essential oils for the digestive system.2013docand ileum. the duodenum is largely responsible for...

Essential Oils for the Digestive System

Linda Lee Smith RN, MS, HN‐BC, HTCP, HTSM‐CP/I, CCA Institute of Spiritual Healing and Aromatherapy, Inc.


©Institute of Spiritual Healing and Aromatherapy, Inc.

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Disclaimer The material in this book is a guide to the practice of aromatherapy. It is not a replacement for traditional health care, medical diagnosis, or medical treatment for illness. Refer to a licensed medical practitioner for medical care.

HTSM Press /February, 2013 All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2013 by Linda L. Smith ***

About the Author

Linda is President of the Institute of Spiritual Healing & Aromatherapy. She is certified in holistic nursing, Healing Touch, Healing Touch Spiritual Ministry, and in aromatherapy. As creator of a certification in clinical aromatherapy program, Linda has produced a unique offering that enhances the study of clinical aromatherapy by adding the study of vibrational frequencies of the oils, emotional and spiritual aspects of healing with oils, and energetic healing techniques. When students graduate from this 300 hour course of study, they will have learned

much more than the national requirements to become an aromatherapist. Linda lives in Arvada, Colorado but can be found most weekends teaching somewhere throughout the world. Her “calling” is to help restore healing in Christianity and so she takes a Christian approach to the presentation of essential oils—God’s healing pharmacy.

Linda is also an expert article writer on the internet and has published well over 250 articles for ezine articles primarily on aromatherapy and topics concerning Healing Touch Spiritual Ministry. To see a list of her published works you can google Linda Lee Smith or go to http://www.ezinearticles.com/?expert=Linda_Lee_Smith For more free aromatherapy education,

you can go to Linda’s blog at http://EssentialOilEducation.com for the latest news and short articles on aromatherapy.



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Table of Contents

Introduction 4 Chapter 1 Digestive System Anatomy 5 Why is Digestion so Important? 6 Digestive Juices—the Enzymes 7 Absorption and Transport of Nutrients to the Cells 7 Carbs, Fiber, Protein 8 Fats, Vitamins, Water and Salt 9‐10 The Pancreas 10 The Liver 10 The Gallbladder 10 The Colon 11 Movement through the System 12 What Controls the Digestive Process? 12 How Aromatherapy Can Affect the Digestive System 13 Chapter 2 Common Problems of the Digestive System Where Essential Oils Can Help 16 Aromatherapy Applications 16

Bad Breath 17 Mouth Ulcers 17 Toothache 18 Loss of Appetite 18 Food Allergies 19 Stomach Cramps 19 Indigestion, Heartburn, GERD 20 Nausea and Vomiting 21 Gas, Flatulence 22 Constipation 23 Diarrhea 25 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) 26 Ulcerative Colitis 27 Crohn’s Disease 28 Liver Congestion 29 Hemorrhoids 31

Footnotes 33 Bibliography 34



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Introduction

I hope you are noticing that there is a trend as we examine each physical system in the body. The trend is toward certain essential oils almost exclusively for each system. Just as in the respiratory system we saw many tree oils being helpful for breathing problems, in the digestive system we find many herbs and spices helpful for gastrointestinal problems. Each oil seems to have an affinity for certain parts of our system. Humanity actually caught on to this knowledge thousands and thousands of years ago, so this is not a recently discovered phenomenon by any means.

Essential oils are most effective for the digestive system when taken internally. That does not necessarily mean putting a medicinal quality oil in a capsule and swallowing it. Many of the most effective oils are GRAS, meaning Generally Regarded As Safe to be taken internally. We have been doing this for a very long time as we flavor our food or know just which leaf or plant takes care of an upset tummy or which one will help us have a moving experience—herbals. This knowledge has been passed down through the ages by wise women healers to us today. Some oils can be used neat on the belly and others should first be diluted for a gentle massage. In this ebook, I will go over the anatomy of the system and then discuss each digestive problem where essential oils can be beneficial. This book will serve as a great resource when you need it.

I hope you enjoy it,

Linda Smith

I want to thank Patricia Springer, one of ISHA’s aromatherapy instructors who assisted in the research for this ebook.



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The Digestive System Anatomy

The digestive system is also an easy system in the human body for essential oils to be of assistance. First, let’s examine the various parts of the digestive system’s anatomy, then explore how food is digested and what controls the digestive process all before we take a look at how essential oils can aid the whole system. To begin, we have an upper and lower GI (gastrointestinal) system.

Taste and smell are the body’s chemical senses and play an important role in digestion. Sometimes the mere smell of food turns on the digestive juices, getting our stomach growling for good things to eat. Smell triggers the brain impulses that in turn stimulate the production of saliva and digestive enzymes. There are four true tastes: sweet, salty, bitter, and sour. People who lose their sense of smell complain that food no longer has any flavor and will tend to either lose weight by not eating or eating too much in search of flavor.

As food is chewed it is mechanically broken down and mixed with saliva starting the initial process of breakdown of food into usable substances. From here the food pass through a normally flat tube, the esophagus, to the stomach. Digestive enzymes in the stomach make changes and pass substances to the small intestine, large intestine (colon), and finally to the rectum and anus.



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There are 5 processes that occur in the digestive tract: Ingestion—a mechanical process that involves chewing. Digestion—a chemical process that utilizes enzymes and chemicals to break down food. Absorption—a physical process whereby nutrients are taken into the body. Metabolism—a cellular process that turns nutrients into usable energy. Excretion—an elimination process that aids in removing waste. Most of the organs of the digestive system are hollow joined in a long, twisting tube from mouth to the anus. Other organs are solid like the liver and pancreas which secrete digestive juices that reach the intestine through small tubes—ducts. The gallbladder is actually a storage bag for the liver’s digestive juices until they are needed in the intestine. Parts of the nervous and circulatory systems also play major roles in the digestive system.

Why Is Digestion so Important?

When we eat food, it is not in a form that the body can actually use as nourishment. Food and drink must be changed into smaller molecules of nutrients before they can be absorbed into the blood and carried to the cells throughout the body. So digestion is the process whereby food and drink are broken down into smaller parts. The body does this through the use of enzymes which set up a chemical process to break down food.

