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Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva CrnicaProfesor titular: Dr. Enrique Daz Greene
Profesor adjunto: Dr. Federico Rodrguez Weber
Revis: Dr. Pablo Snchez R4MI
Presenta: Dra. Pamela Salcido de Pablo R1MI
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CASO VIETA
Femenino de 59 aos de edad, con los siguientes antecedentes de importancia:AHF: carga gentica para HAS y DM2.APNP: Tabaquismo positivo a razn de 30 cigarros al da por 38 aos con un IT de 57 paquetes/ao; alcoholismo social; alimentacin disminuida en cantidad, adecuada en calidad; no inmunizaciones recientes; niega viajes recientes; niega zoonosis.*
- APP: Alrgicos, traumticos y transfusionales negados.
Quirrgicos: amigdalectoma en la infancia. Mdicos: HAS diagnosticada
hace 10 aos. Medicamentos: amlodipino 5 mg VO c/ 24 hrs.
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- PA: Cuenta con antecedente de tos y expectoracin amarillenta
desde hace 10 aos.
En los ltimos 3 aos refiere disnea de esfuerzo, progresiva, as como infecciones de vas respiratorias superiores frecuentes con expectoracin purulenta, con duracin promedio de 15 das.
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En los ltimos 6 meses, ha tenido tres episodios de infecciones de vas areas superiores, tratadas con antibiticos no especificados y agonistas b2 de corta accin, con mejora inicial y recada posterior a la suspensin de medicamentos aproximadamente a la los 7- 10 das.
En el segundo proceso toma corticoides orales con adecuada respuesta. Hace 20 das presenta nueva agudizacin, por lo que acude a valoracin.
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- A la EF:
TA 130/75 mmHg FC 88 lpm FR 20 rpm T 36C sO2 AA 84% SO2 PN 94%, peso: 60 Kg, Talla 1.65 m, IMC: 22.03, alerta, orientada, bien hidratada, adecuada coloracin de tegumentos, ruidos cardiacos rtmicos, de adecuada frecuencia e intensidad.
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- Trax en tonel, campos pulmonares con disminucin de movimientos
de amplexin y amplexacin, ruidos respiratorios disminuidos, con
sibilancias aisladas espiratorias bilaterales, vibraciones vocales
disminuidas, con timpanismo a la percusin.Abdomen plano, blando,
depresible, no doloroso, normoperistalsis, sin visceromegalias o
masas palpables. Extremidades sin edema, con pulsos homcrotos y
sincrnicos con el radial, llenado capilar 2 segundos.
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- BH: Hb 17 Hto 51 Pla 315 Leu 5.9 55/35EKG:
RS/ FC 80/AQRS +90/ Transicional en V3/ crecimiento AD
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- Espirometra:
VEF1: 980 ml, VEF1 (% valor terico): 37.32%
CVF: 2750 ml, CVF: 79.89%
VEF1/CVF: 35.64%
Prueba con broncodilatadores: positiva
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Definicin
Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crnica
Limitacin del flujo de aire
Progresiva
Parcialmente reversible
Respuesta inflamatoria anormal a particulas y/o gases nocivos.
Prevenible y Tratable
Repercusiones extrapulmonares.
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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EPOC
Enfermedad heterognea
Involucro:Bronquios
Bronquiolos
Parnquima pulmonar
MacNee, Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,
Clin Chest Med 28 (2007) 479513
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Epidemiologa
Mannino, Global burden of COPD: Risk factors, prevalence, and future
Trends, Lancet 2007; 370: 76573
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Epidemiologa en Mxico
En el INER, la EPOCse ubic en el cuarto lugar en la tabla de morbi-mortalidad anual. La EPOC se ubica entre el 6o y el 4 lugar en cuanto a mortalidad.La prevalencia es igual entre hombres y mujeres.Clnica de EPOC, INER, 2007
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Epidemiologa en Mxico
Programa Nacional de Salud 2007 - 2012
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Epidemiologa en Mxico
Programa Nacional de Salud 2007 - 2012
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Factores de riesgo
TABAQUISMO
ContaminacinExposicin ocupacional:Minera del carbn
Minera del oro
Polvo de algodn para textiles
Deficiencia de alfa 1 antitripsinaMannino, Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future
Trends, Lancet 2007; 370: 76573
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Factores de riesgo
En Mxico 13% de los hogares cocinan con combustibles slidos (lea, carbn o queroseno).
