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Lecture 12 Ethics and referral in sport and exercise Course review and exam information

Lecture Outline

!Professional+Code+of+Ethics+!Referral+process+!Course+Review+!Exam+Informa:on++

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Objectives: Ethics and the referral in sport, exercise and physical activity

12.1 Identify four (4) general purposes of a Professional Code of Ethics

12.2 State five (5) central ethical assumptions that would be essential when working with sport and exercise participants.

12.3 Explain the following in relation to making referrals: (1) ethical and professional constraints, (2) practical limitations, and (3) personal preference concerns.

12.4 List 5 Dos about making a referral.

12.5 List 5 Donts about making a referral.

Professional Code of Ethics: General Purposes

! Code%of%ethics%! Denes%specic%behaviours%that%are%expected%of%members%working%in%

specic%professions%! e.g.,+??+

! General%purposes+! Inform+and+protect+the+consumers+(of+your+work/profession)+

! Communica:on+of+values+to+the+public+community+

! Educa:on+of+members+(of+the+profession)+

! Direc:on/selfFregula:on+of+workFrelated+thinking+and+behavior+

! Iden:fy+STANDARDS+of+the+profession++! i.e.,+specic+dos+&+donts+

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Professional Code of Ethics: Central Ethical Assumptions

! Do+no+?+

! Help+?+(concern+for+others+welfare)+

! Respect+?+(independence)+of+the+client+

! Golden+rule:+treat+others+in+a+fair,+equitable,+just+way+

! Be+?+

! Respect+dignity+and+?+(of+client)+

! Prac:ce+?+

! Be+responsible+&+?+for+what+you+do+++

! Conden:ality+

(Koocher%&%Keith?Speigel,%1998)

When+do+professionals+fall+short?++(Stromberg+&+Dellinger,+1993)+

! Practicing outside of ones area of competence

! Misrepresentation (e.g., qualifications) ! Physical or sexual relationships with clients

! Negligent or improper treatment, misdiagnosis

! Failure to properly supervise trainees or students

! Breach of confidentiality ! Improper advertising

! Failure to consult another professional or refer out

Important:

Take as many steps as possible to avoid being placed in precarious ethical or legal circumstances.

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Referring%clients%to%others:%Why?%! Know your limitations/Know when to refer

! ? & ? restraints ! do not have the COMPETENCE to deal with

the issue presented ! ? limitations

! do not have the TIME to work with the athlete on the issue of concern

! ? preference concerns

! do not want to work with the athlete regarding a particular issue

! NOTE:

! Can refer to various professions ! Psychologists, dieticians, strength &

conditioning trainers, GPs etc

! We+some:mes+think+we+can+do+more+than+we+can+

! We+o[en+really+want+to+be+helpful+

! Refer+clients+out+when+you+are+out+of+your+league+(your+skills+and+experience+are+exceeded)+

Referral situations in the sport & exercise setting: What?

Discussed more in 2nd & 3rd year units of study

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Making referrals: How?

! Generally Do ! Prepare client for the possibility of referral and explain why you are

making the referral

! Describe to the client what is generally involved in working with a mental health (or other) practitioner

! Be sensitive to the clients concerns in the referral process ! Get written consent from the client to share information ! Give the client necessary information to schedule an appointment or

schedule one at that time

! If the client decides not to follow through, discuss alternate strategies

Discussed again in 2nd & 3rd year units of study

Making referrals: How?

! Generally Don't ! Oversimplify the situation ! Disguise the expertise and/or function of the other practitioner ! Use referral follow-through as a condition for a favourable report ! Violate the clients confidentiality ! Undermine the treatment of the referral source

Discussed again in 2nd & 3rd year units of study

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When%in%doubt,%consult%with%others!%

! You%will%encounter%ethically%challenging%situaMons%

! Iden:fy+an+experienced+colleague+who+is+willing+to+help+you+

! Do+this+BEFORE+you+run+into+problems+

! Document+your+consulta:on+

+

Discussed again in 2nd & 3rd year units of study

EXSC199 Course Review

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INTRODUCTION (Week 1)

Study%of%human%behaviour%in%the%sporMng%(&%performance)%context%

Focus%on%the%behaviours%or%factors%that%stand%in%the%way%of%peak%performance%

Involves%nding%a%mental%approach%that%suits%the%athlete%and%his/her%sport%

Study+of+human+behaviour+in+the+exercise+context%

How+psychology+has+been+used+to+describe,+explain+and+predict+why+people+do+or+do+not+exercise%

The+study+of+psychological+processes+(e.g.,+mo:va:on)+and+behaviours+related+to+exercise+par:cipa:on%