If digestion is weak—we do not derive the energy we need from food. Incompletely digested residues can clog up the system and cause problems like irritable bowel syndrome or leaky gut syndrome which means the body has to use extra energy to expel or contain the toxins. As we grow older, our bodies produce less and less enzymes which can result in any number of problems.



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Digestive Juices—The Enzymes

We first encounter digestive juices in the mouth produced by the salivary glands. Saliva contains an enzyme that begins to digest the starch from food into smaller molecules.

The next digestive juices are produced by the lining of the stomach. The stomach produces acid and an enzyme that digests protein. A thick mucus layer coats the mucosa of the stomach and prevents these juices from digesting the stomach itself. Food will stay in the stomach anywhere from 30 minutes to 4 or more hours as it is mixed with acid and enzymes breaking down the food and killing bacteria. After the stomach empties this semi‐liquid mixture (called chyme) into the small intestine, two other digestive organs mix their juices in as well. The pancreas produces a juice that contains a whole array of enzymes to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in food. Other enzymes that are active in the process come from glands in the wall of the intestine.

The second organ—the liver—produces yet another digestive juice—bile. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and when food is coming down the tube, it squeezes bile out the gallbladder through the bile duct into the intestine. Bile helps break down fat much like detergents do to dissolve fat from a frying pan. After fat is dissolved, it is digested by enzymes from the pancreas and from the lining of the intestine.

Absorption and Transport of Nutrients to the Cells

Most digested molecules of food are absorbed through the small intestine. The small intestine has three segments: the duodenum (the first 10 inches), jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is largely responsible for continuing the process of breaking down food while the jejunum and ileum are primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The digestive process slows down here taking about 5 hours to move nutrients through. The lining of the small intestine contains many folds that are covered with tiny fingerlike projections—the villi. The villi are in turn covered with microscopic projections call microvilli which greatly increases the surface area for absorption. If spread out—the small



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intestine would extend to over 20 feet long. From here, nutrients are carried off in the bloodstream to other parts of the body for storage or further chemical change.

Carbohydrates

Digestible carbohydrates are made up of starches and sugars. Starches get broken down into maltose which is then split into glucose that can be absorbed into the blood. Glucose is carried through the blood stream to the liver, where it is stored or used to provide energy for the work of the body. Sugars are broken down by enzymes in the lining of the small intestine which digests sucrose into glucose and fructose which are absorbed through the intestine into the blood. Milk has another type of sugar—lactose which is changed into absorbable molecules by yet another enzyme in the intestinal lining.

Fiber

Fiber is actually indigestible and moves through the digestive tract without being broken down by enzymes. Soluble fiber dissolves easily in water and takes on a soft, gel‐like texture in the intestines. Insoluble fiber just passes essentially unchanged through the intestines. Fiber provides bulk that helps to move substances through without sticking to the walls.

Protein

Proteins are giant molecules that must be digested by enzymes before they can be used to build and repair body tissues. An enzyme in the stomach starts this process and it continues in the small intestine. Several enzymes from the pancreatic juice and the lining of the intestine complete the breakdown into small molecules called amino acids. These small



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molecules can be absorbed through the small intestine into the blood and then carried to all parts of the body.

Fats

Fat molecules are actually a rich source of energy for the body. Fats must first be dissolved by the bile acids into tiny droplets and then the pancreatic and intestinal enzymes break down the large fat molecules into smaller ones. Some of these small molecules are fatty acids and some are cholesterol. The bile acids will combine with the fatty acids and cholesterol and help fats move into the walls of the mucosa lining. Here the small molecules are formed back into large ones which pass into vessels called lymphatics near the intestine. The lymphatics carry the reformed fat to the veins of the chest, and the blood carries the fat to storage depots in different parts of the body. Most people can pretty well identify where these storage areas are in their own bodies!

Vitamins

Water soluble vitamins are all the B vitamins and Vitamin C; the fat‐soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, and K. Both types are absorbed through the small intestine. The fat‐soluble ones are stored in the liver and fatty tissue of the body and the water‐soluble ones are not

easilstored, so excess amounts are flushed out in the urine. Pictured above are fruits and vegetables from which we get natural vitamins. When they aren’t enough—we supplement.



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Water and Salt

Most of the material absorbed through the small intestine is water in which salt is dissolved. The salt and water are from the food and liquid swallowed and the juices secreted by the digestive glands.

The Pancreas

The oblong shaped pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine—this is its “exocrine” job. These enzymes break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. At the tail of the pancreas are the Islets of Langerhans cells which produce the hormone insulin and this is considered the endocrine function. Insulin is carried

directly into the blood stream—it does not empty into the intestine.

The Liver

A whole ebook could be written on the functions of the liver but to be brief here, the main functions within the digestive system are to make and secrete bile which breaks down fats, and

to maintain blood glucose levels by storing and releasing glycogen, and remove toxins, drugs, pathogens, and hormones from the blood it receives from the small intestine, before circulating it to the rest of the body.

The Gallbladder

This pear‐shaped organ is a storage facility that sits under the liver. Bile produced in the liver is stored here until needed to break down fats. When needed, the



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gallbladder contracts squirting its contents directly into the duodenum by way of the cystic duct. Yes, you can live without a gallbladder. When it is removed for whatever reason, the bile from the liver is simply emptied into the duodenum as it is produced.

The Colon

The colon is about 5‐6 feet in length. Its main function is to expel the undigested parts of the food we eat. Most water is reabsorbed by the small intestine, but the large intestine also absorbs some water, sodium, and some minerals. In addition, the colon absorbs vitamins, like K and B complex that are produced by intestinal bacteria.

The ileum dumps its contents into the first part of the colon called the cecum. Your appendix can be found in this area. It is part of the immune system and aptly

placed where its job is to remove harmful bacteria. The colon then ascends up the right side of the abdomen (ascending colon), across the mid section (transverse colon), and down the left side (descending colon) to the sigmoid colon (S‐shaped) which connects to the rectum.

The Rectum

The rectum is about 8 inches in length that connects the colon to the anus. Actually a lot goes on in the rectum. When anything (gas or stool) comes into the rectum, sensors send a message to the brain. The brain then decides if the rectal contents can be released or not. If so, then the sphincter muscles relax and the rectum contracts, expelling its contents. If the brain says no, not now, the sphincters contract and the rectum accommodates—the sensation of “having to go” goes away.