En Oaxaca y Chiapas ms de 40% de la poblacin est expuesta a aire contaminado dentro de sus viviendas.
Programa Nacional de Salud 2007 - 2012
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Histopatologa
Bronquitis CrnicaTos con expectoracin la mayora de los das durante 3 meses en 2 aos consecutivos.
La inflamacin crnica de la va area se asocia con:
Aumento en la produccin de moco
Reduccin del aclaramiento mucociliar
Aumento de la permeabilidad de la barrera epitelial.
MacNee, Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,
Clin Chest Med 28 (2007) 479513
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Histopatologa
Enfisema pulmonarDistensin de los espacios areos secundario a la destruccin de las paredes alveolares.
Centrolobular o centroacinar
Panlobular o panacinar
MacNee, Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,
Clin Chest Med 28 (2007) 479513
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Barnes P. N Engl J Med 2000;343:269-280
Mechanisms of Airflow Limitation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Figure 1. Mechanisms of Airflow Limitation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. In the peripheral airways of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as compared with normal peripheral airways, there is airflow limitation due to a variable mixture of loss of alveolar attachments, inflammatory obstruction of the airway, and luminal obstruction with mucus.
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Patognesis
MacNee, Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,
Clin Chest Med 28 (2007) 479513
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Barnes P. N Engl J Med 2000;343:269-280
Inflammatory Mechanisms in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Figure 3. Inflammatory Mechanisms in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Cigarette smoke and other irritants activate macrophages and airway epithelial cells in the respiratory tract, which release neutrophil chemotactic factors, including interleukin-8 and leukotriene B4. Neutrophils and macrophages then release proteases that break down connective tissue in the lung parenchyma, resulting in emphysema, and also stimulate mucus hypersecretion. Proteases are normally counteracted by protease inhibitors, including {alpha}1-antitrypsin, secretory leukoprotease inhibitor, and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ lymphocytes) may also be involved in the inflammatory cascade. MCP-1 denotes monocyte chemotactic protein 1, which is released by and affects macrophages.
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Shapiro S. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2016-2019
Figure 1. Inflammatory-Cell Interactions in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the Role of Histone Acetylation. Reactive oxygen species resulting from inhaled cigarette smoke (and potentially from the inflammatory cells themselves) promote transcription of nuclear factor-{kappa}B (NF-{kappa}B)-mediated proinflammatory factors by way of two mechanisms. First, oxidation results in the degradation of IK-{kappa}B, releasing NF-{kappa}B, which then translocates to the nucleus of the targeted cell. Oxidation also inactivates histone deacetylase (HDAC), shifting the balance to increased DNA acetylation, weakening the interactions between histone and DNA and "unwinding" DNA, allowing NF-{kappa}B greater access to the DNA promoter elements, and leading to transcription of neutrophil chemokines and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor {alpha} [TNF-{alpha}] and interleukin-8) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These factors recruit and activate neutrophils to the lung. In addition, CD8+ T cells augment the production of macrophage MMPs through interactions with surface-bound CD40 molecules and interferon-inducible chemokines (inducible protein of 10 kD [IP-10], interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant [I-TAC], and monokine induced by interferon-{gamma} [MIG]). Macrophage MMPs and neutrophil elastase degrade each other's inhibitors, the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases and alpha1-antitrypsin, respectively, augmenting their matrix-degrading capacities. These interactions illustrate the highly interactive nature of the immune inflammatory response and suggest that breaking this cycle, perhaps by way of augmentation of HDAC with the use of theophylline, may prevent inflammatory-mediated destruction of the lung in COPD. Dashed lines indicate inhibition.
