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Khokar Engineering Works

Internship Report

Khokhar Engineering Works

BBA ProgramSummer 2009

Submitted To

Prof. Nisar Ahmad

By

Muhammad Abid Sultan

University of Central Punjab, PCBA-PICS 1


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L1F05BBAM0001

T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s



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Acknowledgement:

Words will never be able to express enough, our fevering gratitude to

almighty Allah, the most compassionate and merciful, for giving us the

courage and fortitude to accomplish this enormous task. We

acknowledged that the Holy Prophets (PBUH) moral and spiritual

teachings have enlightened my heart and mind and have guided my

thoughts towards new horizons enriched with great ideas of life.

I am grateful to our teacher Mr. Nisar Ahmed for guiding us so very well

that I am able to compile my internship report. I pay my regard to Mr.

Emran Khokhar the Project Manager for helping throughout my

internship and making my internship experience ever so exciting and for

training me & exposing me to the work environment so that I can learn

the working of practical life. I also pay our heartiest gratitude to all those

who were a great help in completing this report.



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Executive Summary

The purpose of this report is to fully understand the working of KHOKHAR

ENGINEERING WORKS. KHOKHAR ENGINEERING WORKS started to its

business in 1978 in Lahore, Pakistan. I have analyzed the whole firms

procedure and understood the work environment of the firm. In this report,

Ive incorporated all the business functions and product details of Khokhar

engineering works. Apart from that detailed description of all the different

departments is provided in the report, SWOT analysis along with

recommendation and suggestion for firm improvement are also included.

Khokar Engineering Works is a fabrication and engineering solution providing

firm. In the early years of business the main contracts that KEW got were

one of Pakistan Railways, Engineering solutions for construction structure

and fabrication of steel structures. KEW also had the privilege of working for

government, semi government and many major private projects. During my

internship period I worked in the procurement department concerned with

the timely supply of raw material according to customer orders.University of Central Punjab, PCBA-PICS 4


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Industry Profile:

History of Manufacturing Industry:

In 1947 only some 5 percent of the large-scale industrial facilities in British

India were located in what became Pakistan. The country started with

virtually no industrial base and no institutional, financial, or energy

resources. Three small hydroelectric power stations provided limited

electricity to a few urban areas. Firewood and dung were the main sources of

energy; commercial energy sources supplied only about 30 percent of the

energy consumed. Further, there was a shortage of management personnel

and skilled labor.

The pace of industrialization since independence has been rapid, although it

has fluctuated in response to changes in government policy and to worldeconomic conditions. During the 1950s, manufacturing expanded at about

16 percent annually; during the first half of the 1960s, it expanded at around

11 percent a year. The pace slowed to fewer than 7 percent a year in the



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second half of the 1960s. Between FY 1970 and FY 1977, the index of

manufacturing output increased an average of only 2.3 percent a year.

Between FY 1977 and FY 1982, the index raised an average of 9.9 percent a

year. Growth averaged 7.7 percent during the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1983-88)

and 5.4 percent from FY 1989 through FY 1992. In FY 1993, manufacturing

accounted for 17.3 percent of GDP at current factor cost, of which large-scale

manufacturing accounted for 61 percent and small-scale manufacturing for

39 percent. Manufactured goods accounted for 64 percent of all exports by

value in FY 1993, but the bulk of these exports came in the relatively low-

technology areas of cotton textiles and garments.

Total fixed capital formation in manufacturing was estimated at Rs57 billion

in FY 1993. During the 1980s, private investment became much more

important than public investment. In FY 1982, private investment was 53.9

percent of the total, but in FY 1993 the proportion was 96.1 percent. Total

investment in manufacturing was 5.1 percent of GNP in FY 1993.

In the early 1990s, the manufacturing sector was dominated by food

processing and textiles. Provisional figures for FY 1992 indicated that sugar

production was 2.1 million tons, vegetable ghee 819,000 tons, cotton yarn

862,000 tons, and cotton cloth 234 million square meters. Other industrial

products included motor tires (647,000 units), cycle tires (2.2 million units),

cement (6.1 million tons), urea (1.4 million tons), soda ash (147,000 tons),

bicycles (364,000 units), and paperboard (13,000 tons).



