20 november, 2019 getting a knack for the gpacs & gnacs · anaerobic bacteriology image:...

28
11/18/2019 1 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs: The Basics, and some more... Arick P. Sabin, DO, MPH, D(ABMM), FCCM Infectious Disease / Medical Microbiology Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center La Crosse, WI 20 November, 2019 Disclosures: Currently (11/2019) involved in ongoing compensated research projects with Attostar LLC

Upload: others

Post on 29-May-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

1

Getting a Knack for the GPACs &

GNACs: The Basics, and some more...

Arick P. Sabin, DO, MPH, D(ABMM), FCCMInfectious Disease / Medical Microbiology

Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center

La Crosse, WI

20 November, 2019

Disclosures:

• Currently (11/2019) involved in ongoing compensated research projects with Attostar LLC

Page 2: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

2

Objectives:

• 1: Describe the important organisms in the GPAC and GNAC categories

• 2: Familiarize oneself with the emerging disease associations of clinical relevance

• 3: Understand the importance of the microbiology laboratory identification of these organisms, and the underlying purpose behind identifying them

Guidepost:

• 1. Anaerobes, in general

• 2. Focusing on cocci:

– GPAC

– GNAC

• 3. Laboratory Considerations

• 4. Current issues of interest

Page 3: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

3

Anaerobic Bacteriology

Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek)

Bacteria 

en generale

Bacteria 

en generale

AerobesAerobes AnaerobesAnaerobes

ObligateObligate

AerotolerantAerotolerant

FacultativeFacultative

(Capnophiles)(Capnophiles)

When invoke anaerobes?

• Reasonable suspicion:

– Gram stain discordant with culture

– Infections of the gut, or mucus membrane

• Trauma, penetrations, procedures, or plastics that cross between these zones

– Gas production

– Stinky 

Page 4: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

4

Page 5: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

5

Gram Stain Rules All:

Page 6: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

6

Two Groups to Discuss:

• Gram Positive Anaerobic Cocci (GPACs)

– The vast majority of organisms of clinical consequence today

• Gram Negative Anaerobic Cocci (GNACs)

– Occasional players in select circumstances

Page 7: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

7

Groups: GPAC

• GPAC (Gram Positive Anaerobic Cocci):

– *Peptostreptococcus

– Peptococcus

– **Finegoldia

– Parvimonas

– Peptinophilus

– Atopobium

– Anaerococcus

Page 8: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

8

GPACs: The History

• Variably called collectively “Peptostreptococci”, peptococci, etc

– 25‐33% of all anaerobes isolated from humans

• Usually polymicrobial (abscess)

• May stain poorly

• Metronidazole disks

– Frequent players in clinical infections

• Surgical infections (Meleney Gangrene)

– Fairly tolerant to specimen mishandling

Anaerococcus

• Multiple species (9+)

– Commonly Anaerococcus prevotii

• Considered normal human flora

– ? Body odor (axillae)

• Multiple disease associations

– Polymicrobial abscess(es)

• ? Increasing resistance in diabetic foot wounds

Page 9: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

9

Age old microbiology: if it smells, there’s anaerobes!

Page 10: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

10

Atopobium “strange living thing”

• Rods, or eliptical cocci (occasionally chains)

• Bacterial Vaginosis

– Some consider it a commensal?

• Implicated in biofilm (therefore, in persistence)

Page 11: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

11

Peptococcus

• Lonely Peptococcus niger

– Others reclassified elsewhere

Peptostreptococcus

Page 12: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

12

Peptostreptococcus: latter day

• Reclassified now into several groups:

– Peptostreptococcus

– Finegoldia

– Parvimonas

– Peptoniphilus

Peptostreptococcus (genus)

• Several representatives:

– Peptostreptococcus anaerobius

– Peptostreptococcus stomatis

– Peptoniphilis asaccharolyticus

• Peptoniphilis harei

Page 13: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

13

Page 14: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

14

Parvimonas micra

• Most common GPAC from the skin

• Also found in the mouth (tonsillar “core”)– Important role in dental plaque, or infections following dental procedures/manipulations• Adherence and virulence factors are well studied

– Implicated in Periodontal Disease• Implant‐associated failures (implantitis)

• Small colonies on solid media, with a milky halo (smooth or rough variants)

Page 15: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

15

Page 16: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

16

Infections following device emplacement, instrumentation, and procedures will continue to be evolving issues (and drive a multi‐billion dollar industry in the direction of disposal devices (e.g. endoscopes)

Peptoniphilis (“peptone‐lover”)

• Increasing player in chronic wounds

• ? Sinus disease

– Fluoroquinolone resistance 25% or higher

Page 17: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

17

Finegoldia

Finegoldia magna

• Formerly Peptostreptococcus magnus (et al)

