insect vectors: Female anopheles mosquito, head louse, yick, flea, mite. b. Microorganisms: Actinomycetes, yeast, bacteroids, acid-fast bacilli, spirochetes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium tetani and Plasmodium vivax.

14. Demonstration of recovery of crude protein / amylase from fermentation broth either by salting out (ammonium sulfate) or by using isopropyl alcohol.

15. Sterility testing of pharmaceutical product. 16. Identification of unknown medically important bacteria from mixed population using identification

keys : a) Escherichia coli b) Enterobacter aerogenes c) Proteus vulgaris d) Salmonella group : S. typhi, S. paratyphi A, S. paratyphi B e) Shigella dysenteriae f) Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Text Books

1 A text book of biotechnology - R C Dubey, S. Chand Publishers.

2 Brown TA. (2006). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis. 5th edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, U.K.

Reference Books

1 Biotechnology and genomics - P K Gupta.

2 Primrose SB and Twyman RM. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics, 7th edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, U.K.

3 Glick BR and Pasternak JJ. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology. 3rd edition. ASM Press Washington D.C.

4 Clark DP and Pazdernik NJ. (2009). Biotechnology-Applying the Genetic Revolution. Elsevier Academic Press, USA.

5 Alcamo IE. (2001). DNA Technology: The Awesome Skill. 2nd edition. Elsevier Academic Press, USA.

6 From genes to clones - Ernst winnaker.

7 Genes and cloning - T A Brown.

8 Nigam A and Ayyagari A. (2007). Lab Manual in Biochemistry, Immunology and Biotechnology. Tata McGraw Hill, India.

9 Willey JM, Sherwood LM, and Woolverton CJ. (2008) Prescott, Harley and Klein’s Microbiology. 7th edition. McGraw Hill Higher Education.

GANPAT UNIVERSITY




Subject code UMBA 602 VAM

Subject Name VIROLOGY AND MYCOLOGY



L TU P TW

Credit 03 -- -- -- 03 Theory 30 70 100

Hours 03 -- -- -- 03 Practical -- -- --

Pre-requisites:

Students should have basic knowledge of fungi and viruses of 10+2 level. Knowledge of life of prokaryotic microbes is also preferable.

Learning Outcome:

The course will help the student to learn about various types of viruses, their cultivation and classification. In addition student will also gain knowledge of structure, cultivation classification, replication and importance of fungi.

Theory syllabus

Unit Content Hrs

1 VIRUSES: GENERAL 1.1. General characteristics and structural organization of virus. 1.2. Cultivation of viruses:

A. Animal cultivation. B. Cultivation in embryonated eggs. C. In vitro culture: Cell Lines, primary and secondary cell lines, continuous cell lines, cytopathic effects. D. Cultivation of bacteriophages.

1.3. Enumeration (assay) of viruses: Methods of enumeration of viruses i. Plaque assay. ii. Fluorescent focus assay. iii. Infectious center assay. iv. Transformation assay v. Endpoint dilution assay.

1.4. Classification of viruses: PCNV, ICNV and Cryptogram system of viral classification. Sub-viral entities: Viroids, virusoids, prions, introduction to persistent, latent and slow viruses, oncogenic viruses.

11

2 BACTERIAL / PLANT / ANIMAL VIRUSES 2.1. Bacteriophage lytic cycle (T4):

A. One step growth curve experiment, burst size. B. Phage adsorption and penetration, intracellular development, early and late events,

replication of phage chromosome, phage morphogenesis and release. C. Host induced modifications. D. Introduction to single stranded DNA and RNA phages: φX174 and MS2.

2.2. Bacteriophage lysogenic cycle (lambda phage): Mechanism of establishment of lysogeny, induction of lysogeny, phage-conversion, replication of lambda phage.

2.3. Plant Viruses: Introduction and replication of plant viruses (TMV). 2.4. Animal viruses: Introduction and replication (adsorption, penetration, uncoating,

replication, synthesis, assembly, and release) of animal viruses in general (HIV) and Influenza Virus.

