ICAR JRF/SRF STUDY MATERIAL on

Extension Education

Presented by Dr. Prakashkumar Rathod Assistant Professor and I/C Head

Dept. of Veterinary & A.H Extension Education Veterinary College, Bidar (Karnataka)

Extension

Latin word which means Ex-out, Tensio- Stretch

Word was coined in Cambridge university(1853)

which means stretching or educating the rural masses

Education is a process where a person changes his

behaviour in a desirable way which includes

knowledge skill and attitude

Types of Education according to Comb & Ahmad

(1974)- Informal, formal and non-formal

Informal education is a life long process which every

person acquires and accumulates knowledge, skill,

attitudes and insides from daily experiences to

environment at home, work place, play etc.

Formal education is highly institutionalized,

chronologically graded and hierarchy structured

education system spawning lower primary schools to

upper reaches of university

Non formal education is organized systematic

education activity carried on outside the framework

of formal system to provide selected type of learning

to particular sub-groups in the population of adults

and children Ex- Dairy Ext, Agri Ext

Nature of Extension Education

Formal education Extension/ Non formal

Starts with theory & ends with practical. Starts with practicals & ends in theory

later on.

Students study subjects. Farmers study problems.

fixed curriculum offered. No fixed curriculum or course of study

Class attendance is compulsory. Participation is voluntary.

Teaching is mainly vertical. Teaching is mainly horizontal.

The teacher has more or less

homogeneous audience.

The teacher has a large & heterogeneous

audience.

It is rigid. It is flexible.

It has all pre-planned & pre-decided

programmes.

It has freedom to develop programmes

locally based on needs & interests.

It is more theoretical.

It is more practical & intended for

immediate application in the solution of

problems.

Objectives of extension education

Development of the people or destination man

To bring desirable changes in the quality of life of the

target group by helping them to change their attitude,

knowledge, skill and resources (both natural and man

made) like land, pasture, water, livestock, equipment etc in

a right way.

Objectives are expressions of the ends towards

which our efforts are directed. This could be done by;

Bringing about a desirable changes in the knowledge,

attitude and skill.

Assisting livestock farmers to realize their needs and

problems.

Types of Objectives

Fundamental objectives (All inclusive):

E.g. Overall development of individuals

General objectives (Functions of extension): More

definite then fundamental objectives and are directly

associated with extension services.

E.g. To increase the milk production in a village

Specific or Working objectives: state directly and

specifically what is to be done.

Need

Difference or gap between ‘what is’( Available) and

‘what ought to be’( Desirable).

This gap can be narrowed by using science and

technology

1.Farmers

2. Research Stations – Scientists

3. Educational Institutions – Teachers

4. Extension Education

5. Farmers – Information - Scientists

Philosophy of Extension Education

Philosophy is the pursuit of wisdom, a body of general

principles or laws in a field of knowledge.

According to Mildred Horton- 4 principles

1.The individual is supreme in a democracy

2. The home is the fundamental unit in a civilization

3. The family is the first training group of the human race

4. The foundation of any permanent civilization must rest on

the partnership of man and land ( nature).

According to Ensminger (1961)

1. It is an educational process. Extension wants to change

the knowledge, attitudes, understanding and skill of the

people.

2. Extension is working with men, women, youths, boys and girls to answer their needs and their wants. Extension is teaching people what to want and ways to satisfy their wants.

3. Extension is “helping people to help themselves.”

4. Extension is working on the basis of learning by doing and seeing is believing.

5. Extension wants development of individuals, their leaders, their society and their world as a whole.

6. Extension is working together to expand the welfare and happiness of the people.

7. Extension is working in harmony with the culture of the people.

8. Extension is a two-way channel process. 9. Extension is a continuous educational process.

Principles of extension education The specific guidelines or the base for any decision making

process or initiating an action. It is universal truth under varied conditions and circumstances.

Widely accepted principles of extension education are:

1. Principle of interest & need

2. Principle of cultural difference

3. Principle of participation

4. Principle of adaptability

5. The grass roots principle of organization

6. The leadership principle

7. The whole-family principle

8. Principle of co-operation

8. 9. Principle of satisfaction

10. The evaluation principle

Extension Education Approaches/Systems

Extension approach

Uses teaching methods for educating people

Emphasize on communication of information about

innovative technical problems to improve quality of family

and community life

Referred as conventional or classical model

Training approach

Closely related to institutionalized training for basic skills

and knowledge

Best Ex: T&V system of Benor

Cooperative self help approach

Rural transformation through change of attitude

Response to expressed needs of the people

Building of local institutions

Integrated development approach

Emphasize to coordinate different agencies under a single

management system

Rational development

Scope of Extension Education

It includes all activities of rural development.

Increasing efficiency in agricultural production.

Increasing efficiency in marketing, distribution

and utilization of agricultural inputs and outputs

Conservation, development and use of natural resources.

Proper farm and home management

Better family living.

Youth development.

Leadership development.

Community and rural development.

Improving public affairs for all round development.

Extension Educational Process

Involves 5 interlinked steps-

situation analysis

formulation of objectives

deciding the content and teaching methods

outcome evaluation and impact analysis and

feedback and reconsideration

Objectives

Teaching

Evaluation Reconsideration

Situation

Elements of Teaching-Learning Situation

INSTRUCTOR/

Teacher

TEACHING

EQUIPMENTS

SUBJECT MATTER

PHYSICAL

FACILITIES

LEARNER

Steps in Extension Teaching

As per Wilson &Galup (1955)

Classification of Teaching Methods

History of Extension

Education

Land Grant Colleges

The Morrill Act of 1862

Establishment of at least one college in each state

Objective to teach agriculture and the mechanical arts without excluding other scientific and classical studies.

