PROFESSIONAL AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS(For M.Tech/MCA/MSC Programmes)

CONTENTS

1. ERROR DETECTION BASED ON CONCORD & TENSE CONSISTENCY- Dr N S Vishnupriya

2 TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING- Dr V Anitha Devi

3. RESUME WRITING- Dr Sarika Gupta Tyagi

4. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE- Dr Sarika Gupta Tyagi

5. RESEARCH PAPER WRITING- Dr Sarika Gupta Tyagi

6. PROJECT PROPOSAL WRITING - Dr N S Vishnupriya

Error Detection based on Concord & Tense Consistency

Concord

Many mistakes in written and spoken English occur when the verb of the sentence does not agree with the subject. This subject verb agreement is called as concord. The general rule is that a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb. However this rule does not make things easy for us since there are some complications. There are some basic rules related to subject – verb agreement. They are:

1. Singular subject takes a singular verb.

Eg: 1. I am a teacher. 2. He is a teacher.Note: ‘You’ is considered as a plural subject and hence takes a plural verb.Eg: 1. You are a teacher.

2. ‘V1S’ is used in the present tense with third person singular nouns.

Eg: 1. Ram eats apples every day. 2. She writes poems regularly.

3. Similarly in the present perfect tense ‘has’ is used with third person singular subjects.

Eg: 1. Vinay has written the letter.

2. The student has copied the answer.

4. Sometimes ‘modifiers’ that appear between the subject and the verb seem to confuse the subject verb agreement. They modify the subject but do not affect the subject – verb agreement.

Eg: The prisoner, who was arrested along with two other soldiers, is taken to the Andamans.

In the above sentence ‘who is arrested along with tow two other soldiers’ is a modifier. The verb ‘is’ is in agreement with the subject ‘the prisoner’.

5. Prepositional phrases between the subject and the verb do not affect the subject verb agreement.

Eg: The colours of the painting are vivid.

6. In sentences starting with ‘here’ and ‘there’, the subject appears after the verb. Hence the verb should agree with the subject that comes after it.

Eg: There is a problem in the charge sheet. Here are the proofs you asked for.

7. Similarly in the case of interrogative sentences, subjects follow the verbs and the verbs should go in agreement with the subjects that follow.

Eg: 1. Where are the books that I gave you?

2. What is the boy doing?

8. If the subject of a sentence has a noun followed by a relative clause, the verb agrees with the main noun but not with the relative clause. Eg: 1. The only person who is educated in the nearby villages is Raghav.

2. Many students who had participated in the strike were suspended from the college.

9. When two singular nouns are joined by ‘and’, the subject becomes plural and requires a plural verb.

Eg: 1. Ram and Lakshman are brothers.

2. The book and the pen are missing.

10. When two singular nouns are joined by ‘and’ and refer to the same person or thing, then they make the subject a singular and require a singular verb.

Eg: 1. Bread and butter has become dear.

2. The principal and teacher is on rounds.

11. When two singular nouns are joined by ‘along with’ or ‘as well as’ they make the subject a singular.

Eg: 1. The teacher along with his student is attending the conference.

2. The mother as well as the daughter is not willing to attend the function.

12. When a singular subject and a plural subject are joined by the phrases ‘as well as’ or ‘along with’ the verb goes in agreement with the first subject.

Eg: 1. Ram along with his friends is attending the party today.

2. The students as well as the teacher are working for the annual day.

13. When two singular subjects are connected by the words ‘neither…nor, either…or, or, nor, not only…but also’ they take a singular subject after them.

Eg: 1. Either the father or the son has to sign the document.

2. Neither the mother nor the daughter is responsible for the fault.

14. When a singular subject and a plural subject are connected by the words ‘neither…nor, either…or, or, nor, not only…but also’ the verb is in agreement with the nearest subject. Eg: 1. Either the lion or the cubs have escaped from the zoo.

15. Units of measurement always take a singular verb after them. Eg: Four kilograms of sugar is required to make the sweet.

16. When words like ‘each, every or no’ precede the subject, they take a singular verb after them.Eg: 1. Each man and woman is asked to check in. 2. No smoking is allowed inside the campus.

17. When a sentence begins with words like ‘some, half, none, more, all’ followed by a prepositional phrase the verb gores in agreement with the object of the preposition. Eg: 1. Some of the students have come. 2. None of the flowers has blossomed.

18. Indefinite pronouns like ‘everybody, anybody, somebody, anyone, someone’ take singular verbs. Eg: 1. Anyone has to take the responsibility. 2. Someone is knocking at the door.

19. Words like ‘few, many, several, both, all’ always take a plural verb.Eg: 1. Few were injured in the accident.

2. All have left. 3. Many have survived the bomb blast.

20. Two infinitives joined by ‘and’ take a plural verb. Eg: To dance and to sing require great skill.

21. Gerunds generally take a singular verb. But when two gerunds are joined by ‘and’ they take a plural verb.Eg: 1. Smoking is injurious to health. 2. Smoking and drinking alcohol have become a fashion for the present day youth.

22. When two subjects, one positive and one negative are joined by the conjunction ‘and’, the verb goes in agreement with the positive subject.

Eg: 1. It is the mother not the daughter who has to sign the document.

2. It is the students not the teacher who have arranged the function.

23. Collective nouns like ‘herd, crowd, senate, crew, class, group’ are considered singular and take a singular verb.

Eg: 1. The herd is grazing.

2. The crowd is angry with the politician.

24. Title of books and movies are considered singular and take a singular verb.

Eg: 1. Pride and prejudice is a novel written by Jane Austen.

2. The Jaws is movie of the 1980s.

Exercises:

Correct the following sentences with regard to subject – verb agreement:

1. Communication which is one of the essential conditions of social interaction are now taught in every school and college.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

2. He is one of the winners who does things differently.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

3. The rivals, with the intention of defeating their common enemy, has decided to sink all differences till the election is over.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

4. 1000 miles are not a matter of concern for those who walk with a purpose.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

5. His total dependence on his family members and workers to do even simple things have made him lazy.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

6. Good wages with nice treatment as well as job security make the workers happy.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

7. Many a teacher are honoured on the Teacher’s Day this year.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

8. An hour’s walk with her pet dog on the beach road during the evenings have become Shyamala’s regular habit.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

9. The minister, on the advice of his doctors, have given up drinking alcohol.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

10. A chemical combination of two or more elements result in a substance called a compound which behaves quite differently from it component elements.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

11. The colour perception of different animals are different due to the different structure of rods and cones.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

12. None of the students have got first division this time.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

13. There are very few books available in the library.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

14. The college cricket team have won the tournament several times.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

15. The news that we heard yesterday are not true.

Ans: _________________________________________________________

II. Correct the following passage with regard to subject – verb agreement:

The bacteria in the roots of leguminous plants, such as pulses and groundnuts converts

nitrogen in the soil into nitrogen compounds like nitrates and ammonia, which is used in

the formation of plant protein. Hence the decay of leguminous plants make the soil rich

in nitrogen compounds. These nitrates and ammonia in the soil is used by other plants

for the synthesis of proteins. Soil bacteria feeds on dead plant and animal matter and

returns the nitrogen to the soil as nitrates and ammonia.

Tense Consistency

The time frame in which an action takes place in relation to the time of speech is called

a tense. These tenses are formed with the help of four basic verb forms. They are:

1. The Present form (V1)

2. The Past form (V2)

3. The Past Participle form (V3)

4. The Present Participle form (V4)

Broadly speaking there are three main tenses in English. They are:

1. The Present Tense

2. The Past Tense

3. The Future Tense

These three main tenses are again divided into four sub divisions. They are:

1. The Simple Tense

2. The Continuous Tense

3. The Perfect Tense

4. The Perfect Continuous Tense

In total there are twelve different tenses. They are:

1. The Simple Present

2. The Present Continuous Tense

3. The Present Perfect Tense

4. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

5. The Simple Past Tense

6. The Past Continuous Tense

7. The Past Perfect Tense

8. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

9. The Simple Future Tense

10. The Future Continuous Tense

11. The Future Perfect Tense

12. The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

The general rule in English is when you are writing in a particular tense, keep writing in

the same tense unless there is a need to shift to another tense. This is called tense

consistency. A paragraph or an essay should have a basic tense. There can be an

occasional shift to other tenses to indicate a change in time frame.

When to use a particular tense:

1. Present tense: When we are discussing facts or our own ideas or describing a scene

in a particular book or a movie, we can use the present tense.

Eg: To form an administration of this scale and complexity is a serious undertaking in

itself. But we are in the preliminary phase of one of the greatest battles in history.

(Winston Churchill’s Speech in the House of Commons on 10th May, 1940)

2. Past tense: When we are discussing past events or findings or argument in a book

we can use the past tense.

Eg: An old beggar cried for alms at the gate. They told her not to pester when they were engaged in a snake-hunt. On hearing it the old woman became happy. (R.K. Narayan’s “A Snake in the Grass”)

3. Future tense: When we are reflecting on what will happen in the future we can use

the future tense.

