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Flora of KoreaVolume 1

Pteridophytes & Gymnosperms

National Institute of Biological ResourcesMinistry of Environment, Korea

Flora of Korea Editorial CommitteeSeoul National University Herbarium

China

PB

JG

YG

HB

HN

PN

HWB

GW

GG

CB

CNGB

GB

(Ulleung-do)

GN

JN

JJ

JB

HWN

Russia

(Jeju-do)

Flora of Korea·Gymnosperms & Lycophytes and Fernsii

Acknowledgments

Funding for the Flora of Korea project was provided bythe Eco-Technopia-21 Project of the Ministry of Environment

andthe National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment,

Government of Korea.

Edited by

Flora of Korea Editorial Committee

Editor-in-Chief

Chong-wook Park



National Institute of Biological ResourcesMinistry of Environment, Korea

Flora of Korea Editorial CommitteeSeoul National University Herbarium

Flora of Korea·Gymnosperms & Lycophytes and Fernsiv

Copyright © 2015 by the Flora of Korea Editorial Committee and the National Institute of Biological Resources

Published by the National Institute of Biological ResourcesEnvironmental Research Complex, 42 Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-guIncheon 22689, Republic of Koreawww.nibr.go.kr

All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Flora of Korea Editorial Committee and the National Institute of Biological Resources.

ISBN 9788968112287-96470Government Publications Registration Number 11-1480592-001014-01

Printed in Koreaon acid-free paperJunghaengsa, Inc.

Published on December 15, 2015

The Flora of Korea logo was designed from a flower of Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi.Megaleranthis is monotypic and endemic to Korea. The book cover and the logo were designed by Jee-Yeon Koo.

v

Foreword viiPreface ixEditorial Committee xiContributors xii

INTRODUCTION 1

PTERIDOPHYTES 11

1. Lycopodiaceae 13 2. Selaginellaceae 19 3. Isoetaceae 23 4. Psilotaceae 25 5. Equisetaceae 26 6. Ophioglossaceae 29 7. Osmundaceae 34 8. Hymenophyllaceae 36 9. Gleicheniaceae 4010. Lygodiaceae 4311. Marsileaceae 4412. Salviniaceae 4513. Azollaceae 4614. Plagiogyriaceae 4715. Lindsaeaceae 4916. Parkeriaceae 5117. Adiantaceae 5218. Vittariaceae 5419. Pteridaceae 5620. Dennstaedtiaceae 63

21. Aspleniaceae 6822. Onocleaceae 7723. Blechnaceae 8024. Woodsiaceae 8125. Cystopteridaceae 8526. Athyriaceae 8827. Thelypteridaceae 10528. Hypodematiaceae 11729. Dryopteridaceae 11830. Nephrolepidaceae 14731. Davalliaceae 14832. Polypodiaceae 149

GYMNOSPERMS 161

33. Cycadaceae 16334. Ginkgoaceae 16435. Sciadopityaceae 16536. Pinaceae 16637. Cupressaceae 17738. Podocarpaceae 18539. Cephalotaxaceae 18740. Taxaceae 188

Literature Cited 190Index to Korean Names 195Index to Korean Names as

Pronounced 199Index to Scientific Names 202

Contents

vii

Foreword

Biological resources include the entire panoply of organisms and genetic resources that contain practical and potential qualities essential to humans. Biological resources are of national importance, because they are the fundamental resources for a wide range of highly valued products, such as new materials and new drugs, and increasingly are the source of novel genetic material that can be used for the improvement of crops and in animal husbandry. Since the Nagoya Protocol was adopted in 2010 and entered into force at the 12th Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD) in 2014, it has been the expectation that competition for biological resources will increase in intensity under the rapidly changing circumstance of access and benefit sharing of genetic resources

(ABS). Therefore, each nation is investigating and compiling information on the native species within its territory to secure its sovereign rights over biological resources.

The National Institute of Biological Resources of the Ministry of Environment has been compiling and publishing the ‘Flora and Fauna of Korea’ series since 2007 so that biological resources can be managed in comprehensive ways. These works will enhance national competitiveness by setting the foundation for the sound management and use of our biological resources. Professional research groups consisting of professors and taxonomic experts have systematically evaluated and described a total of 12,631 species over the past eight years. The results of their work were published in 151 volumes in both Korean and English versions. Two volumes of worldwide monographs covering 216 species were also published. This year, 11 volumes of the ‘Flora and Fauna of Korea’ series, in both Korean and English versions, including 517 species of vascular plants, invertebrates, insects, algae, and fungi will also be published. The ‘Flora and Fauna of Korea’ series will be the first to report on and describe all the species of the nation in a comprehensive way. The series will provide a lasting contribution to the study of our resources and will raise the level of taxonomic studies. Furthermore, publication of the Flora and Fauna series will document all of our native species. Investigation of the national biota will be helpful in establishing sovereign rights over our native biological resources, while the results will provide the basic information on biological resources needed for industrial applications.

The National Institute of Biological Resources will continue to accelerate the publication of the ‘Flora and Fauna of Korea’ series. Personally I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the authors and to the members of the Flora of Korea Editorial Committee who have made great efforts to compile and publish the Flora of Korea.

Sang-Bae Kim President National Institute of Biological Resources

ix

Preface

Korean botanists have long been aware of the need for a new, comprehensive, vascular flora of Korea, particularly one written in English and based on extensive fieldwork and critical revision of major groups. In 2000, a long-term project to produce such an English language flora was initiated by 53 Korean botanists representing virtually the entire community of plant taxonomists in Korea. An editorial committee of 16 members was established, Editorial Guidelines for the Flora of Korea were prepared and the Flora of Korea Coordinating Center was established in the Herbarium of the School of Biological Sciences (SNU), Seoul National University.

The 21st Century Frontier R & D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology provided an initial three-year (2000-2003) grant for the project. For the following seven years (2004-2010), the Eco-Technopia-21 project of the Ministry of Environment provided funding to compile the Flora.

The Genera of Vascular Plants of Korea, which is essentially an introduction to the Flora of Korea, was published in July, 2007. The aim of the Genera was to provide a synopsis of the vascular plants occurring on the Korean peninsula and a framework upon which the volumes of the Flora will be based.

The Flora of Korea will comprise a series of eight volumes, to be published over the next several years. The published Flora will include the accepted scientific name and synonyms, citations of relevant literature, the Korean name, identification keys, descriptions, phenological information, summaries of geographical ranges and habitats, and comments on taxonomic problems.

This book is the first volume of the Flora and comprises pteridophytes and gymnosperms. It contains treatments of 40 families, 93 genera, 312 species, and 17 infraspecific taxa. The taxa treated include indigenous species, non-native taxa that are well established, and cultivated plants frequently found outside of cultivation. The arrangement of the families of ferns follows that in Maarten et al. (2011), with some modifications. For gymnosperms, the Engler system in Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (ed. 12) by Melchior and Werdermann (1954) is adopted.

The treatments are based on the results of recent field and laboratory studies in Korea, reviews of the literature on the plants of eastern Asia, and on the examination of specimens in major herbaria around the world. The directors and staff members of the following institutions made generous loans of specimens in their care to the authors of the treatments and/or arranged short-term visits by the authors to their institutions: A, B, BH, BP, DAV, GH, HEBI, IFP, ILL, JNU, K, KNU, KUN, KYO, LE, MO, NY, P, PE, SNU, SNUA, TI, TNS, US, and VLA.

The editorial duties for this volume of the Flora were undertaken at the Herbarium of Seoul National University (SNU). Thanks are due to the editorial committee members, authors, and reviewers for their hard work and continuous support for the project. In particular, Dr. David E. Boufford carefully read and edited the entire manuscript. Also, Dr. Kanchi N. Gandhi shared his vast knowledge in the solution of problems in nomenclature.

Drs. Yun-Shik Kim, Woo Tchul Lee, Yong Cha Oh, Eun-Bok Lee, and Sangtae Lee served as the advisory panel. Drs. Ki-Joong Kim, Young-Dong Kim, Youngbae Suh, Chin-Sung Chang, and Byoung-Hee Choi played key roles in preparing the Editorial Guidelines. Jeong Hee Kim, Jin Hee Park, Sang-Jun

x PREFACE

Lee, and Hye Min Kim were responsible for the overall editing, final proof reading, and coordinating and finalizing the publication of this book. Min Kyung Kim provided secretarial support and help with coordinating the whole project. The book cover was designed by Jee-Yeon Koo. We are also grateful to the more than 15 graduate assistants involved in the project; they provided tremendous help at all stages of the project.

Chong-wook Park Editor-in-Chief Flora of Korea Editorial Committee

xi

Flora of Korea Editorial Committee

Chong-wook Park, Editor-in-Chief School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea

David E. Boufford Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U. S. A.

Byoung-Hee Choi Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea

Myong Gi Chung Department of Biology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Korea

Young-Cheul Chung Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea

Hyoung-Tak Im Department of Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea

Ki-Joong Kim Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea

Young-Dong Kim Department of Life Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Korea

Sung Chul Ko Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea

Byoung Yoon Lee Plant Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea

Nam Sook Lee Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea

Byoung-Un Oh Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea

Sang-Hun Oh, Secretary Department of Biology, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea

Jae-Hong Pak Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea

Youngbae Suh Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea

Byung-Yun Sun Department of Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea

xii

Contributors

Chul Hwan Kim Department of Life Sciences Chonbuk National University Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea

Sang-Jun Lee Plant Resources Division National Institute of Biological Resources Incheon 22689, Korea

Myung-Ok Moon Research Institute of Basic Science Jeju National University Jeju 63243, Korea

Chong-wook Park School of Biological Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 08826, Korea

Byung-Yun Sun Department of Life Sciences Chonbuk National University Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea

Xian-Chun Zhang Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093, China

Project staff

Flora of Korea Editorial CommitteeJin Hee Park Sang-Jun Lee Jeong Hee Kim Heekyeong JeonHye Min Kim Min Kyung Kim Tae Young Choi

National Institute of Biological ResourcesMyounghai Kwak Won-Hee Kim

IntroductIon 1

Introduction

1. Floristic characteristics of the Korean peninsula: An overview

Chong-wook Park

Korea is a peninsula on the far east coast of continental Asia. Physiographically, it is a mountainous peninsula extending southeast from the Manchurian mainland, and bounded on the north by the two rivers, Ap-rok-gang (Yalu) and Du-man-gang (Tumen). Floristically, it belongs to the eastern Asiatic floristic region, which comprises eastern Himalayas, northeastern India, northern Myanmar, most of continental China, Korea, and Japan (Takhtajan, 1986). Within the eastern Asiatic floristic region, the northern part of Korea belongs to the Manchurian and the North Chinese province and the remaining parts to the Japanese-Korean province (Takhtajan, 1986).