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Movement through the System

What keeps things moving along? It’s muscle activity called peristalsis. Think of ocean waves—rhythmic movement of muscles propelling the contents through the system from one end to the other. Once you voluntarily swallow food, it then becomes an involuntary action and proceeds under the control of the nerves.

Swallowed food passes through the esophagus into the stomach but first must pass through a ring‐like muscle called the esophageal sphincter. This sphincter prevents food from rolling upwards when you lie down or bend your head downward. The stomach is not just a reservoir—it is a working organ. It stores the swallowed food and liquid, mixes up the food, liquid, and digestive juice, then empties its contents slowly into the small intestine. Carbohydrates spend the least amount of time in the stomach while proteins stay longer. Fats however, stay the longest. As food dissolves into the juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, the contents are mixed and pushed by way of peristalsis to allow for further digestion. Finally, after the digested nutrients are absorbed, what is left is considered waste and includes undigested parts of food like fiber, and older cells that have been shed from the mucosa. More water reabsorption occurs in the colon and what is left is expelled as feces.

What Controls the Digestive Process?

Hormones Nerves

The major hormones regulators that control digestion are gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK).

• Gastrin tells the stomach to produce acid for dissolving and digesting some foods.

• Secretin tells the pancreas to send out a digestive juice that is rich in bicarbonate. This neutralizes the acidic stomach contents as food enters the small intestine. Secretin also stimulates the stomach to produce pepsin, which digests protein and stimulates the liver to produce bile.



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• CCK tells the pancreas to produce the pancreatic enzymes and causes the gallbladder to empty.

Nerve regulators also control the action of the digestive system. There are nerves that come from outside the system from the brain or spinal cord. These release two chemicals—acetylcholine and adrenaline. The acetylcholine tells the muscle layers of the digestive organs to squeeze a little harder to push food and juice through the system. Adrenaline has the opposite effect. It relaxes the muscles of the stomach and intestine and decreases the flow of blood to these organs, slowing or stopping digestion. This occurs of course in “fight or flight” mode—no time for digestion when you are running away from a tiger!

There are also intrinsic or inside the system nerves which are embedded in the walls of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon. These are triggered to act when the walls of the organs are stretched by food. They release different substances that speed up or slow down the movement of food and the production of juices.

How Aromatherapy Can Affect the Digestive System

Take a look in your spice drawer and what do you see? You will probably find various spices and herbs that spruce up the flavor of your food and make it more appealing to eat. I bet you will find some cinnamon, ginger, rosemary, oregano, thyme, pepper, and mint among many other exotic flavors from around the world. These delectable flavors affect digestion by encouraging peristalsis, calming spasms, stimulating the production of bile to digest fats, or even kill harmful bacteria. Essential oils can also be produced from these same plants and have a greater effect on the digestive system then in the dried herbal form. Of course the research behind this is all based on taking essential oils internally which by law, aromatherapists cannot advise or prescribe for people to do.



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However, I am of the opinion that the aromatherapist must know how these oils work internally. You can certainly educate your clients as to the research and give testimonials on the efficacy of internal use of oils. Applying essential oils to the skin or inhaling them will have some affect on the digestive system, but only indirectly. Think about it—if we use essential oils in our cooking as flavoring agents, we are taking them internally.

How Essential Oils Can Aid : The Digestive System1

Antibacterials:

Effective against bacteria swallowed in food.

Peppermint, cinnamon bark, lemongrass, thyme CT thymol, oregano, basil, clove, spearmint, rosemary, pepper.

Schnaulbelt writes that the strongly antimicrobial substances of aromatherapy like cinnamic aldehyde, eugenol, and carvacrol are quite effective in cleansing the intestinal tract of pathogenic bacteria.2.

Antiemetics

Oils that help with nausea and/or vomiting.

Cardamom, peppermint, ginger, lavender. Others include clove, fennel, and aniseed.

Analgesic

Substances that relieve or reduce pain.

Black pepper, cinnamon, clove, Eucalyptus globulus, ginger, lemongrass, sweet marjoram, myrrh, peppermint, rosemary ct camphor and cineole.

Antispasmodics:

Relieves spasms, releases tight muscles.

Angelica, bay laurel, German chamomile, Roman chamomile, clary sage, cypress, fennel, ginger, lavender, sweet marjoram, neroli, peppermint, petitgrain, sage, tarragon, nutmeg, melissa, cardamom, basil, rose, sweet orange.



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Carminative

Relieves flatulence or excess gas in the stomach.

Black pepper, cardamom, carrot seed, clove bud, fennel, ginger, peppermint, spearmint.

Detoxifier

Enhances the removal of toxic substances from the body

Carrot seed, cypress, fennel, grapefruit, juniper berry, lemon, rosemary verbenone, thyme thymol, coriander seed, and bay laurel.

Digestive

Substances that aid digestion, serve as a tonic to the digestive system.

Angelica, black pepper, cardamom, carrot seed, fennel, lemon.

Schnaubelt states that complaints of the digestive tract are often an expression of autonomic nervous system imbalances manifesting in enzyme deficiencies. Rosemary verbenone and tarragon have the most pronounced beneficial action on a stressed digestive tract. He adds that an effective synergy to stimulate digestion is cypress, rosemary verbenone, peppermint, and anise seed.3

Nervine (Neurodepressants—calming)

Substances that relax the nervous system and reduce nervous disorders.

Angelica, bergamot, German and Roman chamomile, fennel, frankincense, lavender, mandarin, sweet marjoram, melissa, neroli, sweet orange, petitgrain, rose, rosemary, sage, sandalwood vetiver, ylang ylang.

Appetite Stimulants

Stimulates appetite.

Cardamom lemon, peppermint (also an appetite suppressant), bergamot, fennel, tarragon.

Hepatics

Supports liver function.

Helichrysum, fennel, carrot seed, basil, peppermint, rosemary, lemon.



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Chapter 2

Common Problems of the Digestive System Where Essential Oils Can Help

Both acute and chronic symptoms can develop in the digestive system—normally the aromatherapists only face chronic issues in their practice, but for the sake of education, I will also discuss some acute situations and how essential oils can be of assistance.