Eg: Then all will be well. India will grow, not like a structure, but like a tree. India will

grow like a natural organic body if only we are true to ourselves. (Rajaji’s speech in

Technological Institute, Nagpur on August 26, 948.)

The Rule:

1. Do not shift from one tense to another when the time frame for all the actions is the

same.

2. There can be occasional shift to other tenses to indicate changes in time frame.

Eg: Now that the brief visit of the Dynamo football team has come to an end, it is

possible to say publicly what many thinking people were saying privately before the

Dynamos ever arrived. (George Orwell’s “The Sporting Spirit” published in Tribune in

1945.)

In the above paragraph the author is talking of something that is happening in the

present. Suddenly he is forced to switch to the past to describe something that has

happened in the past. Hence this shift of tense can be appreciated and welcomed.

How to change tense in a given paragraph?

1. When the primary narration in a given paragraph is in simple past, then the action

initiated before the time frame of the primary narration can be described in the past

perfect tense.

Eg: The conductor came in and took the fares. Then his eyes rested with cold malice

on the beady-eyed toy dog. I saw trouble brewing. This was the opportunity for

which he had been waiting, and he intended to make the most of it. (A.G. Gardiner’s

“All about a Dog”)

2. When the primary narration in a given paragraph is in simple present, then the

action initiated before the time frame of the primary narration can be described in

the present perfect tense.

Eg: We do not care about the future; we just want the world to last our time.

Because we do not feel equal to the new ideas; we have been told that science is

mysterious and difficult. (Dr. J. Bronowski’s talk printed in Classics in Science)

3. When the primary narration in a given paragraph is in simple future, then the action

initiated before the time frame of the primary narration can be described in the

future perfect tense.

Eg: We will work for the benefit of the organization that pays us. We will not cheat

ourselves or the organization. Then we will have lived a satisfactory life.

Some sample paragraphs where shift of tense can be found:

1. Mulk Raj Anand is the advocate of the down trodden and the under privileged

and voiced the concerns and predicaments of the lower classes in our society

and used crude language to convey the truth of Indian myth fused with harsh

reality. In his short stories he condemned some of the social, political, ethical

and moral practices which resulted in the oppression of the poor, the down

trodden and the women through humour and irony and talked about the pride

of parents, child marriage, stubbornness of elders, hypocrisy, insanitation,

cruelty in education through his short stories.

2. Clear-cut and concrete plot was given more importance in the 19th century but

today short story has got more flexibility by imbibing in itself figurative rhythmic

pattern and direct presentation. On the whole it can be said that short story is a

product of the writer’s imagination deep-rooted in his consciousness with the

rare combination of accuracy and passion to appeal to the readers.

Exercise:

Correct the following paragraphs with regard to tense consistency:

1. Springing down from the carriage, she ran towards the children, takes one of the two

youngest – a Tauvache child – and lifting it up in her arms, she kisses him passionately on his

dirty cheeks, on his tousled hair daubed with earth, and on his little hands, with which he fights

vigorously, to get away from the caresses which displeased him.

Then she got into the carriage again, and drives off at a lively trot. But she returned the

following week, and seats herself on the ground, takes the youngster in her arms, stuffs him

cakes; gives candies to all the others, and plays with them like a young girl, while the husband

waits patiently in the carriage.

2. I had heard about this habit before I went to England but to meet the silence at first hand is a

wholly novel experience. To me it seemed that not even their forums and agoras can be

associated with characteristic sounds. Life in London, even in the most crowded streets, seems

like a film of pre-talkie days.

3. The deceased and the accused were rival applicants for a license to sell arrack at a

certain tavern. The deceased had his rival beaten up three days before the alleged incident

and also threatens to molest his wife. The police registered a case against him at about

that time. I made note of it but suddenly revert to the tiger which I thought is more

interesting than the police.

4. We were dejected because we know that we can’t disobey her. But that evening we

wandered through the orchard and count all the trees which bear those fruits. There are

other trees too but we aren’t interested in them. It was the first time that the house we had

rented at a hill station has an orchard with so many trees. Other houses have an odd apple,

plum or apricot tree, or the neighbouring houses have a few trees we could quietly pluck a

few fruit off, but this is the first time our house had an orchard. We could not contain our

excitement.

5. My host spoke fair English, but the eldest brother speaks none; and we could only exchange

greetings and look at each other with friendliness. What I saw was an intelligent, thin, pain-

sharpened face, whose eyes are at once wise and piercing. The body was quite helpless, but it is

scrupulously clean and the cotton garments are snow-white. We exchanged a few remarks, and

then a group of villagers approach, not to see me but to talk with the elder brother, and so my

host leads me into the house to meet his young wife and children.

TECHNICAL REPORT WRITNG

A report is an authentic record of facts, analysis and evaluation of systems, procedures or

products. Usually a technical report deals with an examination of the reasons for failures,

improvisation or new specifications of products or mechanisms. Sometimes a situation in

the industry may also demand a detailed analysis for rectification or modification of

system to increase the efficiency of the workplace. A report is also the source to know

and manage the happenings within the organization and its connection with world.

The technical report has to be brief, concise and written in a sequence. The facts in a

report should be written in simple language keeping the reader in mind. Simple sentences

with a single idea can make the report well understood. Sentences can be 15-20 words

long avoiding unnecessary adjectives and jargon. The use of appropriate transition words

will add clarity and coherence to the facts presented in the report.

The report should clearly state for what the purpose the work has been done. The

technical report should record the investigations and answer the questions: who, what,

when, where, why and how the facts have been collected and presented. This should be

pursued keeping in mind the important decisions that will be taken based on the report for

future procedures that would be followed by the organization.

The report has a formatted structure, written concisely so that it does not have any

ambiguity of the recorded facts and figures.

Format of the Report:

Title:

The title section of the technical report should contain the following information:

☞ Title of the Report

☞ Name of the Organization

☞ Date and Report Number

☞ Submitted or Report Written by

☞ Report Submitted to

☞ Report Approved by

One complete page should be used to furnish all the above details in the title page of the

technical report.

Acknowledgements:

The information for a technical report cannot be compiled and written without consulting

various sources from different organizations and individuals. Every individual should be

thanked for their support and guidance by acknowledging sincerely using courteous

expressions like:

The committee is grateful for your assistance …………..

Greatly overwhelmed by your willingness to share the industrial experiences, we would

like to acknowledge the guidance…………..

We cannot forget mentioning our gratitude to the busy skilled expert ……………

Expression cannot be found to thank the impeccable support from an industrious and

resourceful person……………

Thank you for having guided us clearly ……………..

Table of Contents

The purpose of listing the contents in one single page is to show the reader the specific

sections as sub titles in the report. The subtitles and sub-subtitles should be numbered

with the decimal numbers like 1.2, and 1.2.1.

For example:

1.1 Energy Loss

1.2 Purpose of Energy Loss Detection

1.2.1 Energy Consumption

1.2.2 Detection Device and Costs Incurred

Abstract:

The abstract in the technical report should clearly state the purpose, the accomplishments,

the results and the significance of the results. The abstract is written in one paragraph in

about two hundred words. The technical or investigating committee, management who

are busy might need the facts for further action immediately. Though they have technical

knowledge but the information in the abstract should be brief, concise and simple with

less of technical jargon for quick implementation of the results.

Introduction:

The introduction should focus on the purpose and problem of the technical investigation

or the project. The complete background, data collection and analysis method, the scope

and limitations of the project should be described in the introduction. The importance of

the report should be stated clearly.

Description or Discussion of the Findings:

The main focus of this section is to describe the necessity of collecting the data and

presenting the technical report. So, the data will be discussed and analyzed in an

organized way, with appropriate tables or illustrations. All the findings will lead to the

construction of opinions with proper evaluation. Finally, this helps in suggesting remarks

for the conclusion and for the recommendations.

Conclusion:

The concluding remarks will show the complete form of the report assuring the reader

that the reported investigation has been accomplished in a smooth manner. It is necessary

to conclude the report even if the results and facts are not favourable to the organization.

The conclusion tells the reader that the report has come to an end because any report

cannot be left incomplete even if further investigation or research is required.

Recommendations:

The purpose of the recommendation in a technical report is to reiterate that the results

demand further investigation, need for further action, process or policy or programme to

be implemented within the organization.

Appendix:

This section is useful and informative for the report. Elaborate data and analysis,

illustrations, questionnaire, investigative interviews, manuals with description of

equipment or devices which cannot be included in the main sections of the report should

be included in the appendix.

List of References:

The report may require quotations from manuals or books. Such citations must be

included in the reference at the end of the report. Due credit has to given to the authors

concerned.

On the whole the information and data collected for a technical report should be

structured and presented in scientifically organized manner providing clarity in the

problem investigated. The logical structure should enable the audience to read the report

clearly for further action.

Exercise:

1. Write a technical report on the implementation of solar panels to generate

electricity for educational institutions. As the Deputy Director of Infrastructure

Development in the Department of Collegiate Education, Government of India,

Tamil Nadu you are vested with responsibility of submitting a report on the

evaluation of the existing electricity supply and need for solar power plant for

educational purposes in government schools, colleges, vocational training centers,

professional colleges and universities.

