ESLEnglishasaSecondLanguage

GrammarIntermediate&Advanced

MaryEllenMuñozPage

Research&EducationAssociationVisitourwebsiteatwww.rea.com

http://www.rea.com

At REA we’re committed to producing books in an Earth-friendly manner and to helping our customers make greenerchoices.

Manufacturing books in theUnitedStates ensures compliancewith strict environmental laws and eliminates the need forinternationalfreightshipping,amajorcontributortoglobalairpollution.

Andprintingonrecycledpaperhelpsminimizeourconsumptionoftrees,waterandfossilfuels.Thisbookwasprintedonpaper made with 10% post-consumer waste. According to Environmental Defense’s Paper Calculator, by using thisinnovativepaperinsteadofconventionalpapers,weachievedthefollowingenvironmentalbenefits:

TreesSaved:10•AirEmissionsEliminated:2,110poundsWaterSaved:1,921gallons•SolidWasteEliminated:622pounds

Formoreinformationonourenvironmentalpractices,pleasevisitusonlineatwww.rea.com/green

Research&EducationAssociation61EthelRoadWestPiscataway,NewJersey08854E-mail:info@rea.com

ESLGrammar:IntermediateandAdvanced

Published2011

Copyright©2007byResearch&EducationAssociation,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformwithoutpermissionofthepublisher.

PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica

LibraryofCongressControlNumber2006923970

ISBN-13:978-0-7386-0101-4

http://www.rea.com/greenmailto:info@rea.com

ISBN-10:0-7386-0101-2

TOEFL®andTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage™aretrademarksofEducationalTestingService(ETS),whichdoesnotendorsethisbook.

REA®isaregisteredtrademarkofResearch&EducationAssociation,Inc.

AboutResearch&EducationAssociationFounded in 1959, Research & Education Association is dedicated to

publishing the finest and most effective educational materials—includingsoftware, study guides, and test preps—for students in middle school, highschool, graduate school, and beyond. Today, REA’s wide-ranging catalog is aleadingresourceforteachers,students,andprofessionals.

Weinviteyoutovisitusatwww.rea.comtofindouthow“REAismakingtheworldsmarter.”

AboutThisBookOpenanewworldofopportunitybymasteringtheEnglishlanguage.ESL

Grammar:IntermediateandAdvanced is trulyforeveryone,whether inschoolor on the job. This comprehensive and challenging guide serves as an idealsupplement to textbooks, languagecourses, andmostother studyaids and testpreparationbooks.ButwithitsthoroughcoverageofEnglishgrammar,easy-to-followexercises,glossary,andcompleteanswerkey, thisbookcanbeusedbyitselfwithconfidence.

TheabilitytowriteandspeakEnglisheffectivelyisnecessaryforsuccessinany study area,whether it beEnglish, science,mathematics, or social studies.Therefore,moststandardizedschoolandvocationaltests—aswellastheTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage,orTOEFL—requirethatstudentsdemonstrateacommand of the English language, which is whywe have included a helpfulguidetonotetaking,studying,andtesttaking.

English writing and speaking skills are invaluable for getting a job andadvancing in your chosen career. Employers (and their clients) often judgeemployees according to their ability to communicate effectively and in aproductiveway.Thisbook—aswellasREA’scompanionvolume,ESLWriting:Intermediate and Advanced—can help you take command of the English

http://www.rea.com

languageandexpressyourselfwithprecision…andsuccess.

HowtoUseThisBookThisbookisoneofthemoststraightforwardstudyguidesyouwillfind.As

you can see from the table of contents, all aspects of English grammar areeffectivelycovered.Eachsectioncontainsclearexplanations,simpleexamples,andampleexercisesforyoutopracticeandlearn.Theanswerkeyatthebackofthe book is an ideal reference bywhichyou can judge your progress, and theglossary stands ready to clear up any uncertainties about terms and theirmeanings.

REA wishes you all the best on your climb up the ladder to English-languagemastery—andthesuccessthatyouwillenjoyinworkandinlife!

AbouttheAuthorMary Ellen Muñoz Page is a former Bilingual Training Specialist and

Spanish professor at the University of Florida in Gainesville. She received aB.A. inSpanish andhistory andanM.A. inSpanish,both fromCaseWesternReserve University, in Cleveland, Ohio. As a professor, Ms. Muñoz Pagereceivedthree“VoyagesofDiscovery”mini-grantstodevelopculturalmoduleson Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Spain.Ms.Muñoz Page is also the author ofbooks for the TOEFL Test (Test of English as a Foreign Language) and theESOL Examination (English for Speakers of Other Languages). She wasselectedforWho’sWhoAmongAmericanTeachersin1996and1998.

AuthorAcknowledgmentsThisbookislovinglydedicatedtomymother,EdnaI.Schmidt,whoalways

madesurethatIusedpropergrammar.ToallmyESLstudentswhoseunceasingquestionsprompted thewritingof thismanual, I givemy thanks.ToMaureenJennings,forherhelpinthefinalassemblyofthisbook,myundyinggratitude.

REAAcknowledgmentsInadditiontotheauthor,wewouldliketothankStevenM.Gras,technical

reviewer;LarryB.Kling,VicePresident,Editorial,forsupervisingdevelopment;PamWeston, Vice President, Publishing, for setting the quality standards forproduction integrity and managing the publication to completion; AnneWinthrop Esposito and Diane Goldschmidt, Senior Editors, for projectmanagement and preflight editorial review and post-production qualityassurance; Christine Saul, Senior Graphic Artist, for cover design; and JeffLoBalbo, Senior Graphic Artist, for postproduction file mapping. We alsogratefullyacknowledge the teamatAquentPublishingServices for typesettingthemanuscript.

Contents

Part1–IntermediateGrammar

Chapter1–PronounsSubjectPronounsReflexivePronounsRelativePronounsImpersonalSubjectsItandThere

Chapter2–AdjectivesPossessiveAdjectivesBeforeGerundsSomeandAnyComparisonofAdjectives

Chapter3–AdverbsFrequencyAdverbsYet,Still,Already,Never,Ever

Chapter4–Prepositions

Chapter5–Conjunctions

Chapter6–VerbsAuxiliaryVerbsUsingAuxiliaryVerbsPastTenseAgoProgressiveTenses

PresentandPresentProgressiveInfinitivesLinkingVerbsUsingAdjectiveswithLinkingVerbsDoandMakeAffirmativeandNegativeCommandsNegativeCommandsUsedTo•BeUsedTo•GetUsedTo’sand’dContractions

Part2–AdvancedGrammar

Chapter7–PronounsPossessivePronounsTransformationofDirectandIndirectObjectsReciprocalPronounsWho,Whom,Whoever,andWhomeverPronounReferenceOtherandItsForms

Chapter8–AdjectivesAdjectivesEndingin-lyNounsasAdjectivesParticiplesasAdjectivesComparisonsofAdjectivesSequenceofAdjectivesasNounModifiers

Chapter9–Conjunctions

Chapter10–VerbsPerfectTensesPastandPresentPerfectSimplePastandPresentPerfectPastandPastPerfectPresentPerfectProgressivePastandPastProgressive

VerbsFollowedbyInfinitivesVerbsFollowedbyGerundsTroublesomeVerbsConditionalTensesUnlessPossibilityandProbabilitySubject/VerbAgreementIrregularPluralsProblemswithPrepositionalPhrasesActiveandPassiveVoiceSubjunctiveSayandTellSequenceofTenses

Chapter11–Test-TakingTechniquesTestTypesNote-TakingSkillsWaystoImproveYourStudySkillsHowtoPreviewInformationHowtoPrepareforTests

Glossary

Appendices

AppendixA–UseofArticlesA,An,andTheAandAnThe

AppendixB–VocabularyHelp

AppendixC–PluralConceptsNon-countNounsFormingPlurals

AppendixD–WordPhraseswithPrepositions

AppendixE–IrregularVerbs

AnswerKeys

PARTIESL

IntermediateGrammar

IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER1Pronouns

Chapter1

PRONOUNS

Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns and all their modifiers.They can be subjects, direct and indirect objects, interrogatives, impersonals,objects of prepositions, reflexives, demonstratives, possessives, and relatives.Thischartwillhelpyoukeepthemintheproperorder.

SUBJECTPRONOUNS

Pronounscanbesubjectsandperformaction.Herearethepronounsusedassubjects:

Usesubjectpronounsforthefollowing:

a.Asthesubjectoftheverb

Hewritesmusic. Shesingswell.

b.Afterthanorasincomparison

Hepaintsbetterthanshe. Iamastallashe.

c.Afteraformoftheverbbe

Itisl. Thewinnerwasshe.

In(b)ifyourepeattheverb,youcanseethatyoumustusethesubjectform.

Hepaintsbetterthanshe(paints). Iamastallashe(is).

Pronounscanbeobjects(receivers):direct,indirect,objectofapreposition:

me us

you you

him,her,it them

a.Khansawherlastnightinclass.(directobject)

b. Give the money to them immediately. Give them the money

immediately.(indirectobject)

c.Samboughtforusdinnerbecausewewereworkingsolate.(objectofapreposition)

Wheneverthereisacompoundforminaprepositionalphrase,coveruptheother noun and the word and, and then decide whether you need subject orobjectpronouns.

GivethebookstoJaneand .GiveJaneandherthebooks.

BycoveringupJaneand,youseethatthepronounisusedastheobjectoftheprepositionto,andherwouldbetheobjectform.

Patand sawthemovielastnight.

By covering up Pat and, you see that the pronoun is the subject form;therefore,Iisthecorrectform.

EXERCISE1Circle the correct form of the pronoun.When you have finished, checkyouranswerswiththeanswerkeyinthebackofthebook.

Example:Youand(he,him)willrepresenttheclassatthemeeting.

Answer:Youand him)willrepresenttheclassatthemeeting.

1.(She,Her)andPaulareplanningonattendingtheconcert.

2.(We,Us)girlsinsistonbeingadmittedtotheclub.

3.OurteachergavetheextracredittoMelanieand(I,me).

4.Noonesawhimand(she,her)togetheratthegame.

5.Howmanyticketsdidyoubuyfor(we,us)?

6.Ihavetosee(they,them)beforetheofficecloses.

7.(He,Him)travelstoSanDiegoeveryspring.

8.Findtheboss’sfileandhanditto(him,he).

9.Theboyschallenged(we,us)girlstoatestofstrength.(We,Us)won,ofcourse.

10.Whenwillthedirectorpresenttheawardto(she,her)?

11.Ihopethat(she,her)acceptsthatnewjobinOrlando.

12.Someonetold(we,us)thatanewstorewouldbeopeningheresoon.

13.Whatdo(they,them)plantodoabouttheentertainmentfortheparty?

14.Willyoupleasehelp(he,him)unloadthepackages?

15.Howmanybookswillhedeliverto(she,her)?

16.CallovesMyriam,andhedreamedabout(she,her)allnightlong.

17.Nooneseemstoknowwhere(they,them)wentafterlunch.

18.Mysisterand(I,me)traveledthroughtheOrientlastyear.

19.Can(he,him)playtennisaswellas(they,them)?

20.John’sfatherearnsmorethan(he,him).

EXERCISE2Circlethecorrectpronoun.

Example:Mothergave(us,we)themoneytobuysomemilk.

Answer:Mothergave we)themoneytobuysomemilk.

1.(Him,He)andIwenttoseeahorrormovielastnight.

2.Theteacherencouraged(we,us)studentstowatchtheplay.

3.Noonetook(she,her)and(I,me)seriouslywhenwetoldthestory.

4.ManyfanslovedBabeRuthandwenttosee(he,him)playball.

5.(Who,Whom)isDaveinvitingtothedance?

6.Theyareconcernedabout(we,us)becausewehaven’tcalled.

7.Mysistergave(they,them)thestampsfortheircollection.

8.Wesand(I,me)aretakingacruisetotheBahamas.

