experimental analysis for thermally non-equilibrium state ...note: sic plate was used only in an...

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR THERMALLY NON-EQUILIBRIUM STATE UNDER MICROWAVE IRRADIATIONS A GREENER PROCESS FOR STEEL MAKING

1Motoyasu Sato, 1Akihiro Matsubara, 1Sadatsugu Takayama, 1Shigeru Sudo 1Osamu Motojima, 2Kazuhiro Nagata, 2Kotaro Ishizaki, 3Tetsuro Hayashi,

4Dinesh Agrawal, 4 Rustum Roy

1NIFS (National Institute for Fusion Science); 322-6 Oroshi,Toki,Gifu, 509-5292 Japan 2 Graduate School of Science and Engineering;Tokyo Institute Of Technology

3Research Institute of Industrial Products Gifu Prefectural Government 1288 Ozeki, Seki-city, Gifu 501-3265 Japan

4 Materials Research Institute, Penn State University; University Park, PA 16802 USA

Keywords: Carbon dioxide emission, Microwave Energy, Pig Iron, Thermally non-equilibrium

AbstractHighly pure pig irons were produced in a multimode microwave reactor from powdered iron ores with carbon as a reducing agent in the nitrogen atmosphere. The grains in compacted powder absorb microwave energy selectively. Microwave-matter interaction creates thermal non-equilibrium state microscopically and enhances chemical reactions and the phase mixing at the grain boundaries very rapidly.

The visible light spectroscopic techniques was used to monitor the progress of the reactions. Up to 650°C, the heated powders radiate the continuous spectrum of blackbody emission. The small non-equilibrium hot spots rise, move and finally burst in to brighter light emitting from all over the surface at 650°C. CN molecules and Fe (I ) atoms were identified in the recorded spectrum. These bursts are similar to the “ignition propagation” normally observed in chemical reactions.

The line spectra originated from CO molecules have not been detected yet. The solid-solid reaction could be expected between the iron oxides and carbon to produce CO2 directly. A loss in the sample weight was accelerated during the excess-emission. These are the clear evidence that microwaves cause thermally non-equilibrium state and accelerate reduction process.

The reduction of iron ore is completed at 1380°C and relatively very pure pig iron was produced. It should be noted that the impurity level of Mg, S, Si, P and Ti is only 5-10% of what is found in the pig irons produced by modern conventional blast furnaces in the steel industries. The necessary amount of carbon needed was 1/2 compared to conventional blast furnace to produce the unit weight of steel, if we applied renewable energy or nuclear power for the microwave excitations.

Introduction

As the Kyoto protocol come into effect, aggressive preservation of resources and energy savings are becoming progressively pressing needs for our country. However, the effectiveness of improvement of conventional industrial process is reaching its limits, hence calling for a new perspective to approach this problem. To put it on one extreme, the essence of civilization is to

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Sohn International Symposium ADVANCED PROCESSING OF METALS AND MATERIALSVOLUME 5 - NEW, IMPROVED AND EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES:

IRON AND STEEL and RECYCLING AND WASTE TREATMENTEdited by F. Kongoli and R.G. Reddy TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2006

produce, heat, and process materials. Since the beginning of industrialization, the process of heating has been based on the utilization of external heating sources via conduction, transmission, and radiation. Should this process be given a drastic change, the most effective energy saving can be achieved. Utilizing microwave energy for heating purposes has its distinctive characteristics in that it does not use an external heating source. Researchers in academia and industry have been working in the area of microwave processing of a variety of materials for many years. But what is new and unique about the present work is that for the first time the Penn State's experiments have shown that it can be applied as efficiently and effectively (if not more) to powdered metals as to the ceramic systems(1). Going further, there are even greater potential of the possibilities surrounding the exploitation of their radically different effects of the E and H components of the microwave electromagnetic field(2).

Although many hypotheses have been presented through studies to investigate mechanism of microwave heating worldwide, no conclusive results have been presented to date. Using a digital microscope, we recorded a visual movie image in-situ observation of heating process of powder consisting Fe3O4 and BaCO3 by microwave(3)(4)(5). Random generation, movement, and disappearance of hot spots in the order of 100 micron were observed throughout duration of a few seconds. The temperature, size, shape, and the duration of the hot spots maintained certain regularity. This is the first case in the world of capturing formation of micron scale strong thermally non-equilibrium or localized temperature gradients (a few hundred oC/100 micron, a few thousand oC/mm) system during heating. In materials comprised of two compounds (even in multi compound system), occurrence of selective heating due to different microwave absorption rates of different phases, resulting in to a large temperature difference between the phases, is expected. This opens up the possibility of “field engineering” of most sophisticated value added electronic and optical materials. And also how localized an-isothermal situations in a microwave field can cause drastic enhancements in the reaction and diffusion kinetics.

Nagata, et al of Tokyo Institute of Technology had been working on development of unique ultra high purity iron refinement technology that is based on ancient Japanese iron refinement method called "Tatara Process". The encounters with the report of microwave heating of powder metals gave them an idea that rapid reduction of iron should be possible by application of microwaves without relying on burning of carbon for de-oxidation.

Joint experiments with NIFS et al proved that high purity iron (2% carbon density) with less than 1/10th of impurities, such as manganese, sulfur, phosphor, silicon, titanium, etc., as compared to irons from modern pile furnace can be produced in a short time, while reducing consumption of carbon to 1/2 (5) . This result developed into a new research theme of Suppressed CO2 Emission, Rapid Iron Refinement Method by Microwave Processing, which is aimed for reduction of several millions of tons of CO2 emission (per single pile furnace).

The magnetite could be heated by the H-field of microwave and carbon by the E-field during the process. The amount of energy would be supplied by microwave for removing oxygen from magnetite. If the renewable energy, such as solar, hydro and nuclear power, is applied to generate microwave, it can reduce the emission of CO2 at least 50% of what is necessary in the conventional blast furnaces.

The field in which microwave heating is effective in energy saving is in the high temperature region of 1000 oC to 2000 oC. Materials industries, such as metal refinery, steel production, sintering, and nanotechnology are among them. Application of microwaves in the iron industry, which is the backbone of these key industries, is the field where the greatest effect in reduction of carbon dioxide emission is expected. Iron ore refinement by means of pile furnace has utilized same basic structure based on the same principle for two hundred years. We have conducted a

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series of experiments to prove effectiveness of rapid and high purity refinement under low temperature and high oxygen potential by means of microwave application, and achieved highly positive results. This paper provides the results achieved so far of this ongoing project.

Experimental

The experiments of reduction of iron oxide have been successfully conducted in a microwave batch furnace. The chamber of furnace is made of a stainless steel with hexagonal cross-section of 1.1m wide and 1.2m long that reduces the microwave energy concentration to the center of the cylinder. The metal rotators also scatter the standing mode in the chamber (Figure 1). The uniform heating in expected in the region of operation inside the chamber. Five magnetrons radiate 2.5~12.5 kW microwave at 2.45 GHz. The chamber was evacuated down to 0.1 Pa and refilled by nitrogen gas. Nitrogen is kept flowing at 2~5 litter/minutes at a little higher than the ambient pressure.

The diagnostic systems were prepared to investigate the process under the thermally non-equilibrium reactions. The visible light spectrometer will detect the line spectrum overlapping to continuous spectra of the blackbody emissions. The combination of visible light spectrometer to the infrared pyrometer was the basic diagnostic tool. The system monitored in-situ the average temperatures and nonlinear excitations on the surface of the sample in the spot size of 10 mm. The entire process was monitored by high resolution video camera.

Both the natural iron ore with coal and the purified reagent of Fe3O4 with graphite were prepared for the experiments. The iron ores milled into powders under 100 . The coal was under 50 . The grain sizes and the mixed weight ratios are listed in Table-1.

The mixed powders were filled in a crucible with the tap density around 30%. The crucible was thermally insulated by the alumina-silica fiberboard. The insulation package containing the crucible installed in the microwave furnace as illustrated in figure-2.

Fig. 1. Pictures and the illustration of diagnostic system by visible lights

Infraredpyrometer Video camera

Fiber optics for spectrometer

SpectrometerMode stair

Thermal insulator

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Grain size ( Fe3O4 : C Ratio Theoretical Value 2 : 1

Fe3O4 Carbon Weight Mol

Remarks Expected products

Pure Sample #1 50 : 50 1 : 19.2 Pure Sample #2 82 : 18 1 : 4.23 Pure Sample #3 89 : 11 1 : 2 Fe3O4+2C = Fe + CO2

+2% FeCPure Sample #4

50~100 10

95 : 5 1 : 1 Fe3O4+C = 2FeO+ Fe Iron Ores #1 89 : 11 Table-1 Grain size and mixing ratio of magnetite and carbon of the samples

Figure-2 Heating unit filling up the sample in the crucible, Note: SiC plate was used only in an experiment of hybrid heating.

Experiment (I) Microwave Processing of Fe304 Powder Mixed with Graphite of Equivalent Mol Concentration for the Reduction

The first experiment was done using the sample with pure reagent of Fe3O4 and pure graphite powders that listed as the Sample#3 in table-1. The weight ratio of magnetite and graphite was 89:11. The amount of carbon was equivalent to the mol concentration for de-oxidation of the magnetite to pig iron that contained 2% carbon. Total weight of the sample and volume were 89.3g and 89 cc respectively. The applied power was 5kW.

The temporal evolutions of line mission spectra, typical video pictures, infrared temperature and microwave output power were displayed respectively from top to the bottom in the figure-3. The process showed three steps: 1. RT to

Step I (Room Temperature ~ 600 oC)

The microwave power was limited at 2.5 kW until the evaporation of combined water in the crystal. The heating rate began to slow down, but the temperature kept rising from 400 to 600 oCin 300 seconds. Small hot spots, less than 1 mm in diameter, blinked in the cracks on the surface of the sample as shown in the left two video pictures in figure 3. They became stronger and more frequent when the temperature closes to 690 oC.

Figure –3 Line mission spectrums, typical video pictures, infrared temperature and microwave output power V.S. time

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Figure 4. Ignition Propagation at 690 oC and temperature jump

Step II (Temperature jump from 690 oC to 950 oC and de-oxidation up to 1350 oC )

At about 690 oC, as illustrated in figure 4, very bright discharge flashed and it extended to all over the sample surface in 0.1 seconds. Then in the next 2~3 seconds, the bright flame burst up and sparks sprayed out through a hole drilled on top of the insulator. It is not clear how deep the flash penetrates into the body of the sample. During the bursts, the temperature jumped to 950oC. After the burst, it kept on rising from 950 oC to 1150 oC. The flame continues until the reaction is completed.

The emissions of line spectra that consisted of carbon-nitride (CN) and Iron atoms (Fe I) were initiated at the burst. The CN decreased and disappeared in a few minutes. The emission by Fe(I) continued, while the CN lines decreased and disappeared in a few minutes. No emission lines of CO or CO2 were detected. The emission and flame disappeared when the microwave power was turned off.

Step III Formation of Molten Metal

The video showed that the surface of the sample became brighter during the process and the smaller. When the temperature reached to 1350 oC, molten metal appeared in the crucible as shown in figure-7.

The visible light emissions idicated that the strongest peak was that of Fe(I). The excitation levels for them were estimated to be of several electron volts. It was much higher than the bulk kinetic energy of Fe atoms which is 1100 oC ( 0.1eV) by infrared pyrometer. It suggests that the thermally non-equilibrium state was excited by the microwave at the atomic level.