2. Write a technical report to check the feasibility of replacing all the computers and

laptops with tablets in your organization. The company deals with 30 IT

professionals working on telecommunication projects like developing designs for

cables and routers.

3. Complete the sections of the report in which details are left blank.

TITLE PAGE

Date and Project Number_____________________

A Technical Report

on the Feasibilty of Implementing

The Mineral Water Plant in Pondichery

Report Submitted to :_____________Report Submitted by: _____________Report approved by: ______________

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the government of Pondicherry for giving me an

opportunity to investigate the need for implementing public mineral water

plants.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

______________________________

Table of Contents:

1. Acknowledgments

2. Abstract

3. Introduction

4.Description and Discussion

4.1 Description of the mineral Water Plant

4.1.1 Analysis of ____________

4.2 Findings

5. ____________________

6. ____________________

7. _____________________

Abstract:

There is a remote chance of getting any natural drinking water in the Pondichery region because of the high level of iron contamination in the ground water level. Therefore a decision has been made to install public mineral water plants to provide drinking water to the residents.

Introduction:

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Introduction:_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:

Discussion and Findings:

The existing sources of water resources have high levels of iron. So the following

mineral water plants are feasible to implement

1. Mega H2O Purifier

2. _________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

The team members have suggested that the engineered design of mineral water

plant will be effective to supply purified water. But it requires a periodical

maintenance for every three months.

Conclusion:

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Recommendation:

The Mega H2O Purifier is recommended for installation in various localities in the

Pondichery state. The purifier is effective in converting the contaminated water and it

is better than other mineral water plants in terms of maintenance and durability.

References:Holandsworth. (2011), Mega H20 Water Purifier: Manual. U.K.

_____________________________________________________

RESUME WRITING

In the modern world of globalization, industrialization and competition it has become an important aspect to write a winning resume. Resume writing is more of an art wherein you can project your qualifications and skills in a manner which is appealing to the interviewer. Hence, students must be guided in writing a good resume which can help them secure a job.

What is a Resume?

A resume is a record of one’s educational and professional achievements and at the same time highlights the specialized skills and qualities of an individual. Kailash Agarwal clearly defines resume as “a resume is a one to two page summary of skills, accomplishments and education written to capture the attention of the reader and its basic purpose is to secure an interview”. The details of the person’s educational achievements, work experience, any specialized skills achieved, or any other relevant information which meet the job requirements are listed down. It basically highlights the person’s ability to meet the requirements of a particular job/position he is looking for.

Features of a Resume

Some of the characteristics features of a resume are as follows:

It is tailor made for a particular company or a job a person is looking for.

It is original and should focus towards a specific goal.

It is descriptive in nature and discusses the qualities of a person.

The contents should be true, interesting, relating to the objectives of a company.

The resume helps you to sell yourself by providing the details which makes you stands out from the rest.

Guidelines for Writing Good Resumes

As already discussed your resume helps you to make the most viable candidate for the job/position you are looking for. It is essential for you to remember the following important aspects before you communicate your resume to the company for recruitment.

It is better to adhere to any one style of writing the resume.

It should be type written.

It should be free from any grammatical errors or spelling mistakes.

The career objectives should be clearly written and something which relates to you.

It is better to write short and simple sentences.

It should be written in an objective style and unambiguous language.

All the information should be truly specified.

All the information relating to the job requirement should be provided.

See for any specific style depending upon the requirements of the company.

Proofread for any type of errors – grammatical or informational.

Types of Resumes There are basically two types of resume. First is the chronological resume and the second is the functional resume. However, these days a combination of both are also used.

The Chronological Resume:

This type of resume focuses on work history starting from the current to the last one. The employers find it easy to view as the information is cited in a traditional way. The parts of a chronological resume are as follows:

Career objective

Summary (Optional)

Educational qualifications

Work History

Personal data

Sample Chronological Resume

Rajiv Garg57, Himgiri ApartmentsNew DelhiMob: 91 8769 778 975Email: rajiv@hotmail.com

Position Sought Software Developer

Career ObjectiveTo contribute towards the growth of the company by devoting my skills and knowledge in developing computer programs which will simplify the life of the common human being.

Summary of Qualifications

Three years experience as a software programmer Independently headed a software development team

Dedicated and creative in any venture taken up

Education

Bachelors degree in Computer Science from J.P College, Punjab with 78% marks in 2001

Intermediate in Science from CBSE Board, Delhi with 82% marks in 1997

Professional Experience

Working with Chennai Software Company, Chennai from 2005 till present as Senior Software Engineer

Worked with Alpha Systems, Bangalore from 2001-2004 as Technical Assistant

Skills

Computer Skills: Certificate course in advanced HTML programming

Special Skills: Leadership skills, team worker, ability to work under stress and time management

Interests

Playing cricket and table tennisListening to classical music

The Functional Resume

This type of resume focuses on skills and strengths. The aim of the resume is to focus on the skills required for a particular job. The parts of a chronological resume are as follows:

Career Objective

Personal data

Educational qualifications

Work Experience

Skills and Certifications

Sample Functional Resume:

Deepika Verma

1/9 West Avenue

New Delhi

Email: deepika@hotmail.com

Career Objective

To utilize my skills and qualifications in becoming an entrepreneur and extend my services in child care

Skills and abilities

Summary

Creative, hardworking, and reliable worker Strong oral communication skills, well organized, and ability to learn quickly

Computer skills

Proficient in using Microsoft Office programs such as Word, Outlook, and Excel Certificate course in multimedia design

Leadership skills

Elected as Class representative for School Students’ Council Planned and organized school dances and sports event Selected to participate in youth leadership program in city

Marketing and promotion skills

Started my own baby care centre in 2000; created flyers and promotional material, which attracted 100 working couples in the first month itself

Designed posters and banner for conducting Best Baby Show

Experience

Worked in Health Care baby Centre from 1990-95 Worked in Children’s Hospital from 1996-2000

Volunteer experience

Students’ Council Yearbook Committee National Service Scheme

Education

Course in Nursing & Child Care from Govt. Hospital, Chandigarh DAV Higher Secondary School, Delhi

Interests

Playing cricket and table tennis Listening to classical music

Parts of a Resume

The general parts of a resume include the following:

HeadingIt includes name of the person, contact details with complete postal address, phone number and email address.

Position SoughtIt tells the position one has applied for or seeking the job for example ‘Project Associate’, ‘Software Programmer’ etc. It helps the company to forward your resume to the concerned department for review.

Career ObjectiveIt is a very integral part of a resume. It briefly summarizes your skills for the particular job and tells the employer your short term and long term objectives of your career. The objectives should be highly original and should directly relate to the person’s personality. Professional summary

It summarizes the person’s job experience and skills which will make him suitable for the particular job. For example, eight years of research experience with research and development labs in India and Germany.

Educational QualificationsHere the specific details of person’s school and professional education are given. For school education the details to be included are school board, year of passing, major subjects studied, marks percentage achieved. In professional qualifications details such as name of the college/university, name of the course undertaken, CGPA/marks percentage and year of passing is included.

Work HistoryWork experience should be given in reverse chronological order starting from the latest to the older ones. The details included are name of position held, company name and specialized projects completed during your tenure.

Special skills and abilitiesIn this part of resume, special skills and abilities are listed down. Any specialized course or a certificate program done can be cited here which has the direct relevance for the job. For example, if your are applying for a job of a computer programmer, then besides your engineering degree in computer application, one can specify about any special course done in Java or HTML programming.

Extra curricular activitiesEvery company is interested to know from the applicant if he has been a part of any extra-curricular activity during his study years which can be recognized participation in any sports or cultural events or an active member of any club or a society. Achievements/honours/awardsAny other accomplishments relating from academic or extra curricular activities can be cited here. For example, winner of Math’s Olympiad for four consecutive years, awarded with research fellowship or received eminent citizen award.

Personal data It includes your father’s name, date of birth, nationality, gender, linguistic abilities and marital status.

ReferencesSome companies require the names of at least two or three references of the person’s with whom you have worked in the previous organization or are recognizable person who can provide a letter of recommendation for you. The references should be very well known to you. Along with the name of the references their complete contact details like postal address, position holding, name of the organization currently working, phone numbers, fax and email address should be given.

Declaration

Towards the end of the resume a statement mentioning that the information given is true to the best of my knowledge is specified and signed by the applicant with the date and place.

Some more examples of Sample Resumes

Sample 1

Shilpa Garg13, KVM NagarNew Delhi

E-mail: shilpa@gmail.comPhone: +91 8ooo – 280888

09440988701

OBJECTIVE

Enable to use my knowledge and to bring best of my abilities to provide comprehensive solutions and to utilize my skill set in a dynamic environment.

Qualification: Master of Computer Applications

ACADEMIC RECORD

University/Board Degree Year of passing

Percentage

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University

MCA(Master of computer Application)

April, 2009 77%

S K M University BSc(Computer science) April, 2006 76.5%Board Of Intermediate Education

Intermediate April, 2002 61%

Orissa State SSC April, 2000 63.5%

TECHNICAL SKILLS

Operating Systems : Windows 9x/2000,XP, MS DOS 6.22

Back End : Oracle 8i

Programming Languages : C, C++, COBOL, Java, PL/SQL

Web Technologies : HTML

OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS AND EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

Received B Certificate in NCC (National Cadet Corps) and attended the

Combined Annual Training camp at Kurnool.