Aromatherapy Applications

• Skin application over the abdomen or on soles of the feet either neat or diluted for a massage

• A drop of an essential oil on or under the tongue

• Directly smelling an essential oil to stimulate appetite

• Warm compresses to the abdomen

• Flavoring in food or drink

• Brushing an essential oil through the energy field with your hands

• Taking essential oils internally by way of vegetable capsules or putting in rice or almond milk and drinking it



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Digestive System Problems

Bad Breath (Halitosis)

Bad breath can be a problem if you have poor digestion, food allergies, a high acid system, or bacterial overgrowth from poor oral hygiene or infection.4

Certain foods like onions, garlic, some spices can enter the bloodstream and are carried to the lungs and can affect breath.

Ingesting large amounts of dairy or sugar can yield a yeast‐like odor to the breath. Digestive enzymes might not be activated in time or not at all.

Some respiratory infections like bronchitis or pneumonia, chronic sinus infections, postnasal drip, gastroesophageal acid reflux (GERD), uncontrolled diabetes, liver or kidney problems, excessive alcohol consumption—all can affect breath. In addition, some medications can cause dry mouth or break down and release chemicals that can be carried into the breath. Antidepressants and diuretics are examples of this.

Suggested oils include peppermint, orange, mandarin, or tangerine—place 1‐2 drops on the tongue.

For occasional bad breath, a simple mouthwash is all that is needed. Peppermint is really good for this. Use a drop each of peppermint, spearmint, and anise in a cup of water. Add the oils to a little agave or honey before mixing in the water.

Cinnamon decreases the bacteria in the mouth by 50%!

Drink lots of water and be diligent about mouth care.

Mouth Ulcers

Mouth ulcers, or canker sores can be caused by poor digestion, food allergies, high acid system, vitamin deficiency, immune deficiency, fatigue, hormonal changes, trauma, infections—(bacterial, viral, or fungal), or psychological stress. Other causes include chemotherapy or non steroidal anti‐inflammatory medications.

The above mouthwash can be used several times a day. It is best to avoid high‐acid foods like tomato, coffee, alcoholic beverages, carbonated drinks.

Essential oils include tea tree, chamomile, fennel, geranium, lavender, basil, myrrh, orange, eucalyptus. Dilute as necessary and apply on location. You can add 1‐3



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These are very painful ulcerations that can be on the tongue, inside the cheeks, or gums that last up to two weeks. Valerie Cooksley states that since stress is a major factor in the reoccurrence of canker sores, taking a good stress vitamin high in Vitamin B’s and C is a smart move.5

drops to a half glass of water and use as a mouthwash.

You can also use one drop each of sage and clove and 1‐3 drops of lavender and apply directly on location.

Toothache

Toothache can have multiple causes—everything from tooth decay to gum disease, to infection of the root to trauma.

Clove oil has been used for centuries to anesthetize the pain. Clove contains analgesic properties. Eugenol is used today in most dental offices which is a naturally occurring compound in clove oil.

Other oils include wintergreen, German chamomile, tea tree, cajeput, Purification™, Roman chamomile, Thieves™.

Loss of Appetite

Loss of appetite is usually a temporary problem occurring during an illness like the common cold or flu. It can also be caused by sinus infection, as a side effect to certain medications like chemotherapy, antibiotics, codeine, and morphine. Cancer of the stomach, liver disease, pneumonia, and pregnancy are a few other conditions that can affect appetite. Depression, grief, sadness can also affect us mentally and decrease appetite. A number of nursing homes have discovered that if you diffuse nutmeg throughout the building 15 minutes before meals, it improves appetite in the elderly. As we age past 60, our taste buds and ability to smell begin to lessen. If food does not smell, many are not interested in eating.

Some suggested oils to clear the nasal passages include peppermint, eucalyptus, pine, or cedarwood.

When the problem is a sluggish digestive system in general, any of the spice oils or herb oils may help stimulate the system. The fragrance of nutmeg, cinnamon, or ginger are reminiscent of good things to eat.

Other oils include spearmint, orange, cardamom.

Bergamot and ylang ylang are helpful for depression.



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Food Allergies

Food allergies are acquired—you aren’t born with them. An allergy is the immune system gone wrong. The source that causes the allergy is causing some kind of hyper‐reaction in the body. In the body it will manifest as diarrhea, vomiting, cramps, and if the allergy comes out in the skin—we are looking at rashes and dermatitis. If the allergy comes out in the respiratory system—we might experience wheezing, and labored breathing. If the mouth is involved—swelling of the lips or tongue or itching lips, and the nose—sneezing and congestion.

This is not the same as food sensitivities say to hot spicy foods which give heartburn.

Remedy—CLEANSE, CLEANSE and CLEANSE the colon. The Stanley Burroughs Master Cleanse, Colon hydro therapy, herbal colon cleanse—like ComforTone, intestinal fiber Cleanse—ICP, enzyme cleanse—Essentialzyme, parasite cleanse, heavy metal cleanse, liver cleanse, blood cleanse.5

To support the immune system you can use cypress oil which has been found to stimulate lymphocyte production and thereby boost the immune system.

Thieves™ blend of clove, lemon, cinnamon bark, eucalyptus, and rosemary, counters allergic responses to food allergens. It is highly antiviral, antiseptic, antibacterial, anti‐infectious.

Other oils that have been found to help include aniseed, clove, fennel, German chamomile, ginger, lemongrass, mugwort, peppermint, rosemary, tarragon.

Stomach Cramps

The term “stomach cramps” is really nonspecific and can have multiple causes. They can come from your digestive organs, your aorta, appendix, kidneys, spleen, or can originate from infection elsewhere in your body.

Very painful cramps can be caused by gas passing through your digestive system harmlessly, whereas life‐threatening conditions like colon cancer and early appendicitis can

Rosemary cineole, ginger, basil or peppermint. You could dilute 50‐50 and apply 6‐10 drops over the stomach area. A great proprietary blend is Di‐Gize™ which is a blend of tarragon, ginger, peppermint, juniper, fennel, lemongrass, anise, and patchouli.

Other oils include helichrysum, thyme, blue cypress, ginger,



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produce mild or even no pain.

Most likely, the culprit for sudden onset of stomach cramps is due to what you have just eaten that does not agree with your system.

lavender, and onycha.

You can apply the chosen oil(s) and then place a warm compress over the stomach area.