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Pakistan has one steel mill, located near Karachi, with a production capacity

of 1.1 million tons per year. A major undertaking, the mill required the bulk of

public industrial investment in the late 1970s and early 1980s, although the

plant was designed and partly financed by the Soviet Union. It produced at

81 percent of capacity in FY 1993, and it was dependent on imports of iron

ore and coking coal. As of early 1994, the mill had not achieved sustained

profitability, but there were plans to expand it.

Public-sector firms produced about 40 percent of the total manufacturing

value added in FY 1991, and they absorbed about 48 percent of gross fixed

investment. The total value of public sector industrial output in FY 1991 wasRs36 billion (in constant FY 1988 prices), but pretax profits were only Rs1.3

billion, reflecting the inefficiencies and overstaffing prevalent in these

enterprises.

To improve the efficiency and competitiveness of public sector firms and end

federal subsidies of their losses, the government launched a privatization

program in FY 1991. Majority control in nearly all public-sector enterprises

will be auctioned off to private investors, and foreign investors are eligible

buyers. In March 1992, twenty units had been privatized, but by 1993 only

about 30 percent of the government's target number of firms had been sold

because some of the enterprises were unattractive for private investors. In

1994 the government led by Benazir Bhutto was committed to continuing the

policy of privatization.

Importance of Engineering Industry:

Pakistan has the potential to enhance its share in international exports in the

engineering sector, which is at present a mere $270 million per annum.University of Central Punjab, PCBA-PICS 7


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Pakistan must develop the engineering sector in order to get more shares in

the world market which is worth $6 trillion per annum.

Manufacturing Industry in Pakistan which has gone through a lot of sufferings

due to inception of information and computer technology (ICT) and it has not

been in practice in Pakistani Industry at large basis which might bring heavy

loss in next couple of years. Both small or medium level enterprises and high

level industries are striving hard to give maximum output with their best

quality products. In this competitive environment neighboring country like

China, India and far east countries are in the race to produce product at

cheaper rates and in short time to meet the requirements of their customers.Thus Pakistani manufacturing sector is struggling to cope with the high

standards of quality, keeping costs and/or prices at minimum level.

In this rapidly changing scenario data mining techniques can be exploited to

predict their manufacturers needs and can reduce product time to market by

maintaining the international standards as well. Data mining can help

engineers and professional in the manufacturing sector to discover and

analyze the weaknesses present in the manufacturing sector. With the

applications of artificial intelligence techniques like data mining costs can be

reduce to minimum with the increase in the quality of the products.

Production rate can also be increased without compromising with the quality

of the products. There is a need to train the engineering professionals to take

advantage of modern data analysis techniques so that they can use their

own experience and knowledge along with the machine learning algorithms



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to find out the complex relationships present between different controlling

parameters.

Company Profile

History of Khokhar Engineering Works:Khokar Engineering Works started operation in 1978 as an engineering

solution provider and fabrication company. The company name was modified

after a year to indicate the abbreviated letters, KEW. In the early years of



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business the main contracts that KEW got were one of Pakistan Railways,

Engineering solutions for construction structure and fabrication of steel

structures. KEW also had the privilege of working for government, semi

government and many major private projects.

Overview:

KEW is a partnership company founded in 1978 as Khokar Engineering

Works. The company name was modified to KEW for ease of use. Initially the

product range of the company was limited to Stainless Steel Equipment

including Vessels and customized fabrication for the process industry.The

company is unique in its resource base with in-house capabilities for Design

Engineering, Manufacturing, Construction and Maintenance Services. These

are applicable to a wide variety of projects related to Industrial plants,

Energy and Infrastructure development for which services are provided

selectively or on turnkey.

KEW has the privilege of having many patent products which include patent

plant installation for many paint industries, basket mills, sand mills. KEW has

worked in collaboration with many well established companies in Pakistan,ICI and Berger to name a few. Another specialty of KEW is High speed

dispersers, Multi shaft dispersers and solutions for ball mills. Drum tilting

trolleys, filling machines; conveyers are among the list of many products that

KEW readily manufactures on customer demand.

After many years of increasing brand recognition tied with the expertise of

the management team was leveraged to expand the manufacturing program

to include carbon steel products including Fired Boilers, Heat Exchanges and

Pressure Vessels and Ducting. Towards the mid-nineties customer concerns

regarding increasing fuel costs were an impetus for another effort this time

in energy efficiency. This is done through changes in design of regular



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equipment. Hence following many other pioneering efforts in Pakistan in

terms of Waste Heat Recovery Boilers was introduced by KEW.