Participated as a volunteer in paper presentation program SYNTECH.

Academic Project(BSc level):

Project : Bus Reservation through AgencyEnvironment :JAVA, Oracle, Windows98Team Size : 3

DescriptionThe Project is to manage information easily available to passengers,

fast bookings. Advantages are easy modifying, updating and managing the

information like the fares, bus code, Agency code, Agency Name, agency Area etc.,

Online Cancellation facilities are provided. If cancellation is done

immediately the amount can be deducted from the total amount. New agency facility

is provided to add and work on different agencies.

Responsibilities

As Part of Academic project developments gathered requirements, designed

from scratch using structured design and object oriented design techniques

and developed the application.

The complete software life cycle development processes are followed during

the execution of the project.

Actively involved in Analysis, design and database design and coding.

Academic Project(MCA level):

Project : Company Information Tracking System(CITS)Environment : J2EE,Ms-Access, WindowsXPTeam Size : 1

Description:

CITS is a powerful human resource tool for maintaining

employee and company information. It helps you to manage your

employees. CITS provides variety of reports that gives you the

information as per your requirement like payroll information or who is

receiving company benefits etc. CITS gives you the power of

information with different report categories.

Responsibilities:

The complete software life cycle development processes are followed during

the execution of the project.

Actively involved in Analysis, design and database design and coding.

Strengths:

Hard working

Positive attitude

Highly enthusiastic

Good level of emotional intelligence

Aptitude to undertake any kind of difficult and challenging task

Personal Profile:

Name : Shilpa Garg

Father’s Name : Naveen Garg

Languages : English, Hindi

Permanent Address : 12 – 2 – 891,Sai Nagar II Cross,Bhuvneswar Orissa

I assert you that the information furnished above are true to my knowledge.

DatePlace

Shilpa Garg

Sample 2

Resume

Smita Kapoor Mob: +91 9000129357 E-Mail: smita@gmail.com

Career Objective

To secure a challenging position where I can effectively contribute my skills for

the development of organization as well as for the improvement of me as an

individual in this global scenario.

Flair to learn new things and Adaptability to different demanding conditions.

Experience

Worked as a Lecturer in Meera Bai Engineering College for One Year. As a engineer trainee in TF SOLAR POWER company from Oct 2008 to Feb 2009.

Educational Qualifications

Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engg (EEE) with 81.3%

from Kurukshetra University in the year 2007.

Intermediate with 96.1% from D.A.V School in the year 2003.

CBSE with 66.2% from D.A.V School in the year 2001.

Technical Skills

Operating System Windows 98/2000/XP

Languages C,C++

Hardware Digital Electronics, VLSI

Project Details

Project Title : Digital Automatic Voltage Regulator For

Turbo Generators

Client : Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited,HyderabadEnvironment : Windows NT, 8086 microprocessor.Duration : Dec 2006 to Jan 2007

Description:

The alternator is run by a turbine and the output of the alternator is

Send to load through substation via infinite bus, if any load variations occur we

Will observe these fluctuations across the alternator terminals. The function of

The regulator is to adjust the generator excitation automatically in response to

deviations in bus bar voltage detected by error detector circuit.

The main aim of the project is to compensate the voltage fluctuations

Which occur across the generator terminals by using Digital Automatic Voltage

Regulator. It contains necessary functionality to limit, control and protect a

generator from operating outside of the machine’s capability.

Personal Profile

Name : Smita Kapoor Father’s Name : Raghav Kapoor Date of Birth : 10th June, 1986. Gender : Female

Marital Status : SingleHobbies : Meditation, Playing games.Languages known : English, Telugu and Hindi

Address : C/O Dr Rajesh Sharma H.No:1-147/1 Motinagar,

New Delhi

(Smita Kapoor)

Practice Exercise

1) Write a resume for the post of Project Manager in Cyber Software Company, Bangalore. Invent necessary details.

2) Write a resume for the post of Research Associate in AVP University, Hyderabad. Invent necessary details.

3) Write a resume for the post of Head, Sales Department in Zenith Technologies, New Delhi. Invent necessary details.

References

M Ashraf Rizvi. Professional Communication for UP Technical University. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Ed. 2006

Kailash Aggarwal and M K Jain. Professional Communication. Delhi: Shubham Publications. Ed.2006

Malti Agarwal. Professional Communication. Meerut: Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd. Ed. 2007

Sinha, K.K. Business Communication. New Delhi: Galgotia Publishing House. Ed. 2005

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE

Statement of Purpose generally known as SOPs is gaining more popularity in selection of a candidate for pursuing higher education abroad or doing internship in a company. The purpose of SOPs is to get a detailed summary of a candidate’s profile and at the same time test the writing skills of the candidate. Thus it is important for the candidate to understand the structure of a SOP and how to write a winning SOP to make him/her the

likely candidate for securing the seat in a particular course or getting selected for an internship.

What is a Statement of Purpose?

A statement of purpose is a detailed essay about yourself where you specify in detail your educational & technical qualifications, interests in the particular field, projects undertaken during your study years and your reason for choosing a particular university for pursuing the higher education. It is different from a resume as a resume is an objective statement of the facts about yourself whereas a statement of purpose is kind of essay that you are asked to write when you apply for admissions in a foreign university. Statement of purpose is also a means to assess the ability of person to write good English and creativity. It is not practically possible to attend in person interview in foreign universities; therefore, it also acts as a proxy interview. Thus, statement of purpose becomes a sole criterion apart from your score in the entrance examination to be selected in the particular institution or not. It becomes important for a student to showcase their abilities in the best possible way.

Aim of Writing Statement of Purpose

Based on the understanding of the components of a statement of purpose and its importance in a student’s career, the aim of writing a statement of purpose can be classified as:

It describes your intention of joining a specific program at a specific institution.

It has to be written keeping a particular institution in mind.

It shows your motivation and preparedness for joining a particular institution.

It also exhibits your potentials in ability to complete the chosen course successfully.

Factors to keep in mind before beginning to write a statement of purpose

Before starting to write a statement of purpose one should look at the following points: Audience: The statement of purpose is reviewed by eminent professors in that

filed so one can make use of technical vocabulary and description.

Check for specific format: Certain institutions specify their own format mentioning specific details to be filled by the candidate. In that case, ensure that you follow the same guidelines. If the institution specify the length of the essay adhere to it else limit your essay to about 1000-2000 words.

Focus on achievements: It is important to focus on one’s achievements rather than failures. But if you secured poor grades at any level you can give your reasons for the same.

Appropriate writing style: A good writing style should be chosen which projects you as a confident person and not an overconfident one. Prove your worth but at the same time one the tone should be highly moderate.

Seek Opinion(s): Before you start writing a statement of purpose you can seek advice/opinion from your seniors or professors who has practical knowledge in that field.

Checklist for writing statement of purpose

While writing a statement of purpose the following points should be included: A startling statement that shows your passion for that particular field.

Give details of your educational qualifications.

Give background of your interest in joining the particular field.

Specify subjects studied relating to that field or area of further study.

Extra curricular activities relating to the field.

Mention the names of the eminent professors with whom you have studied

Give a brief description of the projects undertaken

Specify job experience, if any

Include research papers published, if any

Specify your aim of undertaking the particular course whether it is an extension work or want to work on some hypothesis

Explanation of choosing the particular institutions

Explain the reason for choosing the particular course.

Go through the institution website and mention about the eminent professors of that field and any other commendable work done by the centre you wish to join

Important points to remember in writing statement of purpose

As mentioned earlier, statement of purpose is an important deciding factor for you being chosen for a particular program in the foreign university so it is very important to ensure the following points in the whole statement writing process:

The opening lines of the essay must catch the attention of the reader without appearing to be trivial.

The statement should be well organized and concise.

Avoid colloquialisms, slang and abbreviations

It should be free of punctuation, grammatical and spelling errors.

Do not use language that sounds artificial or literary.

Avoid abstract statements and high-sounding clichés.

Revise your statement after writing it.

Proofread and edit to avoid any grammatical mistake.

Do not copy the content from the internet.

Give your statement to your senior or a professor for their comments before it is sent to the concerned university.

Keep working on your statement even after you have communicated to the concerned university.

If you don not receive a positive response for the statement of purpose you have sent, it is advisable to start from the beginning.