Concern+with+benets+of+exercise+on+psychological+health+(e.g.,+selfFesteem,+reduced+depression+&+anxiety)%

Disciplines/Professionals%that%use%SPORT%Psych%research%%

athletes+F+elite+to+beginners,+various+ages+

performers+in+the+arts+

coaches++

teachers+

referees+and+ocials+

parents+

Disciplines/Professions%that%use%EXERCISE%Psych%research%%

sport, health, clinical psychologists

exercise science

health education and promotion

cardiac rehab

corporate fitness

nursing

general medicine

SPO

RT

PSYC

HO

LOG

Y EX

ERC

ISE

PSYC

HO

LOG

Y

Psychological core

Typical response

Role-related behaviours

Personality

consistent ways in which the behaviour of one person differs from that of others.

Personality theories

Psychodynamic Situational Trait Interaction

Mood & Emotion

Differences

Mood-Performance relationships

What makes up personality?

How do we measure the psychology of the athlete?

Questions in personality research include:

Do specific personality traits guarantee success?

Do different levels of sport, or sports type, or team versus

individual sports require different personality traits for success?

Understanding: Arousal Anxiety (state, trait, cognitive, somatic, facilitative, debilitative) Stress and the stress process

PSYCHOLOGY OF THE ATHLETE (Weeks 2 & 3)

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Motivation: Key theories

Need achievement

theory Interactional

Achievement goal theory

High & Low achievement behaviours

Attribution theory

Stability, Locus of Causality, & Locus of

Control

Competence motivation

theory Feelings of worth

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What motivates high and low achievers?

How do we foster quality motivations in our athletes?

MOTIVATION (Week 4)

Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation

Practical applications Task & Mastery oriented

environment Enhance feelings of competency

Focus on approach goals Monitor attributions

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How do we teach sports skills? How do we use reinforcement

& feedback in the learning process?

NOTE: Reinforcement impacts motivation

SPORT & EXERCISE ENVIRONMENTS (Week 5)

Competition & Cooperation

Behaviour (performance)

Feedback & reinforcement

Behaviour (Learning &

performance)

Competition: Negative & Positive

Propose a balance between competition & cooperation/Role of coach, teacher etc

Behaviour modification: + vs - approach

Types of, when to, what to reinforce; Benefits & types of feedback; Punishment

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Consider: coaches, players, teams, referees, spectators,

parents, etc., & self(!)

Consider: Attributions, social pressure, requests, self-

fulfilling prophecies, choking, audience effects (tute), home court advantage, social loafing,

group cohesion

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (Weeks 6-8)

Generally: How people interact with each other

thoughts, feelings and behaviours of individuals are

influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence

of others (Allport, 1954)

In sport & exercise

Interaction between who (the others)?

Impact performance & behaviour

Mental Toughness

Confidence Generally, higher is

better Particularly for males,

and for high lvl athletes but too much can be

problematic

Perfo

rman

ce

Arousal Generally, theres an

optimum lvl of arousal Inverted-U Hypothesis:

dependent on task ZOF Hypothesis:"

also depends on athlete

Perfo

rman

ce

Attention Generally, optimal

sport performance requires external focus

Anxiety causes internal ! choking

Narrow Internal

Narrow External

Broad Internal

Broad External

Peak Performance

Choking Associated with

control over: With ideal:

CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAK

PERFORMANCE (Weeks 9-11)

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Confidence? Ellis REBT

promotes effective self-beliefs

Burton (1984) says achieving goals builds confidence

MG-M ImageryBUT: Beware exceptions

cultural sensitivities and with self-talk

Arousal? Whelan et al. (1990) found

experienced athletes have their psych-up strategies; others benefit from prescribed techniques (breathing, imagery, self-talk, etc.)

Manzoni et al. (2008) found arousal best reduced by applied relaxation, meditation, and PMR (in that order)

Attention? Cue words can be

used to shift focus CS Imagery Consistent timing of

your routine PPR using all of the

aboveBUT: Avoid cue words that

cause conscious processing

How do you influence:

Motivation Through goal

setting, particularly if its SMARTS

Skill Acquisition Through imagery,

particularly if its PETTLEP

TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR PERFORMANCE ENHANCMENT (Weeks 9-11)

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS & REFERRAL PROCESS

(Week 12)

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What do did we want you to get out of EXSC199?

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Sport (& exercise) psychology knowledge

Scientifically Derived

Professional Practice

Knowledge

What do did we want you to get out of EXSC199?

Scientifically Derived

Define

Explain

Control

Predict

e.g., ?

