Memory

Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.

We will be focusing on two models of memory.MemoryEvaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.The Multi-Store Model of MemoryAtkinson and Shiffrin 1968

Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.The Multi-Store Model of MemoryAtkinson and Shiffrin 1968Three step process.

Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system.

Storage: The retention of encoded material over time.

Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage.

Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.The Multi-Store Model of MemoryAtkinson and Shiffrin 1968

Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.Sensory MemoryA split second holding tank for ALL sensory information.Sperlings research on Iconic MemoryEchoic Memory

Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.Short Term Memory

The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to STM.Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically.Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 6-15 seconds.We recall digits better than letters.

Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.

MemoryMulti-Store ModelSensoryShort Term (STM)Long Term (LTM)

Have you ever encoded a penny?

The Ways we can encode information from STM to LTMVisual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning.

Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.What are the most efficient ways to encode information into LTM.Techniques to encode information from STM to LTM.RehearsalIt involves repeating information over and over in order to get the information processed and stored as a memoryEvaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.

What are the most efficient ways to encode information into LTM.Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.

1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1

XIBMSATMTVPHDXEvaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.What are the most efficient ways to encode information into LTM.Mnemonic Devicesis any learning technique that aids information retention.

"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums." Please Excuse My Dear Aunt SallyWill A Jolly Man Make A Jolly Visitor?May I have a large container of coffee?Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.What are the most efficient ways to encode information into LTM.A trip down Metacognitive LaneUtilizing the information on encoding that we learned today, how could you make yourself:A better student in Social StudiesA better friend

Long Term Memory

Unlimited storehouse of information.Explicit (declarative) memoriesImplicit (non-declarative) memoriesEvaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.Explicit MemoriesEpisodic Memories

Semantic Memories

Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.Implicit Memories

Procedural Memories

Conditioned Memories

Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.The Multi-Store Model of MemoryAtkinson and Shiffrin 1968

Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.ForgettingRetroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information.

Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information.

Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name.

Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number.Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.Spacing EffectDO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!!

Ebbinghauss Forgetting Curve

Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents

Encoding InformationPrimacy Effect

Recency Effect

Serial Positioning Effect

Glanzer and Cunitz 1966Aim:To investigate recency effect in free recall.Procedure:This was a laboratory experiment where participants first heard a list of items and them immediately had to recall them in any order.

Glanzer and Cunitz 1966

Results:Participants recalled words from the beginning of the list and end of the list best.The results showed a U shaped curve.Glanzer and Cunitz 1966If the participants were given a filler task (something to do) right after the last words, the primacy effect disappeared but the recency effect remained.Why?Maybe the words are still active in STM.

Glanzer and Cunitz 1966

EvaluationThe study supports the idea of multiple stores (STM and LTM).Controlled lab experiment.Ecological validity issues?Case study example of Multi-Store ModelAmnesia is caused by damage to hippocampus and related networks.MRI scans showed that H.M. had severe damage to hippocampus which is critical to store info in LTM.H.M. could store implicit memories but not explicit memories.This shows that the memory system contains different systems.

Multi-Store ModelStrengths and WeaknessesStrengthsIt was the first modern model of memory.The fact that we have multiple stores is supported by research.Most of the newer models have been based of this one.WeaknessesVery simplistic

Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with reference to research studies.Model 2: The Working Model of MemoryBaddeley and Hitch 1974Main argument was that Short Term Memory in the Multi-Store Model was much too simple (too passive).They replaced STM with something they called Working Memory.

The Working Model of MemoryBaddeley and Hitch 1974Working Memory does not just sit there and take information.Instead of all information going into one single store, there are different systems for different types of information.

The Working Model of MemoryBaddeley and Hitch 1974The Working Memory consisted of three main sections with a fourth added in 2000 by Baddeley.

The Working Model of MemoryBaddeley and Hitch 1974The Central ExecutiveDrives the whole system (e.g. the boss of working memory) and allocates data to the subsystems .Like the Fat Controller from Thomas the Tank Engine.Sends info to the other slave systems.

The Working Model of MemoryBaddeley and Hitch 1974

The Phonological LoopHandles verbal and auditory information.Divided into two partsArticulatory control process (inner voice) Linked to speech production. Used to rehearse and store verbal information from the phonological store.Phonological Store (inner ear) Linked to speech perception Holds information in speech-based form (i.e. spoken words) for 1-2 seconds.

The Working Model of MemoryBaddeley and Hitch 1974The Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad(inner eye)This is believed to hold visual information. The eyes are used to store and manipulate visual and spatial information such as remembering colors or shapes.Also used for navigation.

The Working Model of MemoryBaddeley and Hitch 1974

Evidence that the WMM is the real deal.The WMM helps explain real life problems. Like why we cannot process written and verbal information at the same time.PET scans show evidence of separate components of STM as different areas are activated during different tasks.KF Case Study

A study that proved the Working Model of MemoryQuinn and McConnel (1996)They asked participants to memorize a list of words by using either imagery or rehearsal.The task was performed on its own or with a concurrent visual noise (changing patterns of dots) or a concurrent verbal noise (speech in a foreign language).

Quinn and McConnel (1996)

The results showed that learning by imagery was not affected by a concurrent verbal task but was disturbed by a concurrent visual task.The opposite was found in the rehearsal condition.

Quinn and McConnel (1996)This indicates that imagery processing uses the Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad whereas verbal processing uses the Phonological Loop.If the two tasks used the same component, performance deteriorated. The study this lends support to different slave systems of memory.