Now, after approximately a quarter of century of national industrial

experience in heavy engineering and growing customer initiatives, KEW is

shaping into a national market leader in Waste Heat Recovery Boilers and

Waste Water Treatment Plants. In process of continuously striving for

innovative engineering manufacturing solutions for the local industry, KEW

has cultivated an extensive customer base that consists of multinationals

such as Pepsi cola and other national famous brands such as ICI paints,

Berger paints, Nippon paints, Kansai paints and Terrace chemicals.KEWTRONICs is sister concern of KEW which deals with the control panels

and control system of industrial equipment. Electronic industrial equipment

is an emerging market in Pakistan and holds great opportunity for business

expansion.

Quality, Health, Safety and Environment (QHSE) at

DESCON



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We understand the value of human life and sustainable development for

healthy growth of a community. KEWs QHSE program ensures these goals by

exercising zero tolerance for errors in the implementation of best Industrial

QHSE practices. These are supplemented with incentives, training, process

control, and deployment of most effective time tested quality Improvement

tools.

Our strategy is built around plan, do, check and act and is reflected in our

systems appreciating following key elements:

Provision of a framework for the setting of QHSE Goals and

performance objectives.

Monitoring, evaluating and continually improving upon our QHSE

performance through operational standards, training, assessments and

audits.

Making customers, contractors, and business partners familiar with our

QHSE system and creating awareness on how their actions can

influence QHSE performance. Making QHSE a part of all product development projects.

Making ourselves, aware of the global industrial initiatives and

collecting feedback from our stakeholders for taking improvement

initiatives.

All of our operations submit to certified integrated management

systems, which include ISO 9001, EN ISO 14001, and OHSAS 18001

and are run in accordance with national safety Council guidelines.



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Purpose Statement of KEW:

To bring prosperity and well being to our stake holders and society at large

by adding value through engineering, technology and management

Mission Statement of KEW:

To Provide Value added Integrated & Innovative Engineering Manufacturing

& Turnkey Plant Construction Solutions by continuously adapting to Customer

needs

Vision Statement of KEW:

To be the premier organization operating locally that provides the complete

range of engineering solutions & services to all customers under one roof.



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Core Values:

Khokhar Engineering Work aims to instill a fostering and stimulating culture

based on providing a safe, healthy and supportive environment where staff

members are valued, respected and able to realize their full potential. This

culture is based on the following core values:

Humility

Extreme Customer Care/Focus

Courtesy and Respect

Honesty, Integrity and Trust

Commitment and Hard work Creativity, Innovation and Quality

Justice and Fairness to all Stake-Holders

Open, Honest and Direct Communication

Provider of growth and equal opportunity



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Management Structure:



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Products and Services:

Oil & Gas Process Equipment

Paint Process Equipment

Smoke Tube Fired Boilers

Waste Heat Recovery Boilers

Waste Water Treatment Plants

Engineering Services

Hot Water Generators

Heat Exchangers

Stainless Steel Fabrication Equipment

KEW in Oil & Gas Sector

KEW offers its design & fabrication services to companies for their

requirement of the following type of equipment in the oil & gas sector.

Similar type of equipment is stainless steel or higher alloys for chemical,

fertilizer and similar process industries can also be offered.

three phase test & production separators

low temperature separators

de - ethanizer column

flare knock out drum

de - ethanizer o.h. drum



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Smoke Tube Fired Boilers

KEW is among the engineering & fabrication companies manufacturing

steam boilers to British standard bs 2790:1992. Kew manufactures boilers in

the following capacities & pressure ratings. Capacity: 2tph to 32 tph,

capacities beyond 20 tph utilize twin flue design. Pressure rating up to 25

bars (g) (depending upon capacity)

Waste Heat Recovery Boilers

KEW also manufactures waste heat recovery boilers through out Pakistan.

For engines up to 105mw capacities are offered in simplex, duplex, or triplex

up to 25 bars (g) pressure design providing a cost effective solution. For

natural gas & HFO fired engines from 3 mw to 6 mw range the simplex

design is preferred.

Engineering Services

The company has an experienced in-house design and drafting team that

employs advanced software for pressure vessel design and for producing

accurate specifications and drawings that meet international standards.

Some typical design services provided include:

Pressure Vessels

Heat Exchangers

Columns

Jacketed Vessels of Limpet Coil Design



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Packaged Fired and Waste Heat Recovery Boilers

Packaged Sewage / Industrial Waste Water Treatment Plants

Design & Detailed Engineering Services are provided as a stand alone

service as well.

