fusion: creating a star on earth - general...
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Fusion: Creating a Star on Earth
Produced by General Atomics
in Conjunction withSchools in the San Diego area
Fusion: Creating a Star on EarthFusion: Creating a Star on Earth
Produced by Produced by General AtomicsGeneral Atomics
in Conjunction within Conjunction withSchools in the San Diego areaSchools in the San Diego area
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Why is Fusion Important?Why is Fusion Important?Why is Fusion Important?
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Alternative Energy SourcesAlternative Energy Sources
• Hydroelectric Power
• Wind
• Geothermal
• Solar
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Fossil Fuel Energy Sources -Fossil Fuel Energy Sources -Advantages and DisadvantagesAdvantages and Disadvantages
Advantages Advantages Disadvantages Disadvantages
CoalCoal • Abundant • Burns dirty• Causes acid rain
and air pollution
OilOil • Flexible fuel source • Finite supply with many derivitives • Causes air pollution
• Transportable
Natural GasNatural Gas • Burns cleanly • Finite supply• Transportable • Dangerous to handle
Energy Source Energy Source Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages and Disadvantages
Energy Sources Advantages DisadvantagesEnergy Sources Advantages Disadvantages
FissionFission • Clean, no CO2 • Waste disposal is difficult(Nuclear Power) • Does not produce • Safety concerns immediate pollution
HydroelectricHydroelectric • Clean, no CO2 • Dam construction destroys habitats
• Geographically limited
WindWind • Clean, no CO2 • Huge numbers of windmills required for
adequate power generation • Geographically limited
GeothermalGeothermal • Clean, no CO2 • Geographically limited
SolarSolar • Clean, no CO2 • Huge number of solar cells required for
adequate power generation • Geographically limited
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World Fossil ReservesWorld Fossil Reserves
Amount of Fossil Fuels
Hundredsof
Years
Millionsof
Years
1900 2200
Fusion EnergyFusion EnergyThe fossil fuel era is almost over. If we continue to burn fossil fuels for energy, they will last only another few hundred years. At our present rate of use,experts predict a shortfall in less than fifty years.
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400
300
200
100
01900
Now2000 2100 2200 2300
Shortfall beginsYear (A.D.)
World energyconsumption
Shortfall must besupplied byalternative sources
Energy available(fossil, hydro,non-breeder fission)
Assumes world populationstablizes at 10 billion,consuming at 2/3 U.S. 1985 rate
Energy consumption(billion barrels ofoil equiv. per year)
Fossil Fuel is Environmentally CostlyFossil Fuel is Environmentally Costly1000 MW electric plant1000 MW electric plant
• It provides electricity for 1 million U.S. people (1.4 kW/person)
• We need at least 3 plants this size for San Diego
• We need at least 30 for California
• A coal plant this size consumes 8,600 tons of coal per day.
• This produces 32,000 tons of CO2 per day
• This is 64 pounds of CO2 for every American per day
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n+U fission fragments + neutrons + energy
In a typical fission process used as a sourceof energy, a neutron strikes a uranium nucleus causingit to split into fragments. As in the fusion process, there is a difference in mass that is released as energy
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Neutrons
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FissionFission
Large Atom
Atom
Atom
ENERGY+
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FusionFusion
Atom
Atom Large Atom
ENERGY+
Fusion vs. FissionFusion vs. FissionAdvantages and Disadvantages Advantages and Disadvantages
Energy Sources Advantages DisadvantagesEnergy Sources Advantages Disadvantages
FissionFission • Clean, no CO2 • Waste disposal is difficult(Nuclear Power) • Does not produce • Safety concerns immediate pollution
FusionFusion • Inexhaustible supply of • Huge research and water-the fuel of fusion development costs
• Fuel is accessible • Reactor vessel core worldwide becomes radioactive• Clean• Fusion reactors are inherently safe, they cannot explode or overheat
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Comparison of Comparison of Long-Term Energy SourcesLong-Term Energy Sources
Resources Environment Safety CostResources Environment Safety Cost
CoalCoal
Today’sToday’sFissionFission
AdvancedAdvancedFissionFission
SolarSolar
FusionFusion
Large
Small
Large
Infinite
Infinite
Very Dirty
WasteConcerns
WasteConcerns
VeryClean
Clean
Good
ActiveControl
Passive
Excellent
Inherent
Moderate
Moderate
Moderateto High
High
?