11

3 FUNGI: GENERAL 3.1. General characters: Somatic structure, ultra-structure of fungal cell, hyphal Modification. 3.2. Cultivation of fungi:

A. Principles of fungal nutrition. B. Cultivation media and methods, slide culture technique, prevention of bacterial contamination. C. Preservation of fungi.

3.3. Importance of fungi: A. Primary and secondary metabolites of fungi and its importance. B. Diseases caused by fungi in plants and animals.

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4 FUNGI: REPRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION 4.1. Reproduction in fungi: Asexual and sexual methods of reproduction, parasexuality among

fungi, fruiting bodies in fungi. 4.2. Fungal classification: Criteria used for classification, recent classification system, criteria

used for classification, recent classification system. 4.3. Brief outline of different classes of fungi: (Structure, habitat, reproduction/life cycle and

economic importance in general). A. Phycomycetes (Phycomycotina). B. Ascomycetes (Ascomycotina). C. Basidiomycetes (Basiomycotina). D. Deutromycetes (Duteromycotina).

4.4. Slime molds.

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Text Books

1 Biswas S B, Biswas A, An Introduction to Viruses, Latest ed., Vani Educational Books, New Delhi.

2 Dube H C, An Introduction to Fungi, 2nd edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd.

Reference Books

1 Atlas R M, Principles of Microbiology. Latest edn., Wm. C. Brown Pub., Iowa, USA.

2 Prescott L, Harley J P, and Klein D A, Microbiology, Latest edn. McGraw Hill, Dubuque, IA.

3 Flint, Enquist, Racanillo and Skalka, “Principles of virology”, 2nd edn. ASM press.

4 Edward Wagner and Martinez Hewlett, (2005) “Basic Virology”, 2nd edition, Blackwell Publishing.

5 Teri Shors, (2009), “Understanding viruses”, Jones and Bartlett publishers.

6 Sharma O P, Textbook of Fungi, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.

7 Alexopoulos C J, Mims C W, Blackwell M, (1996), Introductory Mycology, 4th ed., Blackwell Publishing.

GANPAT UNIVERSITY




Subject code UMBA 603 MMB

Subject Name MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY



L TU P TW

Credit 03 -- -- -- 03 Theory 30 70 100

Hours 03 -- -- -- 03 Practical -- -- --

Pre-requisites:

Students should have basic knowledge of systems in human body and basic knowledge of Immunology.

Learning Outcome:

The course will help the student to understand about normal flora in human body. In addition, students will also gain knowledge of various diseases in humans.

Theory syllabus

Unit Content Hrs

1 HOST PARASITE RELATIONSHIP 1.1. Normal flora of skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and other body regions. 1.2. Entry of pathogen into the host, Colonization and growth. 1.3. Toxins – Endotoxins and Exotoxins. 1.4. Nonspecific host defences – general, physical, chemical and biological barriers.

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2 EPIDEMIOLOGY 2.1. Definition, Types of diseases - pandemic, epidemic, endemic and sporadic, epizootics and

zoonoses. 2.2. Morbidity rate, Mortality rate, types of carriers, types of transmission – airborne, contact,

vector- borne. 2.3. Control of Epidemics: Techniques used to study epidemiology, Epidemiological markers,

Disease cycle, Nosocomial infections: sources, transmission and their control. 2.4. Recognition of Epidemic, antigenic shift and drift, Herd Immunity.

11

3 MEDICALLY IMPORTANT MICROORGANISMS 3.1. Diseases of Skin and Eyes, Chicken pox and Herpes.

Diseases of Nervous System, Rabies and Creutzfeldt -Jakob disease. 3.2. Diseases of Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System, Malaria and Dengue fever.

Diseases of Respiratory System, Influenza and Common cold. 3.3. Diseases of Digestive System, Hepatitis and Amoebic dysentery. 3.4. Diseases of Urinary and Reproductive System, Genital Herpes and Candidiasis.