The money from the sale of federal land -very insufficient.

Lack of qualified teachers and textbooks and the suspicion of "book learning" among farmers

In 1890 - second Morrill Act

Provided funds to sustain these colleges

Research - Hatch Act of 1887.

Created an experiment station at every land-grant college

The 4-H Programme

Aims to provide educational training for youth aged 5-19 through project work, leadership and citizenship programs, and numerous educational activities.

Head - managing, thinking

Heart - relating, caring

Hands - giving, working

Health - being, living

The 4-H Pledge

I pledge my head to clearer thinking,

my heart to greater loyalty,

my hands to larger service,

and my health to better living,

for my club, my community, my country, and my world.

Early Extension

Efforts in India

Servants of India Society

Gopal Krishna Gokhale, 1905 at Mayapur Village, Madras

Sriniketan

Rabindra Nath Tagore, 1921 Kaligram Pargana, West Bengal

Aimed at making villagers self reliant and helping people to develop their own resources.

Marthandam Project Kanya Kumari district in Tamil Nadu

Dr. Spencer Hatch, 1921, YMCA

5 sided programme – Spiritual, Mental, Physical, Economical and Social development

Gurgaon Project

F.L Brayne, Deputy Commissioner of the Gurgaon

district Haryana, 1927- Village Guide concept

Baroda Rural Development Project

Raja Sir T. Madhav Rao, a minister of state of Baroda

Started Rural Reconstruction Centres (RRCs) in 1932

Rural Reconstruction Project

Started by Mahatma Gandhi -Sevagram, 1936

Firka Development Scheme

Madras Province, 1943- For the economic development of villages by promoting khadi and village industries

Nilokheri Project Refugee Rehabilitation Project- Started in 1943 and

became fully operational in 1948 Mazdoor Manzil – aimed at self sufficiency for the

rural cum urban township. Etawah Pilot Project Etawah, Uttar Pradesh in 1948 -Albert Mayor Intensive all-round development work in a compact

area- Forerunner of the CD Project multipurpose concept of village level worker

The Community Development Project(1952)

As a result of the Grow-More-Food Enquiry Committee Report and the successful experience of the Etawah Project.

New programme, India & U.S.A under the Technical Co-operation Programme Agreement

55 Community Development Projects - on 2 October,1952 for three years.

Starting with 55 Community Development Projects in

1952, the entire country was covered with the

Community Develpoment Programme by 1963.

Block is the unit of planning and development.

Community Development Project (1952)

Each project

Each project area divided into 3

development blocks

100 villages and a population of 60,000 to

70,000.

Population of 6,000 to 7,000 and one

multipurpose VLW

300 villages covering 400-500 sq. miles and

a population of about 2 lakhs

55 Community Development Projects - 25,260

villages and a population of 6.4 millions

Each block

Each block divided into groups of 5-10 villages

Each group of villages

Sociology

Study of human/individual in society/environment

Sociology is the study of human relationships.

In Latin, Socius means companion and In Greek, logos

means scientific study

Auguste Comte-Father of Sociology.

Rural sociology: Focuses on man living in rural areas.

Urban sociology: Focuses on man living in urban areas.

Tribal sociology: Focuses on man living in tribal areas.

Differentiation of Societies is based on

Contact with nature

Occupation

Size of the community

Density of population

Homogeneity of population

Social stratification

Social mobility

Social interaction

Social control

Social solidarity

Leadership pattern

Standard of living

Sociology: Terms and Concepts

Society

Community- continuos geographical area, sense of

belonging, sharing common values, norms, interests

Socialization-Process of conducting in socicety

Social System- set of interrelated units

Social Stratification- hierarchically arranged strata in

community

Social Mobility- movement of people among strata

Social Interaction-

Association-organizing for fulfilling common interests

Institution- crystallized mechanisms/ways in which

society meets its needs through social structures

Major Institutions In Rural Society

Family

Religious

Economic

Government/Political

Educational

CULTURE: Complex which includes knowledge,

belief, art, mortals, law, customs and other capabilities

and habits acquired by the people as member of the

society.

Can be either materialistic (house, food, clothing)

or non-materialistic ( family, caste, education)

Traditional Culture –Indigenous knowledge/practice

Ethnocentrism- Considering own culture superior

Cultural Lag- Lagging behind of one culture with

other

Value- what people consider valuable/desirable

Beliefs- Mental convictions about something

Social Role – Expected behavious of one member of

society in relation to others (Ascribed or achieved)

Social Control- Pattern of influence by society

Social Norms- Established behavioral pattern

Folkways- Informal rules of behaviour/ no punishment

Mores – Socially acceptable behaviour/ May be

punished

Laws –Legal and political enforcement

Social Groups- Collection of 2/more people having

interaction/ contacts

Types of Social Groups

Primary and secondary groups

Formal and informal groups

In group and out group

Involuntary and voluntary group

Delegate and reference group

Primary group Secondary group

Small size often < 20- 30 Large

Personal and intimate relationship Impersonal and aloof

More face to face communication Little

Permanency for long time Temporary period of time

Ex: Family, group of close friends Cooperative, Society, Council

Social Change and its factors

Demographic factor

Technological factor

Economic factor

Cultural factor

Legislation

Education

Leader and leadership

Types of Leaders

Democratic, Autocratic and Laissez Faire

Formal leader and Informal leader

Professional leader and Lay leader

Operational , Popularity leader and Prominent leader

Elected , Selected and Nominated leader

Selection/Identification of leaders

Group observer method. Discussion method.

Election method. Workshop method.

Key informant technique. Self-designating technique.

Sociometry- Most common method

ALL the best