Another remedy is to add a few drops of Di‐Gize™ to a glass of water and drink it for stomach pains.

Another remedy is to make peppermint or spearmint tea by using 1 drop of essential oil plus 1 tsp of honey and hot water.

Indigestion, Heartburn, and GERD [Gord]

When you eat, millions of tiny pumps in your stomach produce acid that helps you digest food. The main cause of heartburn is the lower esophageal sphincter leading from the esophagus into the stomach. When it doesn’t open and close properly, it may allow the acid in your stomach to flow back up into the esophagus. The acid can then irritate sensitive tissues, which causes the pain.

Certain foods are known to be triggers for heartburn—greasy fries, carbonated drinks, acidic foods like tomatoes, oranges, chocolate, coffee, and mint. Plus—for many, it’s eating late right before laying down for sleep. Other causes can be pregnancy, anxiety, obesity, weak esophageal muscles.

Most people treat their heartburn with antacids. TUMS is the number one antacid in North America.

Persistent heartburn 2 or more days a week could be acid reflux disease (GERD). [In Australia—it is called

Lemon is actually the best remedy for heartburn. Lemon is alkaline and not acid. A few drops of lemon essential oil in water after eating any of the trigger foods, can help neutralize the acid they cause.

Other oils include peppermint, ginger, spearmint, nutmeg, fennel, cumin, orange, grapefruit. Topically you can dilute 50‐50 and apply 6‐10 drops over the stomach area twice daily. OR, put one drop of lemon or one drop of peppermint on your tongue or in a glass of water.

Shirley Price offers this remedy in the form of a lotion to be rubbed just beneath the breast bone:

Acidity‐Regulating Lotion 2 drops each of lemon and peppermint 3 drops of sandalwood ½ oz (15ml) of a carrier lotion7



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GORD (gastric oesphageal reflux disease.] GERD accounts for 41% of cases with chronic cough in nonsmoking patients. If stomach acid reflux backs up into the esophagus and is aspirated to the airways and lungs, it can cause coughing. There is also a significant link between GERD and asthma. 60% of people with asthmas also have GERD compared with 10% of the general population. 8

Nausea and Vomiting

Nausea does not always lead to actual vomiting. However, the causes of nausea are similar to those of vomiting. Vomiting is activated by the vomiting center in the brain, which triggers nerves supplying the stomach and chest muscles. Both nausea and vomiting can have multiple causes.

Gastrointestinal Causes: stomach or intestinal irritation, gastroenteritis, appendicitis, obstruction, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Central Nervous System Causes: Middle or inner ear trauma, labyrinthitis, sensory responses in the brain activated by smell, sight, or emotion, elevated pressure in the brain—tumors, hemorrhage, meningitis; head injury, migraine, psychiatric disorder, chemoreceptor trigger areas that respond to either chemicals produced by the body or to motion sickness.

Metabolic Causes: pregnancy, uremia, alcohol, chemoreceptor trigger areas responding to drugs absorbed by the body.11

Specific EOs with antiemetic properties: cardamom, peppermint, ginger, lavender, Others include clove, fennel, and aniseed, carrot seed, Roman Chamomile, grapefruit, mandarin, rosemary, spearmint.

Peppermint, patchouli, ginger, nutmeg, cardamom or lavender can be diluted 50‐50 and a few drops massaged into the area behind each ear and over the navel every few hours has shown to be effective especially for nausea caused by movement.9

Cardamom is the oldest known oil for treating nausea.

A therapeutic goal in treating nausea or an upset stomach includes: • reduce stress • Improve digestion and absorption • Reduce spasms and gas pains • Address emotional issues that are

either causing or a cause of10



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Gastritis, Stomach Ulcers/ Peptic Ulcers

Deep gastric ulcer

Various resources will tell you that approximately 90% of all stomach ulcers are caused by the helicobacter pylori (bacteria) H. pylori—NOT stress. Lifestyle factors also figure prominently in stomach ulcers. The presence of H. pylori does not necessarily mean that the bacteria actually causes ulcers—rather, it just adds to the severity of the problem, or so we thought. H pylori is now thought to be part of our normal bacterial flora meant to protect us against diseases of the GI system.

The underlying cause of gastritis is free radical damage and oxidative stress. Clinical studies now prove that gastritis and peptic ulcers are caused by a free radical overload. 13

Other causes are many nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) like aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, and many other prescription drugs.

Symptoms of stomach ulcers include gnawing or burning pain in the middle or upper stomach between meals or at night, bloating, abdominal pain, heartburn, anemia, bad breath, chest pain, constipation, diarrhea, gastritis, and nausea and vomiting.

Clove, cinnamon, tea tree, oregano, thyme. These are HOT OILS and are best used diluted in a 50‐50 or 20‐80 dilution before applying over the stomach area.

Other oils that have been used include geranium, bergamot, frankincense, manuka, orange, peppermint.

Another suggestion is to flavor a quart of water with 1 drop of cinnamon bark oil, and sip it all day.12

Antioxidant oils include aniseed, clove, cumin, dill, fennel, frankincense, geranium, myrrh, and thyme.

Gas, Flatulence

Gas can be caused by a lack of digestive enzymes and the consumption of indigestible starches. Everyone passes gas, some more than others. And, the foods that produce gas with odor may be different for every person too.

Some other causes of gas could be

Peppermint, tarragon, nutmeg, aniseed, or fennel. You can dilute 50‐50 and apply 6‐10 drops over the stomach area twice a day. Again, the proprietary blend of Di‐Gize™ is very helpful for the relief of gas.

For abdominal gas cramping, Valerie



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swallowed air, constipation, some medicines or nutritional supplements, some medical conditions like bowel obstruction or Crohn’s disease, and changes in hormone levels.

Gas producing foods include: • Vegetables—artichokes, asparagus,

broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, cucumbers, green peppers, onions, peas, radishes, and raw potatoes, beans and other legumes.

• Fruits—apricots, bananas, melons, peaches, pears, prunes, and raw apples.