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Experiment (II) Investigations for Optimum Quantity of Carbon Content

All energy is supplied by the burning of carbons (cokes) in the conventional blast furnace. It is the most interested question “How much energy can be replaced by microwave irradiation?”. The samples with different weight ratios (mol concentrations) of magnetite and carbon were examined under the identical conditions of experimental setup and same microwave power. The samples were listed as the pure samples # 1 ~ #4 in the table-1. The atmosphere was nitrogen. The processes were observed by visible light spectrometer and video monitors. The phase composition of the products was investigated by XRD measurements.

Pure sample #1 (50:50)

It is very rich in carbon. The burst and temperature jump were not clear. CN line appeared at 700oC, but no emission was observed from steel components. The excess unreacted carbon remained in the powder. Small drops, less than 1mm, were observed in the powders. The amount of the Fe was too small to detect. The XRD patterns show only the peaks of graphite.

Figure-5 Pure sample #1 (50:50) Experiment with very rich carbon

Pure sample #2(82:18)

The sample contained carbon almost twice for the reduction of magnetite in the sample. The burst and temperature jump occurred at 700 oC. The metal was produced showing peaks of Fe by XRD. But, the reduction was limited on the surface only in the crucible. The core of the sample remained in powders form. The weight of the produced metal was less than 20% of theoretical expectation.

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Figure-6 Pure sample #2(82:18) The sample contained carbon twice for the reduction of magnetite

Pure sample#3(89:11)

This was the best. The products weight was 95% of the estimated weight. It is the stoichiometric carbon amount needed for complete reduction of the magnetite in the sample. These experiments were explained in the previous section.

Figure –7 The highest yield and best quality Pig Irons by the microwave

Pure samaple#4(95:5)

It is the low carbon experiment. The amount of carbon is just a half of what is needed to complete reduction of the magnetite. Temperature jumps were observed. First jump was at 690oC with CN light emission. The temperature rose to 800 oC and it has the second jump to 1000oC. The emission of CN line did not show up. Only the Fe(I) lines were detected. The temperature increased up to 1400 oC and finally a big molten metal drop remained at the bottom of the crucible. The XRD shows that the major peaks were of FeO and Fe as a minor phase.

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Figure-7 Pure samaple#4 (95:5) Poor carbon experiment. The amount of carbon is just a half to de-oxide the magnetite in the sample.

Experiment (III) Reduction of Natural Iron Ores in the Microwave Blast Furnace

The reductions of natural iron ores were examined in the microwave blast furnace. The natural ore was the loadstone produced from Romeral Chili. It is the high quality ore containing magnetite more than 90%. It was grinded to less than 100 . It was mixed with powdered natural coal with the weight ratio of 81:11 in accordance with the experiments mentioned above. The weight of the sample was 1kg. Microwave power was kept in the range 5~7.5 kW. The atmosphere was nitrogen. The experiment showed almost identical steps of pure magnetite/ carbon compound with 89:11. The burst and temperature jump appeared at about 700 oC. The yellow colored flame was seen more clearly than the pure regent, because natural powders contained more Sodium.

The video camera visualized the metal formation process. About 1mm diameter metal drops appeared in the powder, when the temperature exceeded 1150oC that was the melting temperature of the pig iron containing 2% carbon. The drops became larger in the next 10 minutes as big as 5~8 mm diameter. They sunk into the powder by the gravity. New small drops were born on the fresh powder and process repeated itself. The growth rate increased with the temperature. Finally, almost all the powder was reduced to the metal at 1380oC.

The reduction process finished at 1380°C and the very pure pig iron was produced. The level of the impurities such as Mg, S, Si, P and Ti, were only 10-20% of the levels normally observed in the pig irons supplied by conventional blast furnaces, as shown in Figure–8.

The weight of pig iron was 530 grams. Assuming the ore contained 100% of magnetite, 638 gram of pig iron would be produced. The product weight was about 85 % of the ideal value.

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Figure-8 Impurity in the Pig Iron By Microwave Reduction

Discussions

Optimized carbon content for microwave blast furnace

The series of our experiments show clearly in the microwave blast furnace that; 1) The amount of carbon must satisfy the chemical equation;

Fe3O4 + 2 C = 3 Fe + 2CO2 – 75.66 kcal/mol.

2) The energy is supplied by microwave irradiation for heating powders and for making up the difference of enthalpies between the iron oxide and carbon dioxide (– 75.66 kcal/mol). 3) Carbon played only just as a reducing agent.4) Pig iron was produce uniformly from the surface to the core of the sample mixed with carbon at the optimized mol ratio. The product remains at the stage of FeO in case of insufficient carbon.5) The maximum temperature was 1380 oC to finish the reduction and to get liquid pig iron. 6) The impurity contents were 1/10 compared to the products by conventional blast furnace.

An innovation by microwave blast furnace is proposed here that the exhaust of CO2 can be reduced almost one half in comparison of the existing blast furnaces, if the energy could be supplied to microwave generators that is powered by the renewable energy or nuclear power plants.Our experiments make it clear that the penetration depth of the microwave is deep enough to operate the microwave blast furnace in the industrial scale.

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The innovation would be highly possible from the viewpoint of engineering. The next step must be the demonstration of designing and building a larger scale microwave blast furnace appealing to the steel industries.

Re-configuring the Science of Materials Synthesis/Reactions

Scientific interest in our results is more profound than mere heating mechanism of powders by microwaves.

Classical chemistry considers the general reaction of say A + B C + D

by considering the free energy of the reactants and products, as these are varied by changing the intensive variables – usually limited to temperature (T) and pressure (P). The equilibrium can be shifted from one side to other; and the stable phases determined under specific selected conditions, etc.

The classic thermodynamic approach, that is Electric field - Plasma (Electrons) – Material, is tried to explain an energy transfer mechanism. As the emission spectra of Fe (I) were the result of electron impact excitation, the flame should contain electrons and ions in the neutral gas composed of CO am/or CO2. The microwave electric field coupled to the kinetic energy of the electrons and dissipated into CO and /or CO2 molecules through the collision process. It also excited and vaporized Fe atoms from the surface layer of each grain of iron oxide by collisions. In the chemical reaction, the hot CO or CO2 gas transfers the heat to the reactant. Higher the temperature of the gas is, larger the heat flux from gas to the reactants. Microwave assists to heat up the gas more rapidly than by the burning of the carbon only. If the characteristic times of the chemical reduction were longer than the period of thermalization, the chemical reaction could be expected under the equilibrium state.

This approach is, of course, valid very generally if the temperature is caused exclusively by phonon excitation alone (which to date has been the only condition considered in thermodynamics). It is therefore self-evident that ALL equilibria in ALL chemical reactions will be affected (to a greater or lesser extent) when the radiation can affect the electronic structure of the phase, in any way other than through the kT thermal energy.

The next step in understanding then becomes the issue of how does the magnetic (or electric) field couple to the crystalline phase and how does it create the excited state noted above.

According to a standard textbook on interaction of microwaves with matter the microwave power absorbed per unit volume (P in W/m3) is expressed by the equation:

P = f 0 " "

where E and H are the electric and magnetic fields, f0 is the frequency, " & " dielectric and magnetic loss factors respectively. However, in the vast literature on theories of microwave-matter interaction, the magnetic field effects have been totally ignored. Our experimental results already demand a major theoretical change. Magnetic fields do interact with matter and have profound effects. Microwave energy coupling to the unpaired spins in the material is the key for the chain reaction. The following experiment suggests that the direct energy conversion from electromagnetic wave to material. A paving plate made of SiC was inserted at the bottom of the crucible as shown in

Reactants Products

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figure-2. The part of the microwave energy was converted to thermal energy in the paving and the sample was heated by conduction. The temperature rise of the surface by conduction was identical to the pure microwave up to 700°C, however, neither temperature jump nor burst appeared. The temperature saturated at 1000°C and the reduction of iron was very low.

The burst and jump were particular nonlinear phenomena depending on the microwave power. The threshold was determined by the intensity of electromagnetic wave. In our experimental conditions, the threshold powers were 2.5kW without the paving and more tan 12.5 kW with paving. These experiments clearly show that the microwave electric and magnetic field supplied the energy directly to the material to make chemical process, such as reduction and heating. The burst itself and the high-temperature state after burst were sustained by the microwave power.

The equilibrium lines cross over at 690°C for carbon- carbon oxides and for Iron oxide on the diagram of free energies V.S. temperatures (Ellinghum Diagram) as shown in figure-10. The reaction can be separate at this point to the Step I and to Step II/III in figure-3. Below this temperature, line emissions were not observed on the sample. The localized sparks were triggered by the electric field of microwave. When the temperature reached to higher than the cross point, a spark ignited the burst as shown in figure-4. The chemical reactions induced locally both the reduction of iron oxide and the oxidation of the carbon (combustion) in the spot. The non-equilibrium state was excited and the reductions were enhanced by microwave. The oxidation of carbon gave the thermal energy to the near particles on a microscopic scale. When the microwave + (microscopically) thermal energy transfer exceeds the enthalpy of the iron oxide, it gives oxygen to the other carbon. The carbon then heats the next iron oxide. When the input power of microwave is turned off, the emission-light disappeared in a moment and the temperature rapidly decreased independently of the temperature. In case of conventional furnace, that supplies the energy only by the burning of carbon, the process continued but very gently. The role of the microwave is crucial for the present rapid phenomenon.

It has been now shown in the series of experiments (here and on a wide range of materials, Si, TiO2, ferrites etc.) that microwave radiation simultaneously can cause a solid material to both have its temperature raised, and to be transformed to an electronically (and hence thermodynamically) excited state.

i.e. Atº + h (2.45GHz) = A*t1

Moreover, the figures and summaries of our data clearly demonstrate that:

A + h E (2.45GHz) = A*E

and A + h H = A*H

and further that A*E A*H

In a qualitative way we can be sure that the differences only in the field (E or H) must be responsible for the data.

Reviewing our experimental results here, the excitation levels were estimated to be several electron volts corresponding to the line emissions. On the other hand, the infrared pyrometer

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indicated 950 oC that corresponded to 0.08eV. The existence of two different energy levels suggest that the thermally non-equilibrium state was excited at the atomic level.

It is not able to distinguish the influence of the electric and magnetic field to the reactant in the multimode cavity used in the steel making experiments. However, according to our previous experiments using single mode cavity (2), carbon can be heated only in E-field and magnetite can be heated more effectively in the magnetic field. As the carbon is electrically conductive material, the current limit the penetration of microwave to the powders. If the carbon burned to CO or CO2 gas, microwave can penetrate deeper in to the powders through the remaining spaces between the grains of magnetite powders. The H-field heats up the magnetite more rapidly. It wakes up the temperature jump and burst. The reaction speed increased. This is the other considerable mechanism that does not depend on the thermodynamic equilibrium condition. In the assumption, microwave directly couples to the irons. The energy transfer efficiency is expected to be better than the pass through the kinetic energy of the electrons in the surface gas or plasma.

Quantitative research must be done to clear the mechanism of microwave steel making.

Figure –10 Reaction Free Energy V.S. Temperature (Ellingham Diagram) of iron oxide

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Acknowledgement

The research of visible light spectrum measurements has been supported by NIFS fund No10204014KYAI001 and supported by Kansai Electric Power Co. Inc Japan. The research of Prof Nagata has been supported by JSPS Category (s). The research of Profs. Roy and Agrawal has been supported by the Office of Naval Research.