Define arousal

Explain why we expect relaxation to have a positive effect on creativity performance and

activation to have a positive effect on strength performance? (theories)

Similar conditions; same tasks creativity (word game) + strength (hand

dynamometer); PMR; Act energetically, increase breathing rate, watch People are

awesome

Performance is impacted by arousal but dependent on the task and individuals

zone of optimal functioning

relationship between arousal

and performance

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What do did we want you to get out of EXSC199?

Professional Practice

Knowledge

Scientific method

Observation

Single case study

Shared public experiences

Introspection

Intuition

Assessment 1 Lecture + tutorial content + readings Participating in tutorial experiments

Reflect on how psychology will be relevant to your future profession

Assessment 2: Presentations Experiments run in tutorials

Assessment 2: Presentations

Discussions with classmates and tutors/lecturers

Link theories etc with your own experiences as sport and exercise participants

EXSC199 Exam

! Overall the exam is worth 50% of the final mark for EXSC199

! Structure ! Part A

! 40 MCQs ! 1 mark each ~ total 80 marks ! Computer answer sheet ! Tips: clearly mark your answer and erase if you make a mistake; if the

computer cannot read your answer then you will receive 0

! Part B ! 4 short answer questions

! Each question is worth 15 marks ~ total 60 marks ! Maximum 1 page per question to be written in the answer booklet ! Each short answer question will have more than 1 part

! TIPS: plan your answer, write neatly, clearly mark which question, and part, you are answering

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EXSC199 Exam

! Content ! Lectures ! Tutorials ! Textbook readings

! Use objectives to guide your study

! Practice Short Answer Questions in Week 12 tutorial

! Practice MCQ ! Quizzes

Success with Exams

! ACU Academic Skills Unit ! Tips for both before and during the exam

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Sport Exam Routine/s Pre game Pre-Exam

! Training Study

Plan your revision ! Start now (if you have not started already!) ! Plan both long (1 hour+) and short (15 30 minutes)

study periods.

! Organise your subject material: gather all your notes, study materials, and readings.

! Set goals for your study time: measure your success by goals you have met (perhaps objectives reviewed), not by time you have spent.

Training Study tips ! Make summaries of your notes, condensing an entire

section into its most important main points.

! Use the objectives as a guide for this!

! Next, form a study group with people you are happy to work with!

! With your summarised objective notes, drill each other with questions (just like a game show)

! Get each other to expand on answers to link concepts!

! Your strengths and weaknesses often complement each other (teach each other)

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Training Study tips ! Stop, revive, survive! ! Take a break every hour, ! Swap subjects every two hours

! Break you study up with fun activities! ! e.g., do an hour then kick a footy for 15 minutes, go

for a run

! Once you know your stuff, kick a footy while asking each other questions (or some other enjoyable activity)

Match prep Exam prep ! What is the date, time, and room of the exam? ! Check the exam timetable

! How will I get to the exam? ! Problems with transport is not an appropriate

excuse

! More than 30 minutes late (game over)

! Maintain important non-Uni activities (e.g., exercise, time for family etc) ! Keep doing things that have a calming effect

and balance your life (sometimes more study is not necessarily better)

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Game day Exam Day ! Get to the ground Uni at least 30 minutes

prior to the start of the exam.

! For nerves ! Talk to some of the other students ! Avoid last minute cramming (non-

effective)

! Breath awareness, PMR, self-talk or Imagery

! Morning exercise (moderate) can help

! Make sure you have eaten ! Low blood sugar = low intelligence

(vague and irritable)

Game plan Exam Plan

! 2 hours ! Section A - MCQ (questions 1 - 40) is worth 40 marks

! Allocate approx. 1 minute per MCQ ~ 40 minutes ! 20 minutes left over to

! Check the MCQ you had a guess on and others you want to recheck ! Spend more time on the short answer questions

! Section B Short Answers (questions 41 - 45) is worth 60 marks. ! 10 15 minutes for each question should be sufficient ~ 60 minute

! Up to you whether you do Part A or Part B first

! Stay for the full 2 hours and check your work!

! Use pencil and bring an eraser!!

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Post Match Exam

! Evaluate! ! You want to be an expert at sitting exams ASAP ! Which study activities were the most helpful? Which were

less helpful?

! How realistic was your study schedule? Were you able to complete tasks in the time you allocated?

! What kinds of emotions did you feel during the exam? How helpful were your stress management techniques?

! LET IT GO!! ! Its done now! You need to prepare and back up for your

next one!

Over to you!

!Any questions related to the exam !Check EXSC199 Forum on LEO first !Email your LIC - Justine Stynes !Make an appointment

!Good luck in your exam! !Aim high