• Wheat and wheat bran. • Eggs • Carbonated drinks, fruit drinks,

beer, and red wine. • Fried and fatty foods • Sugar and sugar substitutes • Milk and other dairy products. • Packaged foods that contain

lactose, like breads, cereal, and salad dressing

Cooksley offers this remedy:

1 tsp vegetable oil 1 drop chamomile [Roman] 1 drop coriander; ginger; lavender, or fennel Massage this mixture over the abdominal area in a clockwise direction. Apply a warm compress or hot water bottle or heating pad over the abdomen for additional relief to aid in relaxing the muscular spasms.14

Constipation Women and the elderly are more commonly affected by constipation. It occurs when bowel movements become difficult or less frequent. When waste sits for long periods in the colon, the growth of unfavorable organisms occurs. Certain bacteria convert bile acids to dangerous carcinogens, which in time may

Traditional remedies include ginger, peppermint, fennel, tarragon, rosemary, black pepper, marjoram, sweet orange, or aniseed.15 You can topically dilute 50‐50 and massage 4‐6 drops over the lower abdomen several times daily. A proprietary blend that is helpful is Di‐Gize™.

Here is a recipe offered by Valerie



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contribute to the development of colon and rectal cancer. In addition, unhealthful microorganisms in the lower bowel produce toxic metabolite wastes that damage tissues and poison important body enzyme systems.

Symptoms of constipation include: • Straining during a bowel

movement more than 25% of the time

• Hard stools more than 25% of the time

• Incomplete evacuation more than 25% of the time

• Two or fewer bowel movements in a week.

Common Causes: • Inadequate water intake • Inadequate fiber in the diet • A disruption of regular diet or

routine; traveling • Inadequate activity or exercise or

immobility • Eating large amounts of dairy

products • Stress • Resisting the urge to have a bowel

movement • Overuse of laxatives • Hypothyroidism • Neurological conditions like

Parkinson’s or MS • Antacid medicines containing

calcium or aluminum • Medicines, especially pain meds • Depression • Eating disorders • Irritable bowel syndrome • Pregnancy • Colon cancer Many believe that the seed of chronic inflammation starts with the gut. Toxic bowel build‐up becomes even more

Cooksley.

2 tbls vegetable oil 7 drops rosemary 5 drops fennel Mix well and put in a small amber bottle, then massage a small amount to the lower abdomen and sacrum area on a daily basis.16

Shutes and Weaver have found a massage blend to be helpful in a full body massage to address constipation and stress.

This creates a 3% dilution: Apricot kernel carrier oil 3 drops fennel 4 drops cardamom 4 drops lemon 7 drops lavender17 Other oils they recommend include angelica, cardamom, carrot seed, black pepper, clary sage, fennel, ginger, grapefruit, juniper berry, lavender, mandarin, sweet orange, peppermint, petitgrain, and spearmint. Dr. Jane Buckle suggests the following oils are effective for constipation: black pepper, ginger, fennel, marjoram, and grapefruit.18 Cleansing can cause rapid release of toxins which may set off immune chemicals that actually trigger inflammation. This is why drastic cleansing has a tendency to produce what is referred to as a “healing crisis,” which involves flu‐like symptoms of fever, headache, and achiness.



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detrimental if the intestinal mucosa becomes irritated and damaged by bad bacteria. Undigested proteins and waste seep into the blood stream creating a condition referred to as “leaky gut” syndrome. This turns on a hyper‐immune or autoimmune response. The result can be as mild as an allergy or as severe as lupus.19

Cleansing Steps Stop eating foods loaded with artificial colors, preservatives, and highly refined foods. Eat good bacteria—probiotics Eat more fiber Exercise Decrease stress Supplements—probiotics, omega 3’s, longevity capsules, NingZia Red, essential enzymes. Essential oils to help rebuild your system include: German chamomile, ginger, rosemary, oregano, clove, and the proprietary blends—Di‐Gize™, JuvaCleanse™, JuvaFlex™.20

Diarrhea

Diarrhea is sometimes accompanied by nausea. It may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. It can also be a result of a change in diet or intense emotions like anxiety or fear. On‐going stress can also disrupt the digestive process, causing a chronic form of this condition to develop.

Caution: Acute attacks of diarrhea accompanied by severe vomiting may be a sign of serious food poisoning and medical help should be sought.

Cinnamon bark, oregano or a combination of both to address a broad range of pathogenic bacteria. Schnaubelt states that their internal application is usually safe and effective, provided they are used in the appropriately small dosage of one drop per application.21 Cypress oil may also be used to slow down a case of diarrhea.

Shirley Price suggests useful oils that are drying and astringent such as cypress, juniper berry, geranium, and lemon, while sandalwood is soothing. Peppermint and Roman chamomile are good anti‐spasmodics, while tea tree has useful bactericidal properties.

Sandalwood, Roman chamomile, and geranium are also relaxing oils and therefore can be helpful where stress is known to be a contributing factor.22



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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Spastic Colon or Colitis)

IBS is the most common problem of the digestive system in Western countries. It affects 10‐20% of adults with a majority being women. It goes by lots of names—nervous indigestion, irritable colon, spastic colon, spastic colitis, or mucous colitis. IBS is not the same as inflammatory bowel disease like ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The structure of the bowel is not abnormal in IBS.

Stress is by far the most significant trigger with IBS, so any essential oils that calm and restore parasympathetic functioning are the most important treatment.

Symptoms include: • Abdominal pain or discomfort • Bloating and gas • Mucus in the stool • Constipation • Diarrhea especially after eating or

first thing in the morning • Feeling like you still need to have a

bowel movement after you’ve had one

Other problems that may accompany IBS include: • Anxiety or depression • Fatigue • Headache • Unpleasant taste in the mouth • Backache • Sleeping problems

Peppermint, aniseed, fennel, or tarragon. Topically dilute 50‐50 and massage 4‐6 drops over the lower abdomen area several times daily.

You can stop spasms in the GI tract with peppermint oil. Fennel and spearmint will have a similar effect. Basil is useful, both for its strengthening effects on the nervous system and as an antispasmodic. Tarragon has significant antispasmodic effects and Roman chamomile is frequently used for IBS with good results.