References

(1) R.Roy, D. Agrawal, S. Gedevanishvili J. Cheng; Nature 399~668, (1999) (2) R.Roy, R.Peelamedu, L.Hutt, J.Cheng, D, Agrawal: “Definitive experimental evidence for

microwave effects: radically new effects of separated E and H fields”, Mat Res Innovation 6(2002) p128-140

(3) M. Sato, R. Roy, P. Ramesh, D.Agrawall:”Microscopic Non-equilibrium Heating - A Possible Mechanism of Microwave Effects” Proc. 4th International Symposium on

Microwave Science and Its Application to Related Fields, 2004(4) M.Sato, A.Matsubara, K.Kawahata, O.Motojima, T.Hayashi, S. Takayama,

“Microscopically In-situ Investigation for Microwave” Processing of Metals by Visible Light Spectroscopy, Proc. 11th International Conference on Microwave and High Frequency Heating, O-24, Sep.11-15, 2005 Italy

(5) Kazuhiro NAGATA, Kotaro ISHIZAKI and Tetsuro HAYASHI, Low temperature production of pig iron from carbon – composite pellets heated by microwave, 5th Japan- Brazil Symposium on dust processing-energy-environment in metallurgical industries proceedings, Volume 1, pp 617 - 625, September 2004

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Title PageTMS Publication PageCopyright InformationForewordEditors' BiographiesOrganizing CommitteeInternational Organizing CommitteeSession ChairpersonsSponsors and Co-SponsorsLogos of Organizational Co-SponsorsLogos of Corporate Co-SponsorsCorporateSectionFLOGEN® Technologies Inc.Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral ResourcesKorea Zinc Co. Ltd.LS-Nikko CopperOutokumpu TechnologyPoscoUmicore Precious Metals RefiningXstrata Technology

Volume 1: Thermo and Physicochemical Principles: Non-Ferrous High-Temperature ProcessingPlenary"Professor H.Y. Sohn - Biography" by R.G. Reddy"It Is All About Energy" by P.R. Atkins"The Precious Art of Metals Recycling" by F. Vanvellen, and M. Chintinne"Nonferrous Metal Recycling in Korea: The Present and the Future" by K.-I. RheeThe Role of Processes Modeling in Iron and Steelmaking" by P.C. Chaubal"Liquidus Relations of Calcium Ferrite and Ferrous Calcium Silicate Slag in Continuous Copper Converting" by F. Kongoli, I. McBow, A. Yazawa, Y. Takeda, K. Yamaguchi, R. Budd, and S. Llubani"Recent Developments in Copper Hydrometallurgy (Abstract Only)" by J.O. Marsden

Special Article"Remembrance of Academic Mentors and Early Associates" by H.Y. Sohn

Kinetics"Gas-Solid Reactions Towards New Frontiers (Keynote)" by R. Morales, I. Arvanitidis, and S. Seetharaman"Kinetics Studies on the Soda-Ash Roasting of Titaniferous Ores for te Extraction of TiO2" by A. Lahiri, E.J. Kumari, and A. Jha"Kinetic Modelling of MnO Reduction from Slags by Dissolved Carbon in Liquid Iron" by J. Safarian, L. Kolbeinsen, and Ø. Grong"Using Sohn's Law of Additive Reaction Time for Modeling a Multiparticle Reactor. The Case of the Moving Bed Furnace Converting Uranium Trioxide into Tetrafluoride (Keynote)" by F. Patisson, B. Dussoubs, and D. Ablitzer"Physicochemical Criteria on the Mechanism of Gas-Solid Reactions Used in Extractive Metallurgy (Keynote) (Abstract Only)" byA. Bohé, and D.M. Pasquevich"Modelling of Gas-Solid and Solid-Solid Reaction Kinetics (Invited)" by D. Sichen, and S. Seetharaman"Oxidation of Molybdenite by Water Vapor" by E. Blanco, H.Y. Sohn, G. Han, and K.Y. Hakobyan"Oxidation Removal Behavior of Boron and Local Nonequilibrium Reaction Field in Purification Process of Molten Silicon by the Flux Injection Technique (Keynote)" by M. Tanahashi, M. Sano, C. Yamauchi, and K. Takeda"Effects of Mass Transfer in Evaporation Processes of Alloy Components in Vacuum Processes" by L. Blacha, and A. Fornalczyk

Thermodynamics I"Activities of Lead and Zinc Oxides in CaO-SiO2-FeOX-AlO1.5 Slag (Keynote)" by K. Yamaguchi, M. Kudo, Y. Kimura, S. Ueda, and Y. Takeda"Liquid Miscibility Gap in the Ag-Ag2S System" by R.H. Eric"Solubility of SO3 in Na2SO4 Melts and Thermochemistry of the Na2SO4-Na2S2O7 System (Invited)" by R.Y. Lin, and J.F. Elliott"Review of the Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Solid Antimonides (Invited)" by M.E. Schlesinger, and S. Jacob"Predicting of Sulfide Capacities of Industrial Lead Smelting Slags (Invited)" by B. Derin, O. Yücel, and R.G. Reddy"Hydrogen Atoms as Metallurgical Reductants – The Potential and the Difficulties" by D.R. Sadedin, W. Zhang, A.K Kyllo, and N.B. Gray"Metal/Slag Equilibrium of Ca and Al in Silicon" by C. Takano, J.B. Ferreira Neto, and E.C.O. Pinto"Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties of Copper-Sulfur-Oxygen Melt" by V.A. Bryukvin, and V.M. Paretsky"Reduction- Leaching of a Local Barite Ore for the Preparation of Fine Grain Barium Sulphate and Carbonate" by K.A. Elbarawy, I.A. Ibrahim, A.K. Ismail, and A. Eltoni

Thermodynamics II"Phase Relations and Activities in the Cu-Fe-S-X and Cu-Fe-Sc-X (X = As or Sb) Systems and Distribution of Precious Metals Relating to Reduction Smelting of Copper (Keynote)" by K. Itagaki, L. Voisin, and D. Mendoza"Volatilization Behavior of Minor Elements during Nonisothermal Oxidation of Copper Concentrate Particles Falling in One-Dimensional Laminar Gas Flow (Invited)" by H.-S. Sohn, Y. Fukunaka, T. Oishi, and Z. Asaki"Thermodynamics of Tapping Molten Copper" by S. Wright, F. Jorgensen, and A. Campbell"Thermodynamic Modelling of Minor Elements in Copper Smelting Processes" by C. Chen, L. Zhang, S. Wright, and S. Jahanshahi"Activity of the Components in Metallic Melts, Containing Copper and Metals of 'Iron Family'" by L.B. Tsymbulov, Е.Yu. Kolosova, and L.Sh. Tsemekhman"Freeze Linings in Zinc Fuming Processes" by K. Verscheure, M. Van Camp, B. Blanpain, P. Wollants, P. Hayes, and E. Jak"On the Interrelation of Solid and Liquid States in Sulphide Systems Containing Cu, Ni, Co, Fe and Determination of the Metallisation Level of the Components in Melts" by L.B. Tsymbulov, and L.N. Yertseva"Thermodynamics Analysis on Reductive-Matte Smelting of Sulfide Ore of Lead, Antimony and Bismuth Which Using Ferric Oxide as Sulfur Fixed Agent" by C. Huang, C. Tang, Y. Chen, M. Tang, and D. Zhang

Recycling and Recovery"Recovery of Metals from Steelmaking Dust by Selective Chlorination – Evaporation Process (Keynote)" by H. Matsuura, and F. Tsukihashi"A Study on the Characteristics of Ceramic Support Manufactured by Spent Foundry Sand/Loess" by S.-W. Rhee"Characterization of Electric Arc Furnace Slag as Construction Material" by K.-S. You, N.-I. Um, G.-C. Han, and J.-W. Ahn"Processing of Silverbearing Scrap" by V. Bredykhin, O. Shevelev, E. Kazban, V. Kostjuk, and V. Kushnerov"Recycling Nonferrous Oxides in Iron and Steel Melting" by S. Lekakh, D. Robertson, S. Rimoshevsky, and V. Tribushevsky"Reduction of Zinc Oxide with Various Additives" by B.-S. Kim, J.-T. Park, J.-M. Yoo, M.-S. Kim, and J.-C. Lee"The Fundamental and Frontier on Resource Recycling of Nonferrous Metals (Abstract Only)" by G. Xueyi"Evaluation of Efficiency in Zinc Recovery from Waste Materials" by S.M. Taghavi, and M. Halali"Processing the Ni- and Cr-Bearing Oxidized Scarfing Granulates with Liquid Cast Iron" by V.M. Sokolov, V.V. Gorbenko, I.A. Vinnik, and O.M. Mekhed

Waste Treatment"A 2-D Mathematical Model of On-Grate Municipal Solid Waste Combustion" by A. Asthana, Y. Ménard, P. Sessiecq, F. Patisson, and D. Ablitzer"Research on Separation and Regeneration of Waste Acids from IT Manufacturing Process" by J.-W. Ahn, J.-Y. Kim, C.-H. Shin, J.-Y. Kim, and J. Shibata"Desulfurization with Hydrogen Production by BS Process" by N. Sato, H. Kanazawa, E. Shibata, T. Nakamura, S. Tomisaki, H. Kuroda, and H. Shiraishi"Re-Use of Muds from Glazing and Pressing Lines of Ceramic Tile Industry in Wall and Floor Type Formulations" by A. Kara, B. Kayaci, and K. Kayaci"Chloride Capacity in FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 Molten Slag at 1523 K (Keynote)" by Y. Yamashita, A. Fuwa, and F. Tanaka"Usability of Industrial Ashes in Cement Production as Pozzolanic Materials" by T. Kavas, B. Karasu, and O. Arslan"Basic Principles of Environmentally Sound Electrochemical Technology for Processing Sintered Carbide Scrap for Hard-Alloy Industry" by A.V. Tarasov, V.A. Bryukvin, A.A. Palant, and O.M. Grachova"Use of Borax Solid Wastes in Diopside Based Glass-Ceramic Floor Tile Glazes" by B. Karasu, G. Kaya, and O. Ozdemir"Utilizing of Borax Solid Wastes in Roof Tile and Brick Bodies" by G. Kaya, B. Karasu, and E. Karacaoglu

Ferro Alloys and Titanium Extraction"Phosphorus Distribution between Metal and Slag Phases Pertinent to Ferromanganese Smelting (Keynote)" by H. Saridikmen, C.S. Kucukkaragoz, and R.H. Eric"The Effect of Carbon Material Properties on the Reduction Kinetics of Manganese and Silicon from Slag to Metal (Abstract Only)" by G. Tranell, S.G. Gaal, D. Lou, J. Safarian, L. Kolbeinsen, and M. Tangstad"The Importance of the Slag Phase in Electric Smelting of PGM Containing Sulphide Concentrates" by R.H. Eric"Tracking Chromium Behaviour in Submerged Arc Furnace for Ferrochrome Production" by Y. Xiao, Y. Yang, and L. Holappa"Selective Separation of Rare-Earth Oxides from Titaniferous Ores during the Production of High-Grade Synthetic Rutile (Keynote)" by E.J. Kumari, A. Lahiri, and A. Jha"Reduction Behaviour of Chromite in the Presence of a Hydrocarbon Gas" by M. de Campos, and R.H. Eric"Prereduction of Chromite Agglomerates" by C.S. Kucukkaragoz, and R.H. Eric"Carbothermic and Magnesiothermic Reduction of Titanium Dioxide – A Thermodynamic Analysis" by D. Ghosh

Alloys Properties and Refining"Thermal Properties of Bulk Glassy Alloys (Keynote)" by Y. Waseda, H. Shibata, and H. Ohta"The Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Diagrams of Binary Alloys on the Basis of Chrome" by M.I. Zinigrad, K.Yu. Shunyaev, and A. Lugovskoy"Technology for Production of Aluminum Alloys" by A.V. Tarasov, and V.P. Shamshev"Boron Removal in the Solidification Refining of Si with Si-Al Melt (Keynote)" by T. Yoshikawa, and K. Morita"Hard Anodizing on High Temperature Aluminum Alloys Part 1" by L.M. Lerner"The Physical and Mathematical Model of Aluminium Refining Process in Reactor URO – 200" by M. Saternus, and J. Botor"Using General Regular Solution Model to Obtain Analytic Express of Solution Excess Properties from the Ternary Alloy System" by R. Li, G. Xie, and X. Tang