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So Why Aren’t FusionSo Why Aren’t FusionPower Plants Here Now?Power Plants Here Now?
p
np
p p
n
n n
n
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e
e
e e
2 orbitals with2 electrons each
4 Protons5 Neutrons4 Electrons
Protons = Atomic Number
Protons + Neutrons = Atomic Mass
Be
4
Beryllium
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Fusion EnergyFusion Energy
Plasma is sometimes referred to as the fourth state of matter
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–
–
–+
++
+–
ColdSolid:Ice
WarmLiquid: Water
HotGas: Steam
HotterPlasma
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Plasma Makes up The Sun & Stars
Plasma Makes up The Sun & Stars
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Normal AtomsNormal Atoms
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Like Charges RepelLike Charges Repel
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HydrogenHydrogen
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Hydrogen = 1H1 Deuterium = 1H2 Tritium = 1H3
1H11H2 1H3
1H1 + 1H1 1H2 + 1e0
1H2 + 1H1 2He3 + (gamma)
2He3 + 2He3 2He4 + 1H1 + 1H1
radiation
Thermonuclear Reactions in the SunThermonuclear Reactions in the Sun
In the first reaction, 2 protons combineto form deuterium and a positron. One of the protons is converted into a neutron and a positon proton neutron positron
In the 2nd reaction a proton + deuterium unite to form the light isotope of helium, 2He3
The first two reactions mustoccur twice for the 3rd reaction to occur
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Summary of Solar Fusion ReactionsSummary of Solar Fusion Reactions
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P P
P
2He3
D
2He3
D
2He3
+
+
+
+ e+ + Energy
+ gamma radiation + Energy
+ P + P + Energy 2He4
But the Potential Payoff is EnormousBut the Potential Payoff is Enormous
• The fraction of mass “lost” is just 38 parts out of 10,000
• Nevertheless, the fusion energy released from just 1 gram of DT equals the energy from about 2400 gallons of oil
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D T E=mc2
n He
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E = mcE = mc22
Einstein’s equation that equates energy and mass
E = Energym = Massc = Speed of Light (3 x 108 m/sec)
Example:If a 1 gram raisin was converted completely into energy
E = 1 gram x c2
= (10-3 kg) ( 3 x 108 m/sec)2
= 9 x 1013 joules
This would be equivalent to 10,000 tons of TNT!
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
- 0.002
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
Ext
ra m
ass
per
nu
cleo
n
Hydrogen
Deuterium
Tritium
Lithium
Uranium
Atomic mass number
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Energy Release E = mcEnergy Release E = mc22
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FusionFusion
Energy Input
We give kinetic energy(temperature) tohydrogen
Energy Output
We get back 2000times more energythan we put in
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COAL
OIL
FISSION
FUSION
~2,000,000 TONNES(21,010 RAILCAR LOADS)
~1,300,000 TONNES(10,000,000 BARRELS)
~30 TONNES UO2(ONE RAILCAR LOAD)
~0.6 TONNES D(ONE PICKUP TRUCK)
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50 Cups Sea Water
Thimble of 2H (D)Deuterium
2 Tons of Coal
20 Tons of Coal
or
Abundant Energy From Sea WaterAbundant Energy From Sea Water
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Reduced Waste ProductsReduced Waste Products
PowerPowerSourceSource
Coal
Fission
Fusion:
Today’s Materials
Advanced Materials
Total WasteTotal Waste(cubic meters)
10,000 (ashes)
440
2000
2000
High-LevelHigh-LevelRAD WasteRAD Waste
0
120
30
0
1000 MW(e) Power Plant - 30 year Lifetime
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Heat Exchanger
Coolant
Steam Turbine ElectricalGenerator
Neutron
HeatExchangeMaterial
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Reaction Ignition Temperature Output EnergyReaction Ignition Temperature Output Energy
Fuel Product (millions of °C) (keV) (keV)
17,600
18,300
~4,000
~4,000
P P P
P
PP
P
P
P
P
PP
PPn n
n n
n
n
n
nn n
n
nn
nn n n
D + T
D + 3He
D + D
4He + n
4He + p
3He + n
T + p
45 4
350 30
400 35
400 35
PP
Deuteron
Fusion Reaction
TritonHeliumNucleus
EnergeticNeutron
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Fusion Represents an Inexhaustible Fusion Represents an Inexhaustible Energy Supply for MankindEnergy Supply for Mankind
• Fusion fuels deuterium (D) and tritium (T) are hydrogen isotopes
• 3/4 oz. of heavy water has the same energy content as 13,000 gallons of oil for D-D reaction, or 32,000 gallons of oil for D-T reaction
•Tritium is made from n + Li T + He
• Lithium is plentiful both in the earth’s crust and oceans
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3/4 oz. heavywater (D20)
1 barrel(42 gal.)
water(H20)
• Compressing the fuel
• Internal Electric Current
• Neutral Particles
• Microwaves
• Lasers
Methods to Heat Methods to Heat Deuterium-Tritium FuelDeuterium-Tritium Fuel
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Fusion can be accomplished inFusion can be accomplished in Three Different Ways Three Different Ways
GravitationalConfinement
SUN
InertialConfinement
Fuel Pellet
IntenseEnergyBeams
MagneticField
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MagneticConfinement
+
-
Nucleus
Electron
High Power Lasers can Deliver the Intensity High Power Lasers can Deliver the Intensity Required for Fusion IgnitionRequired for Fusion Ignition
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Over one hundredtrillion watts
of laser power
Tens of millionsdegrees C (10 keV)
100 to 1000 trillionwatts/cm2
About 100 watts/cm2
300°C
2 watts of sunlight
Inertial Confinement Fusion Concept Inertial Confinement Fusion Concept Our ultimate goal is to create a short lived, microminiature starwhich will release energy by thermonuclear fusion in the samemanner that our sun and the stars produce energy.