• Increasingly becoming the “big player” in the who’s‐who of anaerobes

– Most common GPAC of consequence from skin, soft tissue, bone, and subcutaneous specimens

– Implicated in a wide variety of disease states

• Frustrated by slow growth, commingling, and sample bias

• Multiple virulence factors

– May be the “Staphylococcus aureus” of the GPACs

Page 18: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

18

Page 19: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

19

Finegoldia magna

• Common player in:

– Diabetic Foot Ulcers / Osteomyelitis

• Avid biofilm former

–Mixed anaerobic infections

– (anaerobic) Prosthetic Joint Infections

Page 20: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

20

Finegoldia magna

• A Real Case:

– 48 YO healthy woman slammed her finger in a car door, developed digital cellulitis and ? Osteomyelitis, failed to improve despite first operative aerobic tissue cultures growing Staphylococcus aureus, which was treated

• Imaging on ID follow‐up showed progression

• Repeat OR:– Finegoldia magna (x 2 tissue, x 2 bone specimens)

• Improved on 6 weeks of combined antibiotics

Page 21: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

21

Finegoldia magna

• Antibiotic resistance:

– An emerging, worsening problem

• May be harvesting or carrying nim genes

• Metronidazole resistance in a virulent anaerobic organism may spell trouble for clinicians (and laboratories) ill‐equipped to find them

Bonus GPAC: Fastidiosipila sanguinis

Page 22: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

22

Groups: GNAC

• GNAC (Gram Negative Anaerobic Cocci):

– *Veillonella

– Acidaminococcus

–Megasphaera

– Anaeroglobus

– Negativicoccus

Veillonella

• GNAC

• Normal flora of GI / GU tract

– High quantities in saliva, and on tongue

• Generally sensitive to antimicrobials:

– Penicillin G

– Clindamycin

–Metronidazole

• Can be confused with Dialister (nim!)

Page 23: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

23

Veillonella

• A Real Case:

– 47 YO transgender female with AIDS (CD4 ~22), off HAART, undomiciled, admitted for dysphagia, dysphonia, and ? Hemoptysis

• Erosive esophagitis on EGD, ?? Candida

• Tissue from esophagus grew:– Lactobacillus spp x 1 specimen, scant

– Veillonella (multiple spp) x 3 specimens, heavy

• Improved dramatically with Augmentin

Megasphaera

• Probably belongs with the Clostridia

• Many species

–Megasphaera micronuciformis

• Implicated in Bacterial Vaginosis

– ? Relapsing/recurrent BV in WSW?

Page 24: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

24

A Few Words on BV:

• A hot topic in microbiology, microbiomics, and in the wake of rising STD rates worldwide:

– By definition, a “dysbiosis”

• Lactobacillus (H2O2), pH, stability of the ecosystem

• Switch to anaerobiosis = problems

– Increases risk for infections (HIV, STDs, PID)

– Negative implications in Obstetrics

– Recalcitrant problem in some women

Page 25: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

25

GPAC/GNAC Specimens:

• Proper specimen is imperative!

– Vary in their aerotolerance

– Vary in their proportion in mixed infections

– Clinicians may need to be reminded that anaerobes exist, cause disease, grow “differently”, and have special considerations for sensitivity testing and identification on the back end

Page 26: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

26

Perhaps blood cultures are not the ideal means for identifying GPACs/GNACs, though in all cases the proper specimens (transport, storage, etc) assure a higher probability of correctly isolating the organisms

MALDI‐TOF’s usefulness is generally in proportion to the degree of curation of the databases used...

...but that won’t be the end of anaerobic identification in the modern era (much now being done with metagenomics, shotgun sequencing, and microbiomics approaches)

Page 27: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

27

Anaerobic Sensitivities?

• Generally a good idea if:

– Agent selection is critical for disease control

– Long‐term antibiotics are anticipated

– Anaerobe(s) found in a sterile site

– Usual regimen has failed

– Strict anaerobiosis is presumed (i.e. no aerobes)

• Microaerophile GPACs problematic

– Honorable mention:

• When a good reason exists to do them– Eye, Brain, valve, endograft, prosthetic, transplant, ? PJI

Page 28: 20 November, 2019 Getting a Knack for the GPACs & GNACs · Anaerobic Bacteriology Image: Wikipedia (Leeuwenhoek) Bacteria en generale Aerobes Anaerobes Obligate Aerotolerant Facultative

11/18/2019

28

Final Words:

• GPACs/GNACs will continue to play an evolving role in Infectious Disease

• The medical laboratorian will need to stay abreast of changes in taxonomy, diagnostics, drug sensitivity, and impact on clinical cases

Thank you!

Inquiries?also sent to my email; will reply in a few days, or so...