Although the Korean peninsula is relatively small in size (221,000 km2), its flora is very rich in species composition because of its topographic and climatic complexities. Extending from 43°1′N to 33°7′N, it shows a remarkable variation in climatic conditions as to temperature and precipitation. At its southern extreme the annual mean temperature is about 16°C, but it decreases progressively northward until it drops to 1°C. Annual precipitation also shows a similar trend, from 1,800 mm on the southern coast to 700 mm in the northeastern inland. In addition, the complex mountain system that covers nearly 64% of the total area and ca. 3,400 islands along the west and south coast create very diverse habitats throughout the region. The vegetation, therefore, shows a great deal of diversity, ranging from warm temperate in the southern part to cold temperate and alpine in the northern and high mountain regions.

Taxonomic diversity and endemism

Korea has a high taxonomic diversity as compared to other countries in temperate regions with similar size. According to The Genera of Vascular Plants of Korea (Flora of Korea Editorial Committee, 2007), approximately 3,034 species and 406 infraspecific taxa of vascular plants comprising 217 families and 1,045 genera are currently distributed in Korea; of these plants, 261 are pteridophytes, 52 are gymnosperms, 2,247 are dicots, and 858 are monocots.

The major families of the Korean vascular plant flora include Asteraceae (290 species), Cyperaceae

(246 species), Poaceae (212 species), Rosaceae (144 species), Liliaceae (109 species), Ranunculaceae (104 species), Fabaceae (101 species), Orchidaceae (88 species); these eight families comprise approximately 40% of the species found in Korea. On the other hand, 77 families are represented by only one or two species (Flora of Korea Editorial Committee, 2007).

At the genus level, the largest is Carex L. with 147 species, followed by Polygonum L. s. lat. (42 species), Viola L. (36 species), Saussurea DC. (34 species), Salix L. (31 species), Dryopteris Adans. (30 species), Artemisia L. (28 species), and Poa L. (22 species).

IntroductIon2

Although many of the species distributed in Korea are shared with Japan and northeastern China including Manchuria, there are a number of unique taxa that are endemic to Korea. Six genera are strictly confined to Korea, which include Mankyua Sun et al. (Ophioglossaceae), Megaleranthis Ohwi

(Ranunculaceae), Coreanomecon Nakai (Papaveraceae), Pentactina Nakai (Rosaceae), Abeliophyllum Nakai

(Oleaceae), and Hanabusaya Nakai (Campanulaceae) (Park, 1974; Sun et al., 2001; Park, 2005). Some authors (W. T. Lee, 1996a; Paik, 1999) also regard Echinosophora Nakai (Fabaceae) and Diplolabellum Maekawa (Orchidaceae) as distinct endemic genera. The number of endemic species and infraspecific taxa in this region is approximately 436; six in pteridophytes, three in gymnosperms, 354 in dicots, and 73 in monocots (Kim and Park, 2013). Within Korea, Gangwon and Jeju Provinces show the highest number of endemic taxa. Gyeongbuk Province also shows relatively high endemism, but it is mainly due to Ulleung Island; it is a small, volcanic island about 150 km off the east coast and has many unique endemic taxa.

The number of introduced (alien) vascular plant species in Korea appears to be 271, which constitute approximately 8.6% of the Korean vascular flora; they comprise 38 families and 155 genera, with great concentrations of species in Asteraceae (59 species), Poaceae (45 species), and Brassicaceae (26 species)

(Park, 2005).

Floristic affinities

An analysis of the taxa common to Korea and adjacent regions on the basis of the published floras and checklists shows that Korea has close floristic affinities with northeastern China and Japan (Park, 2005). With northeastern China, Korea shares all of its families, 95% of its genera, and 69% of its species and varieties. It also shares a large number of taxa with Japan; all families, 91% of the genera and 58(-66)% of the species found in Korea are also occur in Japan. As compared to China and Japan, Korea shares less taxa with Ussuri and Amur regions of Russia, and approximately 34% of the Korean species occur in this regions. These data indicate that Korea has close floristic relationships with China and Japan as Takhtajan (1986) noted, and occupies a vital position for the analysis and understanding of floristic patterns and relationships in eastern Asia.

Historical background of floristic research

Progress in floristics and plant taxonomy in Korea was previously reviewed by Park (2005). Like many other countries in Asia, the earlier investigations on the Korean vascular flora were made by European botanists. The Korean vascular plants were first introduced to the western world by Miquel in his Prolusio Florae Japonicae (1865-1867). Since then, Korean plants have been collected from various regions by several European collectors and botanists, including Wilford, Carpenter, Oldham, Bunge, Taquet, and Faurie (cf. Chung, 1984). These collections were later identified and published sporadically by European botanists, including Maximowicz (1866-1876), Forbes and Hemsley (1886-1905), Bunge (1893), Palibin (1898, 1900, 1901), and Léveillé (1902, 1903, 1904a, b, 1908, 1910a-e); many new taxa based on these collections were described in these works.

The first comprehensive Korean flora was published in two parts by Japanese botanist, Takenosin Nakai (1882-1952), under the title of Flora Koreana (Pars 1, 1909; Pars 2, 1911). In his Flora Koreana, Nakai included 1,791 species and 405 infraspecific taxa representing 669 genera and 135 families, and described many new taxa from Korea comprising one genus, 24 species, 10 varieties, and four formas.

IntroductIon 3

He also published many other important works on Korean plants including Flora Sylvatica Koreana

(Parts 1-22; 1915-1939). In 1952, Nakai published A Synoptical Sketch of Korean Flora, and listed 3,176 species and 1,015 infraspecific taxa comprising 968 genera and 223 families; he had added more than 1,300 species and 600 infraspecific taxa to the Korean flora in about 40 years following the publication of his Flora Koreana in 1909. In addition, he described a total of 1,118 new taxa from Korea, comprising 642 species, 402 varieties, and 74 formas (Paik, 1999). However, many new taxa described by Nakai from Korea were mainly based on minor differences in one or two morphological characters, and their taxonomic status, in many cases, is questionable (Park, 2005).

The first illustrated flora of Korea was published in two volumes by Korean botanist, Tae-Hyun Chung (1882-1971), under the title of Korean Flora; volume 1. Woody plants (1957) accounted for 1,636 species and infraspecific taxa in 324 genera and 95 families, and volume 2. Herbaceous plants (1956) accounted for 2,050 species and infraspecific taxa in 666 genera and 154 families. In this work, a brief description and illustration for each species is provided, and it has been the basis of most later floristic works in Korea. However, many questionable taxa described by Nakai were included without critical reevaluation, and treatments of many major groups also need serious nomenclatural adjustments.

Since 1960 several floras with varying quality and completeness have been provided by the Korean botanists. Chung (1965) published a revised version of his earlier Korean Flora (1956, 1957) as volume 5. Tracheophyta of the Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna and Flora of Korea, a series published by the Ministry of Education of the Korean government.

Tchang Bok Lee (1919-2003) published his Illustrated Woody Plants of Korea in 1966 and Illustrated Flora of Korea in 1980. In the latter publication, he included 2,901 species and 1,053 infraspecific taxa within 1,048 genera and 190 families (207 families in the Cronquist system) and provided a description and illustration for each taxon. In 2003, Lee issued a new edition of his Illustrated Flora of Korea under the title of Coloured Flora of Korea in two volumes.

Man-Kyu Park (1906-1977) wrote a series of important publications on the Korean pteridophytes, including the Flora of Korean Pteridophyta (1961) and volume 16. Pteridophyta of the Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna and Flora of Korea (1975). In the latter publication, he recognized 272 species in Korea and provided keys, descriptions, photographs (or illustrations), and synonymy for the Korean pteridophytes.

Another major work on the specific group of the Korean vascular plants includes Yong No Lee’s Manual of the Korean Grasses (1966), which contained approximately 240 species and infraspecific taxa in 85 genera, together with keys to all taxa, descriptions, synonymy, and line drawings of representative floral parts. Recently, Yong No Lee wrote a floristic book entitled Flora of Korea that covers gymnosperms and angiosperms (ed. 1, 1996; revised ed., 2002). In the revised edition of this work (2002), he included 2,763 species and 930 infraspecific taxa in 986 genera and 168 families and provided a brief description and color photograph for each taxon; some new taxa from Korea mostly described by himself were also included. In 2006, he published the work entitled New Flora of Korea in two volumes, which included 4,175 species and infraspecific taxa of vascular plants comprising 197 families.

In 1996, Woo Tchul Lee simultaneously published two floristic books entitled Lineamenta Florae Koreae and Coloured Standard Illustrations of Korean Plants, respectively. In these works, Lee recognized 3,129 species and 942 infraspecific taxa of vascular plants representing 1,079 genera and 190 families. In particular, he provided rather extensive synonymy for those Korean taxa included in his Lineamenta Florae Koreae.

IntroductIon4

Recent progress: The new flora of Korea project

The floristic works published so far after the Korean War significantly contributed to the docu-mentation and understanding of the Korean flora. These works were, however, inevitably based on a limited number of specimens, since early collections were entirely lost during the war in 1950s. Therefore, a need for a new comprehensive flora of Korea based on extensive fieldwork and critical revision of major groups that can provide sound information on characteristics, morphological variations, relationships, distribution, and nomenclature of the Korean vascular plants was realized by many Korean plant taxonomists.

In 2000, a long-term project to produce a new comprehensive vascular flora of Korea was initiated by the Korean plant taxonomists, and The Genera of Vascular Plants of Korea, which is essentially an introduction to the Flora of Korea, was published in 2007 after the seven years of hard work.

The Flora of Korea will comprise a series of eight volumes, to be published both in English and Korean over the next several years. The work will be entirely new and the descriptions and treatments will be specimen-based, rather than extracted from the literature. In particular, the new flora, the first to be written in the English language, will fill the last gap in temperate eastern Asia for English speakers, and will contribute to the understanding of the origin and nature of the Korean vascular flora.

IntroductIon 5

2. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms of Korea

Byung-yun Sun

Pteridophytes (lycophytes and ferns)

The earliest studies of Korean pteridophytes were by European botanists and were based mainly on the specimens collected by Europeans who visited various parts of Korea during the middle to late 1800s. Their published accounts of vascular plants embraced only a limited number of pteridophytes. Following the Europeans, the Korean flora was studied mostly by Japanese botanists until 1945, when Korea regained its independence from Japan.

