fish evolution part 1. stout infantfish “pedomorphic”
TRANSCRIPT
Fish Fish EvolutionEvolution
Part 1Part 1
stout infantfish
“pedomorphic”
Paedocypris progenetica(Cyprinid - Sumatra)
Stout Infantfish
The Competition
Photocorynus spiniceps 46 mm long female
Anglerfish6.2 mm long male
Leedsichthys problematicus
155 million years ago: 72 Feet!
Whale Shark
What’s for
lunch ?
Krill
Mammals4059
Birds8750
Reptiles5700
Amphibs3750
Fish23,70
0
Why So Many
Species ?
What is the What is the largest largest
habitat on habitat on earth?earth?
S. S. Ichthyology
The ship emits sound waves that reflect off the sea bottom and go back to the ship. Instruments on the ship measure how long the round trip took and compute the distance traveled.
S. S. Ichthyology
At night, the sound waves bounce off the layer of lantern fish and instruments on the ship are fooled into thinking that the ocean is shallow
Lanternfish
Light Organs
450’
Artesian wells flow without being pumped. Fish living 450 feet underground are sucked out of their homes by the well.
Trogloglanis pattersoni
The fish are found in outflow from wells that penetrate the Edwards Formation between 402 m at the Artesia well and 582 m at the O.R. Mitchell. These are flowing artesian wells having considerable artesian pressure. Considering the amount of change in these species when compared to other species in their families, it seems logical to postulate that they found their way into the aquifer in prepleistocene times, perhaps as a means of escaping the colder temperatures on the surface.
Desert Pupfish
Lake Baikal3000 Ft Deep
Deep Sea Fish
Caves
Springs
Fountain Darter
Mammoth Spring, AR
Arctic Icefish
Lake Natron: TanzaniaLake Natron: Tanzania
Natron TilapiaAlcolapia alcalicus
40 C
Why So Many
Species ?
#1: Because #1: Because there are so there are so many many different different places for fish places for fish to live !to live !
Why So Why So Many Many
Species ?Species ?
#2: Fish #2: Fish Got Got
There There First!First!
Fish Evolution
• First Fishlike Animals 640 mya• First True Fish 460 mya• First Reptiles 300 mya• First Mammals 200 mya
• First Fishlike Animals 640 mya• First True Fish 460 mya• First Reptiles 300 mya• First Mammals 200 mya
Stretching Reproduction
Would the changes be
passed on to the babies?
If you cut off a finger, do you
produce 9-fingered babies?
Mutation
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCA
A ATTCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCA
A ATTCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGC TCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
Random DNA Damage in sperm
Correct Repair
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCA
A ATTCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCA
A GTTCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGC TCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
Random DNA Damage in sperm
Incorrect Repair
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCAA AT
TCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCA
A GTTCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
Protein from correctly repaired gene:FRKCDWIGDR
Protein from incorrectly repaired gene:FRKCDTIGDR
What does it take for a Mutation to be
inheritable?
Mutations• They happen all the time• Unless they happen in an egg or
sperm, they only effect one cell and its direct lineage
No probs right ?
Mutations• They happen all the time• Unless they happen in an egg or sperm,
they only effect one cell and its direct lineage
• If they happen in eggs or sperm, then they end up in every cell of the progeny
• Many mutations have no effect on fitness• Many have negative effects• Rare ones have positive effects
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCAA AT
TCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCA
A GTTCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
Protein from correctly repaired gene:FRKCDWIGDR
Protein from incorrectly repaired gene:FRKCDTIGDR
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCAA AT
TCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCAA AT
TCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCA
A GTTCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCA
A GTTCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
Protein from correctly repaired gene:FRKCDWIGDR
Protein from incorrectly repaired gene:FRKCDTIGDR
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCAA AT
TCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCA
A GTTCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
Protein from correctly repaired gene:FRKCDWIGDR
Protein from incorrectly repaired gene:FRKCDTIGDR
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCAA AT
TCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCAA AT
TCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCA
A GTTCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
AT
GATG
CCA G
AGCA
A GTTCTAG
CC T
AGTCGA
TACT
A CGTGC
TC G
TTTAAG A
TCG
GATC
A AGT
Protein from correctly repaired gene:FRKCDWIGDR
Protein from incorrectly repaired gene:FRKCDTIGDR
The fish from the egg fertilized with the correctly-repaired gene makes gray skin crystals.
The fish with the incorrectly-repaired gene can’t make white so the underlying green color shows through.
Baby Fish Resulting from Sperm that Incurred DNA
Damage
ACormorant’s-
EyeView #1
ACormorant’s-
EyeView #1
ACormorant’s-
EyeView #2
ACormorant’s-
EyeView #2
ACormorant’s-Eye
View #3
ACormorant’s-Eye
View #3
Green Fish have Evolved from white
Relict Species
EvolutionEvolution•Gene based variability in the population–Mutations that made green fish
•Natural selection–Cormorants eating green or white fish
Relict Species
Sea Lancet
Amphioxus at Home
Amphioxus
MouthGills
Fin-Like Flap
EyeSpot
NotochordNeuralTube
Fish-Like Innovations in lancets
Amphioxus Notochords
No Notochord
With Notochord
Blue MuscleContraction
TelescopedAmphioxus
SwimmingAmphioxus
Spinal Cord Evolution
Pure Notochord
Intermediates
Vertebral column
= Cartilage
= Bone
Notochords #2- Hanger for Guts
Nerve Cord EvolutionStarfish: A simple network of nerves.
Earthworm: A network of nerves connected to ganglia
Fish: Hollow nerve cord (spinal cord) and a brain
Lancet: Hollow nerve cord, bulge at head-end
Tunicate
TunicateAnatomy
WaterIn
WaterFecesOvaOut
Ganglion
GillBars
HeartWaterTo Exit
Gonads
Tunicate Life
Cycle
MouthEyeSpot Nerve
Cord
Notochord
GillSlits
Egg
Free-SwimmingLarva
Metamorphosis
Neotany
Egg
Egg
Arm FeederArm Feeder Gill FeederGill Feeder
AncestralTunicate
AncestralTunicate
Modern TunicateModern Tunicate
Amphioxus
ModernFish Primitive
ChordateVia Neotany
Fish Evolution
1. There are so many places for them to live (diverse habitats for them to colonize).
2. Because they got there first (fish were the first vertebrates to evolve, so they were able to find a lot of unexploited niches).
There are 30,000 kinds of fish because…
How Does Evolution Work?
1) Variability in DNA sequences - inheritable in the eggs and sperm - GRAY and GREEN fish!
2) Natural selection - Positive or negative - Cormorants!
Where did fish come from (fish evolution)?
• First fish more than 600 MYA• Aphioxus is a relict species that looks
like the first fish-like animals– Neotany from tunicate larvae– Hollow nerve cord, notochord, internal
gills, free living life style