9.Youand(he,him)arewelcometojoinusattheclub.

10.ThedirectorgaveJilland(I,me)thescholarships.

11.Lauraandherbrotheraretakingatripwith(we,us)nextsummer.

12.Everybodywants(they,them)towinthechampionship.

13.Howmanypamphletsdo(they,them)need?

14.Willtherebeenoughfoodforallof(we,us)?

15.OnceKathyreceivesthecheck,(she,her)willpaythebills.

16.Samtook(I,me)totheconferenceinhisnewcar.

17.Sue’shusbandisgoingwith(she,her)toToronto.

18.Rafaeland(I,me)wereselectedasdelegatestotheconvention.

19.(I,me)amacceptingtheposition,andthisdisturbsmyparents.

20.Theboy(who,whom)iswearingthegreenshirtismycousin.

REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS

Pronounscan functionasreflexiveswhen thesubjectperforms theactiononhim/herself.TheformshisselfandtheirselvesDONOTEXIST.Herearethereflexivepronouns:

Singular Pluralmyself ourselves

yourself yourselves

himself themselves

herself

itself

oneself

IwritemyselfnotestohelpmerememberthingsthatIhavetodo.

Wewashourselvesbeforegoingtobed.

EXERCISE3Useareflexivepronounforeachsentence.

Example:Thechilddressedhimselfwelldespitehisage.

1.Nancy,youneedtoprotect______________fromthesun.

2.Tomhurt______________skiinglastyear.

3.Wesaw______________inthosecrazycostumesandcouldn’tstoplaughing.

4.VictorandAbbasareworkingtwojobstoput__________throughcollege.

5.Theflyingobjectturned__________aroundanddisappearedinthenight.

6.Ibought__________somenewclotheslastweek.

7.Susanacalls__________“doctor”eventhoughshehasn’tgraduatedyet.

8.HarryandSam,find__________aplacetosit,andI’llberightwithyou.

9.Janetcut__________whileshewasfixingherbicycle.

10.Eachstudenthastoteach__________howtostudywell.

EXERCISE4Circlethecorrectpronounorpossessive.

Example:Youneed toask (you,yourself)whatyourgoalsarebeforeyoubegin.

Answer:Give(he, thecheckassoonaspossible.

1.(We,Us)skierswillbeleavingforthemountainsnextweek.

2.Raulisastallas(I,me).

3.Sandyhurt(hisself,himself)whilerepairingthecar.

4.Jasonisluckythatthebaseballdidn’thit(he,him).

5.Mydaughterisolderthan(your,yours).

6.Theyareexpectedtodotheworkby(theirselves,themselves).

7.Hisbookisinteresting.(My,Mine)isboring.

8.Nancytaught(hers,herself)toplaythepiano.

9.Wehaven’tseen(they,them)sincetheyvisitedlastyear.

10.Presenttheawardstohimand(she,her).

11.Josepaintsaswellas(they,them).

12.Don’tgetup!It’sonly(I,me).

13.Weneedtogive(us,ourselves)arestfromthisjob.

RELATIVEPRONOUNS

Relativepronounsrelatetotheword(s)thatprecedesthem.Theyintroduceadependentrelativeclause(aclausethatbyitselfdoesnotconveyacompleteidea).Thisclauseusuallyeliminatestherepetitionofthesameword(s)andusesoneofthefollowingpronounstoconnectthetwoclauses:

Usedonlyforpersons Usedonlyforthingswho that

whom which

whose(otherlivingthings)

Whoandwhomreferonlytopersons.Whoisthesubject(performer)oftheactionoftheverb.

Who functions as a subject in its clause (who iswaving tous) (whowillreplace Joan) and refers to the girl (singer). These clauses do not convey acompleteidea.

Whomistheobject(receiver)oftheaction.(SeeadetailedexplanationonwhoandwhominthePart2:ESLAdvancedGrammar.)

Whom is thesecondreceiverof theactionshouldaddress (guestspeaker=towhom)

Whoseshowspossessionandusuallyreferstopeopleorotherlivingthings.

Thatandwhichareusedwiththings.IninformalEnglishthatmayalsobeusedwithpersons.Thatclausesarevitaltothesentenceandareneversetoffbycommas.

Whichclausesarenotalwaysabsolutelynecessary to thesentence.Whentheydonotlimitthemeaningofthemainclause,theyaresetapartbycommas.

(Whichwasdeliveredyesterdayisnotvitaltothesentence.)

(Whether the county is large or small, it doesn’t change itslocation.ThisinformationisnotvitaltothefactthatMonacoisneartheSouthofFrance.)

Whenyoucombinetwoindependentsentences,youwillhavetwoclauses,eachcontainingasubjectandaverb.Therelativepronounwillconnectthetwoclausesandkeepthespeakerorwriterfromrepeatingthesamewords.

Teri sent money to her son. Her son’s house was damaged by thehurricane.

EXERCISE5Combine each sentence by using a relative pronoun and eliminate therepeatedwords.Usewho,whom,whose,which,andthat.

Example:Omarmetateacher.TheteacherspokeArabic.

Answer:OmarmetateacherwhospokeArabic.

1.Imetanactor.Theactor’spicturewonanoscar.

2.Weboughtahouse.Thehousecostus$150,000.

3.Sallyintroducedmetoherboyfriend.Herboyfriendisacivilengineer.

4.Maureenboughtadress.Thedresscost$45.Shehadtoreturnit.

5.JakegaveIsabelaring.Theringhaddiamondsandrubies.

6.Mrs.Duncanistalkingtoherstudents.Thestudents’projectsaredueonFriday.

7.Normanliveswithhissister.Hissisterisanurse.

8.Thesoldierswereinjuredincombat.Thepresidentisawardingmedalstothesoldiers.

9.Mr.Franklingradedthetests.WetookthetestsonFriday.

10.Thedirectorknowsthecandidate.Thecandidatewaschosentobethemanager.

EXERCISE6UsingformalEnglish,circlethecorrectpronouninthesesentences.

1.Wehaveapackagefortheman(who,which)stoppedbytoday.

2.Imettheauthor(who,whose)bookisonthebest-sellerlist.

3.Areyousurethatthebook(that,which)hasalltheartpicturesisforthisclass?

4.Thatyoungman(who,whom)youmetseemsverynice.

5.I’llbewritingtothedirector(who,whom)yousawMonday.

6.Willyoubepresentingtheslides(that,which)youtookinCanadalastsummer?

7.Thesteaks,(that,which)mybrothergaveus,aredelicious.

8.Thefish(that,which)Lonniecaughtisabigbass.

9.Theincometax(that,which)hepaidlastyearisaccurate.

10.Myfriend(who,whose)fatherisadentistwantstobeanartist.

11.Henryfinallyfoundhiswallet,(that,which)helost.

12.JuanValdez’scoffee,(that,which)comesfromColombia,tastesthebestofall.

IMPERSONALSUBJECTSITANDTHERE

Whilethewordthereisnotusuallyviewedasasubject,itaccompaniestheverbbetoshowtheexistenceofsomething.Therealsubjectalwaysfollowstheverbanddetermineswhetherthatverbshouldbesingularorplural.

Affirmative:THERE+BE+subject

Therearemanymoreemptydesksintheclassroom.

Thereisamessageinyourmailbox.

Negative:THERE+BE+ +subject

Thereisnotimetowasteonsuchfoolishness.

Therearen’tanycookiesontheplate.

Hastherebeenanyrainherelately?

Aretheremorepaperstograde?

Howmanystoresarethereinthemall?

Howmuchspaceisthereleftinthegarage?

NOTEBecarefulwhenyouhavetwosingularsubjectsjoinedbythe

conjunctionand.Thiswillrequireapluralverb.

Thereareavaseandtwodollsonthedresser.

Werethereaticketandsomemoneyinyourpurse?

NOTEInthefollowingsentences,thereisanadverbandreferstolocation.

Thisisnotthesameasshowingtheexistenceofsomething.

Thereisthemoneyformytuition.=Themoneyisoverthere.

There are your pen andnotebook.=Your pen andnotebook is overhere.

Muchandmanyaretwoadjectivesthatnon-nativespeakersoftenconfuse.Muchdescribesthingsthatcan’tbecountedincertaingeneralcategories(time,money, patience, sugar, water, etc.). However, if you put these things incontainersor time inhours andminutes, andmoney indollars andcents, thenyoucouldcountthem.Noticethedifferenceinthefollowing:

Thereisn’tmuchwaterinthetank.

Thereweremany gallons of water when we started to sprinkle thegrass.

Thereistoomuchsugarinthisrecipe.

Therearetoomanycubesofsugarinthedish.

Howmuchmoney is there in the account? (use with non-countablenoun)

Howmanydepositslipsarethereinyourbook?(usewithacountablenoun)

When[much+anoun]isthesubjectofthesentence,theverbissingular.

Thereistoomuchtimespentonplayandnotenoughonstudy.

When[many+anoun]isthesubject,theverbisplural.

Therearenotmanydayslefttofinishthisproject.

EXERCISE7Circlethecorrectformoftheverb.

Example:Howmuchmoney(is,are)leftinyoursavingsaccount?

Answer:Howmuchmoney are)leftinyoursavingsaccount?

1.There(is,are)only28daysinFebruary.

2.There(is,are)fiveticketsleftfortheconcert.

3.There(was,were)avaseofflowersonthetable.

4.There(has,have)beenmanydatapublishedontheuseofDNAincrimedetection.

5.(Have,Has)therebeenanynewsabouttheaccident?

6.There(has,have)beennonewdevelopmentsinthatresearch.

7.Howmanypeople(is,are)thereintheclass?

8.There(wasn’t,weren’t)anycakeleftaftertheparty.

9.(Was,Were)thereanycookiesinthejar?

10.Howmuchfurniture(was,were)thereintheapartmentbeforeyoumovedin.

11.(Has,Have)therebeenanyonewhoshowsaninterestinbuyingyourcar?

12.There(is,are)noinformationavailableonthistopic.

13.(Is,Are)theremanystatesthathaverepealedthatlaw?

14.Howmanytests(has,have)therebeenthissemester?

15.(Was,Were)thereadress,ajacket,andsomeshoesintheboxwhenyouopenedit?

16.(Has,Have)therebeenanyinquiriesintothecommittee’srequest?

17.There(is,are)norulesagainstdualenrollment.

18.Howmanypints(is,are)thereinagallon?

19.(Is,Are)thereanystudentsthisyearwitha4.0GPA?

20.(Was,Were)thereanytoothpasteleftinthetube?

The pronoun it is the subject in many impersonal expressions. It is notresponsibleforperformingtheactioneventhoughitfunctionsasthesubject.Intheseexpressions,thepronounisnotreplacingapreviouslymentionedsingular

noun.Theseexpressionscanbefollowedby thatandadependentclauseorbyaninfinitive.

IT+BE+adjective+[THAT+subject+verb](dependentclause)

Adjectivesthatfitintothiscategoryarethefollowing:

Itisimportantthatyoustudyeverynight.

ItisgoodthatSarahhascompletedtheprogram.

Itisunusualthatsomuchsnowhasfallen.

Anothergroupcanbefollowedonlybytheinfinitive[to+baseformoftheverb]:

IT+BE+adjective+infinitive

Theseareadjectivesthatfallintothiscategory:

Itisdangeroustoplaywithmatches.

Itwashelpfultohavemyflashlightinthedark.

Itwillbepracticaltospeakanotherlanguage.

The impersonal it plus some adjectives can be followed by either aninfinitiveoradependentclause.

IT+BE+adjective+infinitive(dependentclause)

Thiscategoryincludesthefollowingwords:

Itisinconceivabletoputavalueonsuchapricelessobject.

It is inconceivable thatsomeonehasput avalueonsuchapricelessobject.

Itwillbeimportanttotranslatethepoemcarefully.

ItwillbeimportantthatMatttranslatethepoemcarefully.

Thereareotherimpersonalitconstructionsthatarefollowedbydependentclauses.