Except for the work of the Japanese botanist Yoshitaka Yabe, who published a catalogue of 53 kinds of ferns together with their distribution in Korea in 1903, all of the treatments of pteridophytes were part of larger works treating all vascular plants.

Tae-Hyun Chung included 170 species and infraspecific taxa of pteridophytes comprising 62 genera and 20 families in volume 2 of his Korean Flora (1956). Man-Kyu Park, the first Korean fern specialist, wrote a series of publications on the Korean pteridophytes, including the Flora of Korean Pteridophyta

(1961) and volume 16. Pteridophyta of the Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna and Flora of Korea (1975); in the latter publication he recognized 272 species of pteridophytes in Korea. Since then, several floras have been published by Korean botanists (Lee, 1980; Lee, 1996; Lee, 2002), but no modern treatment of Korean pteridophytes has been published separately from the seed plants except for two recently published books (Park et al., 2008; Lee and Lee, 2015).

In 2000, a project to produce a new comprehensive flora of Korea was initiated. Byung-Yun Sun, Chong-wook Park, Chul Hwan Kim, Myung-Ok Moon, and Sang-Jun Lee participated in preparing the treatments of the pteridophytes for the new flora. Xian-Chun Zhang at PE also participated in the pro-ject. They conducted extensive fieldwork and examined thousands of herbarium specimens, including type specimens, during the preparation of a comprehensive treatment of the Korean pteridophytes. Based on their observations, 249 species, one subspecies and 11 varieties comprising 70 genera and 32 families were recognized in The Genera of Vascular Plants of Korea published in 2007.

Since then, the authors have carried out further studies on Korean pteridophytes, resulting in the recognition of 265 species, one subspecies, and 11 varieties comprising 70 genera and 32 families in the present publication. The arrangement and circumscription of the families mainly follows Maarten et al. (2011).

A summary of the genera and species and infraspecific taxa of the families of Korean pteridophytes is presented in Table 1. The major families of the Korean pteridophytes are Dryopteridaceae (six genera, 56 taxa), Athyriaceae (four genera, 38 taxa), Polypodiaceae (10 genera, 24 taxa), Aspleniaceae

(one genus, 22 taxa), Thelypteridaceae (six genera, 21 taxa), Pteridaceae (four genera, 14 taxa), Lycopodiaceae (three genera, 13 taxa), Ophioglossaceae (three genera, 11 taxa). These eight families comprise approximately 72% of the species of pteridophytes in Korea. Among the remaining families, 16 families are represented by only one to three species.

The number of endemic species of pteridophytes in Korea is seven; Huperzia jejuensis B.-Y. Sun & J. Lim (Jeju Island), Isoëtes coreana Y. H. Chung & H.-K. Choi (middle part of the Korean peninsula), I. jejuensis H.-K. Choi, C. Kim & J. Jung (Jeju Island), I. hallasanensis H.-K. Choi, C. Kim & J. Jung (Jeju

IntroductIon6

Island), Mankyua chejuense B.-Y. Sun, M. H. Kim & C. H. Kim (Jeju Island), Adiantum coreanum Tagawa

(northern part of the Korean peninsula), and Dryopteris saxifragivaria Nakai (southern part of the Korean peninsula and Jeju Island).

Since 2002, five new species (Huperzia jejuensis, Isoëtes hallasanensis, I. jejuensis, Mankyua chejuense, and

Table 1. Number of taxa of pteridophytes in Korea.

Family Genus Species and infraspecific taxon

LycopodiaceaeSelaginellaceaeIsoetaceaePsilotaceaeEquisetaceaeOphioglossaceaeOsmundaceaeHymenophyllaceaeGleicheniaceaeLygodiaceaeMarsileaceaeSalviniaceaeAzollaceaePlagiogyriaceaeLindsaeaceaeParkeriaceaeAdiantaceaeVittariaceaePteridaceaeDennstaedtiaceaeAspleniaceaeOnocleaceaeBlechnaceaeWoodsiaceaeCystopteridaceaeAthyriaceaeThelypteridaceaeHypodermatiaceaeDryopteridaceaeNephrolepidaceaeDavalliaceaePolypodiaceae

2 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 4 2 3 1 1 2 4 6 1 6 1 110

139418

11383111222141

148

223184

38211

5611

24

Total 70 277

IntroductIon 7

Phegopteris koreana B.-Y. Sun & C. H. Kim) and 32 unrecorded taxa were added to the pteridophytes in Korea (Table 2).

Twenty-two species in 14 genera and 10 families, previously included in the flora by some authors,

Table 2. Pteridophytes described or reported in Korea since 2002.

Taxon Reference

Arachniodes simplicior (Makino) Ohwi var. simpliciorArachniodes simplicior (Makino) Ohwi var. major (Tagawa) OhwiAsplenium boreale (Ohwi ex Sa. Kurata) NakaikeAsplenium castaneo-viride BakerAsplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm.Asplenium yoshinagae MakinoAthyrium epirachis (H. Christ) ChingCtenitis maximowicziana (Miq.) ChingCyclosorus dentatus (Forssk.) ChingCyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H. ItôCyclosorus penangianum (Hook.) Copel.Deparia kiusiana (Koidz.) M. KatoDeparia petersenii (Kunze) M. KatoDeparia pycnosora var. albosquamata M. KatoDiplazium nipponicum TagawaDryopteris decipiens (Hook.) Kuntze var. diplazioides (H. Christ) ChingDryopteris dickinsii (Franch. & Sav.) C. Chr.Dryopteris formosana (H. Christ) C. Chr.Dryopteris hangchowensis ChingDryopteris subexaltata (H. Christ) C. Chr.Huperzia asiatica (Ching) B.-Y. SunIsoëtes hallasanensis H.-K. Choi, C. Kim & J. JungIsoëtes jejuensis H.-K. Choi, C. Kim & J. JungMankyua chejuense B.-Y. Sun, M. H. Kim & C. H. KimMicrosorum superficiale (Blume) ChingNephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. PreslPhegopteris koreana B.-Y. Sun & C. H. KimPolystichum longifrons Sa. KurataPolystichum pseudomakinoi TagawaPolystichum tagawanum Sa. KurataPolystichum tsussimense (Hook.) J. Sm. var. mayebarae (Tagawa) Sa. KurataPolystichum yaeyamense (Makino) MakinoPteris fauriei Hieron.Pyrrosia davidii (Baker) ChingSelaginella heterostachys BakerThelypteris angustifrons (Miq.) ChingThelypteris hattori (H. Itô) Tagawa

Korean Fern Society (2005)Korean Fern Society (2005)Korean Fern Society (2005)Kim et al. (2005)Son et al. (2013)Lee et al. (2008)Kim et al. (2005)Kim et al. (2004)Korean Fern Society (2005)Moon et al. (2002)Moon et al. (2014)Korean Fern Society (2005)Nakaike (2002)Korean Fern Society (2005)Korean Fern Society (2005)Kim et al. (2004)Korean Fern Society (2005)Nakaike (2002)Kim et al. (2007)Moon et al. (2002)Lim et al. (2015)Choi et al. (2008)Choi et al. (2008)Sun et al. (2001)Korean Fern Society (2005)Kim et al. (2005)Kim et al. (2004)Korean Fern Society (2005)Korean Fern Society (2005)Korean Fern Society (2005)Korean Fern Society (2005)Kim et al. (2007)Moon et al. (2014)Yang et al. (2000)Lee et al. (2008)Kwon and Oh (1988)Korean Fern Society (2005)

IntroductIon8

are excluded or are doubtfully in Korea because their presence in Korea is well outside the worldwide range of the species, or because they were misidentified, or there are no known voucher specimens to verify their occurrence on the Korean peninsula (Table 3).

We believe the treatment of the pteridophytes presented here is just beginning of the study of this group in Korea. The number of young botanists and amateurs who are interested in these plants is inspiring. We hope that they will undertake further studies and contribute to a revision of the treatment in this book in the very near future.

Gymnosperms

Forty-six species, five varieties, and one artificial hybrid, comprising 23 genera and eight families are recognized as occurring in Korea (Table 4). The major families of gymnosperms, comprising approximately 85% of the species of gymnosperms in Korea, include Pinaceae (six genera, 26 taxa) and Cupressaceae (nine genera, 18 taxa). Two species, Abies koreana E. H. Wilson and Picea pungsanensis Uyeki ex Nakai, are endemic to Korea. Some authors (W. T. Lee, 1996a; Lee, 2002; Kim and Park, 2013) also recognized Larix olgensis A. Henry f. viridis (E. H. Wilson) Nakai as a distinct endemic taxon.

Table 3. List of excluded/doubtful species of pteridophytes.

Family Species

LycopodiaceaeOphioglossaceaeLindsaeaceaeVittariaceaeDennstaedtiaceaeAspleniaceaeAthyriaceaeAthyriaceaeAthyriaceaeAthyriaceaeAthyriaceaeAthyriaceaeThelypteridaceaeThelypteridaceaeThelypteridaceaeDryopteridaceaeDryopteridaceaeDryopteridaceaeDryopteridaceaeDryopteridaceaeDryopteridaceaePolypodiaceae

Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Serm.Ophioglossum pendulum L.Lindsaea cultrata (Willd.) Sw.Haplopteris zosterifolia (Willd.) E. H. CraneMicrolepia pseudostrigosa MakinoAsplenium tenerum G. Forst.Athyrium atkinsonii Bedd.Athyrium filix-femina (L.) RothAthyrium melanolepis (Franch. & Sav.) H. ChristAthyrium nikkoense MakinoAthyrium nigripes (Blume) T. MooreAthyrium reflexipinnum HayataLeptogramma omeiensis (Baker) TagawaThelypteris cystopteroides (D. C. Eaton) ChingCyclosorus parasiticus (L.) Farw.Polystichum fibrilloso-paleaceum (Kodama) TagawaPolystichum makinoi (Tagawa) TagawaPolystichum rigens TagawaDryopteris nipponensis Koidz.Dryopteris sabaei (Franch. & Sav.) C. Chr.Ctenitis sinii (Ching) OhwiColysis wrightii (Hook.) Ching

IntroductIon 9

Species introduced either for timber or for ornamental purposes include 24 species and one variety belonging to 18 genera and six families (Table 4).

Table 4. Number of taxa of gymnosperms in Korea. Numbers in parentheses represent introduced taxa.

