fungi mycology avascular, typically not motile aerobes or facultative anaerobes...
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Fungi• Mycology• Avascular, typically not motile • Aerobes or facultative anaerobes • Chemoorganoheterotrophs
– Many are saprophytes – Some are parasites
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• Cell walls similar in structure to plants but vary in chemical composition– Chitin, glucan, mannan
• Thallus (body) – unicellular (yeasts) or multi-cellular (molds)
• Mycelium (molds)– loosely organized mass of filamentous hyphae
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Aspergillus niger
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• Dimorphic Fungi – Most serious fungal
pathogens– Grow as yeast or mold – Depends on
environmental conditions
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• Fungi typically reproduce by means of spores– sexual (meiotic) and asexual (mitotic) spores may
be produced– asexual fragmentation may occur
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•Spores are typically released from aerial hyphae in molds
•Vegetative hyphae are involved in nutrient absorption
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• Typically wind dispersed • Commonly used to identify fungal pathogens• Two types of asexual spores:
– Sporangiospore (inside sporangium sac)– Conidiospore (Various forms, not formed in a sac)
Asexual spores
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Conidiospores
Aspergillus
Coccidioides
Crypotococcus
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Sporangiospores
Rhizopus
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• Most yeasts reproduce asexually through budding– Form psudo-hyphae– Saccharomyces
• Fission yeasts divide evenly to produce two cells– Schizosaccharomyces
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• Fungi classified into divisions (phyla) according to sexual reproductive process:– Chytridiomycota (primitive fungi)– Zygomycota (conjugation fungi)– Ascomycota (sac fungi)– Basidiomycota (club fungi)– Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi)
• anamorphic fungi
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Pathogenic Fungi
• Stachybotrys – the spores are inhaled causing serious forms of
hemorrhagic pneumonia– Produce several toxic chemicals called mycotoxins
• Aspergillus – commonly grows as “mildew” in shower– can cause opportunistic infections– Inhaled soil spores can cause Aspergillosis
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• Pneumocystis– severe pneumonia in AIDS patients
• Candida albicans– Causes skin level fungal infections of the mouth (oral
thrush), groin (diaper rash), and the vagina (candida vaginitis) or “yeast infection”
– Dimorphic fungi that can cause serious systemic mycoses
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• Cryptococcus neoformans– cryptococcosis, one of the most serious fungal
diseases worldwide– major manifestation is meningoencephalitis – has become increasingly important with the AIDS
epidemic
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Beneficial fungi
• Fungi decomposers in food webs• Most plants require association with Mycorrhizae• Many fungi are a source of food
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• Saccharomyces – Fermentation of bread and alcoholic beverages
• Torulopsis – protein supplements for humans and cattle
• Aspergillus – produce citric acid for food and beverages
• Trichoderma – fruit juice production