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4 PROPHYLAXIS 4.1. Definition – Immunization, vaccine, adjuvant, serum, antiserum, anamnesis, toxoids. 4.2. Types of vaccines –whole organism vaccines, Inactivated, Purified macromolecules as

vaccines, Recombinant vector vaccines. 4.3. DNA vaccines, Multivalent subunit vaccines. 4.4. Antimicrobial prophylactic therapies – malaria prophylaxis, prophylactic use of

immunoglobulins.

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Text Books

1 Prescott L, Harley J P, and Klein D A, (2008), Microbiology, 7th edn. Wm C. Brown - McGraw Hill, Dubuque, IA.

2 Tortora G J, Funke B R, Case C L, (2008), Microbiology: An Introduction, 8th edn, Benjamin Cummings.

Reference Books

1 Baker F J, Silverton R E, Pallister C J, Baker and Silverton’s Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology, Latest edn, Butterworths- Heinemann, Oxford, UK.

GANPAT UNIVERSITY




Subject code UMBA 604 BPT

Subject Name BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY



L TU P TW

Credit 03 -- -- -- 03 Theory 30 70 100

Hours 03 -- -- -- 03 Practical -- -- --

Pre-requisites:

Students should have basic knowledge of Fermentation process and basic instrumentation techniques used in fermentation.

Learning Outcome:

The course will help the student to understand the downstream processes and the procedures thereafter. In addition, it also provides knowledge regarding intellectual property rights and patents too.

Theory syllabus

Unit Content Hrs

1 DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING 1.1. Fermentation Product Recovery:

a. Criteria for choice of recovery process. b. Biomass separation from fermentation media.

i. Precipitation. ii. Filtration, filter aids, plate frame and rotary vacuum filters. iii. Centrifugation - Cell aggregation and flocculation.

c. Cell Disruption for intracellular products. d. Solvent extraction and recovery. e. Chromatography - Ion exchange. f. Membrane processes. g. Drying. h. Crystallization. i. Whole broth processing

1.2. Industrial Effluent Treatment. 1.3. Fermentation Economics - Isolation, strain improvement, market potential, equipment,

media, air sterilization, temperature control, aeration and agitation, recovery, water recycling, effluent treatment.

1.4. Preservation of industrially important organism: Principle, methods and quality control.

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2 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND BIOINSTRUMENTATION 2.1. Quality Assurance:

a. Definitions---GMP, QA, QC b. QC of raw materials, in-process items, finished products, packaging materials, labels. c. Sterility assurance and testing d. Microbiological Assays.

2.2. Bioinstrumentation – Principles, working and applications of: a. Spectroscopic techniques. b. Spectrophotometry (U.V., Visible, I. R). c. Fluorimetry. d. Flame photometry.

2.3. Chromatographic techniques. 2.4. Radioisotopes and autoradiography.

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3 ADVANCES IN BIOPROCESSES 3.1. Biosensors: Principles and definition, characteristics of Ideal biosensors. 3.2. Immobilization: Basic concept of immobilization in biotechnology, Principles and mechanism

of Immobilization, Methods of Immobilization. 3.3. Bioreactor for Immobilization: Bioreactor and their Types. 3.4. Synthesis of Nanomaterials by Biological methods and Applications in biotechnology and

medical field.

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4 BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS AND REGULATORY PRACTICES 4.1. Enzyme Technology:

a. Enzyme Immobilization methods. b. Applications in therapeutic uses, Analytical uses and Industrial uses.

4.2. Commercial Products from Recombinant Microorganisms - Indigo, Melanin, Biopolymer, Polyhydroxyalkanoate, Rubber, Recombinant proteins of high value.

4.3. Intellectual Property Rights a. Introduction to IPR – What is intellectual property? Genesis of IPR. b. Types of intellectual property.

i. Patents. ii. Copyright. iii. Trademark. iv. Trade secret. v. Plant varieties protection act.

c. Patents: i. Patent system terminologies. ii. Categories of patents. iii. Preparation of patent.

4.4. Uses of patent system.

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Text Books

1 Stanbury P. F., Whitaker A. & HaII--S. J., 1997, "Principles of Fermentation Technology", 2nd Edition, Aditya Books Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.