Experimental Measurements and Techniques"Distribution of Precious Metals (Au, Pt, Pd, Rh and Ru) between Copper Matte and Iron- Silicate Slag at 1573 K" by H.M. Henao, K. Yamaguchi, and S. Ueda"Effect of Al2O3 or MgO Addition on Liquidus of FeOX Corner in FeOX-SiO2-CaO Slag at 1250 and 1300 °C" by H.M. Henao, H. Ohno, and K. Itagaki"Thermoanalytical Study on the Oxidation of Sulfide Minerals at High Temperatures" by M. Pérez-Tello, S.E. Pérez-Fontes, L.O. Prieto-López, F. Brown, and F. Castillón-Barraza"Phase Relations and Activity of Iron Oxide in the FeOX-CaO-SiO2 System at 1300-1400 °C Under Various Partial Pressures of Oxygen" by H.M. Henao, and K. Itagaki"Fluid Flow Effects in Electromagnetically Levitated Droplets (Keynote)" by R.W. Hyers"Equilibrium Distribution of Selenium and Tellurium between Calcium Ferrite Slag and Alloys" by M. Johnston, S. Jahanshahi, and F. Lincoln"Phase Equilibria in Ferrous Calcium Silicate Slags at 1250°C and an Oxygen Partial Pressure of 10(-6)atm" by S. Nikolic, P.C. Hayes, and E. Jak"Measurement of Physical Properties of Fe(n)O-MgO-CaO-SiO2 System" by C.-f. Zhang, and X. Dai

Author IndexSubject Index

Volume 2: Thermo and Physicochemical Principles: Iron and Steel MakingPlenary"Professor H.Y. Sohn – Biography" by R.G. Reddy"It Is All About Energy" by P.R. Atkins"The Precious Art of Metals Recycling" by F. Vanbellen, and M. Chintinne"Nonferrous Metal Recycling in Korea: The Present and the Future" by K.-I. Rhee"The Role of Processes Modeling in Iron and Steelmaking" by P.C. Chaubal"Liquidus Relations of Calcium Ferrite and Ferrous Calcium Silicate Slag in Continuous Copper Converting" by F. Kongoli, I. McBow, A. Yazawa, Y. Takeda, K. Yamaguchi, R. Budd, and S. Llubani"Recent Developments in Copper Hydrometallurgy (Abstract Only)" by J.O. Marsden


Iron Making: Alternative Routes, Blast Furnace, Coke and Coal"Gas-Solid Reaction Will Help Solid-Solid Reaction – Novel Iron Ore Agglomerate Bearing Semi-Coal-Char (Keynote)" by T. Usui, H. Konishi, and N. Inoue"The Kinetics of Hydrogen Reduction of Fine Iron Oxide Particles" by M.E. Choi, H.Y. Sohn, and G. Han"A Laboratory Study of the Reduction of Iron Oxides by Hydrogen" by D. Wagner, O. Devisme, F. Patisson, and D. Ablitzer"Unsteady State Heat Transfer Analysis of Lower Parts of Blast Furnace with Liquid Flow (Invited)" by T. Nishimura, M. Naito, M. Ichida, and S. Matsuzaki"Advances in Understanding of Phenomena in the Blast Furnace Hearth (Invited)" by P.C. Chaubal, and C.Q. Zhou"The Boudouard Reactivity Influenced by the Properties of Cokes and Experimental Conditions" by J. Kaczorowski, and T. Lindstad"Catalytic Effect of Some Inorganic Materials on the Gasification Reaction of Graphite and Coke" by M. Kawakami, T. Iwabuchi, Y. Takashima, H. Kanba, T. Takenaka, and S. Yokoyama"Desulphurization of Coal by Fungus" by D.-w. He, Y.-j. Liang, L.-y. Chai, Y.-y. Wang, Y. Jin, and B. Peng"Use of Condition of Thermodynamic Equilibrium for Development of Mathematical Model of Blast Furnace Smelting" by A. Dmitriev, and D. Dmitrieva

Steel Making: Thermodynamics and Kinetics"Activity Coefficient of Nitride in Slag as a Measure of Slag’s Ability to Remove Nitrogen from Liquid Metal (Abstract Only)" by P. Fan, and W.D. Cho"Thermodynamics of Titanium, Nitrogen and Oxygen in Liquid Stainless Steels" by J.-O. Jo, J.-B. Lee, S.-I. Kim, T.-I. Chung, W.-Y. Kim, J.-J. Pak, J.-H. Park, and D.-S. Kim"Influence of an Alloying Element (Cr, Ni, Mn, Mo and Cu) on the Thermodynamic Properties of Titanium in Molten Iron Alloys" by T. Yoshikawa, and K. Morita"Effects of CaF2 and Ilmenite on Dissolution Behavior of Lime in Al2O3-CaO-SiO2 Slags" by S.H. Amini, M.P. Brungs, S. Jahanshahi, and O. Ostrovski"Predicting Surface Tension and Viscosity of Molten Slag (Keynote)" by T. Tanaka, and M. Suzuki"Bubble Formation and Dynamic Slag Foaming Phenomena" by A. Kapilashrami, M. Garnerup, A.K. Lahiri, and S. Seetharaman"Transport Phenomena and CFD Application during Process Metallurgy" by L. Zhang"Effects of a Simulated Slag Phase on the Mixing and Mass Transfer Rates in a 0.2-Scale Creusot-Loire Uddeholm Converter Model" by A. Chaendera, and R.H. Eric"Coupled Thermodynamic and Kinetic Modeling of a Top-Blown Bath" by M. Ersson, A. Tilliander, and P. Jönsson

Steel Making: Liquid Steel Processing and Reactors"Oxidation and Decarburization in TRIP Steels (Keynote)" by T.L. Baum, R.J. Fruehan, and S. Sridhar"Colemanite in Steel Production (Invited)" by L. Özmen, and E. İnger"Determination of Optimum Calcium Carbide for Deoxidation of Slags" by R.J. Santiago, and L.A. Mombello"Continuous Cooling Transformation Behavior of an As-Rolled Dual Phase Steel with Low Carbon and Low Alloy" by T. Li, Y. Pu, G. Chen, J. Zhang, and J. Zhang"A Fundamental Study of Oxygen-Melt Reactions in the AOD Process (Keynote)" by G.S. Rao, and D.G.C. Robertson"The Use of Calcium Carbide in Steel" by R.J. Santiago, and L.A. Mombello"Characterization of Metal Droplets Sampled during Top Lance Blowing" by A. Nordqvist, A. Tilliander, K. Grönlund,G. Runnsjö, and P. Jönsson"Experimental Study on the Simultaneous Desulphurization and Denitrification by Duct Injection (Abstract Only)" by Q. Li"A Process for Saving Energy and Time in Electric Arc Furnace" by A.A. Mottahedi

Steel Making: Inclusions and Steel Cleanness"Magnesium: Origin and Role in Calcium-Treated Inclusions (Keynote)" by P.C. Pistorius, P. Presoly, and K.G. Tshilombo"Limitation of Slag Entrainment in Tundish and Consequent Reduction of Ladle Heel" by J.-F. Domgin, and P. Gardin"Modelling Steel Cleanness Based on Fundamental Principles and Concepts" by K.Th. Mavrommatis"Formation of Spinel Phase in the Liquid Inclusions during Stainless Steelmaking Processes (Keynote)" by J.H. Park, and Y.Y. Lee"Estimation of Inclusion Size in Stainless Steel Coil Based on Statistics of Extreme Values (Keynote)" by Y.-i. Kanbe, H. Todoroki, N. Hashimoto, and S.-i. Nagashima"Characterization of Precipitates in Structural Titanium Microalloyed Steel by Transmission Electron Microscopy and High Resolution (HRTEM)" by L. Béjar-Gómez, A. Medina-Flores, A. Bedolla-Jacuinde, and M. Saavedra-Magaña"Characterization of Precipitates in Structural Niobium Microalloyed Steel by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Analysis by Low Resolution" by L. Béjar-Gómez, A. Medina-Flores, A. Bedolla-Jacuinde, and M. Saavedra-Magaña"Analysis of Microstructure and Precipiates in Hot Rolled Low Carbon Steel Sheet by CSP" by Y. Liu, M. Zhao, W. Wu, G. Chen, J. Zhang, and S. Su

Steel Making: Casting"A New Era for Steel Production? (Keynote)" by L.E.K. Holappa, and S. Wang"Effect of Swirl Blade on Flow Pattern in Nozzle for Up-Hill Teeming" by L. Hallgren, S. Takagi, R. Eriksson, S. Yokoya, and P. Jönsson"Swirling Flow Effect in Immersion Nozzle on Control of Heat and Mass Transport in Casting Teeming" by S. Yokoya, S. Takagi, P. Jonsson, L. Hallgren, S. Kholmatov, and Y. Tsukaguchi"A Tundish to Mold Model for Grade Change during Ladle Change-Over in Continuous Casting (Keynote)" by V. Seshadri, C.A. da Silva, I.A. da Silva, V.A. Leão, V.E. de Matos, D.B. Moreira, and V. de Oliveira Cravo"Mathematical Description of Flows in Continuous Casting Machine of Steel (Keynote)" by P. Gardin, and J.-F. Domgin"Evaluation of Turbulence Models in the Numerical Simulations of Fluid Flow in Different Configurations of Tundishes" by H.V. Oliveira, M.C. Leão, T.A. Ávila, T.R.N. Campos, and R.P. Tavares

Steel Making: Modelling and Processing"Experiences in Physicochemical Modelling of Oxygen Converter Process (BOF) (Keynote)" by H. Jalkanen"Reduction Behavior of BOF Type Slags by Solid Carbon" by S.-M. Jung, Y.-J. Do, and J.-H. Choi"An Explanation for the Effect on Steelmaking of Titanium in Hot Metal" by P.J. Koros, S. Street, and R.P. Stone"A Study of Freeze Layers in Smelting Furnaces (Keynote)" by F. Guevara, and G. Irons"Physical Modeling of a RH Degasser to Study Decarburization Rate" by A.T.P. Almeida, J.Á. Alvarenga, T.J.P. Belarmino, A.C.P.C. Filho, A.A. Nascimento, and R.P. Tavares"Design of Steel for High Speed Machining" by S.V. Subramanian, G. Zhu, C.M. Andrei, S.S. Ingle, and X. Zhang"Elastic T-Stress Evaluation from Fe Analysis for Mode (I) Loading in X52 Arc of Pipe Specimens (Abstract Only)" by M. Hadj Meliani, M. Benarous, A. Ghoul, and Z. Azari


Volume 3: Thermo and Physicochemical Principles: Special Materials; Aqueous and Electrochemical ProcessingPlenary"Professor H.Y. Sohn – Biography" by R.G. Reddy"It Is All About Energy" by P.R. Atkins"The Precious Art of Metals Recycling" by F. Vanbellen, and M. Chintinne"Nonferrous Metal Recycling in Korea: The Present and the Future" by K.-I. Rhee"The Role of Processes Modeling in Iron and Steelmaking" by P.C. Chaubal"Liquidus Relations of Calcium Ferrite and Ferrous Calcium Silicate Slag in Continuous Copper Converting" by F. Kongoli, I. McBow, A. Yazawa, Y. Takeda, K. Yamaguchi, R. Budd, and S. Llubani"Recent Developments in Copper Hydrometallurgy (Abstract Only)" by J.O. Marsden