Sample 1

In the recent years, the financial world has fascinated me a lot. Browsing through the Nifty, Sensex and other stock exchanges has become a habit of mine. I often day dream of being a high end corporate whose one decision changes the fortunes of various multi-national companies.I believe that the prestigious business school of Harvard University can not only help me realize my dreams but also can give me the global exposure necessary to survive in this tough world. The name of Harvard Business School speaks for itself. One needs a calculator to count the number of alumni of HBS that have gone on to become world beaters, not only in the field of business but also in other walks of life. It is not only the knowledge but also the amazing work ethics that you instil within your students that makes me a fan of your University. I have also heard that the facilities available over here are so advanced that one can predict when the next recession is going to hit.I have been working very hard for the past two years to get into the Harvard Business School. I got a GMAT score of 2218 out of 2400 and have always kept a sound academic

record in my school as well as University life. I got 92% in my grade 10 examinations and 82% in my grade 12 examinations. I did my graduation of B.Tech in mechanical engineering from VIT University in Vellore, India. I graduated with a CGPA of 9.2. I got placed into Honda after my graduation and after doing my job there for the past 2 years, I have decided to pursue my masters in business administration from the Harvard Business School.Other than academics, I have always been involved in various co–curricular activities as well as sports. I was the president of ASME-VIT as well as a core committee member of the Society of Mechanical and Civil Engineers. I also represented the University in quizzes of various kinds at national as well as international levels. I was also a part of the Dance Club and got a number of certificates for performing bhangra, an Indian folk dance. I have also done well in the field of sports. Tennis is something I have played for a lot of time now and have done my University proud at various levels. Thus, you surely won’t get a book worm in me if you take me in.In the school too, I was the school captain. Moreover, I have also mastered the language of Spanish in school which will always help me to bridge any communication gap between me and the Hispanic community. I have always participated in various debates and dramas in my school life. This has all been capped by me getting the award of the all rounder of the year, twice, from the school authorities.My interest has always been to pursue an MBA in finance. I believe that I can do the numbers game pretty well. My aim is to not only get good grades in it but also be part of various researches so that I can make various new innovations in this field. Another reason for me being interested in HBS is the presence of Dr. Miles Solper, who is said to be one of the world’s greatest financial analysts. His studies in the Asian markets are something of which I am a fan of. It would be a great honour to get to study the stock exchange under him.I am also a big fan of the student development programmes organized by HBS in partnership with Goldman Sachs where the students get to visit their New York Headquarters and see how the world’s best brokers and investors go about their business. This really helps gear us for jobs that we are going to take up later. I was also really impressed by the amazing internship opportunities that students had got not only in US but also abroad.I have also heard that the campus life of Harvard University is also world renowned. It has one of the best living as well as research facilities. The close proximity to the amazing city of Boston makes it one of the best places to live. I have also heard that the university has a diverse population based on the nationalities which will also give me an amazing chance to learn about various cultures.Your research facilities are also commendable. I heard that they have been set up by McKinsey and Co. and have the sample financial records of various companies for the practice of students. I also heard that some of the faculties are so good that they act as the part time financial advisors of various top brands. I have also heard that there a few extra subjects in the curriculum such as currency analysis, float de evaluation, etc. which are not taught by other universities but are equally important in the financial world.This is an amazing opportunity for me to get selected in this amazing institution and if I do get selected, I will try my level best to strive for excellence at each and every step.

Sample 2

Concentrate all your thoughts upon the work at hand. “The sun rays do not burn until brought to a focus,” Alexander Graham bell. For me, he is the first engineer and inventor the world ever saw. In this rapidly developing world of change, engineering is an indispensable part. Reflecting on the events of my life that have impacted on me, I returned to the morning of August 8, 2008. It was then that I first sat for an Intra-School computer competition. It was a spark; a spark that ignited my mind.I It gave me a whole new definition to computers. Two years later I had participated in a plethora of competitions and was a proud winner of various accolades. I was getting quite good in using softwares to accomplish creative and challenging tasks, but my first acquaintance with the programming language was later, and all thanks to a polite question: “This rotating bar in Windows 7 is Flash?”. Stupid, right? That is the day, I remember vividly. The day that I learned there is something called coding, and the day I met a person called Karmanya Aggarwal, a senior and 2 years older to me. Yes, he taught me real stuff. The stuff that mattered. He gave me my first (.iso)-image file containing Ubuntu 9.10, an open source Linux distribution financially backed up by a company called Canonical. Seven years later, my love for open source software hasn not decreased. For all that matters, it has definitely increased moving from open-source Operating Systems to Open-Source web technologies and software development. Yes, that is what I love, Open source software.My love for computers is what urged me to pursue an undergraduate degree in Computer Science and Engineering (B.Tech), in Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India. As each semester progressed and my introduction to various computer techniques and languages increased, I got more and more fascinated by the knowledge I gained. Data-Structure and Algorithms along with Programming in C/C++ were the most challenging and interesting courses I had. The 4th semester presented the best courses an open-source software enthusiast could ever ask: Linux programming, Scripting in CSS/JS and PHP/MySql, and some theory courses to teach us the basic understanding of Back-End and Front-End programming. Due to my keen interest and knowledge in the field, I was one of the 5 students selected from the University to finish an Indian-Government funded project to create an easy online portal that allowed ease of registration and helped Indian-Citizens to lodge complaints and grievances and difficulties faced in their localities online so that quick action could be taken. The project was a success, earned me recognition and helped in acquiring a 2 months internship with “CODE-Weavers” a web-development startup based in New-Delhi, that designs websites for clients all over India and in other parts of Asia. I was a core-member of the team, and in that period of 2 months, I worked on 5 websites all of them are up and running currently!Pursuing a Masters Degree in computer science will allow me to fully develop my knowledge in two areas of interest: Open Source Web Technologies and Artificial intelligence. By studying these subjects in depth, I hope to resolve the disparity between having a wide scope of computer science knowledge and having a more concentrated understanding of a single computer science field.

Thinking towards the future, I would pursue a job which is challenging and continuously demanding which provides ample opportunities for learning and development. I strongly believe that computer engineering is such type of field where there is a continued demand for innovation. Keeping in mind my aspirations and ambition, I firmly believe that The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology will be the best institution to pursue my educations. Moreover, the University’s faculty, consisting of internationally renowned scholars as well as the independent student club associations will provide a challenging and practical level of teaching, mobilizing creativity and further enhancing my ability to excel in the field of Computer Engineering in this ever competitive world.Finally, Hong Kong’s international metropolis possesses a solid employment environment, apart from its rich heritage and history. Having studied the profiles of students admitted and passed from your premier University, I believe, I too, like them, wanted to have a competitive edge, a keen interest for practical knowledge and a belief in holistic development. I also have a creative mindset and excellent organizing skills gained from my participation in various competitions and events. I strongly believe that I have the desired character qualities and abilities that portray me as a suitable candidate for your University.Although studying Engineering is a demanding task, keeping in mind my love for Computers, Maths and Physics, I feel that it is a proper direction towards enhancing my knowledge and skills for future career. Should I have the offer, I would make every endeavour in achieving good progress and contributing valuable commitments during my study in the university. “ We can throw stones, complain about them, stumble on them, climb over them, or build with them.”-William Arthur Ward

Sample 3

The ever increasing applications of computers in technological development demand more efficient networking. Coming from a background of Electronics and Communication Engineering, I have developed a fascination to probe into the arena of Networking in general and Computer Networks in particular which posses a challenging task in interconnecting PC’s and Laptops. This cultivated my interest to take Computer Engineering as my major in my graduate studies.

There is a saying, which says, “The only thing permanent in life is change”. This perfectly holds true to the world of Computer Engineering where novel ideas are not a novelty. It is this novelty that entices me to this field and gives me a deep sense of professional pride. In this context, I would like to pursue my graduation in Computer Engineering, which not only supplements the knowledge that I possess but also provides a strong platform for my future career goals.

However, I found that I have no uncertainty in proceeding along a path that I have been planning over the last 3 years. I have originated from a family where the highest priority

was always given to good education. Blessed with schooling from one of the premier institutions of India, I was strongly motivated to pass my senior school exams with honours.

After successful completion of my school studies, I got admitted to VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHONOLOGY, which is one of the reputed universities at the global level. I took Computer Science and Technology as my major in the undergraduate program. During the course of the study, I was exposed to various subjects such as ‘C’, Computer Networks, Java, Data Structures, etc.

My expertise in Computer programming could be seen from the fact that I got 93% in the practical lab of Programming and Data Structures. I took additional courses in programming languages like C, C++ and JAVA.

The inter connection, management and maintenance of networks helped me get acquainted with the subject of Networking at high levels. Having acquired reasonable knowledge about the OSI reference model, I am passionately eager to learn the subject in depth. I was fascinated and got myself involved in this cyber world.

My prodigious appetite for knowledge started from the moment, I was trained to write the series of English alphabet on the sands of the grounds of my kinder garden school. This thrust spurred me to work assiduously till this part of my career, and this will perpetually continue to stir me in achieving greater goals. I am fully aware of the fact that I have miles to go in this long distance race for acquiring higher knowledge. Although I believe that there is no substitute for hard work and strong working knowledge, training in a reputed university like yours will give a big boost to my aspirations and academic pursuits. 

Coming from a family where everyone has excelled in academic achievements, I have developed a keen desire to pursue my graduate studies and research in Computer Engineering in a university of excellence, which will provide me an opportunity to work with most modern and sophisticated equipment and intellectual environment by which I would be able to realize my dreams of exploring and contributing new vistas in the chosen field. Your institute, which is reputed to possess the above, besides having a host of eminent professors on its faculty, gives me a wonderful opportunity to hone my skills and acquire knowledge.