IT+LOOK+[ASIF+subject+verb]

IT+SEEMAPPEAR+[THAT+subject+verb]TURNOUT

ItlooksasifRandyhasleftfortheday.

Itseemedthathewantedtoescapetosomeplacequiet.

Itappearsthatyouhavediscoveredacureforthedisease.

ItturnedoutthatwewereallwrongaboutMelanie.

EXERCISE8

Decide whether the blank spaces require to for the infinitive or that tointroduceadependentclause.Writetheappropriatewordintheblanks.

Example:Itisadvisabletostudyeverynight.Itseemsthatyouneverseemtohaveanyfreetime.

1.Ithasbeenexciting______visitalltheplaceswe’vereadaboutinclass.

2.It’snecessary__________signthecheckbeforecashingit.

3.Itwasterrible________thefloodvictimscouldn’tstayintheirhomes.

4.Itwon’tbepossible________seethedoctorthisafternoon.

5.Itisapparent____noonehaspreparedthelessonfortoday.

6.Itwillbenecessary________leaveimmediatelyaftertheconcert.

7.Itisunbelievable________somanypeoplewenttoseethepremiereofthatmovie.

8.Itwasgood_____havesomeonearoundtohelpwiththework.

9.Itisevident________youdon’tunderstandwhatIamsaying.

10.Itisincredible___________theplayhaslastedsolong.

11.Itturnedout______allthestudentsdidwellinthefinalexam.

12.Itisfoolish___________drivewithnobrakes.

13.Itwasstrange_________Janicedidn’tcallwhenshewasintown.

14.Itwillbeinteresting_________seewhowinstherace.

15.Ithadbeenapparent_________leavingthesceneoftheaccidentwasamistake.

16.Itwasadvisable_________thestudentchangehismajor.

17.Itwouldbeimportant_________evaluateyourassetsbeforeyouaskfortheloan.

18.Itappears_________someonehasalreadydecoratedtheroomfortheparty.

19.Itseems_________youhavewontheprizeafterall.

20.Itwouldbesilly_________countonRandyforsupport.

Otherexpressionsusetheprogressivetense.

IT+BE+[V+ING]

Itwillbesnowinginafewhours.

ItwasrainingwhenIlefttheoffice.

ItisbeginningtolookalotlikeChristmas.

One of themost commonuses for the impersonal it is used inwith time

expressions.

Itwillbemorningsoon.

Itisnineo’clock.

Itwas8:15whentheairplanearrived.

Onelastcategoryreferstoconditions.

IT+BE+adjective(condition)

Herearecommonwordsusedforsuchconditions:

Itwascoldandwindyyesterday.

Itwillbenoisyattheparty.

ItissostillthatIcanhearthewindblowing.

EXERCISE9Useeitheritorthereineachsentence.

Example:Itwasverywindyyesterdayafternoon.I wonder if there were any new developments in theinvestigation.

1.________hasbeenverysunnyforthelastthreedays.

2.Have________beenanyinterestingprogramsontelevisionlately?

3.________willbegoodtoseeMarthaaftersuchalongtime.

4.________isunusualtoseesomanypeopleoutsoearlyonaSundaymorning.

5.Will________benecessarytocallJanetbeforethedebate?

6.Will________beanybenefitchangesinthenewmedicalplan?

7.Were________anymessagesontheansweringmachine?

8.Was________necessarytodrivesofartopickupthepackage?

9.________willbeimportantforyoutoattendthemeeting.

10.Was________enoughtimetotalkwitheveryone?

11.Howmanydaysare________beforeweleaveforvacation?

12.Iwonderif________israininginNewarknow.

13.Has________beenanyoneinterestedinbuyingyourhouse?

14.Will________beanyrefreshmentsservedaftertheconcert?

15.Howmanyguestswill________beatthewedding?

16.________isimpracticaltospendfoolishlyandtotrytosave.

17.________wasfouro’clockwhenIleftworkyesterday.

18.________willbebetterdays;justbepatient.

19.________turnedoutthattheboyshadarrivedontimeafterall.

20.________wasquietafterthechildrenfinallywenttosleep.

EXERCISE10DecidewhichoftheunderlineditemsisINCORRECT.

1.Mymother’stremendousfearofcatsmakesitdifficultforshetogowalkinginourneighborhoodatnight.A.tremendousB.makesC.sheD.walking

2.Mybookdiffersfromyourinthatminehasavocabularysectionatthebottomofeachpage,andyourshasoneintheback.A.yourB.thatC.attheD.theback

3.Somepeoplewhichhavebeenworkingforacompanyforyearssuddenlyfindthemselvesunemployedbecauseofadministrativemismanagement.A.whichB.foryearsC.themselvesD.becauseof

4.Theprofessoraskedus,NancyandI,tostayafterclasstodiscussthemake-upassignmentfornextweek.

A.askedusB.IC.todiscussD.make-up

5.Ifinafamilythemembersarealwayslookingoutonlyforone’sself,thentheyhavetobeaggressivetogetahead.A.outB.one’sselfC.havetobeD.togetahead

6.Peoplewhomplayinorchestrasareusuallyadultswhohavestudiedmusicformanyyearsandwhoaredevotedprofessionals.A.whomB.devotedprofessionalsC.musicD.are

EXERCISE11Selectthecorrectword(s)tocompletethesentence.

1.Families_____playtogetherusuallyarehappytogether.A.whoB.whichC.whomeverD.whose

2.Invite_____youliketotheparty,butdon’tinviteMark.A.whoB.whoeverC.whomever

D.that

3.Aftergivingthestudentachancetoprove_____,hewasdismissed.A.himB.hisselfC.himselfD.his

4.Wewishshewereheretohelp_____withthedecorations.A.usB.weC.ourselvesD.yourselves

5.Thelittleboydresses_____everymorning.A.himB.hisselfC.heD.himself

6.Dotheyknow_____hasbeenchosenpromqueen?A.whoB.whomC.whoeverD.whomever

7.Letmedividetheflowers._____areyours,andthosearemine.A.ThisB.ThatC.TheseD.Thisone

8.Idesperatelyneedsomemoney.Idon’thave_____topaymybills!

A.anyB.someC.somethingD.anything

EXERCISE12Selectthecorrectpronountocompleteeachsentence.

1.(Who,Whom)doyouwanttoserveontheboardfordirectors?

2.Canyoulendme$50untilpayday?Sorry,Idon’thave(some,any)extra.

3.Rickisshorterthan(I,me),buthe’stallerthanhisbrothers.

4.(It,There)aretwentynamesofthecandidatesonthedirector’slist.

5.Photograph(whoever,whomever)youseeattheinauguration.

6.Theman(whose,who’s)brotherisalawyerwantstobecomeajudge.

IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER2Adjectives

Chapter2

ADJECTIVES

Adjectivesarewordsthatmodify(describe)anounorapronoun.Theycanalsofollowlinkingverbs(be,seem,appear,etc.).Just likenouns, theycanfallintodifferent categories: 1) limiting—articles,demonstratives,possessives—and2)descriptives.Adjectivesusuallyprecedethewordsthattheymodify.

Limitingadjectivesfallintothesecategories:

Numbers:one,five,ten,twenty,first,second,third

Quantity:some,any,much,many,few,little(withnon-countnouns)

Demonstratives: this, that, these, and those (These are the same forms as thepronouns,butthesemustcomebeforeanoun,notreplaceit.)Examples:thiscar,thathouse

Articles:a,an,the

Possessives:my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their

Keep in mind that when you add ’s to a noun, you make the noun apossessiveandchangeittoanadjective.

Thesecretary’stypewriterisbroken.

Thedogchasedthelittleboy’sball.

All other adjectives are descriptives. Here are examples of commondescriptiveadjectives:

POSSESSIVEADJECTIVESBEFOREGERUNDS

Whenever a noun or pronoun appears before a gerund, itmust be in thepossessiveform.Thisformthenbecomesanadjective.

S+V+possessiveform(noun/pronoun)+[verb+ING]

Weweresurprisedbyhisnotacceptingthejob.

Theyaresorryaboutourleavingsosoon.

NancyobjectstoJan’scallinghersolate.

Referringtothefirstexampleabove,wearesurprisednotbyhimbutratherby his not accepting the job. In number two, they are sorry not about us butratheraboutourleavingsosoon.

NancydoesnotobjecttoJanbutrathertoJan’scallingsolate.

NOTENounscanusuallybecomepossessivesbyadding’stothesingular

form.

boy>boy’s dog>dog’s boss>boss’s

Fortheplural,however,thenounneedstobepluralfirst,andthenaddthe’s.

man>men’s child>children’s

Ifthepluralendsins,thenaddonlytheapostrophe(’).

boys’ girls’ sisters’

EXERCISE13Change the noun or pronoun to the possessive form, and use it as anadjective.

Example:WeweresurprisedatBetty’sgettingmarriedsosoon.

1.Myparentsdonotapproveof_________datingDavid.(I)

2.Iamsotiredof_________notacceptinghisresponsibilities.(Peter)

3.Theteacherisafraidof_________notlearningenoughEnglishthisyear.(herstudents)

4.Thethievesconfessedto_________stealingthemoney.(they)

5.Thewitnesstestifiedabout_________takingpicturesofthescientificexperiments.(he)

6.Thebosssaid,“Ineedtocounton_________takingpartinalloftheseactivities.”(you)

7.Weareafraidof_________raisingtherent.(thelandlord)

8.Donottrytoexplain_________baddriving!Youtaughthim.(Terry)

9.Youdon’tlikeit!Areyoureferringto_________playingthepiano?(I)

10.Thechildrenarelookingforwardto_________visitingthem.(you)

11.Canwerelyon_________bringingthefoodtotheparty?(Kim)

12.Kerrycan’tdecideon_________takingthetripornot.(we)

13.Thatloudmusicdetractsfrom_________doingagoodjob.(theworkers)

14.Iresent_________givingmeaticketwhenIwasnotspeeding.(thepoliceman)

15.We’relookinginto_________beingofferedthejob.(Tom)

16.I’mdependingon_________singingverywelltoday.(thegroup)

17.Georgeisplanningon_________drivingsomeofthestudents.(I)

18.Harryobjectsto_________nominatinganewpresident.(theclub)

19.Thedoctorisupsetwith_________nottakingenoughvitamins.(Ann)

20.Thevotersaretiredof_________spendingmoneysofoolishly.(thegovernment)

EXERCISE14Changethenounorpronouninparenthesestothepossessiveform,anduseitasanadjective.

1.Tom’sparentsaredissatisfiedwith_________acceptingajobabroad.(he)

2.We’resurprisedat_________receivingthedramaaward.(Helen)

3.Aimeewasnotjealousofher_________winningthescholarship.(friend)

4.Thechildrenwerefascinatedbythe_________jumpingupanddown.(clowns)

5.Iamdependingon_________organizingthetripforus.(you)

6.Mrs.Genovesedisapprovedof_________commutingsofartoworkeveryday.(me)

7._________acceptingthechallengedependsonhercommitmenttodoingwell.(Anne)

8.TheSenateapprovedofits_________receivingmorehealthbenefits.(citizens)

9.Iwillrelyonmy_________findingtimetoworkwithme.(brother)

10.The_________thinkingquicklysavedhislittlesisterfromchoking.(boy)

11.Melwillhavetopayforhis_________breakingthewindowwiththebaseball.(son)

12._________exercisingtoomuchcausedpainsinhismuscles.(Tony)

13._________smokinginherofficecausedherco-workerstocomplain.(Anita)

14._________movingtothecountrymadeabigdifferenceinourhealth.(us)

15.Bynowweareaccustomedto_________arrivinglate.(they)

16.Iamafraidofthe_________catchingthefluthisseason.(children)

17._________fishingeverydaykeepshimbusyduringhisretirement.(Lonnie)

18.The_________buildingtheirnestinourgaragecreatedsomeproblems.(birds)

19.Maureenwasinterestedinthe_________keepingtheirdogintheyard.(neighbors)

20.Weareconcernedabout_________drivingsolateatnight.(they)

SOMEANDANY

While some and any convey the same idea, they may not be usedinterchangeably in standard written English. Some is used with affirmativesentences,andany isusedwithnegativesandquestions.Theymaybeusedaspronouns or adjectives. For affirmative statements, use some. For negativestatementsorquestions,useany.