Nano and Composite Materials I"Non-Catalytic Growth of ZnO Nanostructures: Growth Mechanism and Structural and Optical Properties (Keynote)" by A. Umar, H.-W. Ra, and Y.-B. Hahn"Liquid Phase Migration during the Sintering of Functionally Graded WC-Co" by P. Fan, O.O. Eso, Z.Z. Fang, and H.Y. Sohn"Processing of Al Alloy-AlN Metal Matrix Composites" by V.K. Namilakonda, and R.G. Reddy"Silicon Carbide Composite DPF (Abstract Only)" by Y. Lu"Effects of SO4(2-) NO3(-) and Cl(-) Ions on Crystalline of ZnS and CdS Nanoparticles (Keynote)" by Q. Li, D. Bi, Z. Liu, and D. Zhang"Transport Phenomena in Nanomechanical Systems for Molecular Manufacturing (Abstract Only)" by D. Forrest"Wear of Cu/WC Composites and Wear Model Application (Invited)" by P. Deshpande, and R.Y. Lin"Study of Corrosion Resistance of Nano Composite Coating on Sintering Nd-Fe-B Permanent Magnet" by W. Xu, B. Chen, and X. Zhu

Nano and Composite Materials II"Synthesis of Compact Nanocrystal Oxides by Severe Plastic Deformations Methods (Keynote)" by T.I. Arbuzova, N.M. Chebotaev, B.A. Gizhevskii, A.V. Fetisov, E.A. Kozlov, T.E. Kyrennykh, L.I. Leontiev, S.V. Naumov, A.M. Patselov, V.P. Pilugin, Yu.P. Sukhorukov, V.B. Vykhodets, R.G. Zakharov, and M.I. Zinigrad"Synthesis of Ultrafine Particles of Aluminum Nitride by Evaporation of Aluminum in Argon + Ammonia Gas Mixture" by S. Yokoyama, S. Kokubo, and M. Kawakami"Synthesis of W, WC & WC-Co Nanopowders by Chemical Vapor Condensation Process" by J.-C. Kim, and B.-K. Kim"CFD Simulation of Flame Spray Process for Silica Nanopowder Synthesis from Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)" by B. Wan, Y. Ji, H.Y. Sohn, H.D. Jang, and T.A. Ring"Chemical Vapor Synthesis of WC-Co Nanocomposite Powders" by M. Mena, T. Ryu, H.Y. Sohn, G. Han, Y.-U. Kim, and Z.Z. Fang"Enhanced Properties of High Capacity Nanostructured Metal Hydrides (Abstract Only)" by B. Butler, J. Lu, Z. Fang, and H.Y. Sohn"Hydrothermal Synthesis and Surface Modification of BaTiO3 Ultrafine Particles" by J. Guo, Q. Li, and Z. Liu"Vaporization Behavior of Group VIA to VIIIA Crystalline Carbonyls" by D. Chandra, K.H. Lau, W.-M. Chien, and R. Chellappa"Particle Size Dependence of Nano-Magnetite in Arsenic Removal (Invited)" by C.T. Yavuz, J.T. Mayo, S. Yean, L. Cong, W. Yu, J. Falkner, A. Kan, M. Tomson, and V.L. Colvin"Synthesis of Ultra-Fine LiFePO4/C and Its Electrochemical Performance" by L.-s. Hong, Y.-j. Li, and X.-m. Xi

Ceramics, Refractories and Polymers"Technological, Environmental and Commercial Drivers for the Use of Geopolymers in a Sustainable Materials Industry (Keynote)" by J.S.J. van Deventer, J.L. Provis, P. Duxson, and G.C. Lukey"Comparison of Oxidation Behavior of Nitride Based Hard Ceramic Thin Film Coatings Using Thermal Analysis Techniques (Keynote)" by N. Solak, F. Üstel, S. Aydin, M. Ürgen, and A.F. Cakir"New Eco-Process for the Preparation of Metal Oxide Varistors (Abstract Only)" by R. Metz, J. Morel, R. Puyane, and M. Hassanzadeh"Ceramics in the BaO-Al2O3-SiO2 System Working in Extreme Conditions" by Z. Kovziridze, J. Aneli, G. Tabatadze, N. Nijaradze, D. Gvencadze, and G. Grathwohl"Combustion Synthesis of Silicon-Based Structural Ceramics from Natural Sand" by M. Radwan, K.A. El-Barawy, S.Z. El-Tawil, S. Shimada, and Y. Miyamoto"Study of the Grinding Process of Titanium Carbide Produced with Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis" by Z. Kovziridze, G. Tabatadze, G. Donadze, and D. Gventsadze"Effect of the TiC Addition on the Corrosion Resistance of Al2O3-C Refractory" by Q. Liu, J. Yang, Q. Liu, Y. Liu, and Y. Du"Use of Refractory Carbides in Technique" by Z. Kovziridze, G. Tabatadze, and N. Nijaradze"Creation of the Conducting Polymer Composites Based on Silicon with Relay Effect" by J.N. Aneli, M.M. Bolotashvili, and M.S. Kutsia"Synergetic Effect in Conductivity of the Polymer Composites Based on Phenolformaldehide Resin" by J. Aneli, Z. Kovziridze, D. Gventsadze, and N. Japaridze"Preparation of Porous Ceramic Pellets by Multiphase Double Emulsion Method" by L. Chai, X. Zhang, B. Peng, M. Cheng, and Y. Huang

Aqueous Processing: Leaching and Flotation"Computational Modelling of Heap Leach Processes (Keynote)" by M. Cross, C.R. Bennett, D. McBride, D.A. Taylor, and J.E. Gebhardt"Acidic Leaching of Turkish Lateritic Nickel Ore" by F. Arslan, K.T. Perek, and G. Önal"Gold Extraction from a Low Grade Ore Using the System of Metal-Ammonium-Chloride-Ammonia" by S.-h. Ju, M.-t. Tang, S.-h. Yang, and Y. Luo"The Leaching Kinetics of Phase-Transformed Chalcopyrite with Sulfate Roasting" by N. Song, W.-l. Chen, J.-h. Du, and B. Yang"Adaptability and Kinetics of Gold Leaching from Different Ores in Alkaline Thiourea Solution with High Stability" by Y.-y. Wang, and L.-y. Chai"Leaching of Metal Nickel in Copper Sulfate Solutions in the Presence of Oxygen and Chloride-Ion" by M.I. Kalashnikova, L.V. Volkov, J.M. Shneerson, and E.G. Saltykova"Evaluation of Lead-Zinc Flotation Tailings" by F. Arslan, Y. Aykaç, K.T. Perek, and G. Önal"Flotation of Colloidal Lead Carbonate Using Series of Spargered Flotation Cells" by F.J. Tavera, and R. Escudero"Modeling Studies of Semi-Commercial Flotation Column for Beneficiation of Sillimanite Using Artificial Neural Network" by V.K. Kalyani, Pallavika, V.J. Loveson, and A. Sinha

Aqueous and Electrochemical Processing I"Chemical Modeling of Calcium Sulphate Solubility in Hydrometallurgical Process Solutions" by G. Azimi, J.F. Adams, M. Jones, H. Liu, and V.G. Papangelakis"Hydrometallurgical Processing of Zinc Sulfide Raw Materials" by A.V. Tarasov, E.M. Timoshenko, and P.E. Romanov"Interfacial Emulsion Formation Originated from Organic Phase in Copper Solvent Extraction" by X. Liu, G. Qiu, and Y. Hu"Preparation of Gold Catalysts from Gold Dissolved in Aqua Regia" by E.D. Park, E.-Y. Ko, K.W. Seo, M. Kang, and J.E. Yie"Purification of Phosphoric Acid by a Mixture of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Extractants" by L.A. Guirguis, H.K. Fouad, and F.A. Salem"Study on Phase Equilibrium and Physicochemical Properties of Me2+-Nh4+-SO42—H2O System at 298K (Abstract Only)" by C.-h. Peng, S.-g. Mu, D.-w. He, S.-h. Ju, and Y.-f. Chen"Anodizing of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy in NaOH Solution" by L.-y. Chai, X. Yu, and O. Masazumi"Effects of Additives on Anodizing of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 in Alkaline Solutions" by L.-y. Chai, X. Yu, and O. Masazumi"Complex Treatment of the Tetrahedrite-Siderite Mineral Deposit in Silver, Mária Baňa, Slovakia" by F. Sekula, F. Molnár, J. Schmiedl, and Zs. Szentirmai"Raman Spectral Pattern and Chemical Components of Saturated Solution of Ammonium Octamolybdate Hydrate" by D. Cao, W. Chen, H. Liu, and B. Jiang"Study on the Standard Pattern of Raman Spectrum of Heptamolybdate Ion in Aqueous Solution" by D. Cao, W. Chen, H. Liu, and B. Jiang"Investigation on Chemical Components in Saturated Aqueous Solution of Ammonium Dimolybdate by Comparative Raman Spectroscopy" by D. Cao, W. Chen, B. Jiang, and H. Liu

Aqueous and Electrochemical Processing II"Electrochemical Removal of Sn(IV) Ion from Aqueous Hydrochloric Solution Containing In(III) (Keynote)" by K. Koyama, M. Tanaka, S. Fujiwara, and K. Saegusa"Thermodynamic Analysis on the Dissolution Equilibria of MgCoO3(S) in the System of Mg(II)-NH3-CO3(2-)-SO4(2-)-H2O" by C. Tang, B. Zhang, M. Tang, and S. Yang"Active Carbons and Their Reactivation in Non-Ferrous and Noble Hydrometallurgy" by V.M. Mukhin"Decomposition and Characterization of Xanthate" by B. Ramírez, R. Escudero, F.J. Tavera, and G. Ruiz"Garden Dirt, Palm Trees and Ammonia - Making Nickel in the Jungles of Cuba (Nicaro: The First 20 Years) (Invited) (Abstract Only)" by L. Southwick"Non-Traditional Methods of Heavy Metals Precipitation from Solution in the Form of Sulfide" by M.I. Kalashnikova, J.M. Shneerson, M.V. Keskinova, and V.V. Chetvertakov"Effects of Ore Mineralogy on the Bioleaching of a Nigerian Complex Sulphide Ore with Mixed Cultures of Mesophilic Bacteria" by P.A. Olubambi, S. Ndlovu, and J.O. Borode"Hydrometallurgical Treatment of Substandard Pb-Zn Concentrates with Production of Zinc, Lead and Silver" by M.I. Kalashnikova, Y.M. Shneerson, A.Y. Lapin, P.M. Saltykov, and M.V. Keskinova"Adhesion Dispersion of Apolaric Reagents in Flotation of Hydrophobic Minerals" by V. Bredykhin, O. Shevelyev, A. Samojlov, E. Kazban, V. Kostjuk, and V. Kushnerov

Electrochemistry and Molten Salts"Electrochemical Production of Materials Using Molten Salts (Keynote)" by D. Fray"Direct Reduction of Vanadium Oxide in Molten CaCl2 (Invited)" by R.O. Suzuki, and H. Ishikawa"Electrokinetics of Lead Carbonate, Silica and Alumina and Their Applications on Treating Water Polluted with Lead (Abstract Only)" by F.J. Tavera, and R. Escudero"Self-Tuning Chemical Sensors for Molten Metals" by R.V. Kumar, and D.J. Fray"Phase Field Modeling of Phase Boundary Shape and Topology Changes Due to Electrochemical Reactions in Solid and Liquid Systems (Keynote)" by A.C. Powell, IV, W. Pongsaksawad, and U.B. Pal"Anodic Dissolution Behavior of Titanium in Room Temperature Molten Salt (TMHA-Tf2N)" by H. Nakagawa, T. Uda, K. Murase, T. Hirato, and Y. Awakura"Evaluation of Carbon Materials Produced from Coconut Shell as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries" by M.A. Aziz, and M. Alauddin"Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Tantalum Ethoxide" by S.-h. Yang, Y.-f. Chen, J.-g. Yang, S.-h. Ju, M.-t. Tang, and G.-z. Qiu"Prospects for the Use of Symmetric Alternating Current for Hydroelectrochemical Treatment of Various Metallic and Metal-Containing Materials with Selective Extraction of Valuable Components" by V.A. Bryukvin, A.M. Levin, A.A. Palant, and V.M. Paretsky