2 Peppler, H. J. and Perlman, D.(1979), "Microbial Technology’’. Vol 1 & 2, Academic Press.

Reference Books

1 H. A. Modi, 2009. ‘’Fermentation Technology’’ Vols 1 & 2, Pointer Publications, India.

2 InduShekar Thakur 2006 ‘’Industrial Biotechnology’’ Problems and Remedies, I K International Pvt Ltd.

3 El-Mansi E M T, Bryce C F A, Dahhou B, Sanchez S, Demain A L, Allman A R (eds), (2011), Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3rd edn, CRC Press; Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton.

4 Waites, M J and Morgam N L, (2002), Industrial Microbiology: An Introduction, Blackwell Science.

5 R. C. Dubey, 2005 A Textbook of ‘’Biotechnology’’ S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.

6 Casida L. E., "Industrial Microbiology” 2009 Reprint, New Age International (P) Ltd, Publishers, New Delhi.

7 Glick B.R. & Pasternak J. J., 2003, "Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA", 3rd Edition, ASM Press, Washington, USA.

8 Crueger W and Crueger A, (2000), Biotechnology: A Text Book of Industrial Microbiology, 2nd edn, Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, India.

9 OkaforNkuda 2007 ‘’Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology’’, Science Publications Enfield, NH, USA.

10 Ratledge& B. Kristinsen 2nd edn 2006. ‘’Basic Biotechnology’’. Cambridge University Press.

11 S. K. Kulkarni, Nanotechnology: Principles and Practices, Capital Publishing Co.

12 U. Satyanarayana 2005. ‘’Biotechnology’’. Books and Allied (P) Ltd 3. Agrawal A. K. and P. Parihar 2005. ‘’Industrial Microbiology’’- Fundamentals and Application AGRIBIOS (India).

GANPAT UNIVERSITY




Subject code USEA 605 BBR

Subject Name BIOSTATISTICS IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES



L TU P TW

Credit 02 -- -- -- 02 Theory 30 70 100

Hours 02 -- -- -- 02 Practical -- -- --

Pre-requisites:

Students should have basic knowledge regarding statistics of 10+2 level.

Learning Outcome:

The course will help the student to understand Application of statistics in biological sciences and research.

Theory syllabus

Unit Content Hrs

1 History, Scope, Organization of Statistical Data in Biological research. Definition of research, characteristic and type of research. Collection and organization of research data.

15

2 Statistical study in biological science: Mean, Mode, Median, Standard deviation, Correlation and chi square test. Significance and importance of statistics in biological science.

15

Text Books

1 Biostatistics, Veerbala Rastogi.

Reference Books

1 Research Methodology, C. R. Kothari.

2 Biostatistics analysis, Forrth Jerrold H zar,

GANPAT UNIVERSITY




Subject code USEA 605 DVB

Subject Name DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY



L TU P TW

Credit 02 -- -- -- 02 Theory 30 70 100

Hours 02 -- -- -- 02 Practical -- -- --

Pre-requisites:

Students should have basic knowledge of cell biology and developmental biology up to 10+2 level.

Learning Outcome:

The course will help the student to understand concept of cell differentiation, gametogenesis and development of embryo in animal.

Theory syllabus

Unit Content Hrs

1 Basic concept of cell potency, speciation, differentiation of cell. Morphology and organization in plants: root, shoot, leaf, flower. Gametogenesis, fertilization and development of plant.

15

2 Gametogenesis, fertilization and development of animal. Embryo development of animal.

15

Text Books

1 Ecology Botany, V. Varma.

Reference Books

1 Morphogenesis: The Cellular and Molecular Processes of Developmental Anatomy, Jonathan Bard.

2 Animal Physiology, Schmidt.

3 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 14th Edition, G.J. Tortora and Bryan Derrickson.

GANPAT UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE Programme BACHELOR OF SCIENCE Branch/Spec

. MICROBIOLOGY



Subject code UENA 606 ENG Subject Name ENGLISH - VI



L TU P TW

Credit 02 -- -- -- 02 Theory 30 70 100

Hours 02 -- -- -- 02 Practical -- -- --

Pre-requisites:

Students should have advance knowledge of English Language and grammar.