Affirmative:Usesome.

Therearesomepapersonmydeskintheoffice.(adj.)

Isawsomeonyourstoo.(pronoun)

Somedaysarehotterthanothersinthesummer.(adj.)

Somearealsocolderinwinter.(pronoun)

Negative:Useany.

Davedoesnothaveanysparetimetoexercise.(adj.)

Wedon’thaveanyeither.(pronoun)

Noonehadanyideaonhowtosolvetheproblem.(adj.)

Idon’thaveanyeither.(pronoun)

Question:Useany.

Doyouhaveany29-centstampsforthisletter?(adj.)

Arethereanyinthedrawer?(pronoun)

HavetheyeverreadanyplaysbyShakespeare?(adj.)

HasheeverreadanybyMolière?(pronoun)

Thefollowingformsareallpronounsandcanbeusedonlyassubjectsandobjects:

Affirmative

someone sometime

somebody somewhere

something

Negativeorquestion

anyone anytime

anybody anywhere

anything

Thefollowingsentencesareinaffirmative:

Someoneisworkinginthekitchenrightnow.

Somebodycameherelookingforyoujustamomentago.

Tonyneedssomethingtowipeupthejuicehespilled.

Sometimenextweek,stopbytheofficetoseeme.

Ileftthebooksomewhereinmyhouse.

Thefollowingareexamplesofsentencesinnegativeorinquestionform:

Ican’tseeanyoneinthepool.Canyou?

Hasanybodyturnedinasetofcarkeys?

ThelibrarydidnothaveanythingIneededformyreport.

Thedoctordoesnothaveanytimetoseeyoutoday.

Ican’tgoanywherewithoutyou.

Keepinmindthattheformssomeone,somebody,anyone,anybodycanbeadjectivesiftheybecomepossessivesbyadding’stothepronounform.

Boblosthisjacket.Haveyouseenit?

Ifoundsomeone’s(somebody’s)jacketinmycar.(adj.)

Aretheseanybody’s(anyone’s)housekeys?(adj.)

Helenedoesn’tthinkthattheyareanybody’s.(pronoun)

EXERCISE15Usingthewordsfromthelistbelow,fillinthecorrectformineachspace.

Somesentencesgroupedtogetherarepartofamini-dialogue.

Example:Iknowthatsomeoneboughttheluckylotteryticket.Doyouhaveanyofthenewcoinsjustputintocirculation?

1.Iwillsave_________cakefromthepartyforyou.

2.Doyouhave_________homeworktonight?

3.Hedoesn’thave_________vacationtimeleftthisyear.

4.“_________hasbeensleepinginmybed,”saidthebabybear.

5.Thechildrenareboredbecausetheydon’thave_________timetoplayoutside.

6.Wehaven’tseen_________weknowhereattheparty.

7.DidMr.Robertsonhave_________inmindforthejob?

8.Whiletheywereaway,_________brokeintotheirhouseandstoletheirvaluables.

9.Joelcan’tgotofootballgamesbecauseheneverhas_________freetimeonSaturdays.

10.Noonesaw_________unusualthatday.(object)

11.Wehopethattheywillgiveus_________informationontravelingintheNorthwest.

12.Iamlookingfor_________redhemlace.

13.Gail,doyouhave_________?

14.No,Idon’t,butIamsureDollyhas_________.

15.Kellyhas_________inherhand.Whatisit?

16.It’sjust_________candythatherfriendgaveher.

17.Mr.Jansencan’tseeyouimmediatelybecausehehas_________inhisoffice.

18.Therewasn’t_________athomewhenIcalledthismorning.

19.Thedefendantdidnotsay_________inhisdefense.

20.Didtheyfind_________interestinginthatoldtrunkintheattic?

COMPARISONOFADJECTIVES

Descriptiveadjectivesoradverbscanhavethreedifferentforms:positive,comparative,andsuperlative.Hereareafewexamplesofthethreeforms:

The first form, thepositive degree, is the basic form of the adjective oradverb, which describes one or more persons, objects, or ways of doingsomething.

thebigwhitehouses (adjective)

acrazycat (adjective)

someornatepaintings (adjective)

Thedeerranfast. (adverb)

UnequalComparisonsThe comparative is used to show a relationship between two objects,

persons, or groups that are equal or unequal to the same element of anotherobject, person, or group. Most one- and two-syllable adjectives add -er toexpressunequalcomparisons.

Adjective+ERAdverb+ER

quiet>quieter high>higher

neat>neater fast>faster

quick>quicker soon>sooner

Foradjectivesendingine,justaddrtotheroot.

Adjectivesendingin[E+R]

nice>nicer white>whiter

fine>finer tame>tamer

EXERCISE16Foreachword,writethecomparison.

1.wide

2.pale

3.brave

4.cute

5.humble

6.noble

7.wise

8.polite

9.close

10.stale

11.late

12.large

13.ripe

14.rare

15.safe

Foradjectivesendingin[consonant+y]changeytoibeforeaddinger

happy>happier dainty>daintier

pretty>prettier lovely>lovelier

EXERCISE17Changethefollowingfromthepositivedegreetothecomparative.

1.cozy

2.shy

3.dizzy

4.angry

5.easy

6.heavy

7.pretty

8.ugly

9.merry

10.early

11.noisy

12.friendly

13.lonely

14.healthy

15.lovely

Foradjectivesendingina[vowel+y],justadder.

coy>coyer gay>gayer(happy) gray>grayer

Toexpressunequalcomparisoninasentence,usethefollowingpattern:

subject+verb+[adjective+ER]+THAN+otherelement

Ben’sbrotheristallerthanhe.

Mrs.Andrewsisolderthanherson.

Thisblouseseemsnicerthanthatone.

Bethlookshappiertodaythanshedidyesterday.

NOTEAftercomparisons,usesubject,notobject,pronouns.

SylviaplaystheguitarbetterthanI.

Heneedsmoremoneythanshe.

EXERCISE18Writethecorrectformofthecomparative.

Example:John’sroomisneaterthanmine.Historyiseasierthancalculus.

1.Myneighborhoodis______________thanyours.(quiet)

2.Yournewfurniturelooks______________thantheold.(lovely)

3.Ourteamran______________thanyourteam.(fast)

4.Wandalives______________totheuniversitythanHarry.(close)

5.Afteralongdiet,Jessicais______________thanherfriends.(slim)

6.LosAngelesis______________thanOrlando.(hazy)

7.Thechildrenseem______________thantheirparentsafterthelongairplaneride.(sleepy)

8.Thestreetsintheoldsectionoftownseem______________thananyplaceelse.(narrow)

9.Buffalofeels______________thanPittsburghinthewinter.(cold)

10.Womenseemtobe______________thanmeninthegameoflove.(coy)

Sometwo-syllableandallthree-syllableormoreadjectivesandadverbsusemoreorlessplustheadjectiveoradverbforthecomparison.

+three-syllableadjectives

MORE}+beautiful,intelligent,quietly,quickly

LESS}+difficult,important,interesting,economical

NOTENevercombinemoreandthe[adjective+er]form.

INCORRECT:morehappier,morefriendlier,morewiser

CORRECT: happier,friendlier,wiser

Two-syllableadjectivesending in the followingsuffixesusuallyusemoreorlessplustheadjectivetoexpressthecomparative:

MORE+foolish,careful,helpless,cautious,active

LESS+blatant,verbose,regal,caring,hyper,boring

EXERCISE19Writethecomparativeforms.

1.famous

2.helpful

3.pensive

4.captive

5.exact

6.loving

7.daring

8.basic

9.fiendish

10.morose

11.cutting

12.clever

13.normal

14.sheepish

15.festive

16.glorious

17.childlike

18.alive

19.flagrant

20.fragrant

21.callous

22.forward

23.grateful

24.useless

25.selfish

Sometimes it is better to use an antonym than to try to use the [less +adjective]pattern.

PaulisshorterthanDanny.

Janeisyoungerthanhercousins.

Usethesamepatternforsentencesasmentionedabove.

Thisproblemseemsmoredifficultthanthatone.

LarryfinishedhisworkmorequicklythanTom.

Sincehisaccident,Louislessabletoplaygolfthanbefore.

Idon’tbelieveLeslieactslesscapablythanBrian.

To indicate a greater degree of comparison, use much or far plus thecomparisonform.Muchandfarcanbeusedinterchangeablyinthecomparison.

Isaismuchmoreindependentthanhersistereverwas.

Thisjacketisfarlessexpensivethantheleatherone.

APorscheacceleratesfarmorequicklythanaFordEscort.

Beginningstudentsspeakmuchlessfluentlythanadvancedones.

Itisalsopossibletocomparenouns.

Therearefewerpeopleheretodaythanyesterday.

IhavelessfreetimethananyoneelseIknow.

Wecanvisitmorerelativesonthistripthanonthelast.

Ourprofessorhasmanymorebooksthanwehave.

Genespendsfarlesstimeonhisworkthanhisfriends.

JackhasfarmorefriendsthanBob.

EXERCISE20Fill in the comparison using + (more/much) and – (less/fewer), and ++(farmore)and––(farless)asyourguidestothecorrectforms.

Example:LucyisfarlessathleticthanJill.(––athletic)Michelledrinksmorewaterinthesummerthaninthewinter.(+)

1.Suegrades____________examsthanLucy.(++)

2.Thislacetableclothlooks____________theplasticone.(+pretty)

3.Inthesummergrapesare____________inthewinter.(+abundant)

4.Asachild,AlbertEinsteinseemed____________hisplaymates.(–intelligent)

5.Theseatsinfirstclasshavebecome____________thoseinsecondclass.(––cramped)

6.Inthisclassthereare____________studentsthanthereusedtobe.(++)

7.ThismorningStan’stalkwas____________itwasyesterday.(+straightforward)

8.Todayweearn____________moneythanweusedtoearn.(––)

9.Inwarmweather,carsaccelerate____________incoldweather.(+rapidly)

10.Ifoundthisbook____________theonethatJodyrecommended.(––interesting)

Someadjectivescannotbecompared.Theseareafewthatcannot:

Dead:Itisimpossibletobedeaderthansomeoneorsomethingelse.

Unique:Itmeansoneofakindandallowsfornocomparison.

Pregnant:Itisimpossibletobealittlepregnantormorepregnantthananother.

Immaculate: Itmeanspureorsinless,absolutelyclean,anddoesnotallowforcomparison.

Magnificent:Italreadyindicatesthehighestdegreeofperfection,superb.

Infinite:Italreadyindicateswithoutlimitsorbounds.

Ultimate:Itindicateslastpossibleorfinalofaseries.

Bare:Itmeanstotallywithoutclothingorfurniture.

Perfect:Itindicatesthehighestdegreepossible.

Inwintertheflowersaredead,andsoarethetrees.

AntoniGaudi’sarchitecturewasunique.

Pregnantwomenvisitagynecologist.

Judykeepsanimmaculatehouse.

VersaillesisamagnificentexampleofBaroquearchitecture.

Thereareinfinitewaystoarrangemusicalnotesinanopera.

John’sultimategoalistobecomeaprofessionalphotographer.

Janet’s bare apartment was longing for some furniture and a newtenant.

Andyreceivedperfectscoresonallofhistests.

EXERCISE21Using the following information, write unequal comparisons. Whereverpossible,writeonecomparisonusingagreaterdegreeandonecomparisonusingalesserdegree.

Example:Gardeniassmellverygood.Violetsdon’thavemucharoma.Gardeniassmellmuchbetterthanviolets.Violetssmellmuchlessthangardenias.