Volume 4: New, Improved and Existing Technololgies: Non-Ferrous Materials Extraction and ProcessingPlenary"Professor H.Y. Sohn – Biography" by R.G. Reddy"It Is All About Energy" by P.R. Atkins"The Precious Art of Metals Recycling" by F. Vanbellen, and M. Chintinne"Nonferrous Metal Recycling in Korea: The Present and the Future" by K.-I. Rhee"The Role of Processes Modeling in Iron and Steelmaking" by P.C. Chaubal"Liquidus Relations of Calcium Ferrite and Ferrous Calcium Silicate Slag in Continuous Copper Converting" by F. Kongoli, I. McBow, A. Yazawa, Y. Takeda, K. Yamaguchi, R. Budd, and S. Llubani"Recent Developments in Copper Hydrometallurgy (Abstract Only)" by J.O. Marsden


Non-Ferrous High-Temperature Processing I"Aluminum Extraction in Ionic Liquids at Low Temperature (Keynote)" by V. Kamavaram, and R.G. Reddy"A Comparison of Conventional Copper Anode Furnaces with the New Elliptical Anode Furnace Concept" by M. Potesser, H. Antrekowitsch, H. Rinnhofer, and U. Zulehner"Development and Creation of Modern Metallurgical Technology for Antimony Production with Gold Recovery from Domestic Gold-Antimony Concentrates in Russia (Invited)" by F.A. Myzenkov, and A.V. Tarasov"Developments with the Imperial Smelting Process (Invited)" by R.W. Lee"Furnace Cooling Technology in Pyrometallurgical Processes (Keynote)" by K. Verscheure, A.K. Kyllo, A. Filzwieser, B. Blanpain, and P. Wollants"Production of Scandium and Al-Sc Alloy by Metallothermic Reduction (Invited)" by M. Harata, T. Nakamura, H. Yakushiji, and T.H. Okabe"Inducarb – A New Reducing Facility for Various Oxidic Melts" by A. Jürgen, O. Dieter, and E. Alfred"Kinetics Study of a Decomposition Reaction by Gas Chromatography" by D. Quattrini, J.P. Gaviría, G. Fouga, A.E. Bohé, and D. Pasquevich

Non-Ferrous High-Temperature Processing II"Microwave Sintering, Brazing and Melting of Metallic Materials (Keynote)" by D. Agrawal"Effect of CaSO4 Pelletization Conditions on Pellet Strength and Reactivity for Converting SO2 to Elemental Sulfur by Reaction Cycles Involving CaSO4/CaS" by M.E. Choi, H.Y. Sohn, Y.M.Z. Ahmed, F.M. Mohamed, G. Han, and M.E.H. Shalabi"New Technology for the Treatment of Molybdenum Sulfide Concentrates" by K.Y. Hakobyan, H.Y. Sohn, A.V. Tarasov, P.A. Kovgan, A.K. Hakobyan, V.A. Briovkvine, V.G. Leontiev, and O.I. Tsybine"Processing of Lead-Zinc Raw Materials" by A.V. Tarasov, and A.D. Besser"Pilot Scale Solar Carbothermic Reduction of ZnO to Zn (Keynote)" by C. Wieckert, M. Epstein, G. Olalde, S. Santén, and A. Steinfeld"Aluminum Extraction Via Batch Recirculation Electrolysis in Ionic Liquids (Invited)" by M. Zhang, and R.G. Reddy"Processing Complex Copper Matte by Using Pig-Iron" by L. Voisin, K. Itagaki, A. Moyano, and J. Font"Modeling of Mold Filling of Aluminum Casting (Keynote)" by K.P. Nishad, and A.K. Singh"Non-Ferrous and Precious Metals Extraction from Complex Sulfide Concentrates by Pyrometallurgical Processing (Abstract Only)" by N. Mitevska, L. Misic, and J. Marinkovic

Non-Ferrous High-Temperature Processing III"Solid Oxide Membrane (SOM) Technology for Environmentally Sound Production of Titanium (Keynote)" by M. Suput, R. DeLucas, S. Pati, G. Ye, U. Pal, and A.C. Powell IV"Modeling of Magnesium Extraction from Magnesium Oxide by SOM Process" by R. DeLucas, G. Ye, M. Suput, and U. Pal"Removal of Lead and Antimony from Liquid Copper by Cu2O or CuCl-Based Fluxes between 1423 K and 1573 K" by Y. Cui, X.-H. Du, H. Matsuura, T. Hamano, and F. Tsukihashi"Slag Solidification with Water-Cooled Probe Technique" by M. Campforts, K. Verscheure, F. Verhaeghe, T. Van Rompaey, E. Boydens, B. Blanpain, and P. Wollants"The Extractive Metallurgy of Beryllium: Current and Future Technologies (Keynote) (Abstract Only)" by E. Vidal, and D. Kaczynski"Development of Optimized Process for Recovery of Heavy Minerals from Korean Beach Sand" by W. Kim, H. Shin, and J. Lee"Processing of Man-Made Raw Materials as a Significant Source of Resources and One of the Main Ways for Development of the Russian Nonferrous Metals Industry" by A.V. Tarasov, and A.D. Besser"Autoclave Processes for Mineral Processing" by E.M. Timoshenko, and A.V. Tarasov

Non-Ferrous High-Temperature Processing IV"Innovative Prospects for Nonferrous Metals Production in Russia (Keynote)" by A.V. Tarasov"Effect of Formation Age on the Manufacturing Process of Aragonite Precipitated Calcium Carbonate" by J.-W. Ahn, J.-A. Kim, J.-H. Kim, and H. Kim"Effect of the Hydration Condition on the Synthesis Characteristics of Aragonite-Precipitated Calcium Carbonate" by J.-A. Kim, J.-W. Ahn, and J.-H. Kim"Production of Rare Earth Ferrosilicide Alloy" by Y.A. Topkaya, A. Geveci, and O. Turgay"Thermoconcentration of Pyrrhotite Concentrate (Invited)" by L.N. Ertzeva, L.Sh. Tzemekhman, and V.T. Diachenko"Energy Consumption Improvement in Submerged Electric Furnaces for Ferrochromium Production (Invited)" by N. Lohja, R. Domi, A. Bernardi, M. Appolonia, F. Abatti, I. McBow, R. Budd, and F. Kongoli"New Flowsheet of Sulfur Production from Sulfide Ore Autogenous Smelting Off-Gases" by O.I. Platonov, A.G. Ryabko, L.Sh. Tsemekhman, and Yu.V. Vasilyev"Production and Processes of Sodium Pyroantimonate in China" by T.-z. Yang, M.-x. Jiang, Z.-f. Xie, and W.-f. Liu

Materials Processing I"Recent Development in Sonoprocessing of Materials (Invited)" by M. Kuwabara, J. Yang, and T. Kubo"Elaboration of Iron Based Hydrogen Accumulating Alloys" by V. Kopaleishvili, I. Kashakashvili, L. Kereselidze, N. Khidasheli, D. Kopaleishvili, and K. Ananiashvily"Molecule Polarization State for Refractive Indices Material Compensation Film Thickness" by C.-F. Chang, C.-H. Chan, and Z.-N. Wan"Advances in the Ferrous Powder Metallurgy (Invited)" by K.S. Narasimhan"Energy Reduction in Ore Comminution Through Microwave (Invited)" by A. Kumar, V.V. Ramaro, B.P. Kamath, K.P. Ray, and K.R. Kini"Some Aspects of Duplex PACVD Hard Coating onto Tools for a Hot-Work Application" by V. Leskovšek, M. Jenko, and B. Podgornik"Hydrogen-Absorption Properties of Rare Earth - Transition Metal Compounds" by T. Tanabe, J. Kadono, and S. Yamamoto"Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Layered LiMn0.5Ni0.3Co0.2O2 Positive Material Synthesized by Co-Precipitation Method" by Y. Chen, and B. Chen"Synthesis of MmNi5 by Combined Mechanical Alloying -Low Temperature Heating Process" by M.R. Esquivel, J.J.A. Gamboa, F.C. Gennari, and G. Meyer"Microscopic Morphological Compensation Film Thickness for Phase-Separated Composite Film" by C.-F. Chang, Y.-C. Chan, and Z.-N. Wan"Phenomenological Quasielastic Optimization Simulation for Phenomenal Isotropic Medium Liquid Crystal" by C.-F. Chang, W.-C. Chen, and Z.-N. Win

Materials Processing II: Nano, Ceramic and Composite Materials"Antibacterial Evaluation of Carbon-Ceramic Composites (Keynote)" by O. Yamamoto, and Z. Nakagawa"Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles by Flame Spray Pyrolysis (Invited)" by H.D. Jang, H. Chang, C.K. Lee, and Y.J. Suh"Synthesis, Structure and Performance Studies of LiFePO4-Based Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Battery" by X. Dai, H.-h. Tang, C.-f. Zhang, and P. Yang"Chemical Vapor Synthesis of WC-Co Nanocomposite Powders" by M. Mena, T. Ryu, H.Y. Sohn, G. Han, Y.-U. Kim, and Z.Z. Fang"Preparation of the Solution Containing Metal Nano-Particles and Its Characterization" by T. Hayashi, T. Atsuki, R. Kiyoshima, M. Sugino, and O. Yamamoto"Durability of Two Extractants for Pd(II) Separation, Thiodiglycolamide and Di-n-Hexyl Sulfide: Against a Mixed Solution of HNO3 and HCl" by H. Narita, M. Tanaka, and K. Morisaku"Advanced Technology for Manufacturing of Layered Composite Materials by the Method of Electro-Contact Heating Under Pressure" by D. Nozadze, T. Namicheishvili, Z. Liluashvili, and D. Macharadze"Surface Material Compensation Film Thickness for Phase Separated Composite Film" by C.-F. Chang, W.-C. Chen, and Z.-N. Win


Volume 5: New, Improved and Existing Technologies: Iron and Steel; Recycling and Waste TreatmentPlenary"Professor H.Y. Sohn – Biography" by R.G. Reddy"It Is All About Energy" by P.R. Atkins"The Precious Art of Metals Recycling" by F. Vanbellen, and M. Chintinne"Nonferrous Metal Recycling in Korea: The Present and the Future" by K.-I. Rhee"The Role of Processes Modeling in Iron and Steelmaking" by P.C. Chaubal"Liquidus Relations of Calcium Ferrite and Ferrous Calcium Silicate Slag in Continuous Copper Converting" by F. Kongoli, I. McBow, A. Yazawa, Y. Takeda, K. Yamaguchi, R. Budd, and S. Llubani"Recent Developments in Copper Hydrometallurgy (Abstract Only)" by J.O. Marsden