Family Genus Species and infraspecific taxon

CycadaceaeGinkgoaceaeSciadopityaceaePinaceaeCupressaceaePodocarpaceaeCephalotaxaceaeTaxaceae

1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) 6 (1) 9 (6) 2 (2) 1 2

1 (1) 1 (1) 1 (1)26 (11)18 (9) 2 (2) 1 2

Total 23 (12) 52 (25)

· 11

Pteridophytes

13Huperzia · LYCOPODIACEAE

1. LYCOPODIACEAE P. Beauv. ex Mirb. 석송과

Byung-yun Sun

Herbs, perennial, evergreen, terrestrial, epiphytic or epipetric. Stems erect, pendulous, creeping or climb-ing, dichotomously or sometimes pseudomonopodially branched; horizontal stems present or absent; up-right shoots simple or branched; lateral branches simple or branched. Microphylls simple, monomorphic

(homophyllous) or dimorphic (heterophyllous), uniform (isophyllous) or differing in size (anisophyllous), needlelike to lanceolate or ovate, arranged in spirals, whorls, decussate or irregularly. Vein 1, central, un-branched. Gemmae or bulbils present or absent. Sporophylls unmodified or highly modified and special-ized in strobili, persistent or ephemeral, with or without basal mucilage cavities. Strobili pedunculate or ses-sile, upright or pendent. Sporangia solitary, axillary or on adaxial surface of sporophyll near base, reniform to globose, transversely dehiscent. Spores of 1 kind (homosporous), trilete. Gametophytes monoecious, subterranean or on soil surface.

genera 4 (2 in Korea), species 350-400 (13 in Korea).DiStriBution: Worldwide, except for the monotypic Phylloglossum Kunze restricted to Australia and New

Zealand.

Recent phylogenetic studies based on DNA analyses indicated that Lycopodium s. l. is composed of three distinctive monophyletic clades, Huperzia, Lycopodium and Lycopodiella (Wikström et al., 1999; Wikström and Kenrick, 2000), which we recognize as distinct genera in the present treatment. Some authors, however, rec-ognize as many as 10 to 15 genera within the family based on subtle characteristics.

SELECTED REFERENCES

Wikström, N., P. Kenrick and M. Chase. 1999. Epiphytism and terrestrialization in tropical Huperzia (Lycopodiaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 218: 221-243.

Wikström, N. and P. Kenrick. 2000. Relationships of Lycopodium and Lycopodiella based on combined plastid rbcL gene and trnL intron sequence data. Syst. Bot. 25: 495-510.

1. Stems erect, ascending or pendulous; branches clustered at base, main stem and lateral branches indistin-guishable; sporophylls unmodified, similar to vegetative microphylls, persistent ······················· 1. Huperzia

1. Main stems creeping; lateral branches erect or ascending, arising at intervals from creeping main stems; sporophylls highly modified, in distinct strobili, ephemeral ························································ 2. Lycopodium

1. Huperzia Bernh., J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 126, 1801.뱀톱속

Plants terrestrial, epiphytic or epipetric. Stems erect, ascending or pendulous, isotomously and dichoto-mously branched, round in cross section, clustered at base of plant. Gemmiferous branchlets and gemmae present or absent. Microphylls monomorphic or dimorphic by seasonal growth differences, margins entire, irregularly serrate, dentate or denticulate. Sporophylls unmodified and similar to vegetative microphylls or slightly modified, persistent, without mucilage cavities. Sporangia axillary or on adaxial surface of sporo-phyll near base, reniform. Gametophytes subterranean, mycorrhizal. Chromosome numbers x = 67, 68.

SpecieS ca. 55 (8 in Korea).DiStriBution: Worldwide; temperate and arctic regions.

14 LYCOPODIACEAE · Huperzia

1. Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis., Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 17: 248, 1875.

Korean name: Baem-top (뱀톱)

Lycopodium serratum Thunb. in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 944, 1784

Plants terrestrial. Stems erect or ascending, clus-tered at base, without main horizontal stem, 2-4- forked, 10-30 cm long, 1.5-3.5 cm in diam. includ-ing microphylls. Gemmae on upper stems, 5 mm long, subtended by 3 fleshy lateral microphylls. Microphylls yellowish green to dark green, sparse, spirally arranged, spreading, narrowly elliptic or lanceolate, narrowed from middle toward base, 0.5-2 cm × 3-5 mm, apex acuminate or mucronate, mar-gins irregularly serrate above middle, base cuneate, slightly keeled abaxially, papyraceous, glabrous; abaxial midvein distinct. Sporophylls unmodified, not in distinct strobili. Sporangia axillary or on adaxial surface of sporophylls near base, yellowish, sessile.

DiStriBution: Widely distributed in E Asia and Hawaii.

Korea: All provinces. Montane forests.

Huperzia serrata is polymorphic, especially in the morphology of the microphyll. Many varieties have been recognized based on this variation, but further studies are needed to determine their taxonomic va-lidity.

2. Huperzia jejuensis B.-Y. Sun & J. Lim, Kor-ean J. Pl. Taxon. 45: 17, 2015.

Korean name: Gin-da-ram-jwi-kko-ri (긴다람쥐꼬리)

Plants terrestrial. Stems erect or ascending, sub-terranean stems decumbent, clustered at base, with-out main stem, 1- or 2(-4)-forked, 15-25 cm long, 1-1.5 cm in diam. including microphylls; annual constrictions present above middle part of stem. Gemmae in 1 pseudowhorl at apex of stem, 3 mm long, subtended by 6 lateral microphylls. Micro-phylls greenish, dense, spirally arranged, spreading to reflexed, linear-lanceolate with sides parallel in lower half, or slightly narrowed from middle to-ward base, 0.8-1 cm × 0.7-1.2 mm, apex acute, mar-gins irregularly minutely dentate above middle, her-baceous. Sporophylls unmodified, not in distinct strobili. Sporangia yellowish, axillary or on adaxial surface near base of sporophylls, sessile.

DiStriBution: Restricted to Korea.Korea: JJ. Forests; epiphytic or epipetric; relative-

ly rare. Endemic.

Huperzia jejuensis has been regarded as H. integrifo-lia (Matsuda) B. Øllg. ex. Satou. However, H. jejuensis is distinct from H. integrifolia in the shape of micro-phylls. Huperzia jejuensis has linear-lanceolate leaves with margins parallel from the base to the middle and minutely dentate above the middle; H. integrifo-lia has narrowly elliptic leaves widest at the middle and irregularly serrate margins (Lim and Sun, 2015).

3. Huperzia asiatica (Ching) B.-Y. Sun, Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 45: 302, 2015.

1. Plants epiphytic on tree trunks or epipetric, without gemmae or bulbils.2. Stems erect, ascending or sometimes arching; microphylls 1-1.5 cm long ··················· 7. H. cryptomeriana2. Stems pendulous; microphylls ca. 2 mm long ············································································· 8. H. sieboldii

1. Plants terrestrial, with gemmae or bulbils among microphylls.3. Margins of microphylls irregularly serrate or minutely dentate above middle.

4. Margins of microphylls irregularly serrate.5. Apex of microphylls acute; petiole obscure or absent ························································ 1. H. serrata5. Apex of microphylls mucronulate; petiole present ··························································· 4. H. javanica

4. Margins of microphylls minutely dentate above middle.6. Annual constrictions usually above middle part of stem ··············································· 2. H. jejuensis6. Annual constrictions at base of stem ··················································································· 3. H. asiatica

3. Margins of microphylls entire.7. Microphylls linear-lanceolate, margins parallel near base, usually chartaceous, shiny ····· 5. H. selago7. Microphylls lanceolate, continuously narrowed from base to apex, thinly papyraceous, dull ··············

··················································································································································· 6. H. miyoshiana

15Huperzia · LYCOPODIACEAE

Korean name: Baek-du-da-ram-jwi-kko-ri (백두다람쥐꼬리)

Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevis. var. asiatica Ching, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 3: 296, 1981

Plants terrestrial. Stems erect or ascending, with-out main horizontal stem, 1- or 2-forked, 15-25 cm long, 0.8-1.8 cm in diam. including microphylls; annual constrictions present at base of stem. Gem-mae in 1 pseudowhorl at apex of stem, subtended by 6 lateral microphylls. Microphylls greenish, dense, spirally arranged, spreading or ascending, linear-lanceolate with sides parallel below middle, 6-9 × 0.8-1.2 mm, apex acute, margins entire or ir-regularly denticulate apically, herbaceous, glabrous, midvein distinct abaxially, indistinct adaxially; sto-mata on both surfaces. Sporophylls unmodified, not in distinct strobili. Sporangia yellowish, axillary or on adaxial surface near base of sporophylls, 0.6-1.1 × 1.2-1.6 mm, sessile.

DiStriBution: China, Korea.Korea: YG (Baekdu-san). Shady places in humid

forests, in valleys.

Ching (1981) described H. lucidula var. asiatica based on collections from Changbai-san, Jilin prov-ince, China. Zhang and Kung (2000) merged var. asiatica with var. lucidula, suggesting that there are no reliable differences between them. Lim and Sun

(2015) revealed that the two taxa fundamentally dif-fer both in the morphology of the microphylls and in the distribution pattern of the stomata on the mi-crophylls and in a molecular analysis. Hence, H. asi-atica is treated here as distinct from H. lucidula.

4. Huperzia javanica (Sw.) C. Yang, Bull. Acad. Military Med. Sci. 13: 368, 1989.

Korean name: Keun-Baem-top (큰뱀톱)

Lycopodium javanicum Sw., J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 114, 1801; L. serratum Thunb. var. javanicum (Sw.) Makino; L. serratum var. longipetiolatum Spring; Urostachys javanicus (Sw.) Herter

Plants terrestrial. Stems erect or ascending, with-out main horizontal stem, 1 or 2 times irregularly forked, 9-23 cm long, 0.5-4 cm in diam. including microphylls; annual constrictions distinct. Gemmae in 1 pseudowhorl at apex of stem, subtended by 6 lateral microphylls. Microphylls dark green, dense,

spirally arranged, spreading or ascending, narrowly elliptic, conspicuously narrowed toward base, wid-est at middle, 1-2 cm × 2-4 mm, apex mucronulate, margins irregularly serrate throughout, herbaceous, glabrous, midvein distinct abaxially; stomata on adaxial surface only. Sporophylls unmodified, not in distinct strobili. Sporangia yellowish, axillary or on adaxial surface near base of sporophylls, 0.6-1.1 × 1.2-1.6 mm, sessile.