1.MexicoCityhas20millioninhabitants.Micanopyhasabout1,500.

2.Philipearns$100,000peryear.Tonyearns$35,000.

3.Nancyis35yearsoldandherbrotheris38.

4.Themillionairehassixcars.Ihaveone.

5.Theartbuildingis100feettall.Thelanguagelabis50feettall.

6.Achocolatebarhas230calories.Abananahas100.

7.Itis95degreesinArizonaand25degreesinAnchorage.

8.RudyreceivesC’sandD’sonhistests.RalphreceivesA’sandB’s.

9.ItisraininginClevelandandsnowinginBuffalo.

10.BettylearnedtospeakPortuguesewellinthreeyears.IttookhertenyearstolearnArabic.

EXERCISE22Makecomparisonsusingthefollowingpairsofwords.

Example:silk...denimSilkissofter(moreexpensive)thandenim.

1.silver...gold

2.elephant...monkey

3.cotton...plastic

4.Coca-Cola...milk

5.spinach...cake

6.TomCruise...PaulNewman

7.yacht...canoe

8.airplane...train

9.swimming...watchingtelevision

10.NorthPole...California

NOTEWhenwritingcomparisonswithdifferent,itisincorrecttosay

differentthan.Use,instead,differentfrom.

subject+verb+DIFFERENT+FROM+noun

Yourbookisdifferentfrommine. Yourbookisdifferentthanmine.

Kurt’scarlooksdifferentfromyours. Kurt’scarlooksdifferentthanyours.

IrregularComparisonsThere are some adjectives and adverbs that have irregular comparisons.

Herearesomeexamples:

Thisdesserttastesbetterthantheapplepie.

Theirbaseballteamwastheworstofall.

Denniswriteswell,butDeanwritesbetter.

SanDiegoisfartherfromNewYorkthanChicago.

EXERCISE23Writeacomparisonforeachsentence.

Example:Harry’swritingisworsethanyours.

1.Dannyreceives________gradesthanhisbrother.(good)

2.Welive________fromtheuniversitythanyoudo.(far)

3.Nancy’sstudentsspeak________thanmost.(well)

4.Thefoodinthisrestaurantis________thanintheoneonthecorner.(bad)

5.Ronfeelsmuch________todayaftertakinghismedicine.(good)

6.Benran________thananyotherathlete.(far)

7.Lucysings________thanAnita.(well)

8.Thisrecipesounds________thanyours.(good)

9.Clevelandhas________weatherthanRichmond.(bad)

10.Melplaystheguitar________thanIdo.(well)

EqualComparisons

Theothertypeofcomparisonsrelatesequalityorsamenesstotheelementsbeingcompared.Oneelementisthesameastheother.

Ihavethreeoranges.Youhavethreeoranges.

Ihaveasmanyorangesasyou.

There are many skyscrapers in New York. There are also manyskyscrapersinChicago.

NewYorkhasasmanyskyscrapersasChicago.

Thepatternforequalcomparisondiffersfromunequalcomparison.

AS+adjective+ASAS+adverb+AS

AS+ +(non-count)noun+AS

AS+MANY+(countable)noun+AS

PaulisastallasPeter.

SuetypesasfastasJennifer.

Wehaveasmuchtimeasyou

SandywritesasmanylettersasVirginia.

TheGlassBoutiquehasasmanyvasesastheEmporium.

Makeaslittlenoiseaspossible,becauseyourfatherisasleep.

NOTERememberthatsubject,notobject,pronounsfollowcomparisons.

Theyhaveasmanybooksaswe.

Noonestudiesashardasshe.

EXERCISE24Combine the two sentences to show equal comparisons. There may beseveralpossibilitiesforsomeofthesentences.

1.Kevinhittwohomerunsinyesterday’sgame.Davealsohittwohomeruns.

2.It’s75degreesinOahuand75degreesinDallas.

3.Maureenatethreepiecesofpizza,andhersisteratethree.

4.BriansleepseighthourseverynightandRitasleepseight.

5.Philweights180pounds.Harryweighs180pounds.

6.Tracyworksverydiligentlyinschool.Trishaalsoworksverydiligently.

7.Thissweatercosts$10.95.Theyellowonealsocosts$10.95.

8.Joelrunsamileintenminutes.Hisbrotheralsorunsamileintenminutes.

9.Thelongdressisveryelegant.Theshortdressisalsoelegant.

10.JoséspendsfourhoursadaystudyingEnglishandfourhoursstudyingmath.

11.Somehighschoolstudentsdosixassignmentsforhomeworkeverynight.Somecollegestudentsalsodosixhoursofassignments.

12.JoanCollinshasalotofjewelry.LizTaylorhasalotofjewelry.

13.Intheirnewapartment,theAndersonshavesixpiecesoffurnitureinthediningroomandsixpiecesinthelivingroom.

14.Thereareonly18studentsinthechemistryclassandonly18inthephysicsclass.

15.Ipaid$45formytextbook.Annepaid$45forherbook.

TheSameAsAnothertypeofcomparisonshowingequalityusestheexpressionthesame

as.Therearenoadjectivesnoradverbsexpressedinthesecomparisons.

Yourkeyslookthesameasmine.

Hisringshinesthesameashers.

Comparisons can also bemade by using a noun to express the common

element.

subject+verb+THESAME+noun+AS

Thisgateisthesameheightasthatone.

YoursweateristhesamecolorasJan’s.

Superlatives

Thelasttypeofcomparisoninvolvingthreeormoreelementsiscalledthesuperlativedegree.Oneentityisthefocusincomparisonagainsttheremainingentities.Thiscanalsobeexpressed inhigherand lowerdegrees.Adjectivesofoneortwosyllablesfollowthispattern:

THE+[adjective+EST]+ [OF+pluralnoun][IN+singularnoun]

Danisthetallestoftheboys.

Sandyistheneatestinthefamily.

Adjectivesofthreeormoresyllablesfollowanotherpattern:

Many Italians say that the Vatican is the most beautiful of allbuildings.

SomeFrenchthinkthattheVenusdeMiloisthemostimportantworkintheLouvre.

Samthinksthatmathistheleastsignificantofhiscourses.

Adverbscanalsobeexpressedassuperlatives.

THE+[adverb+EST]+[OF+plural]

THE+[MOST+adverb]+[IN+singular]

APorscherunsthefastestofall.

Tomstudiedthemostdiligentlyinhisclass.

EXERCISE25:WRITINGStudytheinformationcarefullyandwritestatements,usingthesuperlative.Usebothhighestandlowestdegreesofcomparisonwhereverpossible.

Example: Glen likes to travel and is considering the followingvacations.Europe—21days,Mexico—14days,andCanada—20 days. Europe is the longest vacation.Mexico is theshortestvacation.

1.Semi-glosspaintcosts$21agallon,satin$18,andflat$16agallon.

2.Therearethreecansonthetable:7ouncesofpeas,4ouncesofmushrooms,and16ouncesofcorn.

3.One-halfcupofsomefruitshasmorecaloriesandismorefatteningthanothers:apricots128calories,cantaloupe35calories,andpears97.

4.It’shottoday:Cleveland95degrees,Atlanta87degrees,andTrenton80degrees.

5.DistancesfromOlympia,Washington:Tacoma30miles,Bremerton56,Aberdeen49.

6.Helenhasfourholidaycandlesburning:red3hours,green1hour,andwhite45minutes.

7.Danismeasuringcabinetsforhishouse:kitchen36incheswide,bath27inches,laundry30inches.

8.Thefootballteamwenttoarestaurantafterthebiggame.Thequarterbackatethreehamburgers,thecoachhadtwo,andthekickerateone.

9.Threeathleteswanttobehealthy.Arthurjogsfourmileseverydayandeatsnoredmeat.Jillloveshamburgersandfrenchfries,butsheswims35lapseveryday.Teddrivestoclassandsnacksonjunkfoodeveryday.

10.Itwasahotsummerday.Cindydrankthreeglassesoflemonade,Suzytwo,andDianefour.

EXERCISE26Foreachsentence,supplythecorrectform.

1.Yourhouseis___________(far)fromtheuniversitythanmine.

2.Ilikethissoup___________(good)ofall.

3.Todayismuch___________(hot)thanyesterday.

4.Thisfurnitureis___________(expensive)thanthat.

5.ElvisPresleyis___________(famous)thanPerryComo.

6.Yourbookseems___________(boring)thanmine.

7.Thisguideis___________(helpful)thantheonethatthetravelagentrecommended.

8.Petewas___________(interested)inthedemonstrationthanhisyoungerbrotherwas.

9.Goodstudentsattendclass___________(frequently)thanpoorones.

10.Paquitoisthe___________(bad)playerofall.

11.Mary’schildwassonervousthathesatthe___________(quietly)ofallthechildren.

12.Thefirstcontestantansweredthequestionsthe___________(quickly)ofall.

13.TheGreenBeanisthe___________(good)restaurantofanyIhavevisited.

14.TheNorthPolehas___________(cold)temperaturesthanAlaska.

15.MarryingTimwasthe___________(foolish)thingMaryhadeverdone.

EXERCISE27Usethecorrectform:than,as,from,ormore.

1.Yourdictionaryisquitedifferent from mine.

2.Hisjobisnotthesame__________yours.

3.Anunskilledlaborerislessqualified__________askilledone.

4.Thedresscostsfarmore__________theskirt.

5.Skiingonsnowisasdangerous__________skiingonwater.

6.EnriquespeaksSpanishaswell__________English.

7.Paramedicsaredifferent__________specialists.

8.Theseanswersarethesame__________theonesIwrote.

9.Jackie’shairislonger__________hersister’s.

10.Algebraisdifferent__________geometry.

11.Springis__________pleasantthanwinter.

12.Thegirlsplay__________roughassomeoftheboys.

13.Sara’scultureissomuchdifferent__________mine.

14.The__________youearn,themoreyouspend.

15.Theplotofthisplayislessinteresting__________theoneyouarereading.

EXERCISE28Circletheunderlineditemthatisincorrect.

1.Inamarriageitisnecessaryforeachofthepartnerstoknowasmuchasitispossibleabouteachother.

A.eachB.asC.itisD.abouteachother

2.Nobodyaskedmeaboutmyfriend’swinningthelottery,andIdidn’tvolunteeranyinformation.A.NobodyB.meC.myfriendD.any

3.Thefootballteammadetoomucherrorsandfumblesthattheplayersliterallygavethewintotheiropponents.A.toomuchB.literallyC.thewinD.their

4.ItisinterestingthatMedievalthoughtwasgreatlyinfluencingbytheGreeks.A.thatB.greatlyC.influencingD.Greeks

5.Thevegetablesouptastedsowellthatwedecidedtohaveasecondhelping.A.TheB.wellC.decidedD.a

6.Bycreatingtheirownbeautifulartisticdesigns,apersoncanfeelagreatsenseofaccomplishmentinknowingthatthepatternsareunique.A.theirB.canfeelC.inknowingD.are

7.Therearemuchbooksinthelibraryonaccounting.A.ThereB.muchC.theD.on

8.Thestudentsthoughtthattheteacherhadgiventhemaunusuallydifficulthomeworkassignment.A.thoughtB.hadgivenC.aD.difficult

9.Mary’sparentsdisapprovedofhersattendingthecompanyconferencesofarawayfromherhome.A.disapprovedB.hersC.sofarawayD.home

10.Mrs.Jansenwasdivorcingfromherhusbandfouryearsagobecauseoftheirincompatibility.A.divorcingB.fromC.agoD.their

11.Althoughthegirl’ssingingwasslightlyoff-key,herguitar’splayingattractedtheattentionofthosewhowerenearby.A.AlthoughB.slightlyC.guitar’sD.were

12.Afteracarefullyinvestigation,wesoondiscoveredthatthehousewasinfestedwithtermitesandotherundesirableinsects.A.carefullyB.soonC.infestedD.other

13.Iwasverymuchsurprisedathimrefusingthepositionofvicepresidentofthenewly-formedcorporation.A.verymuchB.himC.theD.newly-formed

14.Thewitnesstestimonywasessentialtoprovingthatthedefendantwasnowherenearthesceneofthecrime.A.witnessB.wasC.toprovingD.nowhere

15.TheJensenssaidthattheirvacationlastsummerwasmostenjoyablyandrelativelyinexpensive.A.TheB.wasC.enjoyably

D.relatively

16.Sincewehaven’thadtoomanyrainlately,theflowersareratherwilted,andmanyaredying.A.haven’thadB.manyC.ratherwiltedD.dying

EXERCISE29Beloweachsentence,youwillseeanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.Selecttheoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.

