feudalism, chivalry, and the catholic church the early middle ages
TRANSCRIPT
Feudalism, Chivalry, and the Catholic Church
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
1. Objective1. The student will be
demonstrate knowledge of Western Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1000 C.E. in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
1. Explaining the structure of feudal society and its economic, social, and political effects
Essential QuestionsHow did feudal society develop in Europe during the Middle Ages?
How did the medieval manor function as a social and economic system?
OBJECTIVES
Between 800 and 1000 invasions completely destroyed the Carolingian EmpireVikingsMagyarsMuslims
INVASIONS AFTER CHARLEMAGNE
From Scandinavia Germanic people
Also called NorsemenCharacteristics
Worshipped war-like gods Terrifying and violent Attacked using ingenious
long ships Traders, farmers, and
explorers Believed to have reached
North America 500 years before Columbus
End of the Viking terror Around 1000 C.E. the
Vikings gradually accepted Christianity
Warming trend made farming easier in Scandinavia
VIKINGS
VIKING LONGSHIPS
The MagyarsNomadic people from Central Asia
Invaded Western Europe around 800 C.E.
Characteristics Superb horseback riders Invaded land to capture
people to sell as slaves
The MuslimsCame from the South, from Mediterranean region
Attempted to invade in 600 and 700s
Characteristics Excellent sailors Attacked mainly along
settlements close to the sea Both the Atlantic and
Mediterranean
MAGYARS AND MUSLIMS
Invasions caused widespread panic and disorder
Most Western Europeans lived in constant danger
Central authority was powerless People turned to local rulers
with their own armies for protection
Seeking protection, people entered into feudal agreements establishing a social, economic, and political order in the Middle Ages. Landholding and protection
were critical elements in a feudal system.
CONSEQUENCES OF INVASIONS
Collapse of local authority created need for a new system of local governments
Feudal contract: Local ruler swore allegiance to monarchs in return for control over land and peasants
FEUDALISM
In the Middle Ages, Monarchs did not rule large kingdoms.
Monarchs lacked wealth to maintain own armies for defense or to pay sheriffs. Judges, or other officials to govern for them and collect taxes.
Instead, Monarchs relied on feudal alliances with their nobles to guarantee the protection and unity of their kingdom and the collection of taxes.
KINGS/ QUEENS
Fief: Plots of land given to
nobles for service and loyalty
Often divided Contained one or many
manors
Vassal: Nobles who accepted
fiefs Giver of land became
vassal’s “lord”
TERMS
Mounted warriorsOwed loyalty to lord In return given food, shelter, weapons
Supposed to follow code of chivalryRules by which knight should live
KNIGHTS
To fear God and maintain His ChurchTo serve the liege lord in valor and
faithTo protect the weak and defenseless
To give assistance to widows and orphans
To refrain from the meaningless giving of offence
To live by honor and for glory To despise financial reward
To fight for the welfare of all To obey those placed in authority
To guard the honor of fellow knights To avoid unfairness, meanness and
deceit To keep faith
At all times to speak the truth To persevere to the end in any
venture begun To respect the honor of women
Never to refuse a challenge from an equal
Never to turn the back upon a foe.
CODE OF CHIVALRY
Knights expected to display courage in battle and loyalty to their lord
By 1100s code of chivalry createdKnights had three masters Earthly lord Heavenly lord Chosen lady
TournamentsMock battlesCombined combat training with recreation
Reality of warfareCastle siege difficult
Defenders poured boiling water, hot oil, or molten lead on soldiers
Expert archers armed with crossbows that could pierce armor
CHIVALRY
Glorification of knighthood Epic poetry
Recounted a hero’s deeds and adventures
The Song of Roland one of the most famous Defeat of Muslims by the
Franks led by Roland
Love songs Troubadours were poet-
musicians who composed songs about the joys and sorrows of romantic love
Created entertainment at Castles
CHIVALRY
Farmed land and tended livestock
Worked hard Wealth of the lord came
from labor of the peasants
Lived in harsh conditions Not slaves
Bound to the land Lords could not buy or sell
Could not lawfully leave the place where they were born
SERFS (PEASANTS)
A Manor was a lord’s estate
Manor system was basic economic arrangement during the Middle Ages
Self-Contained Covered only a few square
miles Consisted of the lord’s manor
house, a church, and workshops 15-30 families lived in the village
on a manor Fields, pastures, and forests
surrounded the village Self-sufficient
Serfs/peasants raised or produced everything needed for daily life
Only outside purchases were salt, iron, and unusual objects.
Harsh life Peasants paid a high price for
protection Paid a tax on all grain ground in
the lord’s mill Paid a tax on marriage
Had to have lord’s consent first Owed the village priest a tithe
Church tax, 1/10th of income
Role of Women While knights placed
noblewomen on a pedestal to be worshipped, the reality was that most women were still poor and powerless Noblewomen could inherit and
estate from her husband and ran the manor while husband was away
MANOR LIFE
With government weak, the church emerged as a powerful institution
Scope of Church authority Two swords analogy
Pope wielded a spiritual sword Emperor wielded a political sword
Each should bow to the other over political and religious matters
Church Structure Distribution of power based on
status Different ranks of clergy
(religious officials) Pope
Bishops Priests
Unifying force Provided security during the
dangerous middle ages Middle Ages named the “Age of
Faith” Sacraments (important religious
ceremonies) part of everyday life Weekly church attendance
Church justice Created a system of justice
called cannon law (law of the church) Harshest punishments
Excommunication interdict
THE CHURCH
After the death of Charlemagne the strongest kingdom was the Holy Roman Empire
Led by Otto I Crowned King of medieval
Germany in 936 C.E. Charlemagne was his hero
Formed close alliance with the church
Invaded Italy on Pope’s behalf in 962 C.E. Pope crowned him Emperor
Empire covered modern-day Germany and parts of France and Italy
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
The church began to resent the control Kings had over the clergy Especially lay investiture
A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials
The Pope banned the practice in 1075 C.E. Led to argument between
Pope and Emperor Henry IV
Pope excommunicated Henry Henry traveled to Canossa,
Italy to beg forgiveness
Concordat of Worms Compromise between the
church and the emperor that the church alone could grant a bishop power BUT the emperor could veto the appointment if he did not approve
CONCORDAT OF WORMS
1152 C.E. Frederick “Barbarossa” became Holy Roman Emperor
Did not focus on building royal power in Germany but on invading cities of Italy Angered Italian
merchants and the Pope Formed a league against
him called the Lombard league
1176 C.E. Battle of Legnano Foot soldiers faced off
against Frederick’s mounted knights First time in history foot
soldiers defeated mounted knights using crossbows.
FREDERICK I
1. Objective1. The student will be
demonstrate knowledge of Western Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1000 C.E. in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
1. Explaining the structure of feudal society and its economic, social, and political effects
Essential QuestionsHow did feudal society develop in Europe during the Middle Ages?
How did the medieval manor function as a social and economic system?
OBJECTIVES