DiStriBution: S China, India, Japan (Kyushu), Ko-rea, Philippines; SE Asia.

Korea: JN, JJ. Shady places in humid forests, in valleys.

Although previous studies treated H. javanica as a variety or even a form of H. serrata, Yang (1982, 1989) and Shrestha and Zhang (2015) treated it as a distinct species.

5. Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart., Hortus Reg. Monac. 3, 1829.

Korean name: Jom-da-ram-jwi-kko-ri (좀다람쥐꼬리)

Lycopodium selago L., Sp. Pl. 1102, 1753

Plants terrestrial. Stems erect or ascending, with-out main horizontal stem, 1-4-forked, 3-10 cm long, 1.5-3 mm in diam.; annual constrictions indistinct. Gemmae in 1 pseudowhorl at stem apex, subtend-ed by lateral microphylls. Microphylls yellowish green or green, dense, spirally arranged, spreading or ascending, linear-lanceolate with sides parallel in lower half, 3-5 × 0.5-1 mm, apex acuminate or acute, margins entire, chartaceous, shiny; midvein indistinct. Sporophylls unmodified, not in distinct strobili. Sporangia yellowish, axillary or on adaxial surface near base of sporophylls, sessile.

DiStriBution: Widely distributed in temperate re-gions of the N Hemisphere and in high mountains in the tropics.

Korea: N to C Korea. Forests and sunny slopes in high mountains.

6. Huperzia miyoshiana (Makino) Ching, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 3: 303, 1981.

Korean name: Da-ram-jwi-kko-ri (다람쥐꼬리)

Lycopodium miyoshianum Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 12: 36, 1898; Huperzia miyoshiana (Makino) Ching var.

16 LYCOPODIACEAE · Lycopodium

coreana (Hayata) Ching; Lycopodium miyoshianum var. coreanum Hayata; L. selago L. var. miyoshianum (Mak-ino) Makino

Plants terrestrial or epipetric. Stems erect or as-cending, without main horizontal stem, 2-4-forked, 10-15 cm long, 2-3 mm in diam.; annual constric-tions absent. Gemmae in 2 or 3 pseudowhorls at stem apex, subtended by lateral microphylls. Mi-crophylls yellowish green, dense, spirally arranged, spreading, ascending or slightly recurved, lanceolate or narrowly triangular, continuously narrowed from base to apex, widest at base, 3-7 × 0.5-1 mm, apex acuminate, margins entire, dull, thinly papyraceous; midvein indistinct. Sporophylls unmodified, not in distinct strobili. Sporangia yellowish, axillary or on adaxial surface near base of sporophylls, sessile.

DiStriBution: China, Japan, Korea, Far East Russia; North America.

Korea: N and C Korea, JJ. Forests. Relatively rare.

Huperzia chinensis (H. Christ) Ching is endemic to China and occurs mainly on high mountains in Si-chuan, Hubei, and Shaanxi. It is most similar to H. miyoshiana, but differs in having sparse, lanceolate microphylls.

7. Huperzia cryptomeriana (Maxim.) R. D. Dixit, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 77: 541, 1981.

Korean name: Wang-da-ram-jwi-kko-ri (왕다람쥐꼬리)

Lycopodium cryptomerianum Maxim., Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 231, 1870; Phlegmari-urus cryptomerianus (Maxim.) Satou; Urostachys cryp-tomerianus (Maxim.) Herter ex Nessel

Plants epiphytic or epipetric. Stems greenish or

stramineous, erect, ascending or arching apically, without main horizontal stem, 2-4-forked, 15-30 cm long, 3-5 mm in diam. Gemmae absent. Micro-phylls dark green, dense, spirally arranged, spread-ing or ascending, linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm × 1.5-2 mm, apex acuminate, margins entire, base cuneate, chartaceous; midvein slightly raised abaxially, indis-tinct. Sporophylls unmodified or slightly modified, not in distinct strobili. Sporangia yellowish, axillary or adaxial surface near base of sporophylls, sessile.

DiStriBution: India, Japan, Korea, Taiwan.Korea: GW, JN, JJ. Epipetric or on tree trunks in

montane forests. Rare.

8. Huperzia sieboldii (Miq.) Holub, Folia Geo-bot. Phytotax. 20: 76, 1985.

Korean name: Jul-seok-song (줄석송)

Lycopodium sieboldii Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugdu-no-Batavi 3: 184, 1867; Phlegmariurus sieboldii (Miq.) Ching

Plants epiphytic or epipetric. Stems green or yel-lowish green, pendent, without main horizontal stem, 1-several-forked, 20-40 cm long. Gemmae absent. Microphylls scalelike, ovate to triangular, ca. 2 mm long, lower 2/3 adnate to stem, apex acute, margins entire; midvein raised adaxially. Sporo-phylls unmodified, not in distinct strobili, but stro-biluslike in appearance. Sporangia yellowish, axil-lary or on adaxial surface near base of sporophylls, exposed, sessile.

DiStriBution: China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan.Korea: JJ. On rocks and cliffs in lowland forests.

Although old specimens of H. sieboldii from Korea are at TI and LE, it is probably extinct in Korea, since it has not been reported during the last 50 years.

2. Lycopodium L., Sp. Pl. 1100, 1753.석송속

Plants terrestrial. Main stems (horizontal stems) creeping, much branched, indeterminate; lateral branches erect or ascending, arising at intervals from creeping main stem, determinate. Microphylls monomorphic or dimorphic, apical trichomes present or absent. Sporophylls highly modified, ephemeral, in distinct stro-bili, with or without basal mucilage cavities. Strobili pedunculate or sessile; peduncles dichotomously or pseudomonopodially branched; microphylls on peduncles distantly spaced, reduced in size. Sporangia on adaxial surface near base of sporophyll, rarely axillary, reniform, short stalked. Gametophytes subterranean, mycorrhizal, achlorophyllous. Chromosome number x = 34.

17Lycopodium · LYCOPODIACEAE

SpecieS ca. 40 (5 in Korea).DiStriBution: Worldwide, mainly in temperate and subarctic regions.

1. Microphylls 6-ranked or more, not imbricate; peduncles, if present, pseudomonopodially branched.2. Apex of microphylls with long membranous trichomes; strobili pedunculate, usually 3-5 per branch ····

····························································································································································· 1. L. clavatum2. Apex of microphylls glabrous; strobili sessile, 1-6 per branch.

3. Main stems shallowly subterranean, easily excavated; aerial branches simple or once dichotomously branched; microphylls reflexed, margins minutely serrate; strobilus 1 per branch ····· 2. L. annotinum

3. Main stems deeply subterranean, difficult to excavate; aerial branches repeatedly dichotomously branched apically, treelike; microphylls spreading, margins entire; strobili 1-6 per branch ·················· ······················································································································································ 3. L. obscurum

1. Microphylls 4-ranked, imbricate; peduncles, if present, dichotomously branched.4. Branchlets square in cross section; microphylls monomorphic or nearly so, strongly imbricate; strobili

sessile, 1 per branch ·························································································································· 4. L. alpinum4. Branchlets flat in cross section; microphylls dimorphic, those on peduncles sparse and reduced; strobili

pedunculate, 2-5 per branch ·································································································· 5. L. complanatum

annual constrictions distinct. Microphylls dark green, densely arranged, whorled, not overlapping, spreading to reflexed, linear-lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm × 3-4 mm, apex acute, without membranous trichome, margins minutely serrate distally, base cuneate, co-riaceous. Sporophylls broadly ovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm, apex acute, margins membranous, denticulate. Stro-bili solitary, cylindrical, 3-4 cm × ca. 5 mm, sessile.

DiStriBution: Widely distributed in temperate regions of the N Hemisphere, including NE China, Japan, Korea, and Russia (Sakhalin, Siberia); Europe, North America.

Korea: N and C Korea. Coniferous forests.

3. Lycopodium obscurum L., Sp. Pl. 1102, 1753.Korean name: Man-nyeon-seok-song (만년석송)

Main stems deeply subterranean, difficult to exca-vate, creeping, reddish brown, irregularly branched, with sparsely arranged scalelike microphylls; lateral branches erect or ascending, treelike, unbranched basally, repeatedly dichotomously branched apical-ly, 10-30 cm long, 5-8 mm in diam. including micro-phylls, densely leafy; annual constrictions absent. Microphylls dense, whorled, 6-ranked, not overlap-ping, spreading, linear-lanceolate, 3-4 × ca. 0.5 mm, apex acuminate, without membranous trichomes, mar gins entire. Sporophylls broadly ovate, ca. 3 × 2 mm, apex acute, margins denticulate, membranous. Strobili 1-6 per branch, cylindrical, 2-3 cm × ca. 5 mm, sessile.

1. Lycopodium clavatum L., Sp. Pl. 1101, 1753.Korean name: Seok-song (석송)

Lycopodium japonicum Thunb.; L. clavatum var. nip-ponicum Nakai

Main stems creeping on surface, much branched, ca. 3 mm in diam., indeterminate, sparsely leafy; lateral branches erect or ascending, clustered, 3-5- forked, 20-25 cm long, 0.5-1 cm in diam., densely leafy. Microphylls dense, spirally arranged, more than 6-ranked, not overlapping, lanceolate, 4-7 × ca. 1 mm, apex acute, with long whitish membranous trichomes, margins entire or minutely denticulate distally, base cuneate. Sporophylls broadly ovate, ca. 1.5 × 1 mm, apex acute with thread-like tip, mar-gins membranous, crenulate. Strobili usually 3-5 per branch, cylindrical, 3-5 cm × ca. 5 mm, short stalked; peduncles pseudomonopodially branched, 5-15 cm long, with sparse, reduced microphylls.

DiStriBution: Worldwide.Korea: All provinces. Forests in mountains.

2. Lycopodium annotinum L., Sp. Pl. 1103, 1753.Korean name: Gae-seok-song (개석송)

Main stems shallowly subterranean, easily exca-vated, creeping, ca. 2 mm in diam., indeterminate, sparsely leafy; lateral branches ascending, clustered, cylindrical, 1-3-forked at base, 8-20 cm long, 1-1.5 cm in diam. including microphylls, densely leafy;

18 LYCOPODIACEAE · Lycopodium

DiStriBution: Widely distributed in temperate re-gions of the N Hemisphere; Eurasia, North America.

Korea: All provinces. Terrestrial in montane for-ests. Relatively rare.