I believe that “Accomplishments lie within the reach of those who reach beyond themselves.” I am confident of making my own humble contribution in enhancing the image and reputation of your esteemed university in the years to come. Financial assistance from your university will give me a tremendous morale boost in this long pursuit to achieve excellence. I eagerly look forward to be a part of your academic community. Practice Exercise

1) Write a statement of purpose for pursuing a bachelor’s degree in MIT.

2) Write a statement of purpose for pursuing MS program in Harvard University.

References

A Rama Krishna Rao. Enjoying Everyday English. Hyderabad: Sangam Books(India) Private Limited. Ed:2009. pp. 49-50

RESEARCH PAPER WRITING

In this era of progressive science and technology, research is not limited to the few individuals confined to their laboratories but it has become an essential aspects in all colleges and universities to undertake the research work and publish the outcome of the research in journals of repute or do paper presentations in national and international conferences. Research articles are essential in every field of science, technology and

management. It provides new paradigms to the already existing work. It is very important to know how to write a good research paper so that one can contribute in their area of specialization and research.

What is research paper?

A research paper is a form of writing where the author presents the original research work carried out by him/her. It may be the result of a particular research project conducted in the laboratory or the result of a small scale study conducted in the field. It might be theoretical study in the field of literature or any social sciences; or practical involving development of certain equipments, procedures, systems etc. The main purpose of writing a research paper is to give an extension to the already existing work or come to new findings based on certain presumptions and findings. The final outcome of the research paper is that either it is presented in some conference/seminar or published in a journal relating to that field.

Elements of Research Paper

The research paper is written in a particular format which contains the title of the paper, author(s) name and affiliation, abstract, key words, introduction, literature review, methodology, discussion, findings, conclusion, suggestions (optional), references and appendices.

Title of the PaperA comprehensive title of the paper should be given which throws light on the content of the research paper. The title should be clearly written containing no abbreviations and short forms. An inadequate title may lead to confusion and doubts. Thus, it is important to choose a specific and exact title which gives an understanding about what the contents of the research paper.

Name of the AuthorThe author’s complete name must be placed just below the title. The name(s) must be followed by the author’s institutional affiliation and address. The personal email id of the author is also given so that the readers can contact the author for any clarifications, suggestions and feedback.

Abstract The abstract is the gist of a research paper. It contains the core essence of the paper. It is different from a summary as it is free writing and abstract follows a particular structure. The abstract starts with giving the aim of the study or a introductory lines about the topic, followed by methodology adopted, findings and conclusion in brief. Any abstract may follow all the aspects of the structure or more than two of the aspects but it adheres to a structure so that a reader can arrive at a clear understanding of the contents of the research paper. The abstract should always be written after the completion of the writing of the research paper. It is written in about 150-200 words but may vary depending upon the requirements of the specific journal.

Key wordsKeywords refer to the important words occurring in the text which are directly related to the research work. At least five to six keywords should be specified after the abstract.

IntroductionIt is important to give the background of the topic being investigated so that the reader can understand why the problem was considered worth investigating. A brief theoretical background about the topic of research can be given. It shows the worth of the problem and also discusses in brief the facts included by the researcher in the course of his study.

Literature Review

In literature review, we specify the brief review of the studies that has been done on that topic. There must have been work done by others on the topic with some variations, it is better to give a review of those works as it will give weightage to your work citing that how your work is an extension or different from the already conducted research on the same topic or phenomenon. One should always select the most recent studies done in that field and give their findings. Here you can also specify that how your work is an extension of the already done work in that topic.

Methodology

The methodology employed or the methods adopted in undertaking the research should be clearly stated. While specifying the methodology one should try to answer the following questions:

How, when and on whom the study carried out? What is the research design? How and under what conditions the experiment is conducted? If it is based on data collection, then what is the sample size and with whom it

was administered? What are the sampling procedures used? What are the tools employed for statistical analysis? Any limitations for experiments and sampling to be specified.

Discussions

A detailed presentation of the findings of the study should be given here. One can give details explanation with supporting data in the form of tables, charts, graphs, illustrations and diagrams so that it authenticates the research This is the main part of the research paper having sections and sub-sections. It should give the statistical analysis of the research study with detail explanation. It is better to give the interpretation of data

through tables, graphs and diagrams. If the research paper is lengthy, one can include headings and sub headings for different sections to make it more readable.

Findings

In the findings, the results of the study are clearly and precisely given. The implications and applications of the findings are also indicated since the reader is more interested in understanding how the findings relate to solving a problem. At this stage, the researcher should organize his ideas and the accumulated research into a logical, fluent and effective way. ConclusionAfter stating the findings, towards the end of the article a short conclusion should be given restating the main points of the study. Remember in the conclusion, no such points should be discussed which is not the part of the study or something which is not discussed before. It is the brief summary of the entire study. It should be related to the hypotheses or assumptions which were mentioned in the introduction part. Moreover, it may explore the possibility to conduct further research in the concerned areas.

Suggestions

This is an optional element in the research paper. One can give certain suggestion for the readers based on the experience of undertaking the particular research work for efficiently carrying out the technique or experiment. In that process the reader can avoid those problems which were encountered by the original researcher.

References

During the period of research, the researcher must have referred and used material from various books, journals, term papers, reports etc. All work cited in the research paper must be listed in an alphabetical order to acknowledge the original author and to do away with plagiarism. In citation, along with the name of the author, the book title, publisher’s name, place and year of publication, edition and page numbers are also specified. The format of giving citations could be as specified by APA (American psychological Association) and MLA (Modern Language Association) depending upon the requirements of the communicating journal. For details on the referencing style one can refer the APA and MLA guide books.

Appendices

The appendices include technical information relating to the collection of primary and secondary information, experiments and mathematical derivations, elaboration on

particular technique analysis, questionnaire, samples course design or may be graphs if they are more in number and it disrupts the flow of the paper if given in the text.

Acknowledgements

The last section includes the writer’s thank to the people who have helped him in conducting the present research.

Practice Exercise

1). The following sources are given below for references. Organize them appropriately as per the APA format.

a) Paul Andrew Jackson. Technical Communication: Introductory Guide . New Delhi: ABC Publications. (2007).

b) Kailash, Brij B. (1997). “Using Web resources in teaching english.” In Journal of Applied Linguistics.

c) Kapoor, Sharmila (1991). Influence of culture in language teaching- the background and its impact. In Review Journal on Language Teaching .

d) Sunita Lal and H. Muttusawamy. Introduction to Communication Skills. New Delhi: ABC Education. (2008)

e) http://www.quotesandidioms.com/quotes/keywords/feedback.html

f) http://www.techlearningandenglish .com/default.aspx?tabid=67&entryid=509

g) J Brown. 1997. The application of VLSI. Electronics Today . 33-37

h) George Mathew. 1997 April 28. heart disorder. Health (magazine), 129. 69-70

2). Visit the university library and choose any research paper published in your specific area of your study and focus on the following aspects:

a) Choosing the appropriate title

b) Writing the abstract

c) Identifying the key words

d) Giving headings and sub headings

e) Citations

References

M Ashraf Rizvi. Professional Communication for UP Technical University. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Ed. 2006

Kailash Aggarwal and M K Jain. Professional Communication. Delhi: Shubham Publications. Ed.2006

Malti Agarwal. Professional Communication. Meerut: Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd. Ed. 2007

Project Proposal Writing

A kind of writing written to persuade someone to do something is called a

proposal. It is a systematic description of a course of action or recommendation or

suggestions to solve a particular problem. It has become mandatory for any professional

to write a proposal as a part of his/her career. It is generally written to initiate new

projects, novel ideas or give solution to existing problems.

In the corporate culture projects are the sources of outward funding for a company

or an institution. To get a project approved by a funding agency, one has to submit a

proposal. The quality of the proposal decides the sanctioning of the project. Hence a

project proposal has to be designed with utmost care to see to it that the project is

sanctioned. Acceptance or rejection of the proposal depends on the effectiveness of

persuasion.

Types of proposals:

Broadly speaking there are six different categories of proposals depending on

their structure, audience and source of origin. They are:

1. Formal Proposal

2. Non- formal proposal

3. Internal proposal

4. External proposal

5. Solicited proposal

6. Unsolicited proposal

Proposals that are short and are given in printed forms, letter formats, or memo

formats are called non – formal proposals. Proposals that go for elaborate description and

discussion and are long are called formal proposals. They consist of several sub-titles and

can vary in length from a few pages to several pages.

A proposal that is written for the readers within an organization to clarify a doubt

or to study a problem or an issue within the organization is called an internal proposal.

Internal proposals are less formal and are short when compared to external proposals. A

proposal that is written to audience outside an organization to offer a course of plan or a

solution to a problem is called an external proposal. They are more formal and more

detailed when compared to internal proposals.