Students should have ability to speak and write correct sentences in their day to day language.

Students should be familiar with correct usage of language.

Learning Outcome:

Development of reading and writing skills.

Writing for newspapers.

Development of electronic communication skills.

Acquaintance with Target Language Vocabulary and writing practices.

Theory syllabus

Unit Content Hrs

1 Les Miserables by Victor Hugo 8

2 Les Miserables by Victor Hugo 7

3 Writing For Newspapers Drafting News Article Press Release for College Event, University Event, Educational News

8

4 Electronic Communication Participating in Telephonic Communication, Making Notes of phone calls received on behalf of others, Communicating through email, Voice Mail

7

Practical content

Text Books

1 Les Miserables by Victor Hugo

Reference Books

1 Business Communication by Anjali Karkar and Others, Orient Black Swan Publication

2 Business Communication by Urmila Rai and S.M.Rai

3 Business Communication by Rodha Doctor and Aspi Doctor

GANPAT UNIVERSITY




Subject code UPMA 607 PRA

Subject Name PRACTICAL MODULE - VI



L TU P TW

Credit -- -- 06 -- 06 Theory -- -- --

Hours -- -- 12 -- 12 Practical -- 200 200

Pre-requisites:

Students should have basic knowledge of basic microbiological procedures and about biomolecules.

Learning Outcome:

The course will help the student to understand applications molecular biology techniques, enzymological assays, separation techniques of biomolecules and knowledge of important bacterial spps.

Practical content

17. AgaroseGel electrophoresis of DNA. 18. Preparation of competent cells and transformation of plasmid DNA. 19. Immobilization of enzyme. 20. Isolation of genomic DNA from bacterial cells. 21. Isolation of plasmid DNA. 22. Polymerase Chain Reaction. 23. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography. 24. Separation of amino acids by thin layer chromatography. 25. Demonstration of separation of components of India ink by paper electrophoresis. 26. Immobilization of cells by calcium-alginate entrapment method. 27. Isolation of bacteriophage from sewage. 28. Physical and chemical analysis of urine. 29. Study of permanent slides:

a. Insect vectors: Female anopheles mosquito, head louse, yick, flea, mite. b. Microorganisms: Actinomycetes, yeast, bacteroids, acid-fast bacilli, spirochetes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium tetani and Plasmodium vivax.

30. Demonstration of recovery of crude protein / amylase from fermentation broth either by salting out (ammonium sulfate) or by using isopropyl alcohol.

31. Sterility testing of pharmaceutical product. 32. Identification of unknown medically important bacteria from mixed population using identification

keys : a) Escherichia coli b) Enterobacter aerogenes c) Proteus vulgaris d) Salmonella group : S. typhi, S. paratyphi A, S. paratyphi B e) Shigella dysenteriae f) Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Text Books

1 A text book of biotechnology - R C Dubey, S. Chand Publishers.

2 Brown TA. (2006). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis. 5th edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, U.K.

Reference Books

1 Biotechnology and genomics - P K Gupta.

2 Primrose SB and Twyman RM. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics, 7th edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, U.K.

3 Glick BR and Pasternak JJ. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology. 3rd edition. ASM Press Washington D.C.

4 Clark DP and Pazdernik NJ. (2009). Biotechnology-Applying the Genetic Revolution. Elsevier Academic Press, USA.

5 Alcamo IE. (2001). DNA Technology: The Awesome Skill. 2nd edition. Elsevier Academic Press, USA.

6 From genes to clones - Ernst winnaker.

7 Genes and cloning - T A Brown.

8 Nigam A and Ayyagari A. (2007). Lab Manual in Biochemistry, Immunology and Biotechnology. Tata McGraw Hill, India.

9 Willey JM, Sherwood LM, and Woolverton CJ. (2008) Prescott, Harley and Klein’s Microbiology. 7th edition. McGraw Hill Higher Education.

ganpat university faculty of science teaching … · pneumoniae, clostridium tetani and plasmodium...

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