FYPProject Proposal

FCSIT, UNIMAS

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Project Proposalan organized written presentation of a proposed activity/ies aimed at achieving a defined goal and objectives

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Types of Project Proposals

Researchan inquiry or investigation directed at acquiring new or additional

knowledge/information about a certain topic.

Developmentsystematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from

research and/or practical experience directed towards producing- System/Software development- new materials, product or device,- installing new processes, systems and services

• innovative work that aims to confirm and demonstrate the feasibility of using a technology, modality or approach, introduction of improved technologies

Why need a proposal ?

• Project proposal is a very important instrument for you to do the project and to guide the researchers during project implementation

• Research reliability and validility

• You need to convince your reader that you have an excitingresearch idea, and that you have a good review of therelevant literature, the major issues involve d, and the appropriate methodologies

• To enable the proponent to thoroughly analyze andunderstand the research problem and determine thefeasibility of the proposed activity.

Proposal

Proposal Must Contains (Limit To 8 Pages)

Project Title

Introduction/Background

Problem Statement/Research Problem

Scope

Objectives

Brief Methodology

Significance Of Project

Project Schedule

Expected Outcome

• It should be concise and descriptive.• Consideration:

•Is there are recognized need for the research in the area?•Is the research achievable within allocated time?•Does the topic match the student’s capabilitiesand interest?•Are project facilities and/or data available to the student to undertake all necessary research in the topic area?

Project/ResearchTitle

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Tips on coming up with a good research title

• List the most important factors to be studied, aswell as methodology/treatments to be used

Categorize the words that can be grouped (e.g. bipartite matching, traveling salesman, quick sort and binary search can be grouped as algorithms)

Compose the words to form a clear, eye-catchingtitle

Review for grammar and improve some of the wordswithout changing its meaning/message

INTRODUCTION

◦ In an introduction, the writer should

create reader interest in the topic,

lay the broad foundation for the problem that leads to

the study,

place the study within the larger context of the scholarly

literature, and

reach out to a specificaudience.

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Introduction: four-element organization

1. A general statement introducing the broad research area of the particular topic being investigated.

2. An explanation of the specific problem (difficulty,obstacle, challenge) to be solved.

3. A brief review of existing or standard solutions to this problem and their limitations.

4. An outline of the proposed new solution.

Parts of a Research Proposal

Questions to address (in INTRO) How to address them

What is the problem? Describe the problem investigated.•Summarize relevant research to provide context, key terms, and concepts so your reader can understand the experiment.

Why is it important? Review relevant research to provide rationale. (What conflict or unanswered question, untested population, untried method in existing research does your experiment address? What findings of others are you challenging or extending?)

What solution (or step toward a solution) do you propose?

Briefly describe your experiment: hypothesis(es), research question(s); general experimental design or method; justification of method if

Problem Statement

The background of the problem.

It should set the stage or provide the

context of the research problem.

It should provide both the historical

background and the contemporary

scene, encompassing all the key players

and their major publications.

Objectives

• must also state clearly and completely the

specific objectives of your project -- in

some detail

State what you expect to accomplish

The words survey, examine, quantify, and investigate tell what the researcher intends to do

The words evaluate, compare, characterize, determine, or recommend tell what the researcher will do with the data to come up with conclusions and recommendations

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Objectives

• state the specific purposes to address the problemareas of the project

• should be clear as to what the proposal intends to achieve

• must be attainable within the timeframe andresources required.

Formulating the Objectives

Statements of the goals of the studySet the limit by which the problem will be studiedShould be attainable under reasonable conditionsSimple, specific, narrow enough to permit definite

answers

The OBJECTIVES of a research project summaries what is to be achieved by the study.

Objectives should be closely related to the statement of theproblem.

The general objective of a study states what researchersexpect to achieve by the study in general terms.

It is possible (and advisable) to break down a general objective into smaller, logically connected parts. These are normally referred to as specific objectives.

Specific objectives should systematically address the variousaspects of the problem as defined under ‘Statement of theProblem’ and the key factors that are assumed to influence or cause the problem. They should specify what you will do in your study, where and for what purpose.

Research Questions

Questions are relevant to normative or census type

research (How many of them are there? Is there a

relationship between them?).

They are most often used in qualitative inquiry,

although their use in quantitative inquiry is

becoming more prominent.