1.Manywomenliketochange_____appearancefromtimetotimebecauseitmakesthemfeelmoreattractive.A.herB.yourC.theirD.our

2.Peoplethinkthatpandasare_____thanbears,butactuallytheyarerathershy.A.friendlierB.mostfriendlyC.friendliestD.friendly

3.Veniceisoneof_____citiesinEurope.A.morebeautifulB.themorebeautifulC.mostbeautifulD.themostbeautiful

4.Has_____seenmyglovesandmyhat?A.anyoneB.anythingC.someoneD.nobody

5.Harryis_____ofallthestudentsinthegymclass.A.tallerB.thetallestC.themosttallD.moretall

6.The_____canariesdelightedtheaudience.A.sungB.singingC.sangD.sings

7.Ourdirector’s_____newsgaveustheincentivetofinishourproject.A.encouragingB.encouragedC.encouragesD.encourage

8.The_____itrained,theharderwerowedtheboattogettoshore.A.asB.fromC.moreD.than

IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER3Adverbs

Chapter3

Adverbs

Adverbs are words that modify an action verb, an adjective, or anotheradverb.Iftheadverbmodifiestheverb,itusuallyfollowsit.

Nancriedhystericallyastheflamesenvelopedhercar.

Lenranquicklytocatchtheball.

Whenanadverbmodifiesanadjective,italwaysprecedestheadjective.

C.EverettKoopisawell-knownmedicalauthority.

Saulhaddiedbeforereturningtohisdearlybelovedland.

Someexamplesofadverbsofintensitymodifyingotheradverbs:

*UsedmoreinlessformalEnglishtoindicateintensity.

Thecarsdrovesofastthatwecouldn’tseethelicenses.

Jacobmovedthemirrorveryslowly.

Thecardrovereallyfastasitmadeitsgetaway.

Adverbsof timeandfrequencydon’tendin-ly.Theyusuallyprecede theverb.Herearesomeinthiscategory:

Mycousinsseldomvisitusnowthatwehavemoved.

Heneverwantstogothereagain.

Adverbsofmannerareformedbyadding-lytotheadjective.

quick>quickly careful>carefully

However, therearea fewforms thathaveminorchanges.With those thatendinaconsonant+y,changetheytoibeforeaddingthely.

easy>easily happy>happily

Withadjectivesendinginic,addallytoformtheadverb.

majestic>majestically angelic>angelically

Withotheradjectivesendinginble,droptheeandaddonlyy.

reasonable>reasonably noble>nobly

Adjectives look at how orwhen something is/was done. An action thathappenedmorethanonceinthepastisindicatedbythefollowingexpressions:

Adverbs of frequency (often, usually, frequently, sometimes, generally,normally)usuallycomebetweentheauxiliaryverbhaveandthepastparticiple.

WehaveoftenvisitedourfriendsinAtlanta.

Theauthorhassometimeswrittenaboutherpersonallifeinhernovels.

Mostadverbsendin-ly—forexample:

rapidly slowly quietly easily comfortably

EXERCISE30

EXERCISE30Changetheadjectivestoadverbsbyadding-ally.Lookupanywordsyoudon’tknow.

Example:frantic>frantically

1.basic________________

2.historic______________

3.majestic______________

4.economic______________

5.comic_________________

6.strategic_____________

7.critic________________

8.antiseptic____________

9.cryptic_______________

10.sympathetic_________

11.artistic____________

12.domestic____________

13.automatic___________

14.aromatic____________

15.organic_____________

16.systematic__________

EXERCISE31Createadverbsbychangingtheytoiandaddingly.

Example:easy>easily

1.sloppy_______________

2.heavy________________

3.angry________________

4.clumsy_______________

5.ready________________

6.busy_________________

7.steady_______________

8.merry________________

EXERCISE32

EXERCISE32Changetotheadverbformbydroppingtheeandaddingonlyay.

Example:notable>notably

1.noble_______________

2.able________________

3.capable_____________

4.responsible_________

5.feasible____________

6.comfortable_________

FREQUENCYADVERBS

These adverbs show the number of times that an action takes place or isrepeated.Thefollowingarelistedinorderofoccurrence.Thegraphshowshowtheyrelatetooneanother.

Inasentence,theseadverbswillcomedirectlybeforeasimpleverbtense.

Jamesalways checks out his computers before he sells them to hiscustomers.

Margaritaneverspokeharshlytoherstudents.

Theprojectbarelymeetsthefederalguidelines.

Whentheseadverbsareusedwithperfect tenses(have+pastparticiple)theyareplacedbetweenhaveandthepastparticiple.

Wehaveoftenvisitedthatmuseum.

Thedirectorhasoccasionallyaskedhisemployeesforsuggestions.

WendyhadneverbeentoNiagaraFallsbefore1993.

If thecompound tensesareusedasquestions, then the frequencyadverbsareplaceddirectlybeforethepastparticiple.

HaveyounevergonetoStoneMountainnearAtlanta?

HasJanetalwayslivedinVermont?

HadJackusuallywrittenpoetrybeforehedecidedtowritefiction?

EXERCISE33

For each sentence, replace the words in parentheses with one of thefrequencyadverbsinthelistthatmeansthesameornearlythesame.Somemayberepeated.

Example: Jeff barely knew Mandy when they married after a shortengagement.(almostnotatall)

1.Deborah___________visitshergrandmother.(everyday)

2.Allen___________getslowgradesonhistests.(almostnever)

3.Leonardo___________studiesinthelibrary.(manydays)

4.HasMarina___________gonetoarockconcert?(notonetime)

5.ChrisandJoehave___________watchedabaseballgameontelevision.(onlytwotimes)

6.___________myfriendsandIgototheshoppingmall.(threetimeseverymonth)

7.I___________everseeyouanymore.(notverymuch)

8.Sandyandherhusband___________eatdinneratarestaurant.(maybeonceamonth)

9.We___________receivejunkmailathome.(almosteveryday)

10.Mr.Davis___________travelstoJapanonbusiness,buthegoestoEuropeonceamonth.(onetimeeverytwoyears)

EXERCISE34Writethefrequencyadverbinitsproperplaceinthesentence.

Example:Mickeywatchessportseventsontelevision.(rarely)

Answer:Mickeyrarelywatchessportseventsontelevision.

1.FootballfanswatchthegamesonSundayafternoons.(always)

2.PasqualehaswrittenalettertohiscousininItaly.(never)

3.Ihaveseenthatprogram,butIdon’tlikeit.(occasionally)

4.WestudyonFridayafternoons.(usually)

5.Martapreparesapeachpieforspecialoccasions.(generally)

6.Theyseeusonweekends,becausewearesobusy.(hardly)

7.Monicahasgoneshoppinginthenewmall,becauseitissofaraway.(seldom)

8.Thisneighborhoodisquiet,buttodayitisrathernoisy.(usually)

9.HasJudesungandplayedforthelocaldances?(sometimes)

10.Haveyouthoughtaboutwritinganovel?(often)

11.Thegirlstakethebustowork,buttodayitwasrainingandtheygotaride.(generally)

12.IhaveseenTomwithouthiswifeatthecouncilmeetings.(seldom)

13.Theytalktoussincetheymovedtothenewneighborhood.(barely)

14.WetakethechildrentotheparkforapicniconSundays.(frequently)

15.Haveyouwonthelottery?(never)

YET,STILL,ALREADY,NEVER,EVER

Yetisusedwithquestionsandnegativeanswersandindicatesatimeuptothepresent.Itusuallycomesattheendofthesentence.Itisusedmostlywiththepresentperfecttense.

Theplanehasn’tarrivedyet.

Havetheyfinishedtheirreportyet?

Still indicates a continuing action in progress at a given time in the past,present, or future. Still follows the verb be and precedes other verbs exceptauxiliariesinquestions.

Marshaisstillpresidentofthegroup.

Did the language department still offer Russian when you were astudent?

Hestillhasn’tfinishedhiswork.Hehasstillnotfinishedhiswork.

Nevermeans“notonce”;itisalsoanegativeanswertoaneverquestion.

HaveyouevermetthePresident?

IhavenevermetthePresident.

Ever means “on one occasion”; it is also used for questions. It comesbetweentheauxiliaryandthemainverbandcanbeusedwithanegative.

Haveyoueverbeentoarockconcert?

No,Ihaven’teverbeentoarockconcert.

Already is used in affirmative sentences to show that an actionhas takenplace.Itusuallycomesbetweentheauxiliaryandthemainverb.

Wehavealreadyseenthemovie.

The passengers had already left the plane before their relativesarrived.

EXERCISE35Completeeachsentence,usingoneofthewordsbelow.Theremaybemorethanonecorrectanswerinsomesentences.

Example:Ineverwanttoseesomuchviolenceagain.

1.Haveyoureadtoday’snewspaper__________?

2.TheJohnsonshave__________visitedSwitzerland.

3.Kurtis__________writinghistermpaper.

4.Areyou__________livinginPhoenix?

5.Theprofessorhasn’tarrived__________.

6.HasNancytakenhermorningcoffeebreak__________?

7.Wehave__________boughtticketsfortheopera.

8.Martinwas__________workingfortheairlineswhenIsawhim.

9.Haveyoureviewedyourirregularverbs__________?

10.Havethey__________visitedNiagaraFalls?

11.Isyourfriend__________planningtovisityouthismonth?

12.Hasthenewtradeagreementbeennegotiated__________?

13.Wehaven’tansweredhisletter__________.

14.Melanieis__________readingthatnovelthatshestartedwhileshewasonvacation.

15.Noonehasseenthedirector__________today.

16.Fiftypercentoftheprojecthas__________beencompleted.

17.Herfatherwasachemist,butMarleen__________receivedgoodgradesinchemistry.

18.Isthatteam__________goingtowinagamethisyear?

EXERCISE36Completesentences,usingthewordsbelow.

1.Susanhas_________writtenherthesis.

2.Iam_________notreadytodiscussthatcontroversialissue.

3.Someoneelsehas_________takenyourseat.

4.Melissa_________allowshersistertowearherclothes.

5.Thephysicalfitnessgroupis_________joggingeverymorning.

6.DidthePope_________gotoAfricaonavisit?

7.WillValerie_________marryherchildhoodsweetheart?

8.Ihave_________seenaredbutterflybefore.Haveyou?

9.Canyou_________forgivemeformakingsuchamistake?

10.ManyNorthernersarewonderingifspringwill_________arrive.

11.We_________seemtohavetimeafterworktogoshoppinginthemall.

12.HasSally_________flowninaConcordejet?

13.Ritahasn’tgraduatedfromhighschool_________.

14.Louie’steamhas_________wontwochampionshipsandhopestowinathird.

15.Hasanyoneelse_________wonsevengoldmedals?Idon’tthinkso.

16.Isthestore_________havingitsbigsummerwhitesale?

17.Noonehasvolunteeredtoacceptthechairmanship_________.

IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER4Prepositions

Chapter4

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositionsareawordorgroupofwordsthatshowtherelationbetweentheobjectandsomeotherwordinthesentence.Hereisapartiallistforyoutolearn.

about

above

accordingto

across

after

against

aheadof

along

among

apartfrom

around

as

asfaras

at

becauseof

before

below

beside

between

beyond

but(except)

by

concerning

contraryto

despite

down

during

except

for

from

in

inadditionto

infrontof

inplaceof

inregardto

inspiteof

inviewof

inside

insteadof

into

like

near

of

off

on

onaccountof

out

outof

over

past

since

through

throughout

to

toward

under

underneath

until(till)

up

upto

upon

with

within

without

Prepositionalphrases includeprepositionsusually followedby theandanounandindicatetimeorlocation.Theyanswerthequestionswhenorwhere.

WestudyEnglishandmathinthemorning.(when?)

Mr.Northpreferstodrivetotheoffice.(where?)

Intermsoflocation,lookattheprepositionalphrasesasanyplacearatcango(underthesink,behindthesofa,betweenthewalls,etc.).

Prepositionsexceptto (whichmayprecedethesimpleformoftheverborgerund)precedeagerund.

Somestudentsputoffstudyingaslongaspossible.

Salisagainsthuntingdeer.

Prepositionscanaccompanynouns,verbs,andadjectivesasanintegralpartof the phrase.Here is a partial list by category. Please seeAppendixD for amorecompletelist.

Prepositions are a difficult concept, andmost often the bestway to learnthemistolistentohowtheyareusedwithcertainexpressions.AmorecompleteofexpressionsandtheirappropriateprepositionsislocatedinAppendixD.Lookatthefollowingexamples:

In:years,months,city,state,country,theuniversity,insideabuilding

In 1990 I lived in San Francisco, in California, while I was in theuniversity.

On: specific date, name of a street, day of the week, different forms oftransportation (bus, plane), certain floors of buildings, location (on thetable/desk/sofa)

MarywasbornonJune14,1965,inahouseonMadisonStreet.

At:exactaddress,specifictime,athome/school/work/therestaurant,withcertainexpressionssuchasat first/last/least/once/present/themost/yourdiscretion/yourconvenience/thismoment/thistime/amoreconvenienttime

ThepartywillbeheldattheGovernor’sClubat7:30p.m.

Of: to show possession, pertaining to, used with certain expressions (seeAppendixD)

TheparentsofJohnandMaryliveinoneofthesuburbseastoftown.

In the absence of the president, the vice president conducted themeeting.

From:origin,outof,giver

JanreceivedaletterfromherunclefromFrance.

For:during,insteadof,intendedreceiver,becauseof

Theexamfortomorrowisfortheeleveno’clockclass.

EXERCISE37Fromthelistofprepositions,selectthebestonetocompletethemeaning.Somemayberepeated,andsomemayhavemultipleanswers.

Thebosssaidthatwemustbe1)________theoffice2)________nine

o’clock,nolater.Iwokeuplate,jumped3)________thecaranddrove4)

________work.Mymotherdividedthecookies5)________myfriends

andme.Wearrivedlate6)_________therain.7)________yougo8)

________thehouse,youmustunlockthedoor.Thebirdsflew9)________

thetrees10)________thathotsummerday11)________May.Lucy’s

sisterwasborn12)________Baltimore13)________June22,1970.

Arnoldlives14)________2754BentonRoad.Scottis15)________love

16)________Sandi,andtheywillmarrysoon.Thepolicetookthedrugs

17)________thesellers.Ourplanetook18)________anhourlate.We

haveanagreement19)________ustwonottocriticizeeachother.Harry

boughttheflowers20)________Peggy21)________herbirthday.

ColumbusdiscoveredAmerica22)________1500.Lookforyourglasses

23)________theshelf24)________thetelevision.I’mthinking25)

________visitingmycousinthissummer.

EXERCISE38Supplythecorrectpreposition.

1.Thepoliceaccusedthem______robbingthebank.

2.Youmusttake______accountthathewasveryyoungthen.

3.Don’tworry______anything.I’lltakecare_______everything.

4.Whowillpay______thedamages______yourcar?

5.Theyarethinking______moving______California.

6.It’saquestion______findingtherightman______thejob.

7.Doesanyoneobject______mysmokingacigarette?

8.He’snotinterested______money______all.

9.Shereallydied______abrokenheart.

10.Iaskedthepharmacist______something______aheadache.

11.Hepouredthewine______ourglasses.

12.Heisalways______ahurry.

13.Iaskedthewaitresstotake______thedirtydishes.

14.Hetookme______thearmandhelpedme______thestreet.

15.Thisisanexception______therule.

16.Thesignsaid,“Keep______thegrass.”

17.Somepeoplehavestrangeideas______bringing______children.

18.Idreamed______youalllastnight.

19.Thereissomeoneknocking______thedoor.

20.Whywasshetalking______him?

EXERCISE39Circlethecorrectpreposition.

TheRaExpedition

1.(In,On)1937whileThorHeyerdahlandhiswifewere2.(by,on)a

littleisland3.(for,in)theMarquesas4.(on,in)thePacificOcean,hebegan

tothink5.(about,to)storieshehadheardconcerningthegreatPolynesian

sun-godTiki.Thisandaseries6.(for,of)eventsledThorHeyerdahl,a

Norwegian,andfiveothermentoundertakeone7.(for,of)themostdaring

adventures8.(of,about)ourtimes—that9.(of,to)crossingthePacific

Ocean10.(on,under)abalsaraftashebelievedtheancientPolynesians

haddone.

TheKon-Tiki,astheraftwascalled11.(to,in)honor12.(of,for)the

sungod,sailedsome4,300nauticalmiles13.(for,from)Peru14.(for,to)

thePolynesianIslands.15.(On,By)theopensea,theyhadtowithstand

manygalesandstorms,aswellasfight16.(off,of)sharks.Whentheir

provisionsranout,theyfished17.(over,for)foodandcollectedrainwater

todrink.

The101-daytripproved18.(for,to)Heyerdahlandtheother

adventurersthatitwaspossible19.(by,for)thePolynesianstohave

traveled20.(for,from)SouthAmerica21.(to,on)theirislandmany

centuriesbefore.

EXERCISE40Selectthecorrectprepositiontocompletethesentence.

1.Afterjumping_________thecoldpool,theswimmersbegantoshiver.A.intoB.onC.underD.beneath

2.RafaellivesintheEasternpartofVenezuelasome200milesfrom

Caracasat18feet_________sealevel.A.ontopofB.atC.overD.above

3.JanplanstovisitArizona_________themiddleofspringA.atB.aroundC.toD.for

4.Didyoumeettheguestspeaker_________theconference?A.atB.inC.onD.over

5.Thepresidentialcandidate’sspeechtodaywasinconsistent_________hisremarksmadeatpreviousgatherings.A.toB.withC.aboutD.of

6.Theassignmentswereequallydivided_________thefivework-studystudentsinthecommunityeducationdepartment.A.amongB.betweenC.forD.into

7.Wetriedtodiscouragethestudents_________writingontopicsthat

weretoodifficultforthemtocompletesuccessfully.A.toB.forC.fromD.about

8.Bothsoccerandfootballteamsconsist_________elevenactiveplayersforeachteamonthefield.A.inB.onC.ofD.to

9.Someeducatorsaretryingtodoaway_________thenewmathematicsbecauseithasnotbeenassuccessfulastheyhadhoped.A.fromB.toC.forD.with

10.AsItraveled_________Chinaonthetrain,Isawbeautifullandscapes,oldbuildings,andquaintvillages.A.inB.onC.overD.about

11.Scientistswereinterestedintheradioactivityemanating_________thenuclearpowerplantlocatedneartheocean.A.inB.toC.fromD.about

12.Becausethecommitteewasanxioustoattendthecelebration,thepresidentdispensed_________readingtheminutesofthepreviousmeeting.A.withB.fromC.ofD.for

13.Atnightthesoundofthewindintensifiestheexcitementonefeelsasheimaginesthecriesuttered_________thevictimsoftheInquisition.A.byB.forC.toD.about

IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER5Conjunctions

Chapter5

CONJUNCTIONS

A word that connects words or groups of words in a sentence is aconjunction. These connecting words can be relative, coordinating,correlative, and subordinate conjunctions. Each has a different function andwillbestudiedmoreindetailinlaterchapters.

An easy way to remember the coordinating conjunctions is by using theacronymFANBOYS:For,And,Nor,But,Or,Yet,So.

Thewordsand,nor, or can connect nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, orprepositionalphrasesasaseriesofelements.Usenorinnegativesentences.

Nouns:

Therearepens,paper,andpencilsontheshelf.

Taketheredblouseorthegreenblouse.

Idon’tlikeaPorschenoraCadillac.

Verbs:

Joeplaysguitarandsingswell.

Thegroupcan’tdancenoract.

WewillswimorrideourbikesonSaturday.

Adjectives:

Paulisathletic,studious,andgenerous.

Todayisnotsunnynorwarm.

Thosesocksareblackorblue.

Adverbs:

Thescoutswalkedquietlyandcarefullythroughthewoods.

Thesequestionsareneitherneatlynorcorrectlyanswered.

Inballetjumpquicklyorelegantly,ordon’tjumpatall.

Look under the bushes and among the flowers for the

Prepositionalphrases:

hiddenEastereggs.

Youwillfindyoursocksunderthebedorinthecloset.

Don'thangthepictureoverthemantelnorabovethedoor.

These conjunctions can connect two main clauses.When they do, use acommadirectlybeforetheconjunction.

Leiwonascholarship,andshewentawaytoschool

Idon’thaveacar,nordoIplantobuyone.

Myflightleavesatseven,soIneedtohurry.

Wehavetoleavenow,butwewillreturnsoon.

Theconjunctionforusuallymeansbecause,givingareasonforanaction.

Ourgroupmovedinsidethepavilion,forithadstartedtorain.

Bringyourcoatsalong,for theeveningsarecoolinthatareathatwewillbevisiting.

EXERCISE41Circle the conjunctions and underline which parts of the sentence areconnected.Decidewhether they are connecting two complete ideas, justtwowordsofthesamepartofspeech,oracontrast.

Example:Tonyisouttoday,buthewillreturntomorrow.but—contrastThesunisshiningbrightly,andwearegoingtothebeach.and—twoideas

1.Theskyisgray,anditisgoingtorain.

2.Wewanttoseethatnewmovie,butnottonight.

3.Rudiwantstobeadoctor,soheistakinganumberofsciencecoursesthissemester.

4.ThedoctorcanseeyouMonday,butyouhavetobeherenolaterthan8:00a.m.

5.Idon’tknowhowtodance,nordoIintendtolearn.

6.Maritzadoesn’thaveenoughmoneyforthetrip,yetshereallywantstogo.

7.Mysisterjustboughtsomedishesandglassesforhernewhouse.

8.Iwishyoualotofluck,forIknowyouwillneedit.

9.Thediplomatcan’tspeakRussiannorItalian.

10.Jasonorderedthepartforhiscar,butithasn’tcomein.

11.Wehaveatestinanhour,andwehavetostudyalotnow.

12.TheHowardfamilyisgoingawayfortheholidays,buttheyhavenotmadereservationsyet.

13.Theteamhasboughtuniforms,helmets,andgloves.

14.Gonowandpaylater.

15.Iwillstudychemistryoralgebrainthefall,butnotboth.

IntermediateGrammarESLCHAPTER6Verbs

Chapter6

VERBS

Therearefourprincipalpartsforallverbs,bothregularandirregular.Theyarepresent,past,pastparticiple,andpresentparticiple.Except for theverbbe,thepresenttenseistheformfoundinthedictionary.

Inthepresenttense,theformsareallthesameexceptforthethirdpersonsingular(he,she,it)towhichyouadd-s.

walks, runs, says (Iwalk,youwalk,he/she/itwalks,wewalk, theywalk)

For verbs that end in ch, o, s, sh, andx, however, add -es for the thirdpersonform.

watches,goes,passes,wishes,waxes

Forverbsendinginconsonant+y,changeytoibeforeadding-es

copy>copiesmarry>marries

Forallregularverbsinthepasttense,add-dtoformsendinginE.

baked,liked,revered,quoted

Forallregularverbs,add-edtoformsendinginconsonants.

talked,jumped,waited,sailed

Thepastparticipleforregularverbsisthesameasthepasttense.

