food thinkers- sergio schneider
TRANSCRIPT
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School feeding programs as a strategy to connect health, nutrition and agriculture
in emerging economies
Prof. Sergio Schneider Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
Academic Visitor at Centre Food Policy, City University London, UK
1. Meanings and scope of
school feeding programs
Why, then, school feeding programs make sense
① For Nutrition and Health: § School Feeding Programs (SFP) are Drivers to Overcome hunger,
undernourishment and malnutrition;
② For Social Protection -‐ poverty reduction and social welfare: § SFP are a device to tackle poverty, contribute to social justice and
promote wealth distribution = social policies;
③ To Foster Local and Sustainable Development: § SFP can foster economic inclusion of small scale farmers and improve
social and environmental development at same time
④ For a new urban food politics and build up alternative food systems -‐ Sustainable Food Cities Network:
§ SFP as Gield to change children diets (tackle infant obesity) and foster healthy consumption behaviour of parents and families
There are at least 368 million pre-primary-, primary- and secondary-school children receiving food through schools around the world. The biggest programes are: u India - 114 million; u Brazil - 47 million; u United States - 45 million; u China - 26 million
Based on the information available it can be estimated that the global annual investment in school feeding is between US$ 47 billion and US$ 75 billion – most of which is from government budgets.
This is an Open Public Health Matter
What we already know ? Evolving approaches about SFP
① [Before 1970 up to 1995] – Focus on Nutrition for Education: • Food in schools was saw as an efGicient way to overcome with under nutrition,
stunting and other diseases associated with poverty; • But, after some time, no signiGicant direct relation with feeding in schools and
health were found out – children diets are not just taken in schools !! • School food was addressed by international food aid – PL 480, etc.
② [1995 -‐ 2010] – Better quality of food stuffs – Increase interest about HOW to CONNECT SCHOOLS TO LOCAL PRODUCTION ? • The discover of the power of the public plate – the budget for food purchase; • Changing approach from better price to better value; • Emergence Home Grown Food Initiatives – Farm to Fork; turning point of WFP –
structured demand.
③ [2010 – up Today] – Rethinking School Feeding Programs –NEXUS between FOOD + PUBLIC HEALTH + SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; • Turning to “local food” – food miles and the value or organics – Denmark case; • Governance and accountability issues emerge as main barriers;
2. Theoretical and Political
Frameworks to School Feeding
Programs
Current Debates, Narra@ves and Approaches about SFP
① SFP as part of Food Policy Strategy – bring the State Back in;
u food is not just about nutrition; u food is a public health issue and goes beyond individual choices;
u Hence, food policy is a State-‐Society Issue – towards an ecological public health perspective.
② SFP as part of Food Security and Food Sovereignty Strategy: u the persistence of poverty and the limits of the conventional food system to overcome it;
u Food for people, not for proGit !! -‐ the role of the small scale farmers and the agroecology as an alternative;
Current Debates, Narra@ves and Approaches about SFP
③ Agricultural Development and School Feeding:
u Why not promote win-‐win solutions? – the potential of food from local farmers to supply schools;
u The need for new governance – home grown and/or food chain approaches (WFP, IFPRI, P4P, etc.)
④ School Feeding as New a Food Market – the alternative Food network approach:
u The potential of the short food supply chains; u Relocalization of food; u Re-‐addressing food for cities – the urban food question.
3. The Brazilian
Case
Recent Changes Redemocratization
And the State X Civil Society Relations
The Patterns of Interaction Civil Society and State
3ª PHASE Co-governing Policies Era
2ª PHASE The PROPOSITIONAL
Era
1ª Phase Social Protest and Struggles
The 1990’s The 1980’s From 2000 - Nowadays
Setting a
Food Security + Rural Development Strategy
Redistributive social policies
+
...food security umbrella
The Zero Hunger Strategy 25 Policies
40 Programs regarding improve the quality, quantity and regularity of Brazilian alimentation
16
BOLSA FAMÍLIA – FAMÍLIAS ATENDIDAS E VALOR DOS BENEFÍCIOS
Fonte: MDS
Family stipend conditional cash transfer policy - Bolsa Família Program – Disbursements, Value and Number of
Benefits – 2003-‐2014
Brazil – Rural Credit – Total rural credit and PRONAF (family farming), contracts and value
Source: Ferreira and Vian, 2015
What is, then a Family Farmer in Brazil ?