4. Lycopodium alpinum L., Sp. Pl. 1104, 1753.Korean name: San-seok-song (산석송)

Diphasiastrum alpinum (L.) Holub

Main stems shallowly subterranean or on surface, long creeping, 1-1.5 mm in diam., irregularly bran-ched, with sparsely arranged scalelike microphylls; lateral branches erect or ascending, 6-10 cm long, densely leafy; branchlets 3-5-forked, square in cross section. Microphylls monomorphic or nearly so, 4-ranked, appressed or divergent, linear-lanceolate, ca. 2 mm long, apex acuminate, appressed to stem; ventral microphylls well developed. Sporophylls overlapping, narrowly ovate, ca. 2 × 1.2 mm, apex caudate, margins membranous, denticulate. Strobili 2-5 per branch, cylindrical, 1-2 cm long, sessile.

DiStriBution: Widely distributed in temperate regions of the N Hemisphere, including NE China, Japan, Korea, Russia (Siberia); Europe, and North America.

Korea: N Korea (HB, HN). Grassy slopes in al-pine zone of high mountains.

5. Lycopodium complanatum L., Sp. Pl. 1104, 1753.

Korean name: Bi-neul-seok-song (비늘석송)

Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub

Main stems shallowly subterranean or on surface, long creeping, 1-2 mm in diam., irregularly branch-ed, bearing sparsely arranged scalelike microphylls; lateral branches erect or ascending, 10-30 cm long, 2-4 mm in diam., with densely arranged microphy-lls; branchlets flat in cross section, green adaxially, pale green abaxially. Microphylls dimorphic, 4- ranked, overlapping, 1-2 mm long, adnate to stem; dorsal microphylls lanceolate, appressed; ventral microphylls weekly developed, narrowly triangular, appressed. Sporophylls overlapping, broadly ovate, ca. 3 × 1.5 mm, apex caudate, margins membranous, denticulate. Strobili 2-5 per branch, cylindrical, 2- 3 cm×ca. 3 mm; peduncles dichotomously branched, with sparse, reduced microsporophylls.

DiStriBution: Widely distributed in temperate re-gions of the N Hemisphere, including China, Japan, and Korea.

Korea: N to C Korea, JJ. Forests in high moun-tains.

EXCLUDED/DOUBTFUL SPECIES

1. Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Serm., Webbia 23: 166, 1968.

Korean name: Mul-seok-song (물석송)

Park (1961, 1975) reported L. cernua from Jeju-do. The occurrence of this species in Korea, however, is doubtful. I have seen no specimens, and recent searches have failed to locate living plants.

19Selaginella · SELAGINELLACEAE

2. SELAGINELLACEAE Willk. 부처손과

Byung-yun Sun

Herbs, perennial, rarely annual, terrestrial, epipetric or epiphytic. Stems prostrate, creeping, decumbent or erect, pinnately, irregularly or dichotomously branched. Rhizophores usually present, from axils of stem branches, throughout stem length or confined to base of stems. Roots dichotomously branched, from rhizo-phore tips. Microphylls simple, with a basal ligule, monomorphic or dimorphic; monomorphic microphylls linear to narrowly lanceolate, spirally arranged; dimorphic microphylls round or lanceolate, arranged in 4 ranks with 2 ranks of larger spreading lateral microphylls and 2 ranks of smaller appressed median micro-phylls. Vein 1, central, unbranched. Strobili terminal, cylindrical or 4-angled. Sporophylls slightly or high-ly differentiated from sterile microphylls, monomorphic, rarely dimorphic, spirally arranged or 4-ranked. Sporangia solitary, axillary or on adaxial surface of sporophyll near base, of 2 kinds (megasporangia and mi-crosporangia); megasporangia lobed to ovoid depending on shape of megaspores; microsporangia ovoid or globose. Spores of 2 kinds (heterosporous; megaspores and microspores); megaspores trilete, 4 per sporangi-um; microspores trilete, many per sporangium. Gametophytes endosporic. Chromosome numbers x = 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.

genuS 1 (1 in Korea), species ca. 800 (9 in Korea).DiStriBution: Worldwide, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions.

1. Selaginella P. Beauv., Prodr. Aethéogam. 101, 1805 (nom. cons.).부처손속

Description and distribution of the genus Selaginella, same as for the family.

1. Microphylls monomorphic, spirally arranged ··················································································· 1. S. sibirica1. Microphylls dimorphic, usually in 4 ranks.

2. Branches arising radially at apex of stem, forming a rosette; rhizophores stout, basal; rhizophores and roots congested, forming prop roots and stemlike structures ·············································· 9. S. tamariscina

2. Branches arising alternately along stem, never in rosettes; rhizophores filiform, throughout stem length; rhizophores and roots loose, without prop roots and stemlike structures.3. Main stems erect, pinnately branched.

4. Lateral microphylls acute at apex, nearly entire or minutely dentate at margin ········ 2. S. involvens4. Lateral microphylls sharply pointed at apex, with whitish membranous setae at margin ················

············································································································································ 3. S. stauntoniana3. Main stems creeping, irregularly branched.

5. Sporophyll-bearing branches creeping.6. Margins of microphylls ciliolate below middle ································································ 4. S. rossii6. Margins of microphylls entire or sometimes minutely denticulate ······················· 5. S. remotifolia

5. Sporophyll-bearing branches erect.7. Sporophylls dimorphic; strobili distinct ································································· 6. S. heterostachys7. Sporophylls monomorphic; strobili indistinct.

8. Microphylls and sporophylls alike; apex of lateral microphylls obtuse ·············· 7. S. helvetica8. Microphylls smaller than sporophylls; apex of lateral microphylls acute ········ 8. S. nipponica

20 SELAGINELLACEAE · Selaginella

1. Selaginella sibirica (Milde) Hieron., Hedwigia 39: 290, 1900.

Korean name: Sil-sa-ri (실사리)

Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring f. sibirica Milde, Fil. Eur. 262, 1867

Plants evergreen, terrestrial or epipetric. Stems creeping or decumbent, irregularly forked, form-ing a mat, radially symmetric, 1.5-2.5 mm in diam. Rhizophores throughout on adaxial surface of stems. Microphylls monomorphic, dense, spirally arranged, linear to narrowly lanceolate, 2-3 × ca. 0.5 mm, margins densely ciliate, with distinct abaxial ridges; bristle at apex whitish, 0.5-1 mm long, about 1/3 leaf length. Strobili solitary, 4-angled in cross section, 1-1.5 cm × ca. 2 mm, sessile. Sporophylls monomorphic, 4-ranked, narrowly triangular, 1.5-2 mm long, apex with bristle, margins ciliate, with distinct abaxial ridges. Spores pale yellow.

DiStriBution: N China, Korea, Russia (Sakhalin, E Siberia); North America (Alaska).

Korea: N Korea, GB (Ulleung-do). On rocks and soil in alpine and lowland forests.

2. Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 10: 136, 1843.

Korean name: Ba-wi-son (바위손)

Lycopodium involvens Sw., Syn. Fil. 182, 1806

Plants evergreen, epipetric. Rhizomes creeping, 1.5-2 mm in diam., bearing sparsely arranged acute microphylls. Aerial stems erect, distantly spaced on rhizome, 2 or 3 times pinnately branched, bladelike, flattened, 10-40 cm long, sparsely leafy toward base. Rhizophores filiform, throughout stem length; rhi-zophores and roots loose, forming prop roots. Mi-crophylls dimorphic, in 4 rows, 2 lateral and 2 medi-an; lateral microphylls ovate or broadly ovate, asym-metric, ca. 1.5 × 0.5-1 mm, apex acute, margins near-ly entire or minutely dentate; median microphylls narrowly ovate, symmetric, 0.5-1 mm long, apex acute, margins denticulate, base cordate. Strobili solitary, 4-angled in cross section, 0.3-2 cm × ca. 1.5 mm. Sporophylls monomorphic, 4-ranked, ovate, ca. 1.5 mm long, apex sharply pointed, tip awnlike, margins denticulate toward base.

DiStriBution: China, India, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam.

Korea: S Korea (JJ). On rocks in mountain valleys and in forests.

3. Selaginella stauntoniana Spring, Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique 24: 71, 1850.

Korean name: Gae-bu-cheo-son (개부처손)

Plants evergreen, epipetric. Rhizomes creeping, irregularly branched, 1.5-2 mm in diam., with den-sely arranged microphylls; microphylls on rhizome ovate, appressed, apex spreading, acuminate, sharp-ly pointed. Aerial stems erect, distantly spaced on rhizome, 3 or 4 times pinnately branched, 5-25 cm long, bladelike, flattened. Rhizophores filiform, throughout stem length; rhizophores and roots loo-se, forming prop roots. Microphylls dimorphic, in 4 rows, 2 lateral and 2 median; lateral microphylls ovate or broadly ovate, 0.5-1 × ca. 0.5 mm, apex sharply pointed, margins denticulate, distally with whitish membranous setae; median microphylls narrowly ovate, 1-2 mm long, apex sharply pointed. Strobili solitary, 4-angled in cross section, 1-1.5 cm × ca. 1.5 mm. Sporophylls monomorphic, 4-ranked, ovate, ca. 1.5 mm long, apex sharply pointed, tip awnlike, margins denticulate.

DiStriBution: China, Korea.Korea: N and C Korea. Abundant in limestone

areas.

4. Selaginella rossii (Baker) Warb., Monsunia 1: 101, 1900.

Korean name: Gu-sil-sa-ri (구실사리)

Selaginella mongholica Rupr. var. rossii Baker, J. Bot. 21: 45, 1883

Plants evergreen, epipetric. Stems reddish, short creeping, irregularly branched, 1- or 2-forked, form-ing a mat, wiry. Rhizophores filiform, throughout stem length; rhizophores and roots loose, forming prop roots. Microphylls dimorphic, in 4 rows, 2 lateral and 2 median; lateral microphylls green, el-liptic or obovate, asymmetric, 1.8-2 × ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate, margins ciliolate basally on acroscop-ic side, sessile; median microphylls ovate-elliptic, asymmetric, ca. 1.5 × 1 mm, apex acute or acuminate, margins ciliolate below middle. Strobili solitary, 4-angled in cross section, 0.5-1.5 cm × 1-1.5 mm, sessile. Sporophylls monomorphic, ovate-triangu-lar, apex acute, margins denticulate, without whitish

21Selaginella · SELAGINELLACEAE

membranous setae. Megaspores whitish. Micro-spores pale yellow.

DiStriBution: NE China, Korea, Russia (Ussuri).Korea: All provinces except JJ. On rocks in for-

ests.