Engineering Units of KEW

Heres how different units of the firm are divided according to work load and

engineering type.

Basic Engineering:

Process Simulation

Heat and Material Balances

Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs)

Piping and instrumentation Diagrams (P&lDs)Utility and Effluent Summary

Hydraulic Calculations

Heat Exchangers Thermal Design and Rating

Equipment Sizing

Process Data Sheets

Cause and Effect Diagrams

Detailed Engineering:

P&lDs (AFD to AFC)

Utility Distribution Diagrams



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Fire Protection Systems

Pressure Relieving. Flaring, and Depressurizing Calculations

Operations Manuals (compilation)

As-Built P&IDs

Piping DesignThe piping design group specializes in the following:

Plot Plans

Conceptual Piping Studies and Layouts

Piping Plans

Isometrics

Project Specifications / Procedures

Bill of Materials / Bill of Quantities

Mechanical Design

The mechanical design group provides specifications, material selection,

mechanical design, detailed engineering, and shop fabrication drawings for:

Pressure Vessels

Heat Exchangers

Process Related Mechanical Equipment

Storage Tanks and Silos

LPG Road Tankers



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Electrical and Instrumentation Design (KEWTRONICS)

Wide range of electrical and instrumentation (E&I) design services are

provided.

Electrical Design

Area Classification Drawings

Single Line Drawings

Schematic and Wiring Diagrams

Specifications and Data Sheets Cable Layouts and Routing Diagrams

Communications Systems

Fire Alarm Systems

Heat Tracing Systems

Instrumentation Design

Instrumentation Specifications and Data Sheets

Logic / Loop Diagrams and Termination Drawings

Hook-up and Installation Drawings

Control Room layout and Arrangement Drawings

Panel Specifications and Arrangement Drawings

DCS and ESD Specifications

Control Valve and Orifice Plate Sizing

Civil Design

The civil design group specializes in the following:

Modeling using PDS

Steel and Concrete Structures



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Highways

Industrial Facilities and Process Buildings

Pipe Racks, Table Top Structures, and Elevated Structures

Warehouses

Bridges and Culverts

Equipment Foundations

Pile Foundations

Tank Foundations

Compressor and Turbines (including dynamic analysis)

High Rise BuildingsElevated and Underground Tanks

Underground Services for Plants

Business Sectors Served

Power

Oil & Gas

Cement

Power Generation

Pharmaceutical

Petrochemical



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Chemical

Food & Dairy

Sugar

Automotive

Pulp & Paper

Hospitality

Beverages

Textile

Polyester



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Business Process

Order Finalizing

The first step in the business process is that the customer orders whatever it

demands and the order is reviewed and finalized by a panel of expert team.

The order finalizing step works in three short steps.

Customer meeting with engineer regarding order.

Order review and post-planning by team.

Finalizing of order.

Purchase order

After order finalizing the client issues a purchase order regarding the product

it wants KEW to manufacture.

Administration

The next step in the business process is that after Purchase order is finalized

by the client then the whole requisition is sent to the administration

department which in turn develops a course of plan to work on the project.

Finance & Purchase

In this step the over financing and purchasing of the project is developed and

all the relevant requisitions for material and labor are finalized. All the lists of

specified raw material is made and sent to the store department.



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Store

After getting the lists of material needed collects all the raw material and

also collaborates with the finance department for purchase of any new

material during the project.

Workshop

After all the material is collected and purchasing has been done the project

moves to the workshop where the panel makes several blue prints of the

product and shapes it according to the customer demands.

Fabrication

The fabrication process has the most crucial job of fabricating the final

product. In this step the material is shaped into a product that is inline with

the customer order.

Fitting

The fabrication department makes the product and sends it to the fitting

process for completion.

QC

This process ensures that the final product is up to the mark and comes up

to the quality standards of KEW. There are many different methods for

Quality check which vary from product to product.



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Store- for delivery

After Q.C the product is sent back to the store where it is assigned for

delivery.



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Departments in KEW

Projects Department:

This department deals with all the customer demands and product details

and the major planning regarding the final product are blue printed in this

department. The entire engineering work force in this department works on

providing the best possible solution to any problem or demand aroused by

the customer.