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Cuadro Clnico
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Cuadro Clnico
Cooper, The Connection Between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease Symptoms and Hyperinflation and Its Impact on
Exercise and Function, The American Journal of Medicine (2006) Vol 119 (10A), S21S31
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Cuadro Clnico
Sx de Rarefaccin
Inspeccin Torax en tonel
Palpacin VsVs
Percusin Hiperclaridad
Auscultacin RsRs
Rennard S. N Engl J Med 2004;350:965-966
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Sarkar, Evaluation of the Dyspneic
Patient in the Office, Prim Care Clin Office Pract, 33 (2006) 643657
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Exploracin Fsica
Otros:
Datos de dificultad respiratoria Aumento de la fase espiratoria Prdida de pesoRennard S. N Engl J Med 2004;350:965-966
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Rennard S. N Engl J Med 2004;350:965-966
Looking at the Patient with COPD
Figure. Looking at the Patient with COPD. COPD may be manifested in striking systemic features. These may vary markedly, even among patients with similar degrees of airflow limitation. The classic "blue bloater" (left) is characterized by hypoxemia, possibly with carbon dioxide retention, which may be complicated by pulmonary hypertension and signs of right-sided heart failure. The "pink puffer" (right), in contrast, is characterized by cachexia, relatively preserved blood gases, and often dyspnea even when the patient is at rest. Cough and sputum may be prominent in the blue bloater but may also be present in the pink puffer. Emphysema is often severe in the pink puffer but may also be present in the blue bloater. Thus, the two phenotypes illustrated here represent different systemic manifestations of a complex disease. Many patients with systemic manifestations of COPD do not resemble either of these patients.
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Diagnstico
Sospecha:
Paciente >40 aos
Factores de riesgo
Disnea
De esfuerzo
Progresiva
Persistente
Tos
Expectoracin
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Diagnstico
EspirometraAyuda a establecer el diagnstico
Valores normales excluyen el diagnstico de EPOC
Establece un estadio
Valora la progresin
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Espirometra
Cmo se realiza?Paciente sentado y tranquilo
Inhalar completamente
Colocar los labios y sellar con ellos el tubo
Exhalar lo ms rpido y completamente.
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Espirometra
Mediciones:
Capacidad vital forzada (FVC)
Volumen espiratorio forzado en el 1er segundo (FEV1)
Relacin FEV1/FVC
Resultados
Basados en % de prediccin, de acuerdo a:
Raza
Sexo
Edad
Peso
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Espirometra
Relacin FEV 1/ FVC -
Espirometra
Ferri: Practical Guide to the Care of the Medical Patient, 7th ed.
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Espirometra
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Sutherland E and Cherniack R. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2689-2697
Pulmonary Hyperinflation in Patients with COPD
Espirometra
Figure 2. Pulmonary Hyperinflation in Patients with COPD. As compared with healthy patients, patients with COPD have pulmonary hyperinflation with an increase in functional residual capacity (red) and a decrease in inspiratory capacity (blue). This condition increases the volume at which tidal ventilation (oscillating line) occurs and places the muscles of respiration at mechanical disadvantage. Hyperinflation worsens with exercise and therefore reduces exercise tolerance (dynamic hyperinflation). Inhaled bronchodilators improve dynamic hyperinflation, as well as hyperinflation at rest (not shown), thereby reducing the work of breathing and increasing exercise tolerance.
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Diagnstico
Mettler: Essentials of Radiology, 2da ed.
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Diagnstico
Goldman: Cecil Medicine, 23 ed.
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Diagnsticos diferenciales
Asma
ICC
Bronquiectasias
Tuberculosis
Bronquiolitis Obliterante
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Clasificacin GOLD
Falla respiratoria: PaO2 menor de 60 mmHg con o sin PaCO2 mayor de 50 mmHg al aire ambiente.