5. Selaginella remotifolia Spring in Miq., Pl. Jungh. 3: 276, 1854.

Korean name: Bi-neul-i-kki (비늘이끼)

Lycopodioides remotifolia (Spring) H. S. Kung; Selag-inella japonica Miq.; S. remotifolia var. japonica (Miq.) Koidz.

Plants evergreen, terrestrial or epipetric. Stems stramineous, long creeping, irregularly branched, 20-50 cm × 0.5-1.5 mm, slender, glabrous. Rhizo-phores filiform, at intervals throughout length of creeping stem and branches, on dorsal side in axils of stem branches. Microphylls dimorphic, in 4 rows, 2 lateral and 2 median; lateral microphylls ovate-lan-ceolate, asymmetric, spreading, 2-3× 1-1.5 mm, apex acute, base auriculate, margins nearly entire or sli-ghtly denticulate, without whitish membranous setae; median microphylls appressed to stem, nar-rowly ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, 1.5-2 × 0.5-1 mm, apex acuminate, base auriculate, margins nearly en-tire or minutely denticulate. Strobili solitary, 4-an-gled in cross section, 5-10 × 1-2 mm. Sporophylls monomorphic, 4-ranked, narrowly ovate to ovate, apex acuminate, margins denticulate, without whit-ish membranous setae.

DiStriBution: S China, NE India, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan.

Korea: JJ. On rocks and in soil in lowland forests.

6. Selaginella heterostachys Baker, J. Bot. 23 (270): 177, 1885.

Korean name: Gak-si-bi-neul-i-kki (각시비늘이끼)

Lycopodioides heterostachya (Baker) Kuntze

Plants evergreen, terrestrial or epipetric. Main stems stramineous, creeping, pinnately branched, 3-6 mm in diam. including microphylls, bearing erect fertile branches on lower parts; fertile branches erect, simple, pinnately branched or 1- or 2-forked, thinner than main stems. Rhizophores filiform, throughout or on lower part of fertile branch. Mi-crophylls dimorphic, in 4 rows, 2 lateral and 2 me-

dian; lateral microphylls asymmetric, oblong-ovate, 2-3 × 1-2 mm, apex acute, base asymmetrically rounded, margins denticulate; median microphylls asymmetric, ovate or narrowly ovate, 1-1.5 × ca. 0.5 mm, apex acuminate or shortly elongate and re-curved, base cuneate, margins denticulate, whitish membranous. Strobili solitary, terminal, dorsiven-trally complanate, 0.5-1 cm long. Sporophylls di-morphic, apex caudate, margins denticulate; lateral sporophylls larger, oblong-lanceolate; median spror-phylls ovate-lanceolate.

DiStriBution: S China, Japan, Taiwan; SE Asia.Korea: GW, JJ. On rocks in wet mountain forests.

7. Selaginella helvetica (L.) Link, Fil. Spec. 159, 1841.

Korean name: Wae-gu-sil-sa-ri (왜구실사리)

Lycopodium helveticum L., Sp. Pl. 1104, 1753

Plants evergreen, terrestrial or epipetric. Stems short creeping, irregularly branched, 10 cm long, slender; main stems and lateral branches indistinct. Rhizophores filiform, throughout stem length; rhi-zophores and roots loose, forming prop roots. Mi-crophylls dimorphic, in 4 rows, 2 lateral and 2 me-dian; lateral microphylls pale green or yellowish green, ovate, 1.5-2 × ca. 1 mm, apex obtuse or slight-ly acute, margins denticulate, base asymmetrically rounded, sessile; median microphylls narrowly ovate, 1 mm long, apex acute, margins denticulate. Strobilus bearing stems erect, 1- or 2-forked; micro-phylls on strobilus bearing stems sparse, monomor-phic, similar to sporophyll, apex acute, margins den-ticulate. Strobili solitary or paired, indistinct.

DiStriBution: Eurasia, including China, Japan, and Korea; widely distributed in temperate regions.

Korea: HB, PB, CB, GN, JB, JJ. High mountains. Relatively rare.

8. Selaginella nipponica Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 615, 1878.

Korean name: Seon-bi-neul-i-kki (선비늘이끼)

Plants evergreen, terrestrial. Stems creeping, ir-regularly branched, 5-15 cm long, slender; main stems and lateral branches indistinct. Rhizophores filiform, throughout stem length; rhizophores and roots loose, forming prop roots. Microphylls dimor-

22 SELAGINELLACEAE · Selaginella

phic, in 4 rows, 2 lateral and 2 median, herbaceous; lateral microphylls broadly ovate, symmetric, 1.5-2 × 0.5-1 mm, apex acute, margins denticulate, ses-sile; median microphylls narrowly ovate, ca. 1 mm long, apex acute, margins denticulate. Strobilus bearing stems erect, 1- or 2-forked; microphylls on strobilus bearing stems sparsely arranged, mono-morphic, apex acute, margins denticulate. Strobili solitary or 1-paired, indistinct. Sporophylls smaller than microphylls on strobilus bearing stems, sym-metrical, margins denticulate.

DiStriBution: China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan; Indo-china.

Korea: S Korea. Open grassy places and sunny slopes at foot of mountains.

9. Selaginella tamariscina (P. Beauv.) Spring, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 10: 136, 1843.

Korean name: Bu-cheo-son (부처손)

Stachygynandrum tamariscinum P. Beauv., Mag. En-

cycl. 9: 483, 1804

Plants evergreen, terrestrial or epipetric. Stem-like structure formed by congestion of rhizophores and roots, 5-20 cm long; branches congested at apex of stemlike structure forming a rosette, ascending, flattened, 2-4-forked, 5-10 cm long, 3-4 mm in diam., dark green adaxially, pale green abaxially. Rhizophores stout, confined to base of stems. Mi-crophylls dimorphic, in 4 rows, 2 lateral and 2 me-dian; lateral microphylls ovate, 1-2 × ca. 1 mm, apex acuminate with thread-like tip, margins minutely serrulate, midvein distinct; median microphylls smaller. Strobili solitary, 4-angled in cross section, 0.5-1.5 cm × ca. 2 mm, sessile. Sporophylls mono-morphic, narrowly triangular, apex acuminate with thread-like tip, margins minutely serrulate.

DiStriBution: China, N India, Japan, Korea, Philip-pines, Russia (E Siberia), Taiwan.

Korea: All provinces. On rocks and cliffs in mountain forests.

23Isoëtes · ISOETACEAE

1. Isoëtes coreana Y. H. Chung & H.-K. Choi, Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 16: 2, 1986.

Korean name: Cham-mul-bu-chu (참물부추)

Plants amphibious. Rootstock 3-lobed, ca. 5 cm long, ca. 1 cm in diam. Leaves ascending, 9-11.5 cm long; ligule hastiform; megasporophylls ca. 20 in outer whorl; microsporophylls ca. 15 in inner whorl, peripheral fiber strands 4; stomata on adaxial sur-

face, anomocytic, 63.4 × 33.8 μm. Sporangia elliptic, 5-6 × 3-3.5 mm; velum absent. Megaspores glo-bose, 330-430 × 350-490 μm, gray when wet, white when dry; proximal hemisphere cristate-echinate, distal hemisphere cristate. Microspores whitish gray, ellipsoid, 31-38 × 21-26 μm; surface ornamen-tation echinate. Chromosome number 2n = 66.

DiStriBution: Restricted to Korea.Korea: C and S Korea. Riversides. Endemic.

3. ISOETACEAE Dumort. 물부추과

Byung-yun Sun

Herbs, perennial, aquatic or seasonally terrestrial, [submerged], amphibious or [emergent]. Rootstock short, erect, cormlike, fleshy, sloughed off regularly, 2- or 3-lobed. Roots arising from grooves separating rootstock lobes. Leaves several-many, closely spirally arranged, imbricate, in a rosette, linear, tapering to apex, dilated toward base, ligulate, with sporangia borne adaxially at base; megasporophylls usually on out-er whorl of leaves; microsporophylls on inner whorl. Sporangia ovoid or globose, adaxial surface complete-ly or partly surrounded by velum, usually of 2 kinds; megasporangium producing up to hundreds of mega-spores; microsporangium producing thousands of microspores. Megaspores trilete, globose, more than 200 μm in diam. Microspores monolete, reniform, 20-40 μm long. Chromosome number x = 11.

genuS 1 (1 in Korea), species 90-150 (4 in Korea).DiStriBution: Worldwide.

SELECTED REFERENCES

Kott, L. S. and D. M. Britton. 1983. Spore morphology and taxonomy of Isoëtes in northeastern North America. Canad. J. Bot. 61: 3140-3163.

Choi, H.-K., J. Jung and C. Kim. 2008. Two new species of Isoëtes (Isoetaceae) from Jeju Island, South Korea. J. Plant Biol. 51: 354-358.

Jung, J., C. Kim, H. Kim and H.-K. Choi. 2009. Taxonomic examination of Isoëtes L. (Isoetaceae) in South Korea. Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 39: 63-73.

1. Isoëtes L., Sp. Pl. 1100, 1753.물부추속

Description and distribution of the genus Isoëtes, same as for the family.

1. Ligules elongate triangular; megaspores reticulate; microspores laevigate ··································· 2. I. japonica1. Ligules hastate or subtriangular; megaspores cristate-echinate or echinate or rugulate; microspores echi-

nate.2. Megaspores cristate-echinate ············································································································ 1. I. coreana2. Megaspores regulate or echinate.

3. Megaspores regulate only; lowlands on Jeju-do ····································································· 3. I. jejuensis3. Megaspores echinate; above 1000 m on Jeju-do ······························································· 4. I. hallasanensis

24 ISOETACEAE · Isoëtes

2. Isoëtes japonica A. Braun, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1861: 459, 1861.

Korean name: Mul-bu-chu (물부추)

Plants amphibious. Rootstock black, (2-) or 3- lobed, ca. 5 cm long, 2-4 cm in diam. Leaves dark green, ascending, spirally arranged, columnar with 3 keels, 15-30 cm long, margins whitish membranous, peripheral fiber strands 4 or (6); stomata on adaxial surface; ligule elongate, triangular. Sporangia ellip-tic, 6-8 mm long; velum absent. Megaspores whit-ish, 350-400 × 425-525 μm; surface ornamentation regularly reticulate. Microspores light brown, 30-35 μm long; surface ornamentation laevigate. Chro-mosome number 2n = 66.

DiStriBution: China, Japan, Korea.Korea: C Korea (GG, only in Pyeongtaek area).

Swamps.