A research question poses a relationship between

two or more variables but phrases the relationship

as a question;

Examples of research questions

What is the impact of a study skills

program on student achievement?

What is the effect of teaching

keyboarding skills to sixth grade students

on word processing skills and quality of

writing?

· How does an elimination of number and

letter grades throughout the year (with

the exception of quarter and semester

grades

METHODOLODY

•"Procedure" should emphasize how your

research will allow you to complete your

project successfully.

•Or emphasize how the particular

interactions between science, technology,

and society will be analyzed.

Procedure/Methodology

Procedure/MethodologyThe procedure or the methodology is theheart of the proposal because it must tellthe reader how you propose to carry outyour project.

It must convince your advisor (or in industry your manager or potential client) that you clearly understand your task,

have a logical time plan for solving your problems,

and have identified all the resources you need.

Describes the design of the proposed study.

Describes your population and samplingprocedure and benhmarking.

Describes the measuring instrument to be used.

Describes the procedure and the time frameof data collection.

Describes how you will analyze the data.

Content of Research Methodology

You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is most appropriate for your research question.

You also need to explain why you choose a particular sample of subjects.

Content of Research

Methodology

What are the tasks and sub-tasks identified to achieve your objectives ?

What materials will you need to carry out your project: equipment? computer support? typing? graphics? o thers?

What data are needed for the project and how will the y be collected? If the project requires a survey or interviews, the design of this instrument (especially the selection of participants) must be explained and justified.

Benhmarking

Some of the other questions the

reader will expect you to answer

in this section are

What method or process will be used to analyze this data and where else (if anywhere) has this method or process been used?

What time frame do you think you will need to accomplish identified tasks or subtasks? Should schedules be presented in standard forms like Gantt or Task Charts?

If you are working on a team, which teammates will accomplish which sections?

Some of the other questions the

reader will expect you to

answer in this section are

Scope

Boundary of your project.Don’t be too ambitious – entering research with

hope of achieving something dramatic significance

Identify easily achieved outcome… then moveon to more challenging goals

Significant of the project

Why the project is worth doing

Why your project is a good topic for

fulfilling the objectives of the degree

requirement.

Significance of the Study

Indicate how your research will refine, revise, or extend existing knowledge in the area under investigation. Note that such refinements, revisions, or extensions mayhave either substantive, theoretical, or methodological significance.Think pragmatically (i.e., cash value).This can be a difficult section to write.Think about implications—how results of the study may affect scholarly research, theory, practice, educational interventions, curricula, counseling,policy.

Contd…When thinking about the significance of your study, ask yourself the

following questions.

• What will results mean to the theoretical framework that framed the study?

• What suggestions for subsequent research arise from the findings?

• What will the results mean to the practicing educator?

• Will results influence programs, methods, and/orinterventions?

• Will results contribute to the solution of educationalproblems?

• Will results influence educational policy decisions?

• What will be improved or changed as a result of the proposed research?

• How will results of the study be implemented, and whatinnovations will come about?

Project schedule

Do a planning until FYP2, the completed of the

project (2 semester).

Use Gantt Chart to represent your

timeline activities.

Expected outcome

Normally the output will be a system or a

prototype.

Literature Review/Background

Study

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An organized and synthesized presentation of previous works - answers the question “what has been done relative to the problem at hand?”

Shows the state of knowledge about a subject matter -indicates the finding on which the proposal is building on

Ensures that there will be no duplication of work,and all the researchable areas will be covered

Indicate related researches/activities which have been conducted for the last 5-10 years.

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The state of the art of current technology/information from which the project proposal will take off should likewise be discussed.

The results of the prior art search conducted during the capsule stage of the proposal should be included in this section (include any related technology which is protected by any of the intellectual property rights scheme e.g. patent, trademark, copyright, etc).

● Which Literature to Review?

- Books and reviews but use them with caution - data may notbe original

- Technical journal- Internet

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Organizing the Review

• Make an outline of the topics to be presented• Classify the pertinent abstract of the reviewed literature into

topics; interrelate or group similar findings;• Compare or contrast findings where appropriate

• Use the review of literature to clarify, augment, support or contradict the idea

• Present one idea per paragraph• Do not include a literature not relevant to the problem

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Organizing the Review

- Provide smooth transitions by using such words as “on theother hand”, “nevertheless”, “in addition”, “in contrast”, etc.