Valerie Cooksley offers a Colitis Relief Lotion 4 oz unscented body lotion or vegetable oil 30 drops lavender 10 drops ylang ylang 5 drops bergamot 3 drops chamomile [Roman] Apply daily to the lower half of the abdomen area with gentle massage.23

Ingrid Martin offers another blend: 3 drops Roman chamomile 5 drops tarragon 6 drops lavender 6 drops cardamom 4 drops sweet orange Mix in a 4% dilution using a carrier oil of choice To increase energy and stamina, she offers another neat blend to be put on a washcloth and used on the body in the morning shower: 40 drops black spruce 8 drops peppermint 20 drops rosemary24



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• Sexual problems like pain during sex or reduced sexual desire

• Heart palpitations • Urinary symptoms of frequency The goal in irritable bowel syndrome is to: • reduce stress • reduce spasms and gas pains • stimulate peristalsis movement • aid elimination • address emotional issues that are

either causing or a cause of Tips on controlling IBS • Eat a varied healthy diet and avoid

foods high in fat • Drink plenty of water • Try eating 6 small meals a day

rather than 3 large ones • Learn new and better ways to deal

with stress • Avoid using laxatives

Shutes and Weaver suggest the following list of oils for treating IBS:

Bergamot, black pepper, cardamom, carrot seed, clary sage, fennel, ginger, grapefruit, juniper berry, lavender, mandarin, neroli, sweet orange, peppermint, petitgrain, spearmint.25

Ulcerative Colitis Ulcerative colitis is a form of inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic inflammation of the cells that line the rectum and colon. It can lead to sores or ulcers which may bleed and interfere with digestion. The cause is yet unknown although stress and certain foods can trigger symptoms.

Risk factors include a family history of ulcerative colitis, or Jewish ancestry. Stress is not seen as the cause of ulcerative colitis but it definitely aggravates the symptoms.

Peppermint, spearmint, tarragon, aniseed, or fennel. Topically dilute 50‐50 and massage 4‐6 drops over lower abdomen area several times daily.

Any essential oils that calm the autonomic nervous system will be helpful. Since this is an inflammatory problem, oils like German chamomile, yarrow, helichrysum, lavender, and turmeric which are both calming and anti‐inflammatory, may be helpful.

Spearmint, tarragon, peppermint, anise, fennel or the blend Di‐Gize™ can be inhaled several times a day, or topically apply 4‐6 drops of a 50‐50 blend massaged over the lower abdomen or soles of the feet several



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Symptoms include: • Abdominal pain and cramping • Abdominal sounds—gurgling or

splashing • Blood and pus in the stools • Diarrhea from only a few episodes

to very often • Fever • Rectal pain • Weight loss Other symptoms that may occur with ulcerative colitis include: • GI bleeding • Joint pain and swelling • Mouth sores • Nausea and vomiting • Skin lumps or ulcers

times daily, or 1‐3 drops of an oil ingested in a 00 capsule or mixed with almond milk, rice milk, honey, agave, or Yukon syrup.

Focus of treatment will be on stress reduction.

Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s is another form of inflammatory bowel disease that is more serious than ulcerative colitis and forms ulcers that are deeper than the lining of the bowel. It actually can occur in various places throughout the digestive tract, so symptoms may occur anywhere from the small intestine to the mouth.

Symptoms include frequent, foul‐smelling, and soft stools due to an infectious syndrome of the intestinal mucosa and a resulting imbalance in intestinal flora.

Peppermint or nutmeg. Topically dilute 50‐50 and massage 4‐6 drops over the lower abdomen area several times daily.

For further suggestions, see above for ulcerative colitis.



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According to Dr. Schnaubelt, both skin and oral applications can improve these symptoms and lead to equilibrium in the colon. Response to essential oils is very slow but can help to maintain the status quo until the person makes lifestyle improvement.26

Liver Congestion

The liver is one of the most important organs in the body. The main function is to remove toxins from the body, which can include varied chemical as well as physiological substances. When the liver is overloaded with work, then it can face problems in clearing toxins from the body, resulting in congestion. Cleansing a liver should be an everyday process. The liver is one organ that has the capacity to rejuvenate itself if given enough time.

Food for thought: Over 3,000 chemicals are added to our foods, and another 10,000 chemical solvents and preservatives are used in food processing. There are more than 12,000 artificial additives found in common foods and over 700 different chemicals used to “purify” our drinking water. Artificial and refined sugars and poor trans fats are

For detoxifying the liver: helichrysum, ledum and celery. Helichrysum dilates the liver ducts and facilitates the release of toxins and poisons from the system.

Rose oil has been suggested by some for liver congestion.

Celery seed oil is a hepatic stimulant and one of the best oils for natural liver cleansing.

The proprietary blend GLF™ was formulated with specific oils to help encourage proper functioning of the gallbladder and the liver. It contains grapefruit, helichrysum, celery seed, ledum, hyssop, and spearmint. It can be rubbed over the liver area, diluted in a 50‐50 vegetable oil.

The proprietary blend Juva Cleanse™ is another blend



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consumed at an alarming rate—160 pounds per person per year in the U.S.

Symptoms of a congested liver: • Fatigue • Vascular disease • Allergies • Chronic indigestion • Neck and back tension • Menstrual problems • Muscular pain • Spasms • Cramps • Dizziness • Pulsating headaches • Nervous system disorders • Insomnia • Emotional problems like anger,

frustration, depression, moodiness, etc.

Two main Causes: 1. Liver is unable to detoxify waste in

a proper manner—results in increase of toxins and waste in the blood—contaminates the body environment. Can lead to skin and respiratory problems and wt gain.

2. Presence of excess carbohydrates in the diet. Liver is responsible for carbohydrate metabolism and for maintaining normal blood glucose levels.

Cleansing tune‐up is a must! It should include a colon cleansing as well which is recommended as a beginning protocol for many severe, degenerative diseases.27

specifically to cleanse and detoxify the liver. It contains helichrysum, ledum and celery seed.

The proprietary blend JuvaFlex™ is yet another blend specifically for cleansing the liver and building a stronger system. It contains fennel, geranium, rosemary cineol, Roman chamomile, blue tansy, and helichrysum. This blend may help to break addictions to substances such as coffee, alcohol, tobacco. It works more specifically on the gallbladder and bile ducts.



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Gallbladder Disease

Chronic gallbladder disease involves the formation of gallstones and mild inflammation. Symptoms include:

• Gas, nausea, and abdominal discomfort after meals

• Chronic diarrhea

A gallbladder attack is pain that comes from a stone making its way down the biliary duct or bile tube toward the duodenum of the small intestine. It can be caused by a back‐up of bile in the gallbladder with or without stones as well that causes it to swell from fullness. Or, it can come from an infected gallbladder itself.