Iron Making"Dust and Nanoparticulate Issues in Pyrometallurgical Operations (Keynote)" by S.K. Kawatra"Coke Strength and Tuyere Velocity (Invited)" by M. Ichida, T. Nishimura, S. Matsuzaki, and M. Naito"Process, Quality and Management Control in the Operation of a Direct Reduced Iron Plant" by A. Ullah, B. Franco, A. Martinis, and A. Tavano"Pig Iron Nuggets Versus Blast Furnace Pig Iron" by B. Anameric, and S.K. Kawatra"Experimental Analysis for Thermally Non-Equilibrium State Under Microwave Irradiations — A Greener Process for Steel Making (Keynote)" by M. Sato, A. Matsubara, S. Takayama, S. Sudo, O. Motojima, K. Nagata, K. Ishizaki, T. Hayashi, D. Agrawal, and R. Roy"Homogeneous Heating in Microwave Processing" by X. Sun, J.-Y. Hwang, S. Shi, and X. Huang"The Evolution of Ironmaking (Keynote)" by J.J. Poveromo"Development of the Coke Gas Desulfurization Technology" by O.I. Platonov

Steel"Electromagnetic Processing of Materials, Past, Present and Future (Keynote)" by S. Asai"Crystal Control of CdTe Electro-Deposits by Use of Intense Magnetic Field" by T. Kozuka, I. Sumida, K. Shimomai, and M. Kawahara"Dissipation of Turbulent Kinetic Energy in a Tundish" by A. Nájera, and R.D. Morales"Modeling Dust Evolution in Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Fume Extraction System" by A.G. Guézennec, F. Patisson, P. Sessiecq, J.C. Huber, and D. Ablitzer"New Steel Production Technology with Microwave and Electric Arc Heating (Keynote)" by J.-Y. Hwang, and X. Huang"Optimization of EAF Practices Based on Real Time Off-Gas Chemistry Analysis Using Goodfellow EFSOP™" by M. Khan, H.D. Goodfellow, and J. Maiolo"Potential Applications of Supersonic Liquid Streams" by E.S. Geskin, and O.P. Petrenko

Recycling I: Batteries, Electronics Scrap and Light Metals"Recupyl Process for Recycling Lithium Ion Battery (Keynote)" by F. Tedjar"Processing of Spent Lead Acid Batteries – A Basis for Lead Recycling" by A.D. Besser, and V.M. Paretsky"Recycling of Spent Li/MnO2 Batteries" by J. Jandová, and J. Kondás"Recycling of Spent Ni-Cd Batteries by Physical-Chemical Processing" by C.A. Nogueira, and F. Margarido"Study and Development of the Physical Treatment of Spent Batteries in an Integrated Recycling Process" by F. Margarido, and C.A. Nogueira"Utilization of Mn-Zn System Batteries" by T. Lezhava, and J. Ghlonti"Efficient Processing and Utilization of Precious Metals Scrap" by V.A. Bryukvin, T.N. Vinetskaya, A.M. Levin, T.A. Makarenkova, and V.M. Paretsky"Information Methods of Non-Ferrous Scrap Sorting (Abstract Only)" by V. Bredykhin, O. Shevelyev, E. Kazban, V. Kostjuk, and V. Kushnerov

General Recycling and Waste Treatment I"Engineering Aspect on the Removal of As(V), As(III), Cr(VI), B(III) and Se(IV) with Functional Inorganic Ion Exchanger (Keynote)" by J. Shibata, and N. Murayama"A Novel Green Technique to Recovery Titanium Compounds from Molten Slag Under the Dynamic Oxidation Condition" by Li Zhang, Linnan Zhang, M. Wang, G. Li, and Z. Sui"Sampling of Fine Shredder Residues (FSR) and Characterisation Oriented to Physical Separations" by P.-F. Bareel, D. Bastin, C. Bodson, and J. Frenay"Processing of Man-Made Metal-Containing Raw Materials in DC Electric Furnaces" by G.S. Nus, and V.M. Paretsky"Recycling of Mo Containing Acid by Ammonia Gas Neutralization" by J.-J. Pak, Y.-H. Park, W.-Y. Kim, J.-Y. Ahn, D.-Y. Hwang, and D.-H. Shin"Pyrolysis of Mixed Plastic Wastes into Alternative Fuel Oil – Pyrolysis Process (300 & 3,000 Ton / Yr) Developed at Korea Institute of Energy Research" by K.-H. Lee, D.-H. Shin, S.-G. Jeon, K.-H. Kim, and N.-S. Roh"Chlorination Applied to the Separation of Metals" by G. De Micco, F.J. Alvarez, A.E. Bohé, and D.M. Pasquevich"The CMI NESA Pyrolysis, An Attractive Process for the Treatment of Sewage and Industrial Sludge and By-Products" by P.-D. Oudenne"Using De-Watering Sieve Waste of Borax to Enhance the Properties of Floor Tile" by S. Kurama, A. Kara, and H. Kurama

General Recycling and Waste Treatment II"Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slags in “High Performance” Asphalt Mixes: A Laboratory Characterisation (Keynote)" by M. Pasetto, and N. Baldo"Recycling of Platinum from Spent Catalysts" by D. Offenthaler, J. Antrekowitsch, and S. Konetschnik"Separation of Individual Plastics from Mixtures by Gravity Separation Processes" by W.Z. Choi, J.M. Yoo, and E.K. Park"Engineering Factors Affecting Removal of Toxic Materials with Inorganic Cation Exchanger" by N. Murayama, and J. Shibata"Utilization of Refractory Brick Wastes in Concrete Production as Aggregates" by T. Kavas, B. Karasu, and O. Arslan"Improvement of Technology for Processing Low-Grade Secondary Aluminum and Copper-Containing Raw Materials (Abstract Only)" by V. Gel"Production of Reduced Nickel Powder in Tube Furnaces" by P.S. Seryogin"Study on the Zinc Reduction of Stainless Steelmaking Dust" by B. Peng, L. Chai, C. Zhang, J. Peng, X. Min, Y. Wang, R. Huang, and D. He"Autoclaved Aerated Concrete from Fly Ash and Effects of Fly Ash Composition' by V.M. Rao, and K.R. Kanth

Waste Treatment and Remediation"Halide Entrapment from Polymers Using Alkali Compounds (Keynote) (Abstract Only)" by S. Shuey, J. Montenegro, E. Vidal, and P. Taylor"Stabilization of Heavy Metals and Chlorine Removal in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash by Carbonation Process" by G.-C. Han, N.-I. Um, K.-S. You, J.-W. Ahn, and H.-C. Cho"Elimination of Heavy Metals from Municipal Inorganic Wastes by Chlorination Volatilization Method (Invited)" by H. Sano, H. Kodama, and T. Fujisawa"Anaerobic Bioremediation of Metallurgical Wastes Using Organic/Water Emulsions (Keynote)" by R.W. Bartlett"Chloridizing Volatilization Experiments for Treatment of Fly Ash Generated in Smelting Furnaces of Municipal Wastes (Keynote)" by H. Itou, S. Watanabe, T. Takasu, T. Nakamura, H. Kubota, J. Ohashi, and K. Onishi"Lead Removal from Contaminated Soil by Sequential Application of Chlorination by Mixed Salt and Warm Water Extraction" by F. Sato, H. Sano, and T. Fujisawa"Treatment of Zinc-Containing Wastewater by Immobilized SRB Sludge Beads with Inner Cohesive Carbon Source" by X. Min, L. Chai, C. Zhang, and T. Okura"Purification of Waste Water from Ions of Heavy Metals" by T. Lezhava, J. Gvelesiani, Ts. Gagnidze, and M. Mamporia"A Chlorination Process Applied to the Recovery of Alumina and SiC Reinforcement from Aluminum-Matrix Composites" by A.E. Bohé, and H.E. Nassini


Volume 6: New, Improved and Existing Technologies: Aqueous and Electrochemical ProcessingPlenary"Professor H.Y. Sohn – Biography" by R.G. Reddy"It Is All About Energy" by P.R. Atkins"The Precious Art of Metals Recycling" by F. Vanbellen, and M. Chintinne"Nonferrous Metal Recycling in Korea: The Present and the Future" by K.-I. Rhee"The Role of Processes Modeling in Iron and Steelmaking" by P.C. Chaubal"Liquidus Relations of Calcium Ferrite and Ferrous Calcium Silicate Slag in Continuous Copper Converting" by F. Kongoli, I. McBow, A. Yazawa, Y. Takeda, K. Yamaguchi, R. Budd, and S. Llubani"Recent Developments in Copper Hydrometallurgy (Abstract Only)" by J.O. Marsden


Aqueous Processing I: Leaching and Biotechnology"Pressure Leaching of Sulfidized Chalcopyrite in Sulfuric Acid-Oxygen Media (Keynote)" by R. Padilla, D. Vega, and M.C. Ruiz"Determination of Acid Resistance of Copper Ore Agglomerates in Heap Leaching (Invited)" by K.A. Lewandowski, J.A. Gurtler, T.C. Eisele, and S.K. Kawatra"Novel Technology for Microbial Treatment of Chromium-Containing Slag" by L. Chai, and Y. Wang"Hydrometallurgical Approaches for Selecting the Effective Recycle Process of Spent Lithium Ion Battery" by J.-S. Sohn, S.-M. Shin, D.-H. Yang, S.-K. Kim, and C.-K. Lee"Pressure Leaching of White Metal as an Alternative to Conversion (Keynote)" by M.C. Ruiz, E. Abarzúa, and R. Padilla"Bacteria Leaching Process of the Low-Grade Sulfide Copper Ore" by G. Xie, J. Yan, H. Zhang, R. Li, and D. Yang"Mechanical Activation of Monazite Processing by Simultaneous Ball-Milling and Leaching" by A.M. Abdel-Rehim"Process for Selenium Recovery from Copper Anode Slime by Alkali Pressure Leaching" by S. Saptharishi, D. Mohanty, and B.P. Kamath

Aqueous Processing II"On-Line Free Acidity Measurement in Hydrometallurgical Process Solutions Up to 250 °C: A New Industrial Sensor (Invited)" by M. Huang, and V.G. Papangelakis"Extraction and Recovery of Indium and Germanium from Primary and Secondary Hydrometallurgical Streams Using Molecular Recognition Technology" by N.E. Izatt, J.B. Dale, S.R. Izatt, and R.L. Bruening"Highly Efficient Method of Manufacturing Zinc Bromide" by W. Dunaway"New Process for Extracting Cadmium by the System of Ammoniacal-Ammonium Sulfate" by W. Liu, J. He, and M.-t. Tang"Optimization of the Critical Steps of the Altair Hydrochloride Pigment Process" by D. Verhulst, B. Sabacky, R. Marganski, B. Wang, and D. Ellsworth"Precipitation of Hematite from Ferrous Sulfate Solutions: Effects of Variables on the Quality of the Precipitates" by M.C. Ruiz, J. Zapata, and R. Padilla"Precursor Synthesis of Porous Fibrous Cobalt Powder by Coordination Precipitation Process" by C.-f. Zhang, C.-y. Dong, J. Zhan, and J.-h. Wu"The Separation of Precious Metals from Base Metals in Gold-Antimony Alloys by Selective Chlorination Leaching Under Controlling Potential" by T.-z. Yang, W.-f. Liu, and M.-x. Jiang"Isolation of Mineral Specific Extracellular Protein from Paenibacillus Polymyxa and Its Application in Complex Sulphide Mineral Processing (Abstract Only)" by P. Patra