A proposal written in response to a request or an offer is called a solicited

proposal. Many companies which outsource their projects call for proposals from

deserving candidates. In such cases they specify their conditions and requirements. On

the other hand a proposal written by a candidate out of his own interest is called

unsolicited proposal. Most of the project proposals submitted by faculties interested in

research are unsolicited proposals.

In general most of the standard funding agencies give proper guidelines and

formats for candidates to submit project proposals. Though most of them are for the same

cause they differ from each other. For example the format of UGC (University Grants

Commission) for submitting a project proposal is different from that of ICSSR (Indian

Council For Social Science and Research) and it is different from that of DST

(Directorate of Science & Technology). Now we are going to focus on the general format

of writing a project proposal.

There are three things that characterize a good project proposal. They are:

1. The Problem

2. The Solution

3. The Cost

1. The Problem: The problem has to be stated convincingly and explained why it

is important.

2. The solution: The solution proposed for the stated problem decides the quality

of the proposal. The writer should convince his audience about the uniqueness

of the solution and its relevance to the problem.

3. The Cost: Though the above two factors are convincing, some proposals are

rejected for the sake of their cost. It is the duty of the writer to persuade the

readers that the cost of the project is worth the changes.

Basic Structure of a Project Proposal:

A project proposal has some or all the following features.

1. Title Page

2. Table of contents

3. List of figures

4. Abstract or executive summary

5. Introduction

6. Problem

7. Objectives

8. Solution or recommendation

9. Methodology or Plan of action

10. Advantages / disadvantages

11. Costs

12. Conclusion

13. Appendices

1. Title page: The title page consists of the title of the proposal, name of the person

or organization to whom the proposal is submitted, the name of the proposer and

the date of proposal.

Sample Title Page:

.

A Proposal on

Submitted to

ICSSR

Submitted by

Dr. Mahalakshmi

Date

20th March, 2013

2. Table of Contents: The list of main headings and sub-headings in the proposal

with their page numbers is given in the table of contents.

Sample table of contents:

Table of Contents:

1. ……………………

…

2. ……………………

….

3. ……………………

…

4. ……………………

….

5. ……………………

…

3. List of figures: A list of tables, graphs, illustrations and figures used in the

proposal with their page numbers is provided in the list of figures.

4. Abstract or executive summary: A

summary of the proposal highlighting the

important points is provided for the busy

executives who have no time to go through the entire

proposal. The difference between the abstract and the executive summary is that

after reading the abstract the busy executive can decide whether to read the whole

proposal or not. But after reading the executive summary there is no need for the

busy executive to read the whole proposal. The reason is an abstract introduces

the proposal whereas the executive summary summarizes the proposal.

List of figures:

1. ……………………

…

2. ……………………

….

3. ……………………

…

5. Introduction: The background of the problem, the purpose and scope of the

proposal are given in the introduction.

6. Problem: The problem or the situation the proposal wishes to address is

described in this section. The writer has to persuade his readers that the problem

is significant to them. To do this he has to present the problem from the reader’s

point of view. While talking about the problem, there are three different types of

problem. They are:

a. Pre-defined problem: It is a condition where both the writer and the readers

are aware of the existing problem. It is very easy for the writer to handle this

situation as his job ends in showing his readers that he understands the

problem.

b. Narrowing down the problem: It is a situation where the readers are aware

of the problem in its vague sense. It is the duty of the writer to narrow down

the problem to a specific point.

c. Defining the problem: It is a situation where the readers are not aware of the

existing problem. They do not consider it a problem at all. It is the duty of the

proposer to make the readers realize the importance of the problem.

7. Objectives: The link between the problem and the action comes under objectives.

In this section the proposer has to explain how the action will solve the problem.

8. Solution or recommendations: In this section the plans for achieving the

objectives and the solutions are to be discussed. It is the longest section where the

solution addresses each of the objectives and the desirability of the solution is

discussed.

9. Methodology or plan of action: In this section the method of data collection or

the procedure of investigation need to be explained. The writer has to show his

readers his plan for carrying out the research. Hence he should talk about the

equipments and the expertise needed to carry out the project. The duration of the

project and its schedule has to be explained in this section.

10. Advantages / disadvantages: In this section a realistic comparison of the

advantages and disadvantages of the project is discussed. The aim of this section

is to convince the readers that the project has more advantages than the

disadvantages.

11. Costs: In this section a clear picture of the costs to be incurred is given. The aim

of this section is to convince the readers that the costs are reasonable and to

persuade them to invest their money in the project.

12. Conclusion: In this section the final summary of the project with emphasis on the

key benefits and advantages is given. It gives a final appeal to the readers.

13. Appendices: Secondary materials if any are given as appendices to the proposal.

There should be logical flow in the appendices without any distraction.

Plan of writing a project proposal:

Like any other piece of writing, even project proposal writing goes through the

three stages of pre-writing, writing and re-writing.

1. Pre-writing Stage: During the pre-writing stage the writer has to identify the

purpose of the proposal, analyse the project, its audience and the action desired

from the aaudience, determine the scope of the project, and collect the data

required for the purpose.

To do this he can ask the following questions before beginning to write the project

proposal:

1. Why is the project proposal being written? (Purpose identification)

2. What are the objectives of the project? (Objectives)

3. Who are going to read the proposal? (Audience analysis)

4. What information should be furnished in the proposal? ( Scope determination)

5. What does the writer expect the reader to do after reading the proposal? (Action

desired)

After answering these questions the writer can start collecting the data and organize

them in a logical order to write the proposal.

2. Writing Stage: In this stage, the writer has to jot down the outline the contents of

the proposal and write the first draft.

3. Post – writing stage: In the post – writing stage , the has to revise his first draft,

edit it, proof-read it and try to modify its layout and structure. During this stage,

even the content can be modified. The writer can give the proposal to someone to

critically examine it and evaluate the proposal. Once everything is ready, he can

send the proposal to the concerned funding agency for approval. It is generally

observed that pre-writing stage takes 25% of the time, writing stage consumes

25% of the time whereas it the re-writing stage that consumes 50% of the time.

Sample Project Proposal

A Project Proposal on

Yrast and near-yrast spectroscopy of nuclei around shell closure in medium

mass region

Submitted to

Government of India

Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)

Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS)

Submitted by

Dr. V. RAMASUBRAMANIAN

Professor in Physics

&

Dr. C. Anu Radha

Assistant Professor (Senior) in Physics

VIT University

Vellore

Date

20th March, 2013

2. Abstract or executive summary:Nuclei around a shell closure remain always a potential source of nuclear

structure information for many theoretical and experimental investigations. Yrast and

near-yrast spectroscopy of nuclei near a shell closure are important to understand the

underlying nuclear structure, in particular, the nature of proton-proton, neutron-proton

residual interaction, the role of single particle excitations and particle alignment in

development of high spin structure. The nuclei with few valance particles or holes outside

a closed core offer a fertile ground to study the single particle excitations involving pure

configurations and therefore ideal to test the predictive power and validity of large scale

shell model calculations. The main aim of this project work is the possibility of observing

accurate quadrupole and hexadecupole deformations in nuclei in the ground states and

high spin states, occurring shape transitions, shell effects, pairing correlations and

wobbling bands of odd-odd isotopes of medium mass region nuclei.

3. Introduction:In atomic physics molecular motion can be decoupled into the intrinsic motion of

the electrons plus the vibrational and rotational motion of the entire molecule. In a similar

fashion, the motion of a nucleus can be seen as a combination of the intrinsic motion of

the valence nucleons and the vibrational and/or rotational motion of the entire nucleus.

Though it is difficult to decouple the motion of nuclei into the distinct motions, the

collective rotational and vibrational motions of nuclei overshadow the single particle

effect and give better information about nuclear structure for middle and heavy mass

nuclei at low excitation energies which are of the order of MeV. The spins and parities,

for example, of low level spectra of these nuclei are accurately predicted by collective

motion models. A Collective nuclear model assumes a nucleus to be a drop of

incompressible nuclear fluid, though slightly compressible at high energy. The vibration

and rotational motion of a nucleus is taken to be similar to that of a drop of liquid subject

to a force small enough not to invoke large amplitude vibration or high angular

momentum rotation which lead to disintegration of the nucleus.

4. Problem:

The quadrupole mode is the most well known and fundamental surface mode of

vibration of even-even nuclei. The Strutinsky’s formalism of shell corrections has been

successfully used in calculations of the nuclear deformation energy with the concept of

dividing the total binding energy into a smooth liquid-drop energy and an oscillating shell

correction energy. To calculate the shell corrections, the triaxially deformed Nilsson

model together with the Strutinsky’s prescription is employed. The single-particle

energies and the single particle spin projections can be obtained by diagonalizing the

triaxial Nilsson Hamiltonian in cylindrical representation upto first twelve major shells.

The role of pairing fluctuations on the equilibrium properties of hot rotating nuclei will

also be investigated. Landau theory provides an easier way to study the effect of thermal

and orientation fluctuations on the observables. However in this method the high angular

momentum properties are calculated in a macroscopic way. The quadrupole deformations

due to the surface oscillations are not stable; rather they involve a periodic shift in shape

between prolate, spherical and oblate forms. In nuclei where shell structure prohibits

quadrupole vibration at low excitation energy, such as in some nuclei with double magic

numbers, the octupole mode is often the dominant mode of excitation.