By Law 11.326, 2006
① do not have, in any way, an area bigger than 4 inspection units – different size per regions in the country;
② use predominantly family labour force in the farmers unit – also wage labour up to 2 permanent works;
③ have a minimum % of family income originating from the economic activities of the establishment or venture;
④ the farmer unit must be lead by the family and not by external managers;
v This Law also applies to fisherman, forestry, small cattle ranchers, indigenous people, traditional communities (former slaves/quilombos)
Increase of Households and Food Security – 2004 -‐ 2013
Towards a National Food
System in Brazil
The Key Role of the Na@onal Food Security Council CONSEA
Source: Leão and Maluf, 2012
SISTEMA NACIONAL DE SEGURANÇA ALIMENTAR E NUTRICIONAL
PACT
OS DE
GESTÃ
O
PELO
DHA
A
ESTA
DOS, DISTR
ITO FED
ERAL
E M
UNICÍPIOS
ADESÃO
SIS
TEM
A N
AC
ION
AL
DE
SEG
UR
AN
ÇA
ALI
MEN
TAR
E
NU
TRIC
ION
AL
- S
ISA
N
CONFERÊNCIA NACIONAL
CONSELHO NACIONAL CÂMARA INTERMINISTERIAL
PLANO NACIONAL
CONFERÊNCIA ESTADUAL
CONSELHO ESTADUAL CÂMARA INTERSETORIAL
PLANO ESTADUAL
CONFERÊNCIA MUNICIPAL
CONSELHO MUNICIPAL CÂMARA INTERSETORIAL
PLANO MUNICIPAL
FÓRU
M BIPAR
TITE
FÓRU
M TRIPA
RTITE
POLÍTICA
NAC
IONAL
DE SEGURA
NÇA
ALIMEN
TAR E NUTR
ICIONAL
-‐ PN
SAN
Source: Leão and Maluf, 2012
4. Food Policies a brazilian national public
procurement system
Food Purchase Program - PAA
PAA – Program of Food Purchase Create by Consea and 1º Family Farming Harvest Plan 2003/2004.60
Law 10696, dated 2003 ① support family farming in order to promote economic and social inclusion, boosting
sustainable production, food processing and income; ② to encourage the consumption of food produced by family farming; ③ to promote access to food, in quantity, quality and regularity for the persons in
situations of food and nutritional insecurity, under the perspective of the human rights to adequate and healthy food;
④ to promote food supply, that involves government purchases of food included to the school meals;
⑤ to constitute public stocks of food produced by family farmers; ⑥ to support stocks policies by the cooperatives and other formal organizations for
family farming; and ⑦ to strengthen local and regional markets and commercialization networks.
PAA – Program of Food Purchase – Total disbursements, Value and Number of Producers
Source: Ferreira and Vian, 2015
ON FARM PROCESSING FOOD STUFFS
from family farmers to
local markets
BRASIL have:
v 5.175.489 – Farming Units – 2006 Census ;
v 85% are family farmers;
v 35 000 are small scale rural agro-enterprises;
v that means 16.7% of the total of farms;
v which generates R$ 3.034.861.052 of Gross
Value - [Euros - $1.200.000.000,00]
Source: Gazolla and Schneider, 2014
The Brazilian School Feeding Program
Sorce: Structured Demand and Small Holders Farmers in Brazil, WFP/CEAH and IPC, 2013, pag. 21
PNAE – National School Feeding Program
Article 2. The directives for school meals are: support to sustainable development, with incentive schemes for the purchase of diversified foodstuffs produced in the local sphere, preferably by family farming and by rural family enterprises, prioritizing the traditional indigenous and remaining ‘quilombo’ communities; Article 14. From the total resources transferred by the FNDE, in the PNAE sphere, at least 30% should be used in the purchase of foodstuffs directly from family farming and from the rural family enterprises, or from his/her organizations, giving priority to the settled families of the land reform, the traditional indigenous and remaining ‘quilombola’ communities; § 1 The purchase provided for in this article, may be carried out with no need for the bidding procedure, provided the prices are compatible with the current market price, […] and the products attend to the demand of quality control, established by the norms that regulate the subject […] (Law 11947/2009, with no highlight in the original).
Budget – 2003 - 2013 School Feeding Program Expenditure
Source: IPPC, 2015 Total in £ 590.000.000,00
BRAZIL - Purchases of FNDE from Family Farmers – 2011-2014
BUDGET of FNDE in 2014 was: R$3,8 billion of Reais = 30% is R$1,14 billion of Reais Currency: 1 £ Pound = 5,3 or 1 US$ = 3,5 – June 2016 £ 700 million = (30%) £ 210 million (23,26%) = £ 5,1 million JUST from F.F.
Source: IPPC, 2015
% of Food Purchase from Family Farmers for School Meals in Brazil – 2011 -‐ 2013
Source: Lilian Pelegrini, 2016
% of Food Purchase from Family Farmers for School Meals in Brazil -‐ 2014
Fruts
Sugar/Sweets
Cereals
Dairy products
Greenery
Meat
Legumes
Drinks
Products Purchased from Family Farmers for School Feeding Program in Brazil – 2013
Source: FNDE, 2015, I: IPPC, 2015, Volume 2
Per child amount of money transfer from FNDE/PNAE to municipalities – Brazil - 2014
São Paulo Municipality Total = USD$ 7.1 millions or 15% from Federal transfers Total Expediture on Food = USD$ 287.6 millions
The Case of Sao Paulo – 2015 27% of food come from family farmers
Fraud and Corruption Follow to
happening !!
5.What can be learned ?
Brazil - Poverty and Extreme Poverty Rates – 1992-2012
① Food Policies can not be disconnect from a comprehensive development strategy:
§ The Brazilian School Feeding Programs change over time, especially after the new Constitution of 1988 and the policy devolution process since then;
② Social Actors play a key role in setting the strategy: § the Catholic Church as well as the social movements were key actors; § Civil society must take part of the process – the National, Regional and Local
food Councils play a key role
③ The Brazilian State included the food policy in a wider policy which foster rural development and food security
• It was a complex process of governance between different actors; • Not always the policies were adopted as expected – corruption still
exist
④ What about the Future ? § There are greater concerns about what will happen !!!??? § I believe in the institutionalization of the process