Aqueous Processing III: Preparation and Synthesis"Preparation of High Functional Aragonite Precipitated Calcium Carbonate" by J.-H. Kim, S.-J. Ko, W.-K. Park, S.-H. Cheong, and J.-W. Ahn"Preparation and Characterization of Ultrafine Magnetite Powder" by X.Y. Yang, and Z.Q. Gong"Preparation and Structural Characteristic of Cobalt-Modified Magnetite" by X. Yang, and Z. Gong"Preparation of Mn-Zn Compounds Oxide Powder for Soft Magnetic from Manganese Carbonate Ore and Zinc Oxide Dust" by C. Tang, Y. He, M. Tang, and B. Huang"Separation of PET from PVC by Column Flotation (Invited)" by E. Agante, I. Rodrigues, and T. Carvalho"Synthesis of L(+)-Calcium Lactate Using Precipitated Calcium Carbonate in Lactic Acid Fermentation" by S.-H. Cheong, J.-H. Kim, J.-W. Ahn, and C. Han"Preparation of Monodisperse Rhombohedron-Type Nickel Oxalate Particles from a Highly Condensed Ni(OH)2 Suspension" by Z. Liu, Q. Li, K. Ai, D. Zhang, T. Okamoto, and M. Okido"Preparation of Spherical Ultrafine Cobalt Powder by Polyol Reducing" by S.-h. Yang, Y.-m. Chen, S.-h. Ju, Z.-q. Pan, and M.-t. Tang"Separation of Pyrite Minerals from Magnetite Slimes by Hydrophobic Flocculation (Abstract Only)" by B. Rezai

Aqueous Processing IV"A New Technology for the Control of Lead Nitrate Addition in Cyanidation (Invited)" by G. Deschênes, M. Fulton, and C. Smith"High-Efficiency Reactors for Obtaining Metal Powders" by T. Lezhava, and J. Ghlonti"Elimination of Zinc Ferrite for Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Zinc from EAF Dust" by G. Ye, E. Burstrom, M. Maccagni, L. Bianco, and H. Stripple"Recovery of Ga, Ge from Zinc Residues by Hydrometallurgical Processes" by H. Wang, J. Lin, K. Jiang, and D. Qiu"Recovery of the Chromium (III, VI) from Aqueous Solutions Using Ion Exchange System" by J.C. Riani, V.A. Leão, and J.S. Tenório"Study on Several Important Hydrometallurgical Methods of Fe Removal from Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co etc" by W. Zhang, and G. Mei"Study on Extracting Indium from Indium-Zinc Concentrates" by M.-t. Tang, S.-q. Li, J. He, S.-h. Yang, C.-b. Tang, and S.-h. Ju"Sulfur Dioxide in Hydrometallurgical Technologies for Integrated Processing of Polymetallic Concentrates" by A.V. Tarasov, and E.M. Timoshenko

Electrochemistry"Corrosion Behavior of Lead-Alloy Anodes in Metal Winning (Keynote)" by M. Stelter, H. Bombach, and P. Saltykov"Electrochemical Studies of the Intermetallic Inert Anodes in Molten Salts" by X. Yang, and A. Jha"Ionic Liquid Electro-Deposition of Reactive Metals (Keynote)" by J. Vaughan, J. Tu, and D. Dreisinger"Electrochemical Modeling of Electrowinning Performance (Keynote)" by M.L. Free, R. Bhide, A. Rodchanarowan, and N. Phadke"Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Process and Applications (Invited)" by P. Kong"The Effect of Anode Composition on Passivation of Commercial Copper Electrorefining Anodes (Invited)" by M.S. Moats, and J.B. Hiskey"Conductivity Measurement of Scandium Doped Barium Zirconate for Fuel Cell Application" by S. Imashuku, T. Uda, and Y. Awakura"Development of Zinc Production at the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant" by L.A. Kazanbayev, and P.A. Kozlov

Geothermal in Mineral Recovery and General Minerals Processing"Geothermal Mineral Recovery (Keynote)" by J.M. Canty, and L. Mink"Economic Benefits of Mineral Extraction from Geothermal Brines (Invited)" by R.G. Bloomquist"Co-Production of Silica and Other Commodities from Geothermal Fluids (Invited)" by W. Bourcier, C. Bruton, E. Burton, B. Ralph, M. Johnson, and G. Nix"Use of Ceramics for Geothermal and Mining Applications (Invited)" by A.C. Mulligan, and M.C.L. Patterson"Geothermal Brines – High Value Mineral Extraction (Invited)" by M.C.L. Patterson"Research on the Use of Waste Silica from the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field, Mexico (Invited)" by J.W. Lund, and T.L. Boyd"Radar Geosteering in Geothermal Reservoirs or Development of Radar- Controlled Directional Drilling Bottom Assembly for Geothermal Reservoirs (Invited)" by L.G. Stolarczyk"Investigation of the Effects of Interstitial Filling Ratios on the Dry Grinding Kinetics of K-Feldspar" by H. Ipek"Preliminary Characterization, Liberation, and Dressing of Zircon from Michoacan Beach Sands" by R. Escudero, and F.J. Tavera"Characterization of Ilmenite Ore Samples from Dankoli in North Western Characterization of Ilmenite Ore Samples from Dankoli in North Western" by A. Adetunji"The Fabrication of Artificial Marble from Dolomite (Batu Reput)" by K. Hussin, J. Shamsul, C.M. Ruzaidi, M.I. Sobri, M.S. Nazry, M.B. Zaman, and K. Nizar


Volume 7: Industrial PracticePlenary"Professor H.Y. Sohn – Biography" by R.G. Reddy"It Is All About Energy" by P.R. Atkins"The Precious Art of Metals Recycling" by F. Vanbellen, and M. Chintinne"Nonferrous Metal Recycling in Korea: The Present and the Future" by K.-I. Rhee"The Role of Processes Modeling in Iron and Steelmaking" by P.C. Chaubal"Liquidus Relations of Calcium Ferrite and Ferrous Calcium Silicate Slag in Continuous Copper Converting" by F. Kongoli, I. McBow, A. Yazawa, Y. Takeda, K. Yamaguchi, R. Budd, and S. Llubani"Recent Developments in Copper Hydrometallurgy (Abstract Only)" by J.O. Marsden


Non-Ferrous High-Temperature Processing"Furnace Control, Optimization and Automation in Sulfide Smelting Plants (Keynote) (Abstract Only)" by F. Kongoli, I. McBow, R. Budd, and S. Llubani"Optimisation of the Anode Sector at Norddeutsche Affinerie (Invited)" by T.L. Edens, P. Willbrandt, and A. Specht"Volatilization of Arsenic in the Teniente Converter at Codelco Norte Smelter (Invited)" by A. Moyano, C. Caballero, R. Mackay, K. Itagaki, and J. Font"Energy Saving Activities at the Onsan Smelter (Keynote)" by J.-S. Chang, S.-H. Yu, and S.-H. Shin"Recent Advances in Tin Smelting Using Top Submerged Lance Technology (Keynote)" by J.A. Ore Rivera"M-DICE, An Impurity Distribution Model for Codelco Norte Smelter (Keynote)" by A. Moyano, C. Caballero, C. Pizarro, and J. Font"Arsenic and Antimony Removal from a Complex Blister Copper" by A. Moyano, C. Caballero, R. Mackay, H. Henao, K. Itagaki, and J. Font"Mathematical and Physical Model for the Teniente Converter Fluidynamics" by M. Rosales, C. León, A. Moyano, R. Mackay, A. Valencia, and R. Fuentes"Characteristics and Roasting of Zinc Sulfide Concentrates in Fluid Bed Furnace" by B.S. Boyanov, and N.K. Kolev

Iron Making"Recent Progress of Practical BF Operations in Japan and Innovative Trials for the Future (Keynote)" by M. Naito, and M. Ichida"Assessment of Metallurgical Performance of Kambara Reactor (KR) through Physical Modeling" by V. Seshadri, C.A. da Silva, I.A. da Silva, V.A. Leão, D.B. Moreira, and O.J. Kirmse"The Iron Blast Furnace and DRI Shaft Furnace - A Comparison of Some Process Developments" by P. Chaubal, D. Huang, A. Farhadi, and G. Tsvik"Development of 3-D CFD Model for Blast Furnace Hearth" by P. Chaubal, D. Huang, D. Roldan, and C.Q. Zhou"Effect of Oxygen Potential ad Fluxing Components on Phase Relations during Sintering of Iron Ore (Keynote)" by F. Kongoli, I. McBow, R. Budd, and S. Llubani"Development of Visual Evaluation and Numerical Analysis System of Blast Furnace (Invited)" by S. Matsuzaki, M. Ito, M. Ichida, T. Nishimura, and M. Naito"Dynamic Solid Flow in Iron-Making Blast Furnace of Lower Part by Deadman Shape and Raceway Depth (Keynote) (Invited)" by Y. Matsui, K. Miyagawa, M. Tanaka, M. Sawayama, and S. Kitano"Numerical Analysis on Blast Furnace Operations by Multi-Dimensional Mathematical Model Based on Multi-Fluid Theory (Invited)" by J.-i. Yagi, H. Nogami, and M. Chu"Numerical Investigation of the Self-Reduction Process of Pellets in a Rotary Kiln with Post-Combustion to Produce DRI (Abstract Only)" by J. Castro, C. Takano, M.B. Mourao, J.-I. Yagi, and A.J. Silva

Steel"Physical Modeling of Mixing and Mass Transfer Inside a Torpedo Car (Keynote)" by V. Seshadri, C.A. da Silva, I.A. da Silva, V.A. Leão, D.C. Fernandes, and I.A. de Souza"A Setup Model for the Roughing Mill of Hot Rolling in Sidor, C.A. Venezuela (Abstract Only)" by J. Lara, L. Lozano, and O. Prado"Desulfurization in the Ladle Furnace Using Industrial Slags (Invited)" by A. Geveci, E. Keskinkilic, and Y.A. Topkaya"Formation Mechanism and Control of Corner Transverse Cracks of CC Nb-Contained Slabs" by G.-S. Zhu, Z.-Y. Zhu, J. Liu, and X. Bai"How to Reduce Costs in Steelmaking Using Calcium Carbide" by R.J. Santiago, and L.A. Mombello"Improving Steel Ladle Performance at Bhilai Steel Plant, India" by R.K. Singh, L. Tiwari, B.D. Chattaraj, and D.R. Dinda"Usage of Aluminum Dross for Slag Treatment in Secondary Steelmaking to Decrease Amount of Reducible Oxides in Ladle Furnace" by A. Geveci, and O. Aydemir

Metals and Materials Processing"Sichuan Aostar Smelter in China (Keynote)" by Y. Wang, Y. Niu, D. Qiu, C. Chen, and Y. Li"Cost-Effective Magnesium Oxide Recycling for Economic Viability of Magnesium Hydride Slurry Technology for Hydrogen Storage (Abstract Only)" by R. De Lucas, U. Pal, G. Ye, and A. McClaine"An Attempt at Direct Ingot Making of Titanium by the Electro-Winning from Molten Slag with DC-ESR Unit (Keynote)" by M. Kawakami, T. Takenaka, M. Orisaka, T. Kawabata, A. Matsuyama, and S. Yokoyama"Review on the Part of HVOF Thermal Spray Coating in Protection to Corrosion" by H.S. Sidhu, B.S. Sidhu, and S. Prakash"Advanced Scaling Techniques for the Modeling of Materials Processing (Keynote)" by P.F. Mendez"Computational Modeling of a CVD Reactor to Produce Diamond Films" by M. Olivas-Martínez, M. Pérez-Tello, and R.E. Cabanillas-López"Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of High Temperature Metallurgical Processes (Keynote)" by Y. Yang, B. Zhou, J.R. Post, E. Scheepers, and M.A. Reuter"Model-Based Electroslag Remelting Control for Simultaneous, Consistent and Responsive Melt Rate and Immersion Depth Control (Invited)" by D.K. Melgaard, J.J. Beaman, and G. Shelmidine

Aqueous and Electrochemical Processing"Applied Metallurgical Process Testing and Plant Optimization with Design of Experimentation Software (Keynote)" by C.G. Anderson"Alternating Pulsed Electrolysis for Fe-Cr Alloy Coatings Using Trivalent Chromium Solution" by S. Yagi, K. Murase, T.

experimental analysis for thermally non-equilibrium state ...note: sic plate was used only in an...

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