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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NDICE DE BODE
Peso (IMC)Obstruccin de vas areas (VEF1)Disnea (Medical Research Council dinea score)Capacidad de hacer ejercicio (caminata de 6 minutos)Mejor informacin pronstica que el VEF1 slo y se puede utilizar para respuesta teraputica.The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Exacerbaciones
Episodios agudos de empeoramiento de los sntomas.Mas frecuentes y ms severos conforme progresa el estadio de EPOC.Procesos inflamatorios de vas areas y sistmicos.Aumento de linfocitos TCD8, macrfagos y neutrfilos.
Wedzichal, COPD exacerbations: defi ning their cause and prevention,
Lancet 2007; 370: 78696
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Exacerbaciones
Wedzichal, COPD exacerbations: defi ning their cause and prevention,
Lancet 2007; 370: 78696
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Exacerbaciones, valoracin.
Gasometra arterial:PaO2 < 60 mm Hg o SaO2 < 90% con/sin PaCO2 > 50 mmHg al aire ambiente es indicativo de falla respiratoria.
Acidosis moderada a severa (pH < 7.36) + hipercapnia (PaCO2 >45-60 mm Hg) en un paciente con falla respiratoria es criterio de ventilacin mecnica.
Rx de trax EKG: Hipertrofia ventricular izquierda.Cultivo de expectoracinBH: leucocitosis, policitemia.The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Exacerbaciones
Severa.
Exacerbacin de disnea + aumento en la cantidad de esputo + esputo purulento.
Moderada.
2 de 3 caractersticas
Leve
1 caracterstica +
IVAS en los ltimos 5 das
Fiebre
Aumento en los estertores
Aumento en la tos
20% de aumento en FC basal
20% de aumento en FR basal
Ann, Intern Med 2001 Apr 3; 134/7: 600
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Tratamiento
MetasAliviar los sntomas
Prevenir la progresin
Mejorar la tolerancia al ejercicio
Mejorar el estado de salud
Prevenir y tratar complicaciones
Prevenir y tratar exacerbaciones
Reducir la mortalidad
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Tratamiento
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Tratamiento
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Tratamiento
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Tratamiento con Broncodilatadores
Va Inhalada
Uso para alivio intermitente
Uso regular para prevenir y reducir la persistencia de sintomatologa
Broncodilatadores de larga accin > efectividad corta accin.
El uso combinado de broncodilatadores es preferible a utilizar altas dosis de un solo tipo.
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Tratamiento con Broncodilatadores
Agonistas B2
Anticolinrgicos
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Tratamiento con Broncodilatadores
Sutherland, Management of Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease, N Engl J Med 2004;350:2689-97.
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Tratamiento con Broncodilatadores Combinado
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Tratamiento con glucocorticoesteroides
Va inhalada
Recomendado para pacientes con FEV1 < 50% y exacerbaciones repetitivas.
Reduce la frecuencia de exacerbaciones agudas.
No modifica la progresin del descenso de FEV1
Aumenta el riesgo de neumona
No reduce la mortalidad.
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Tratamiento con Glucocorticoesteroides inhalados
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Tratamiento
Vacunas:Influenza. Anual
Neumococco. Para pacientes >65 aos.
AntibiticosMucolticos AntitusivosThe Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Tratamiento con Oxgeno
Uso >15 hrs/da
Indicaciones:
Pacientes en estadio IV.
PaO2
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Tratamiento de las exacerbaciones
Indicaciones de admisin hospitalaria:
Incremento marcado de la sintomatologa
Antecedentes, comorbilidades
Desarrollo de nuevos signos fsicos.
Falla al tratamiento inicial.
Exacerbaciones frecuentes
Edad avanzada
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Tratamiento de las exacerbaciones
Tratamiento ambulatorio:
Aumentar la dosis y/o frecuencia de broncodilatadores.
Uso de agonitas B2 + anticolinergico
Uso de esteroide inhalado
En caso de FEV1 < 50%, utilizar 30-40 mg de prednisona VO de 7 10 das
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines 2007
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Tratamiento de Exacerbaciones
Antibioticoterapia:
Aumento en la disnea + aumento en la expectoracin + expectoracin purulenta.
Expectoracin purulenta.
Pacientes que requieren ventilacin mecnica.
Chest 2008 Mar; 133 (3): 756
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