Marybakedacakeyesterday.(pasttense)

Mary has baked many cakes for our bake sales. (past participle—

regular)

However,forirregularverbsthereisusuallyadifferentform.

Janetwrotemanyletterstoherfriends.(past)

Janet has written many letters to her friends. (past participle—irregular)

RegularVerbs

Past PastParticiple

walked walked

planted planted

telephoned telephoned

IrregularVerbs

Past PastParticiple

sang sung

rode ridden

went gone

Thepresentparticipleistheformendingin-ing.Rememberthatforverbsendingineithera[vowel+y]ora[consonant+y],keeptheybeforeaddingthe-ing.

marrying,copying,flying

surveying,annoying,portraying

EXERCISE42Writethecorrectformoftheverbinthepresenttense.

1.thecook_____________(fry)

2.themirror_______(magnify)

3.theshoes__________(pinch)

4.myskin_____________(itch)

5.we__________________(deny)

6.Anita_________________(do)

7.theband___________(march)

8.Mr.Adams__________(teach)

9.thestudents________(hurry)

10.thebrides________(blush)

11.you________________(wash)

12.myuncle___________(fish)

13.Ana_______________(study)

14.they_________________(go)

15.theiron_________(scorch)

16.I_________________(apply)

17.thedress___________(dry)

18.theairplane________(fly)

19.thesun__________(bleach)

20.thebaby____________(cry)

AUXILIARYVERBS

Eachoftheseprincipalpartsusescertainauxiliary(helping)verbstoformdifferenttenses.Lookatthefollowingcharttoseewhichauxiliariesaccompanythefourdifferentformsandthetensesthattheycreateinactivevoice.

Iwritemyhomeworkeverynight.

Icanwritemyhomeworkeverynight.

Iwouldwritemyhomeworkeverynight.

Iwillwritemyhomeworkeverynight.

Imaywritemyhomeworkeverynight.

Iwrotemyhomeworkeverynight.

Imustbewritingmyhomeworkeverynight,orelseIwouldn’tbepassing.

Iwrotemyhomeworkeverynight.

Ihadwrittenmyhomeworkbeforelunch.

Ihavewrittenmyhomeworkeverynight.

Iamwritingmyhomeworkrightnow.

Iwaswritingmyhomeworkat8:00.

USINGAUXILIARYVERBS

Auxiliariesarealwaysfollowedby thesimpleformof theverb(infinitivewithoutto):

togo tosay tosee tospeak towork

Auxiliaries cannot beused in combinationwith eachother.Whendo andhave are the principal verbs of the sentence, the auxiliaries can combinewiththem.

Timdoesnothaveacar.

Wecandothatjobin15minutes.

Themechaniccouldhavethecarbytomorrow.

Iwillhavethesepapersforyoulatertoday.

Rememberthefollowingformulasforwordorderwhenusingauxiliaries:

Do, does, can, and should combine with the simple form to expressvariations in the present. The auxiliaries do and does are also necessary foraskingaquestionorforforminganegative,aswellasforemphasis.

Theydoneedhelp. Theydonotneedhelp. Dotheyneedhelp?

Icanplaytennis. Icannotplaytennis. CanIplaytennis?

Weshouldstudy. Weshouldnotstudynow. Shouldwestudy?

Rememberthatdo,does,anddidaretheauxiliaryverbsforpastandpresenttensesofallmainverbs.

Joeplays >doesplaygolfwell.

Antonsold >didsellhishouselastyear.

Thestudentslearn >dolearntheirlessons.

Did,could,andwould(repeatedpastaction)combinetoexpressavariationin the past.Did in the affirmative sentences emphasizes the past. Simple pastforms also express the same idea.Notice the need for the auxiliarydid in thenegativeandquestionforms.

Hedidvisit(visited)hiscousins. (foremphasis)

Didhevisithiscousins? (toaskaquestion)

Hedidnotvisithiscousins. (toexpressthenegative)

WhenIwasachild,Iwouldswimeverysummer.

WouldIswimeverysummer?

Iwouldnotswimeverysummer.

Beforehiskneeinjuryin1988,Harrycouldrunveryfast.

CouldHarryrunveryfast?

Harrycouldnotrunfast.

Could,would,andmightcanexpressuncertaintybasedonaconditionfora

later time.Theconditionexpressed,however, representssomethingcontrary tofactthatwillprobablynotchangeandnotmaterializelater.Rememberthattheseauxiliariescomefromthreedifferentverbs,andthemeaningforeachisslightlydifferent.

Ifwehadthemoney(wedon’t),wewouldbuyanewcar.

Icouldstopbytomorrowifyoureceivedthedocument.(Youprobablywon’treceiveit.)

Shemightbeabletocome,butitdoesn’tlookasifshe’llgettheplaneticketsontime.

May,will,andshallareusedasauxiliariestoindicatefuturetime.InBritishEnglish, shall is used for I andwe forms,while inAmerican English,will isacceptableforallforms.

ShemaygotoNewYorkwithusnextweek.

Iwill (shall forBritishEnglish) lookforanewapartmentbefore theendofthemonth.

EXERCISE43Underlinetheauxiliaryand/ormainverb.

1.TheJoneseshavejustboughtanewcar.

2.Whendidyousendthatpackagetoyoursister?

3.WhenisTomleavingforCalifornia?

4.Canyougivemechangeforthistwenty-dollarbill?

5.Willthesesuppliesbeenoughforyourcampingtrip?

6.Howoftendoyoufillyourgastank?

7.Theartistpaintedaportraitofhismother.

8.Nothingseemstomattertothemanymore.

9.Thepresidenthadspokentothecommitteebeforemakinghisdecision.

10.Thechildrenwereplayingwiththeirtoysallafternoon.

EXERCISE44Changethestatementstoquestions.

1.Wecanseethemovietomorrownight.

2.Nancyhasanappointmentfortwoo’clocktoday.

3.Thelandlordmightraisetherentagain.

4.HewouldliketovisittheUnitedNations.

5.Susanwillbeoutoftownforthreeweeks.

6.Thestudentsshouldstudyallthenewvocabulary.

7.IhadajobinBoston.

8.Enricoboughthisnewcomputerlastweek.

9.Tarapaintsverywell.

10.Thecarpentersknowhowtobuildthehouse.

EXERCISE45Oscar is a little confused.He has some incorrect information.Help himchangetheaffirmativestatementstonegativeonesandprovidethecorrectinformation.

1.Tomatoesgrowontrees.

2.Thesunshinesatnight.

3.Roosterscanlayeggs.

4.Alligatorslivedinthedesertlongago.

5.Myrosescouldgrowwithoutwater.

6.TheFrenchinventedtheconceptofzero.

7.(Peterhasproblemswithmath.)Heshouldstudystatistics.

8.Mostluxurycarsgetgoodgasmileage.

9.Boliviahasalargeport.

10.Lionshavefeathers.

EXERCISE46Changethesentencesfromthepresenttothefuture.

1.Grassgrowsfasterinthesummer.

2.Theyservesupperatseveno’clock.

3.Theplanearriveslate.

4.Nobodysleepsafternoon.

5.TheplaybeginsonSaturday.

6.Itissunnythisafternoon.

7.TheWaltonsliveonamountain.

8.Nothinginterestinghappensaroundhere.

9.Poinsettiasdon’tbloominthesummer.

10.Thefinalexamscountsfor25percentofyourgrade.

EXERCISE47:WRITINGAnswer the questions, using the correct form of the verb. Write acontrastingideaforthenegative.

1.WhattimedoesyourEnglishclassbegin?

It________________________________

_________________not_____________

2.Whoeatspeanutbuttersandwiches?

___________________________________

_________________not_____________

3.HowlongdoesSarahsleepeveryday?

She______________________________

_________________not_____________

4.Whorunsawayfromthecat?

___________________________________

_________________not_____________

5.DoesBadrdrivetotheuniversityeveryday?

Yes,________________________________

No,______________________________

6.DoesCynthiawalkwiththechildreneveryafternoon?

Yes,________________________________

No,______________________________

7.WhosingsSpanishsongs?

___________________________________

_________________not_____________

8.WhendoesMajadance?

She______________________________

_________________not_____________

9.Whotalksonthetelephonewiththesalesdepartment?

___________________________________

_________________not_____________

10.WhichnewspaperdoesAliaread?

She_______________________________

_________________not_____________

11.DoesCorazonwriteletterstoherfamilyeveryweek?

Yes,_____________________________

No,______________________________

12.Doesthisrestaurantservegoodfood?

Yes,_______________________________

No,______________________________

PASTTENSE

Anytimebeforenowisconsideredpasttense.Theverbtenseindicatesonlythattheactiontookplaceearlier,withnoreferencetootheractions.Whiletimesmaybeexpressed,theyarenotinrelationtoothertimes.Regularverbsformthepasttensebyadding-dtotheverbsthatendine.

bake>baked tease>teased raise>raised

provide>providedreserve>reservedrule>ruled

Forregularverbsendinginaconsonant,add-edtothepresenttense.

look>looked fail>failed wait>waited

Most one-syllable verbs containing one vowel and ending in a singleconsonant,doublethefinalconsonantbeforeadding-ed.

stop>stopped dot>dotted slam>slammed

Donotdoublethelettersxandw.

wax>waxed mow>mowed

Whena two-syllableverbends ina singleconsonantafter a singlevowelandthesecondsyllableisstressed,doublethefinalconsonantalso.

Noticethatthestressisonthesecondsyllableforeachoftheabove.Now

lookwhathappensifthestressfallsonthefirstsyllable.

Forwordsendinginconsonant+y,changetheytoibeforeaddinged.

hurry>hurried copy>copied fry>fried

**Remembertousedidastheauxiliaryforquestionsandnegatives.

Didyoufindthenewspaper?

No,Ididnotfindthenewspaper.

Unfortunately,therearemanyverbsinthepasttensethatdonotfollowthisrule.SeeAppendixEforalistwillhelpyoutolearnsomeofthem.

EXERCISE48Circlethecorrectformoftheverbinparentheses.

1.Becausewehad(forgot,forgotten)towindtheclockbeforegoingtobed,wearrivedlateforwork.

2.Havethehikersalready(gone,went)tothemountains?

3.Ourdog(digged,dug)aholeinthebackyard.

4.Mycousin(brang,brought)herguitartotheparty,andwe(sang,sung)manyofourfavoritesongs.

5.Ourneighbors(selled,sold)theirhouselastmonth.

6.Becausethelaborersweresotired,they(sleeped,slept)anextrahourthismorning.

7.Afterplayingtennisfortwohours,theplayers(drank,drunk)twoglassesofjuice.

8.Theairplane(flew,flied)highoverthemountainpeaks.

9.Afterthehurricanehadhitthearea,manybeautifultrees(fell,fallen)totheground.

10.Anintensecoldwave(freezed,froze)thewaterpipes,causingthemtoburst.

11.Wehad(ate,eaten)somuchthatwecouldnotrideourbicycleshome.

12.Ourlunchfellofftheboat,andIwatcheditasit(sunk,sank)slowlyintothesea.

13.Nooneintheaudience(understand,understood)thespeaker’smessage.

14.They(telled,told)uswhattheyhadplannedtodoinWashington.

15.Lastnightwe(seen,saw)agreatmovie.

16.Thewhistle(blew,blown)loudlyasthetrainapproachedthestation.

EXERCISE49Write the correct form of the verbs, using the past tense or the pastparticiple.

GarageSaling—AWayofLife

LastweektwoofmyfriendsandI(1)were(be)returningfromthe

shoppingmallwhenwe(2)saw(see)some“garagesale”signs.It(3)

________(seem)oddthatsomeonewouldwanttosellagarage,buti