- Avoid so many reviewed articles on the same subject

- Limit and avoid complementary papers by the same author

- Cite results but not tabulated data

- State research findings in your own words

- Citing word for word requires enclosing them in quotation marks

- Acknowledge sources of sentences or sections lifted from text or articles, and other vividly striking expressions

METHODOLOGY

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Methodology – this consist of the following:

Conceptual or Analytical Framework Research design/Experimental layout Sample size & sampling procedure/# of

replications List of data to be collected & method of

collection Methods of data analysis

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Methodology

• The methodology should be geared towards providing answers to the research objectives

• The measurable outputs that the project will produce and their set of indicators and expected values should be included

• The methodology should also show the appropriate, sound treatments, experimental layout, and appropriate statistical analysis

• There should be a discussion on how the data required based on the set of indicators will be obtained, by whom, what sources, how frequent the data collection and how the collected data will be processed and reported.

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Sampling procedure

Sampling is done in most researches for economy of time, money and effort

Sampling is a selection of a part of a populationin such a way that the sample is representativeof the population

Depending on the degree of homogeneity or heterogeneity of the population, the degree of accuracy required, and the objectives, the sample size is determined

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Methods of data collection/Benhmarking

What information will be collected?

How does the researcher propose to gather the data –

from secondary or primary sources?

If data will come from primary sources, how will they be collected – through personal interviews or mailed questionnaires, laboratory or experimental observation or field survey?

Processing of the research proposal will be facilitated if a questionnaire is appended to it. Otherwise, a list of needed information has to be incorporated in the procedure.

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Project Duration:

• Presenting the timetable of planned activities (work plan) typically involves the use of a Gantt chart to illustrate activity duration.

• Enumerate in chronological order the activities to be undertaken. The activities should answer the expected outputs. The expected outputs on the other hand should be anchored on the proposed objectives.

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Literature Cited - list alphabetically all materials used, quoted, rates, or referred to. Use standard system for citation.

Books

Author(s)/Editor(s)/Corporate Author(s). Year of Publication. Title of publication. Place of publication: Publisher, year. Pagination.

Hnannesy J and Patterson D. 1996. Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach. San Francisco, California: Morgan Kauffman Publishers, Inc., 1996. 521-522pp.

Technical Journal:

Author(s). Year of Publication. Title of article. Name of Journal, Vol and Issue No. Pagination.

Tabada, LI and Tagle, PU. 2009. Reliability Analysis of Fault Tolerant Buffered Switch. Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Engineering and Applications. 319-325pp.

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Internet

Author(s)/Editor(s)/Corporate Author(s). Year of Publication.Title of publication. Available at: <URL>. Access Date:

<date>.

International Engineering Consortium. 2007. Internet Model for Control of Converged Networks. Available at:

http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/emerg-multi/topic01.html. Access Date: March 7,2008.

Abstract

Find out maximum length (may vary from

50 to 300+ words).

Process: Extract key points from each

section. Condense in successive

revisions.

What to avoid:

Do not include references to figures,tables,

or sources.

Do not include information not inreport.

Question to

address in

ABSTRACTHow to address it:

What is the report about, in miniature and without specific details?

•State main objectives.(What did you investigate?Why?)•Describe methods. (What did you do?)•Summarize the most important results. (What did you find out?)•State major conclusions and significance. (What do your results mean? So what?)

Questions to address: How to address them:

How did you study theproblem?

Briefly explain the general type ofscientific procedure you used

What did you use? (May be subheaded as Materials)

Describe what materials, subjects, and equipment (chemicals, experimental animals, apparatus, etc.) you used.(These may be subheaded Animals, Reagents, etc.)

How did you proceed? (May be subheaded as Methods or Procedures)

Explain the steps you took in your experiment.(These may be subheaded by experiment, types of assay, etc.)

Additional Tips:Methodology

Provide enough detail for replication.For

a journal article, include, for example, genus,

species, strain of organisms; their source,living

conditions, and care; and sources

(manufacturer, location) of chemicals and

apparatus.

Order procedures chronologically or by type

of procedure (subheaded) and chronologically

within type.

Additional Tips:Methodology

Use past tense to describe what you did.

Quantify when possible: concentrations,

measurements, amounts (all metric); times

(24-hour clock); temperatures (centigrade)