Store Department:

After the detailed blue print is designed the company refers the details of the

project to the store department so that the store department can collect all

the required equipment for the project. Apart from project based equipment

the store department also manages inventory for any other raw material

consumed by the firm.

Purchase Department:

The purchase department works in collaboration with the store department

and the accounts department. The purchase department is evoked by the

store department and requisitions are sent to the purchase department by

the store department to purchase all the required equipment and inventory.

The purchase department has to collaborate constantly with the accountsdepartment.



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Design Department:

The design department is the backbone of the whole fabrication and

engineering process, in this department the entire customer demands are

shaped into final products and the design department constantly works on

R&D to make the products better and cost efficient.

Administration & Personnel Department

Administration & personal department deals with the overall matters of the

firm and takes different actions for increasing the performance of the

company. This department also carries out different benefits programs.

Sales / Marketing Department

This department makes different efforts to increase the sales of the company

by sponsoring different social programs and by advertising their products.

Sales department keeps a complete record of invoices and pack lists. After

receiving the order, it enters the order in the layout and checks the codes,

description, prices and then confirms the order. After that it issues planning

to the Assembly department for further issuance of the product to the

supplier. After completing all the required steps the product is issued to the

customer within the time limit.

Finance Department

It deals with the financial matters of the company. It collects the revenues

and makes different payments and maintains proper record of the financial



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performance of the companys business to show the net result in the form of

either profit or loss. Finance department is one of the most important for the

company because it deals all the cost and finance related matters for the

company.

Accounts Department

Accounts department is one of those departments which have no customer

dealing at all. The staff working in this department has to keep a check on

day to day task and send the report to the head office. Brief detail of

accounts department is provided below.

Procurement Department:

The Procurement function is driven by the objective of procuring materials

and equipment in time from the best possible sources according to the

specifications and requirements. We strive to buy cost-effectively and ensure

deliveries to meet project schedules without compromising on quality.

The basic elements include:

A team of trained procurement experts who are constantly seeking

best sources.

A comprehensive data bank of suppliers and vendors available online

for internal users.

A central IT based expert system which integrates various stores,

procurement and finance.

Pre-qualification of vendors and review evaluations on regular basis.

All import/export and customs clearance activities and guidance to

customers for specific shipments.



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Documentation for opening LCs and remittances.

Quality Control:

The quality control department is constantly on the look out for any flaws

and quality checks in the products. At KEW quality is taken seriously and

many methods have been incorporated to control quality.

KEW Boilers and Pressure Vessels are tested & inspected in accordance with

the ASME code Section I & III Division I. Boilers which are manufactured

according to BS 2790 required third party Inspection with the stamp of the

Chief Inspector for Boiler and Pressure Vessels, Boiler Inspection Wing,

directorate of industries, Pakistan. A complete data dossier, (containing all

drawings, manufacturing data reports, inspection & test reports, NDEReports, third party certificates, and all related documents) is handed over to

the customer on completion of fabrication of boiler or pressure vessel.

Quality Assurance:

KEW emphasizes a quality conscious culture and is committed to

continuously improving its processes. The quality management system at

KEW comprises of a quality policy, quality manual, documented procedures,work instructions and quality records. All activities are documented,

traceable and regularly monitored for compliance.

In KEW, "Quality Assurance" is more than just a term used to represent



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inspection of a part or completed product. Quality Assurance is KEWs total

commitment to provide for the customers, the best products and services

available in the industry to meet their needs and exceed their expectations.

SWOT analysis

Strengths:

KEW has patent rights for manufacturing plant equipment for many

paint industry. KEW specializes in carbon steel structure.

KEW has the privilege to have state of the art water purification plant

manufacturing facility.

Weaknesses:

KEW being and engineering firm doesnt focus on Electrical controlpanels, Control panels is a big market so lack of focus on this line has

cost them a lot.



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KEW major weakness is that it does not have the facilities to work on-

site for customers.

KEW has very low running capital.

KEW has not expanded well as compared to its competitors.

KEW doesnt advertise its products.

Marketing techniques are very poor.

Opportunities:

Food processing units and plants equipments manufacturing is a big

opportunity to cash on in the present situation.

Electric control panels and electric services are a big market and

opportunity for KEW.

Expansion of business internationally, or undertaking international

products can be a plus but KEW has low capital.

Exploration & Production (E&P) companies are relentlessly pursuing

new ventures into deep so working in collaboration with those firms

can be a big profit seeking and expansion opportunity.

