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UNIT-IV

SCIAL ISSUES ANDTHE ENVIRONMENT

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FROM UNSUSTAINABLE TOSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development has been defined asDevelopment that meets the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs (The WorldCommission on Environment and Development,

Brundtland Commission 1987).

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In other words, when people make decisions abouthow to use the Earths resources such as forests,water, minerals, wildlife, etc . they must take into

account not only how much of these resources theyare using, what processes they used to get theseresources, and who has access to these resources.Are enough resources going to be left for ourfuture generations to use and will the environment

be left as we know it today?

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Is it true sustainable

developmentFew developed countries have reached thegreatest heights of scientific andtechnological development. But the air we

breathe, the water we drink and the food weeat all have been badly polluted.

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Sustainable Development

The sustainable development is a process ofbetterment of life, in all sectors of societyi.e. social, economic, educational, health,national security, food and education

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Need for Sustainable Development

Almost all environmental problems are the results ofunsustainable development

Overuse of natural resources leads to pollution , cutting of

trees has created global warming

Laws for Air, Water, Land, Wild Life, Forest have failed tocontrol environmental losses

Only way is to accept the concept of sustainabledevelopment by making people aware about the needs andmethods to control their demands and control over theoveruse of resources

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Aspects (or) aim of sustainabledevelopment

a) inter- generational equity: it states that we shouldhand over a safe, healthy, and resourcefulenvironment to our future generations.

b) intra generational equity: it states that thetechnological development of rich countries shouldsupport the economic growth of the poor countriesand help in narrowing the wealth gap lead tosustainability.

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Concept or Approaches or significance forsustainable development

Developing appropriate technology

Reduce , Reuse, Recycle approach

Providing environmental education and awareness

Consumption of renewable resources

Conservation of non renewable resources

Population control

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Urban problems related to

energyUrbanization is the movement of human

population from rural areas to urban areas

for the want of better education,communication, health, employment.

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Causes of urbanizationCities are main centers of economic growth, trade,

transportation, education, medical facilities andemploymentUrban sprawl: Urban growth is fast , so difficult to

accommodate with their limited area .So citiesspread into rural areas Urban energy requirement:

Residential and commercial lighting Public and private transportation Electrical and electronic appliances

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Energy demanding activities

In developing countries, urban growth isvery fast and pollution is uncontrollable and

unplanned growth. When compared to rural people, urban people consumes a lot ofenergy and materials and generates a lot of

waste. This is because urban people have ahigher standard of life and their life styledemands more energy inputs.

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Example for energy demanding activities

Residential and commercial lightingsTransportation means including, motor cycle, carand public transport for moving from residence to

work place.Industries using a large proportion of energyModern life style using a large number of electrical

gadgets( fan, fridge, washing machine, A/C, waterheater,etc) in everyday life.Control and prevention of pollution, need more

energy dependent technologies.

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Solution:

Use public transport instead of motor cyclesEnergy consumption must be minimized

Use solar and wind energy Impose strictlaws, penalty, and energy audit

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Water conservation:

Process of saving water for future utilizationWater source:Fresh water

RiverStreamPondOceanLakes

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Ways of water conservation

Reducing evaporation lossReducing irrigation lossReuse of waterPreventing wastage of waterDecreasing run-off lossesAvoid sewage discharge

Water conservation methodRain water harvesting

Watershed management

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Rain water harvesting

Objective: To meet increasing demands of waterRaise water table by recharging ground water

Reduce ground water contamination from saltwater intrusion.Roof top rainwater harvesting

Involves collecting water that falls on roof ofhouse

Rainwater from roof top, road surface, play

ground diverted to surface tank

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Advantages of rainwater harvesting

Increases the well water availabilityRaise ground water level

Minimizes soil erosionWatershed management:

It is defined as land area bounded by divide linefrom which water drains under influence ofgravity in to stream, lakes, reservoir. Eg. Pits,dams, ponds, Himalaya

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Watershed Management; The management of

rainfall & resultant runoff.ForestryHalt deforestation, provide vegetative cover,

degraded land and supplement folder and fuelwood resources available to rural communities

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Agriculture

Aims to increase agricultural productivity insustained manner and to diversify crop production

- Major objective shall be achieved throughorganizing farmers, training camps and exposurevisits.

- Construct check dams, water harvesting tanks,storage tanks and channels , repair of old channels ,implementing measures to check soil erosion

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Horticulture

establishment of private orchard Rejuvenation of existing orchards Distribution of horticulture plant for home

garden planting. Animal husbandry Energy conservation Community participation Training and awareness programme.