Theory predicts that n-p pairing effects are likely to be quite strong for N=Z nuclei

and diminish rapidly as one moves away from N=Z. Ground state deformations will be

obtained from Moller-Nix and Skyrme-Hatree-Fock -Bogolyubov frameworks and it will

be compared with the available cranked Nilsson Strutinsky code which will be developed

for microscopic calculations. The main aim of this project work is the possibility of

observing band structure alignment, shape transitions, deformations, shell effects and

pairing correlations of medium mass region. For interpretation of shape structures the

potential energy surfaces plots will be used.

At high excitation energy, a nucleus has different rotational bands which differ in

their intrinsic state of motion. Members of different bands may have the same total spin,

but different energy because of the band head positions. A state with the lowest energy

for each total spin is known as the yrast state, and the different yrast states together form

a yrast band. Since most of the energy of the yrast states is due to a high speed rotation,

the intrinsic shape of the nucleus remains almost the same among the different members

of the yrast band, and nearly the same as the shape in the ground state. The most common

method to produce a high spin yrast band is using a fusion-evaporation reaction. In this

reaction, an incident nucleus fuses with a target nucleus to form a compound nucleus.

The fast spinning compound nucleus cools itself by emitting a number of light particles

until it reaches the yrast line. Once the excited nucleus is at such a level, it preferentially

decays to the yrast level below it by E2 γ -ray emission. This process continues

successively, and a cascade of E2 γ-rays starting from very high spin states will be

emitted until the rotational band terminates at, or near, the ground state.

5. Objectives:

(a) Probable nuclei within the medium mass region will be chosen.

(b) Exhaustive theoretical fully fledged calculations using cranked Nilsson Strutinsky method will be performed. Program will be developed accordingly.

(c) Ground state deformation values will be obtained from Moller-Nix mass table.

(d) Open access codes (Relativistic Mean Field, Nilsson-Strutinsky) will be studied thoroughly.

(e) Ground state deformation values will be obtained by running Skyrme–Hartree–Fock–Bogolyubov code.

(f) Calculated ground state deformation will be compared with the above values.

(g) Shape transitions of the nuclei within the medium mass region will be investigated. To detect oblate – prolate and super deformed shapes through potential energy surfaces by using total energy.

(h) To evaluate high spin states and yrast states efficiently.

(i) Coexistence of different shapes is one well known effect in this region, in which several different deformations of the nucleus will be analyzed at nearly the same excitation energy and spin

(j) To identify band structure alignment of the chosen nuclei and comparison will be made with other theoretical outputs and experimental determinations. Wobbling bands of odd-odd isotopes of nuclei will be studied.

6. Methodology:

I Year:

Once the project is sanctioned work will be promoted. For JRF, advt. will be given in the leading Newspapers and within stipulated time the selection committee will do the recruitment. Equipments will be purchased through purchase committee. The probable fertile nuclei in the medium mass region will be chosen. Computer calculations can be made on the properties of nuclear high spin phenomenon and it will be related with experimental outputs for comparison. Nilsson standard code will be purchased for comparison. Skyrme–Hartree–Fock–Bogolyubov code will be downloaded and will be executed without any error. Ground state deformation values for chosen will be taken from Moller-Nix table. Skyrme–Hartree–Fock–Bogolyubov code outputs will be checked. Clarifications and discussions will be done with investigators active in this field.

Related software will be purchased and made available for interpretation.

The JRF candidate can also be asked to attend the nuclear structure physics workshop / seminars / SERC School to have a good interaction with field experts.

IInd Year: The RMF formalism will be developed and ground state deformation values will be calculated.The calculated values will be tabulated with Moller-Nix, Skyrme–Hartree–Fock–Bogolyubov code and it will be compared with other theoretical and experimental values from Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Calcutta and other leading Universities.The standard results will be presented in the International /National symposia.

IIIrd Year:Nuclei in the medium mass region will be analysed thoroughly with various comparisons and presentations.

The outcoming results will be finalised and communicated to refereed journals and national/international conferences. The results will be consolidated at the end and the final report will be prepared.Some recent results obtained from in-beam heavy ion induced fission reactions using Indian National Gamma (INGA) facility will be studied. The role of nuclear shell structure as well as importance of shape deformations in the fission fragment mass distribution will be learned. Experimental component will be planned by using IUAC Pelletron and TIFR Pelletron with the help of Scientists at the respective places. Therefore high-intensity primary beams at around 100-150 MeV/nucleon or proton-rich radioactive beams are needed. Production rates of the order of a few per minute should be enough to significantly improve our knowledge on nuclear structure effects.

7. Costs:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Particulars I Year II Year III Year Total---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Equipment: 3,50,000 -- --

3,50,000

Salaries JRF1: 1,92,000 1,92,000 2,16,000

6,00,000 SRF: NIL RA: NIL Technical Assistance:60,000 60,000 60,000

1,80,000 Consumables: 60,000 30,000 10,000

1,00,000Travel PI: 20,000 25,000 25,000 70,000 PC/DC:Contingencies: 40,000 40,000 40,000

1,20,000Overheads: 1,00,000 1,00,000 1,00,000

3,00,000------------- ------------- -------------- ------------

Total 8,22,000 4,47,000 4,51,000 17,20,000

------------- ------------ --------------- ------------

Equipment and Cost (Please provide here the name of the equipment and cost only):Workstation:

LGA 1366 Intel Core i7 quad Core, 3.06 GHz, 16MB L3 CacheMemory 24 GBHDD 500 GB Rs.1,50,000Software

Nodes (Three)Pentium IV

2.4GHz845G Intel shipset512 MB RAM

100 GB HDD Rs.1,20,000 (3 X Rs.40000.00)

Laser Color Printer& Scanner Rs. 30,000Switch & Cable Rs. 10,000UPS – 3KVA Rs. 40,000

---------------Total Rs.3,50,000

---------------1. Staff Salary:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Staff Number s Monthly Salary I Year II Year III Year

Total--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

JRF 1 I & IIyr. 16000 x 1 1,92,000 1,92,000 2,16,000 6,00,000 III yr 18000 x 1

SRF

RA

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tota 1 1,92,000 1,92,000 2,16,000 6,00,000---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Details of budget for consumables to be procured by the PI (Amount in Rupees):

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sl.No. Item Ist year IInd year IIIrd year ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Air conditioner 30,000

2. Packages

Exptl. Or Theoretical codes 20,000

3. Sony removable disk & computer 5,000

Consumables

4. Almirah (2) 20,000

5. Miscellaneous 10,000 10,000 5,000---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 60,000 30,000 10,000---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Details of travel: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Amount in Rupees Ist year IInd year IIIrd year Total -----------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Proposed number of visits of PC/DC to PI's institute -- -- --

--

4. Duration of stay during each vi -- -- ----

(No. of days)

5. Total funds required -- -- ----

6. Proposed number of visits -- -- ----

of PI to PC/DC's institute

7. Duration of stay during each visit-- -- ----

(No. of days)

8. Total funds required -- -- ----

9. Funds required by PI for travel to

attend conferences within India. 10,000 15,000 20,00045,000

10. Funds for Other visits JRF candidates to attend

Conferences and other DAE 10,000 10,000 5,00025,000 Nuclear Physics Institutions

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total 20,000 25,000 25,000

70,000---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BUDGET JUSTIFICATIONS

1. Equipment:

The project work contains heavy computation and it will be compared with other theoretical model codes and experimental outputs. Three nodes are necessary to run the code for different nuclides at a time and simultaneously program will be developed. The server will handle tremendous data flows.

2. Staff:

Manpower is required to carry out the calculations, for computation, plotting, development of new program and analyze the data. Team work will make the results with perfection. One JRF candidate is required for full time tenuous work which will be required for promoting the cranked Nilsson Hamiltonian program with HFODD results calculations along with the experimental routhians in the chosen nuclei. This will need young research scholars to get involved in nuclear structure field.

3. Technical assistance:

To do secretarial job during purchasing, installation of the equipments and daily file works. The generated data base will be stored in proper places and necessary consumables will be procured through the institution.

4. Consumables:

The amount will be used for continuous computational work.1.5 Ton Air conditioner will be purchased. Removable disk is required for transferring data and for presentation.

5. Travel:

Grant will be useful for discussion with field experts regarding research paper communication and presentation. To participate and present project work outputs or research contribution in international/national conference/symposia/workshops within India, travel expenditure is highly essential.

6. Contingencies:

To meet the expenditure towards advertisements for JRF, stationary, purchase of urgently required computational items (papers, printer cartridge, etc) and for buying standard nuclear structure books.

References:Mishra, Sunita, C. Muralikrishna. Communication Skills for Engineers, New Delhi:Pearson Education, 2008.

Exercise:Imagine you are an engineer working in an MNC. Write a project proposal to an external funding agency explaining him the project you are working on for your PBL courses. Table of Contents:

6. ……………………

…

7. ……………………

….

8. ……………………

…

9. ……………………

….

10.……………………

…