Threats:



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China products are one of the biggest threats to any engineering firm

in Pakistan.

Price fluctuations in terms of steel and other raw material pose threat

to the business.

Inferior raw material and imports of expensive raw material poses

serious threat to the business.

Law and Order situation of Pakistan In current years is a big threat to

any business in Pakistan.

Problems/ observations:

During my internship period with KEW I worked hard to isolate firms real

issues and problems that were proving to be a hindrance in its success and

according to my observation KEW faces the following problems.

The biggest problem that KEW has is that it has no proper

infrastructure even after being in the business for 30 years. Although

the different departments are working properly but still a well planned

infrastructure can provide better services and help KEW with its

expansion.

Another major flaw with KEW is that it has a very low running capital

which is a big draw back because with a good amount of running



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capital KEW can pursue new venture like on-site working and

international sales.

KEWs marketing department virtually doesnt exist and it has done

nothing to advertise the company.

KEWs facility is big enough to support the business. The firm site is not

big enough.

KEW doesnt have good employee incentive programs and KEWs HR

department is not developing any plans that can support employee

development and training.

KEW is basically a family owned business and most of the top

management consists of family members, KEW should also have some

non-family managers in the top management with more experience

and market exposure.

Kew has no Web Site and Kew doesnt maintain proper record books

which is a big issue.

Suggestions & Recommendations:

During my internship period with KEW I noticed firms real issues and

problems that were proving to be a hindrance in its success, Ive discussed

the problems and here are the recommendations from my side to KEW for

improvement of their business.



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In the current business situation and economic progress in the

industrial sector KEW should expand its business and manage it in a

way that it can work both nationally and internationally. Engineering

firms are Major contributors to the economy of Pakistan and

government is issuing many benefits to this sector so its time KEW

should cash in on the opportunity of horizontal expansion.

As I discussed in the problems that KEW has poor infrastructure and

poor marketing techniques so I suggest that KEW should get expert

help in maintaining a proper infrastructure and it should start

advertising it self.

KEW should have a proper advertising channel, at present KEW does

not even owns a web site so I would suggest KEW to make a web site

for ease of customers and advertisement.

KEW has its head offices wedged in between the already small

engineering facilities because of that there are many risks. My

suggestion to KEW is to make separate head offices.

Customer relation is one of the most important assets for the

company, so KEW must have a proper and separate office for customer

relation and their care. So that customers can easily approach to the

company and its products.

Conclusion



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I found KEW a good place to work in as an intern. KEW provided me with the

opportunity to put what Ive learned during my studies to practical use and

effectively polish my skills. KEW gave me an in-depth idea of the professional

world, and gave me a chance to testify my self that how good I am in real

term business culture. Working with highly qualified, experienced and

motivated employees was truly an opportunity of its own kind. KEW has

really helped me in gaining enough understanding of work place ethics, day

to day dealing and KEW has taught the art of professionalism. Meeting new

people, making friends, it was just a bi-product of all the experience I got.

I had always been interested in manufacturing firm jobs the opportunity towork with KEW which is an engineering based manufacturing firm was all too

exciting and challenging for me. The whole team I worked with at KEW had

been very supportive of me and helped through all the difficult tasks and

made me learn all the basics of working in such a competitive environment. I

would also like to take this opportunity to thank KEW and my manager Mr.

Emran Khokhar for providing me the opportunity to work with KEW.



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Bibliography

www.wikipedia.orghttp://www.engineeringindustry.info/

http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/divisions/industriesandproduc

tion-division/media/oppworkshop.pdf

http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=944327

http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2008/WCECS200

8_pp787-792.pdf

http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.engineeringindustry.info/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/divisions/industriesandproduction-division/media/oppworkshop.pdfhttp://www.pakistan.gov.pk/divisions/industriesandproduction-division/media/oppworkshop.pdfhttp://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=944327http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2008/WCECS2008_pp787-792.pdfhttp://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2008/WCECS2008_pp787-792.pdfhttp://www.engineeringindustry.info/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/divisions/industriesandproduction-division/media/oppworkshop.pdfhttp://www.pakistan.gov.pk/divisions/industriesandproduction-division/media/oppworkshop.pdfhttp://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=944327http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2008/WCECS2008_pp787-792.pdfhttp://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2008/WCECS2008_pp787-792.pdfhttp://www.wikipedia.org/

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