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Advantages of Watershed projects

Improved access to drinking water in project areas duringdrought- Increase in cultivation area leading to increase inemployment

- Increase in crop yield, resulting better income to rural population- Improved availability of fodder for animals and increasein milk yield- Increase in employment & involvement of women- Increase in net returns from all crops.Decrease in soil erosion.- Restoration of ecological balance.

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Resettlement and Rehabilitation of people:

Resettlement simple relocation or displacementof human population.

Rehabilitation making, system to work again byallowing, system to function naturally. Includesreplacing the lost economic assets, SafeguardEmployment, Provide safe land for building

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Causes of displacement of people

Due to developmental activities- hirakund dam,tehri dam.Due to disaster- natural disaster, manmadedisasterDue to conservation initiatives- park, sanctuary,forest reserve, biosphere reserve,

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Effects:Loss of land

Loss of recourse Unsatisfactory comp[enasation Social and cultura problems

Changes in tradition of indigenous people Spread of disease Submergence of valuable forest

Waterlogging Extinction of wild life

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Rehabilitation issuesTribal's are usually the most affected among thedisplaced , who are already very poor,displacement further increases their poverty dueto loss of home, land, jobs, food, security and

social isolation.The land acquisition laws ignore the communalownership of property, which is an built system

among the tribal's.Marriages, social and cultural functions, their folksongs, dances and activities vanish with their

displacement.

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Environmental ethics:- Environmental ethics refers to the issues,

principles, and guidelines relating to humaninteractions with their environment.Functions of environment:It is the life supporting medium for all organismsIt provides food, air, water, and other important

natural resources to the human beings.It disintegrates all the waste materials discharged by the modern society

It moderates the climatic conditions of the soil

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Environmental problems

Deforestation activitiesPopulation growth and urbanizationPollution due to discharge of effluent and smokedischarge from the industries.Water scarcity

Land degradation and degradation of soil fertility

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Solutions to environmental problems

Reduce the waste of matter and energy resources.Recycle and reuse as many of our waste productsand resources as possible.

Over exploitation of natural resources must bereducedSoil degradation must be minimized

Biodiversity of the earth must be protectedReduce population and increase the economicgrowth of our country.

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climate

Climate is the average weather of an area. Itis the general weather conditions, seasonal

variations of a region. The average of suchconditions over a long period is calledclimate.

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Causes of climate change

Presence of green house gases in theatmosphere increases the global

temperature.Depletion of ozone layer also increases theglobal temperature.

Un even distribution of rainfallRotation of earth on its axisSeasonal changes

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Effect of climate change

Even small changes in climate conditionsmay disturb agriculture that would lead to

migration of animals including humans.Climate change may upset the hydrologicalcycle, results in floods and droughts in

different regions of the worldGlobal pattern of winds and ocean currentsalso gets disturbed by climate.

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Green House Effect and Global Warming:

The raise of earths surface temperature due tointense green house effect is called globalwarming.

Causes:Over the last century, the level of carbon dioxide in theatm. Has increase by 25%, the level of nitrous oxide by19% and the level of methane by 100%. These 3 majorglobal warming gases are released into the atm. by

burning of fossil fuels, industrialization, mining,deforestation, exhaust from increasing automobiles andother anthropogenic activities

.

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Effects:1. Increase evaporation of surface water influence climate

change2. Leads to declining biodiversity3. Melting of mountain glaciers and polar ice, which cause rise

in sea level4. Change the climate and rainfall reduction in food production5. The biological productivity of ocean also decreased due to

warming of earths surface6. With more carbon dioxide in the air, the plants will grow

bigger with increase in yield and resulting in the soils getting poor quality

7. If proper precautions are not taken, the conc. Of green housegases may double in the atom. with in next 50 years, and willmakes the average global temp. to 450 C.

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Ozone layer depletion

Ozone is an important chemical species present inthe stratosphere. Its conc. is about 10 ppm. It actsas a protective shield for the life on the earth.Ozone is produced and also broken down by

photochemical reactions, thus maintainingequilibrium.

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Causes for ozone layer depletion:

1Chlorine released from CFC and Bromine released fromhalogens are the most important chemicals associated withozone layer depletion2. The halogens are used in fore extinguishers and CFC areextensively used in air conditioners and refrigerators.3. Methyl bromide used during packaging of fruits to prevent

bacterial action flows out into the atmosphere as soon as the packing is opened. This cause heavy damage to ozone.4. High altitude aircrafts and chemicals emitted by industrial

plants and automobiles.

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Effects:

Marked rise in cause skin cancerDamage immune system

Eye ailment such as cataractShorter life of paints and plasticsRestricted growth and crop damage

Destruction of aquatic life

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