3. Isoëtes jejuensis H.-K. Choi, Ch. Kim & J. Jung, J. Pl. Biol. 51: 356, 2008.

Korean name: Jeju-mul-bu-chu (제주물부추)

Plants amphibious. Rootstock 3-lobed, 1-2 cm in diam. Leaves greenish, whitish basally, ascending or inclined, spirally arranged, hemiterete, 9-26 cm × 1.5-2.5 mm, base alate; ligule hastiform or subtri-angular, 2-4 × 2-2.5 mm. Sporangia: velum absent.

Megaspores gray, 325-425 μm in diam., proximal hemisphere and distal hemisphere rugulate, radial ridge undulate, equatorial ridge rudimentary, ul-trastructure dense. Microspores brown, 26-32 μm long; surface ornamentation echinate. Chromosome number 2n = 44.

DiStriBution: Restricted to Korea.Korea: JJ. Clay soils in shallow ponds and swamps

in low lands of Halla-san, Jeju-do. Endemic.

4. Isoëtes hallasanensis H.-K. Choi, Ch. Kim & J. Jung, J. Pl. Biol. 51: 357, 2008.

Korean name: Hal-la-mul-bu-chu (한라물부추)

Plants amphibious. Rootstock 3-lobed, 1-1.8 cm in diam. Leaves greenish, whitish basally, ascend-ing, spirally arranged, hemiterete, 5-19 cm × 1.5-2.5 mm, base alate; ligule hastiform or subtriangular, 3-4 × 1.5-2 mm. Sporangia: velum absent. Mega-spores gray, 356-464 μm in diam., proximal hemi-sphere echinate and tuberculate, distal hemisphere echinate, radial and equatorial ridges undulate, ul-trastructure fibrous. Microspores brown, 26-32 μm long; surface ornamentation echinate. Chromosome number 2n = 44.

DiStriBution: Restricted to Korea.Korea: JJ. Sandy-clay or clay soils of shallow

streams at ca. 1100 m elevation. Endemic.

25Psilotum · PSILOTACEAE

1. Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv., Prodr. Aethéo-gam. 112, 1805.

Korean name: Sol-ip-nan (솔잎난)

Lycopodium nudum L., Sp. Pl. 1100, 1753

Rhizomes dichotomously branched, 1-2 mm in diam., bearing brownish rhizoids. Aerial stems green, erect or sometimes pendulous, 3-ridged and 3-angled in cross section, 10-30 cm long, 1-1.5 mm

in diam., glabrous. Sterile appendages ovate, 1-2.5 mm long, subulate. Fertile appendages 1-1.5 mm long. Synangia green, becoming yellow at maturity, ca. 2 mm in diam. Spores whitish yellow.

DiStriBution: Worldwide, tropics and subtropics.Korea: S Korea (JJ). Cliffs along seashores, espe-

cially on rocks at Cheonjiyeon Waterfall, Donneko Valley, Andeok Valley, and Seop-seom.

4. PSILOTACEAE J. W. Griff. & Henfr. 솔잎난과

Byung-yun Sun

Herbs, perennial, evergreen, terrestrial or epiphytic. Rhizomes subterranean, branched, bearing numer-ous rhizoids, mycorrhizal. Roots absent. Aerial stems erect or pendulous, simple or [1-]many times dichot-omously branched. Appendages scalelike and without veins or [leaf-like with a single unbranched vein]. Synangia [2-] or 3-lobed, subtended by forked fertile appendages, eusporangiate, longitudinally dehiscent. Spores all of 1 kind (homosporous), reniform, monolete, achlorophyllous. Gametophytes subterranean, cy-lindrical, branched, achlorophyllous, saprophytic, mycorrhizal; sperm multiflagellate.

genera 2 (1 in Korea), species 4-8 (1 in Korea).DiStriBution: Worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions.

Psilotaceae include two genera, Psilotum Sw. and Tmesipteris Bernh. Tmesipteris is confined to Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand and other islands in the South Pacific.

SELECTED REFERENCE

White, R. A., D. W. Bierhorst, P. G. Gensel, D. R. Kaplan and W. H. Wagner Jr. 1977. Taxonomic and morphological rela-tionships of the Psilotaceae: A symposium. Brittonia 29: 1-68.

1. Psilotum Sw., J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 8, 109, 1801.솔잎난속

Aerial stems simple in lower portion, upwardly dichotomously branched. Sterile appendages on apical part of aerial stem, chlorophyllous, scalelike, spirally arranged, veinless. Fertile appendages on upper part of aerial stem, forked, subtending synangium. Synangia globose, lobes 3, locules 3.

SpecieS ca. 2 (1 in Korea).DiStriBution: Worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions.

26 EQUISETACEAE · Equisetum

1. Equisetum arvense L., Sp. Pl. 1061, 1753.Korean name: Soe-tteu-gi (쇠뜨기)

Equisetum arvense var. boreale (Bong.) Rupr; E. bo-reale Bong.

Plants summer-green. Rhizomes dark brown, long creeping, hairy. Stems dimorphic. Vegetative stems erect, bearing lateral branches in regular whorls at each node, 30-70 cm long, 2-5 mm in diam., hairy; stomata surficial; ridges 10-15; sheaths light green,

5. EQUISETACEAE Michx. ex DC. 속새과

Byung-yun Sun

Herbs, perennial, summer-green (aerial stems annual) or evergreen (aerial stems perennial), rhizomatous, hydrophytic to xerophytic. Roots from nodes of rhizomes or from stem base. Stems jointed, monomorphic or dimorphic, annual or perennial, nodes distinct, internodes grooved and ridged, branched at nodes or un-branched; branches when present many, in whorls at nodes, alternate with leaves. Leaves scalelike, simple, achlorophyllous, whorled, fused laterally to form nodal sheaths, apex free, alternate with internode ridges. Strobili terminal on green vegetative stems or sometimes on specialized achlorophyllous stems, or on mor-phologically intermediate stems, apiculate or rounded at apex, with numerous sporophylls. Sporophylls

(sporangiophores) stalked, peltate, in whorls on thick axis. Sporangia 5-10 per sporophyll, attached to inner surfaces of sporophyll, longitudinally dehiscent. Spores all of 1 kind (homosporous), globose, green, chloro-phyllous. Gametophytes unisexual or bisexual, green, chlorophyllous, terrestrial. Chromosome number x =

108.

genuS 1 (1 in Korea), species ca. 15 (8 in Korea).DiStriBution: Worldwide except Australia and New Zealand; mainly in temperate regions of the N Hemi-

sphere.

1. Equisetum L., Sp. Pl. 1061, 1753.속새속

Description and distribution of the genus Equisetum, same as for the family.

1. Aerial stems annual; stomata surficial, scattered or in bands; apex of strobilus rounded.2. Stems dimorphic, vegetative stems green, persistent during growing season, fertile stems brownish, not

photosynthetic at least before spore dispersal.3. Fertile stems ephemeral, dying after spore dispersal ······························································ 1. E. arvense3. Fertile stems persistent, initially brownish, not photosynthetic, unbranched, becoming green, photo-

synthetic and branched after spore dispersal.4. Lateral branches with secondary or tertiary branches, delicate, arching ·················· 2. E. sylvaticum4. Lateral branches simple, ascending to horizontally spreading ······································ 5. E. pratense

2. Stems monomorphic, vegetative and fertile stems alike, green, photosynthetic.5. Ridges on stems 15-25, indistinct; central cavity in stems usually 4/5 stem diam. ········· 3. E. fluviatile5. Ridges on stems 5-10, distinct; central cavity in stems less than 1/2 stem diam. ·············· 4. E. palustre

1. Aerial stems perennial; stomata sunken, in single lines; apex of strobilus apiculate.6. Aerial stems inclined and tortuous, without central cavity ······················································ 8. E. scirpoides6. Aerial stems erect and straight, with central cavity

7. Stems unbranched ······················································································································· 6. E. hyemale7. Stems branched below middle, branches 2 or 3, irregular ·········································· 7. E. ramosissimum

27Equisetum · EQUISETACEAE

5-8 mm long, papillate throughout; teeth lanceolate, 2-4 mm long, apex acuminate, margins sometimes narrowly scarious and whitish. Reproductive stems erect, unbranched, 15-55 cm long, 3-5 mm in diam., hairy, dying after spore dispersal. Strobili terminal on reproductive stems, 1-4 cm long, apex rounded.

DiStriBution: Widely distributed from warm to cold temperate regions of the N Hemisphere.

Korea: All provinces. Pastures, farm fields, road-sides, streambanks, and waste ground near villages. Common, weedy.

2. Equisetum sylvaticum L., Sp. Pl. 1061, 1753.Korean name: Neung-su-soe-tteu-gi (능수쇠뜨기)

Plants summer-green. Rhizomes light brown, subterranean, creeping, hairy. Stems dimorphic. Vegetative stems erect, branched above middle, 30-70 cm long, 2-4 mm in diam., with whitish hairs throughout; stomata surficial; ridges 8-15, with 2 rows of minute bristlelike protuberances; lateral branches with secondary or tertiary branches, delicate, arch-ing; sheaths 1-1.5 cm long; teeth reddish, often fused with 2-5 into 3-5 groups, papery. Reproductive stems erect, 15-50 cm long, 3-5 mm in diam., with whitish hairs throughout, persistent, initially brown-ish, not photosynthetic, unbranched, becoming green, photosynthetic and branched after spore dis-persal; sheaths 1-2.5 cm long, larger than those of vegetative stems. Strobili terminal on reproductive stems, 1.5-3 cm long, stalked, apex rounded.

DiStriBution: Widely distributed in temperate re-gions of the N Hemisphere.

Korea: N Korea. Shaded wet places.

3. Equisetum fluviatile L., Sp. Pl. 1062, 1753.Korean name: Mul-sok-sae (물속새)

Equisetum limosum L.

Plants summer-green. Rhizomes light brown, subterranean, creeping, glabrous or nearly so. Stems dark green, monomorphic, usually sparsely and ir-regularly branched distally before shedding spores, sometimes unbranched initially but well branched after shedding spores, 0.4-1 m long, 0.5-1 cm in diam.; stomata surficial; ridges 15-25, indistinct; cen-tral cavity more than 4/5 stem diam.; lateral branch-es 3-angled in cross section; sheaths pale green, 0.5-

1 cm long; teeth dark brown, linear-lanceolate, 1.5-

flora of koreawebbook.me.go.kr/dli-file/099/009/5622242.pdf · 2017-01-24 · ii flora of...

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