Heatingofablator
Ablationandcompression
Use high powerlaser to heatouter surface of pellet
Outward streaming ablator material produces an inwarddirected, rocket-likeforce that compressesthe DT fuel
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DTFuel
Inertial Confinement Fusion Concept Inertial Confinement Fusion Concept (continued)(continued)
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Ignition andThermonuclearburn
Thermonuclear burn of theDT fuel will produce a fusionyield many times the inputdriver energy
Compressionand heating
Careful tailoring of implosionproduces compression toseveral 1000X and 100,000,000°C
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Toroidal MagneticConfinement of
Plasma
Toroidal MagneticConfinement of
Plasma
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Typical PlasmasTypical Plasmas
InterstellarInterstellar
Solar CoronaSolar Corona
ThermonuclearThermonuclear
LaserLaser
Air DensityAir Density
10+6
1012
1020
1026
1025
DensityDensitynne e (m(m-3-3))
TemperatureTemperatureTTe e (eV) °K(eV) °K
1
102
104
102
1/40
104
106
108
106
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Characteristics of a PlasmaCharacteristics of a Plasma
• Particles are charged
• Conducts electricity
• Can be constrained magnetically
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UnconfinedUnconfined
Electrons
ConfinedConfined
Ion
MagneticField Lines
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Where are the Current Major Fusion Energy Research Projects?
Where are the Current Where are the Current Major Fusion Energy Major Fusion Energy Research Projects?Research Projects?
JET from the European Community
JT-60U in Japan
NOVA at Lawrence Livermore Labs in California
TFTR at PPPL in Princeton, New Jersey
DIII-D at General Atomics in San Diego, CA
List of Major Programs/Devices WorldwideList of Major Programs/Devices Worldwide
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NOVA Machine Used Inertial Confinement NOVA Machine Used Inertial Confinement (Has Not Proved as Successful as (Has Not Proved as Successful as
Magnetic Confinement)Magnetic Confinement)
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TFTR is located at PPPLTFTR is located at PPPLPrinceton, New JerseyPrinceton, New Jersey
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DIII-D is Located at General AtomicsDIII-D is Located at General AtomicsSan Diego, CASan Diego, CA
ITERITER((International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)
• Cooperative effort by Europe, Japan, U.S. and Russia
• Conceptual Design Activity completed
• Engineering Design Activity is underway
– Three sites: San Diego, U.S.A., Garching, Germany and Naka, Japan
– Detailed engineering and protoype testing
– Cost of $300 M per party over 6 years
• Decision to proceed with construction will be made in 1995
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ITERITER(International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)(International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor)
30 meters diameter30 meters tall
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ITER
Fusion Experiments Now ApproachFusion Experiments Now ApproachIgnition ConditionsIgnition Conditions
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TFTR 87
TFTR 88
JET 88TFTR 86
JET 89
JET 88
JET 86
JET 89
DIII-D 89
TFTR 86ALC-C 83
DIII-D 89
DIII-D 89
DIII-D 89
JET 89
DIII-D 90
TFTR 90
DIII–D 91
Q = 1 Non-Maxwellian
JT–60U 92
JET 88
DIII-D 89DIII-D 89
JT–60U 92TFTR 88
Confinement Quality(Number of particles per cubic meter confined for one second)
10 10 10 1018 19 20 21
Ion
Tem
pera
ture
(M ˚C
)
400
300
200
100
0
500
JET 91 DT
JET 91
JT–60U 92
TFTR 92
ne(0) τE (m–3 s)
DIII–D 93
JT–60U 93
TFTR 93 DT Fusion ProcessDemonstrated
Q = 1
Fusion as anElectrical Source
Q = ∞
PLTPDXJET
DIII & DIII-D
Princeton Large TokamakPrinceton Divertor ExperimentJoint European TorusGeneral Atomics Tokamak Experiments
TFTRALCATOR C
ITERJT–60U
Princeton Plasma Physics LaboratoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyInternational Thermonuclear Experimental ReactorJapanese Tokamak Experiment
TFTR
FUSION POWER
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
ALCATOR C
PLTDIII
TFTR JET / TFTR
ITER
Achieved (DD)Achieved (DT)Projected (DT)
1,000
100
10
1000
100
10
1000
100
10
1
PDX DIII-D
MWth
kWth
Wth
JET
JT–60U
LIGHT BULB
HOUSE
POWERPLANT
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What Progress Has Been MadeWhat Progress Has Been Madein Magnetic Fusion?in Magnetic Fusion?
World Energy Resources Indicate NewWorld Energy Resources Indicate NewSources of Clean Energy Must be FoundSources of Clean Energy Must be Found
ANNUAL USE 0.3 Q/yearANNUAL USE 0.3 Q/year
OilFossilUraniumLithiumDeuteriumDeuterium
1380
9,0007,600
16,000,00016,000,000
In units of Q or 1018 BTU
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