A traditional gallbladder flush: Beginning in the morning, eat only organic apples, at least 5 throughout the day. Green apples help soften the stones more than red. Drink pure water and herbal teas. At bedtime, warm up 2/3 cup of olive oil to body temperature and mix in 1/3 cup of fresh lemon juice. Slowly sip the entire mixture, and then immediately go to bed. Lie on your right side with your right leg drawn up. In the morning, all gallstones should pass in the stool.28

GLF™, a proprietary blend is a great gallbladder/liver flush. It is formulated with oils that help to cleanse and restore liver and gallbladder function when taken in capsules as a dietary supplement. It contains grapefruit, helichrysum, celery seed, ledum, hyssop, and spearmint.

Grapefruit is decongesting and fat‐dissolving.

Helichrysum stimulates liver cell function and removes plaque from veins and arteries.

Celery seed is a liver cleanser.

Ledum has been shown in studies to strengthen the liver and improve bile function.

Hyssop is a decongestant that is also anti‐inflammatory, antiparasitic and anti‐infectious.

Spearmint is antispasmodic, anti‐infectious, antiparasitic, antiseptic, and anti‐inflammatory.

Hemorrhoids Hemorrhoids are painful, swollen varicose veins in the lower portion of the rectum or anus. They are very common, especially during pregnancy and after childbirth. They result from increased pressure in the veins of the anus and can vary from pea size to large clusters and be either internal or external. Hemorrhoids can cause itching, pain, and bleeding. Most

In treating hemorrhoids you will want to first shrink and tone the swollen varicosities with an astringent. This will help with the pain, swelling, and itching.

Valerie Cooksley offers a wonderful formula for creating soothing Wipes.



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commonly caused by:

• Straining during bowel movements• Constipation • Sitting for long periods of time • Anal infections • Certain diseases like liver cirrhosis

8 oz distilled Witch Hazel 5 drops cypress 5 drops lavender 1‐2 tbs Aloe vera gel Shake all ingredients well and pour on a cotton pad and gently pat the affected area. Use 100% cotton pads—they are less irritating. She suggests making up these pads ahead of time and storing them in zip‐lock bags in the refrigerator.29

Juniper and lavender have also proven to be effective against hemorrhoids especially when combined in a mixture. Use 22 drops of each in a dispersing agent for the tub. Make sure the water is warm not hot. Or, use less oil for a sitz bath.

Other oils that may help include cypress, clary sage, patchouli, peppermint, sandalwood, basil, frankincense, helichrysum, myrrh.

Hint: always dilute if applying the oils directly to a hemorrhoid!



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Footnotes

1This information was gathered from a number of resources including Jade Shutes, Christina Weaver, Aromatherapy for Bodyworkers, p. 232; Vicki Pitman, Aromatherapy, A Practical Approach, p. 188; Connie and Alan Higley, Reference Guide for Essential Oils, 2012 edition. 2Kurt Schnaubelt, Medical Aromatherapy, Healing with Essential Oils, p. 235. 3Schnaubelt, Ibid., p. 235‐236. 4Valerie Gennari Cooksley, Aromatherapy, Soothing Remedies to Restore, Rejuvenate, and Heal, p. 27. 5Linda Smith, “Under your Skin—Food Allergies and Sensitivities,” ISHA Teleseminar, April 1, 2009. 6Cooksley, Ibid., p. 31. 7Shirley Price, Aromatherapy for Common Ailments, p.65. 8Claramae Weber, “Getting Out of the Fast Lane—Indigestion, Heartburn, GERD, Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers.” ISHA teleseminar, August 5, 2009. 9Jane Buckle, Clinical Aromatherapy, Essential oils in Practice, 2nd edition, pp. 209‐210. 10Jade Shutes, Christina Weaver, Aromatherapy for Bodyworkers, p. 234. 11Buckle, Ibid., p. 208. 12Connie and Alan Higley, Reference Guide for Essential Oils, 2012 edition, p. 508. 13Weber, Ibid. 14Cooksley, Ibid., p. 46. 15Ingrid Martin, Aromatherapy for Massage Practitioners, p. 276. 16Cooksley, Ibid., p. 54. 17Shutes and Weaver, Ibid, p. 233. 18Buckle, Ibid, p. 267. 19Debra Reis, “Holiday Tune‐Ups—Detoxing and Rebuilding your System for a New Year,” ISHA teleseminar, December 15, 2010. 20Reis, Ibid. 21Schnaubelt, Ibid., p. 236. 22Price, Ibid., p. 65. 23Cooksley, Ibid., p. 52. 24Martin, Ibid., p. 275. 25Martin, Ibid., p. 233. 26Schnaubelt, Ibid., p. 238. 27Reis, Ibid. 28Linda Smith, “Are you ‘Stoned?’ the Gallbladder Blues.” ISHA teleseminar, March 31, 2010. 29Cooksley, Ibid., p. 59.



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Bibliography

Buckle, Jane. Clinical Aromatherapy. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2003. Cooksley, Valerie Gennari. Aromatherapy, Soothing Remedies to Restore, Rejuvenate, and Heal. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press, 2002. Martin, Ingrid. Aromatherapy for Massage Therapists. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2007. Pitman, Vicki. Aromatherapy, A Practical Approach. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes Ltd., 2004. Price, Shirley, Aromatherapy for Common Ailments. New York: Fireside, Simon and Schuster, 1991. Schnaubelt, Kurt. Medical Aromatherapy, Healing with Essential Oils. Berkeley, CA: Frog, Itd, 1999.

Shutes, Jade, and Christina Weaver. Aromatherapy for Bodyworkers. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, Prentice Hall, 2008. The Following Teleseminars Were Also used as References: Reis, Debra. “Holiday Tune‐Ups—Detoxing and Rebuilding your System for a New Year,” ISHA teleseminar, December 15, 2010. Smith, Linda. “Are you ‘Stoned?’ the Gallbladder Blues.” ISHA teleseminar, March 31, 2010. Smith, linda. “A Gutsy Question—Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS),” ISHA Teleseminar, October 14, 2009 Weber, Claramae. “Getting Out of the Fast Lane—Indigestion, Heartburn, GERD, Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers.” ISHA teleseminar, August 5, 2009.

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