Grammar 7TH Grade

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English for Starters 7

Unit 1 verb be; verb have got; short answers; I, my, his

Unit 2 present simple; I, me, he, him; modal verb can

Unit 3 present simple negative; always, usually; questions with do, does; imperatives

Unit 4 present continuous; slowly, quickly; this / that / these / those

Unit 5 there is / there are; some / any; countable and uncountable nouns

Unit 6 I, me, mine; I’d like; How much / How many

Unit 7 past simple: regular verbs; be; questions and short answers

Unit 8 past simple: negative; irregular verbs; short answers

Unit 9 must / mustn’t; have to / don’t have to

Unit 10 should / shouldn’t; Why don’t you … ?; had to / didn’t have to

Unit 11 be going to; prepositions: in, into, out of; future time expressions: this afternoon / evening

Unit 12 will / won’t; will, may, could

Grammar 7TH Grade

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Grammar 7TH Grade

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Verb be

form subject present past

affirmative I he, she, it, S.N you, we, they, P.N.

am ('m) is ('s) are ('re)

was was were

negative am not - 'm not is not - isn't are not - aren't

was not - wasn't was not - wasn't were not – weren't

question V.be + S. + C. + ?

short answers

Question Yes + S. + V.be No + S. + V.be + NOT

agreeing disagreeing

positive So + V.be + S. S. + V.be + NOT

negative Neither + V.be + S. S. +V.be

Use: 1. We use be as a main verb and an auxiliary verb. We use be to make the continuous form and the passive. The ball's on the table. I’m reading a book 2. Verb be, when followed by an adjective, is used to describe a person, place, or thing. I am tired. The building is tall.

Verb have got -Have got and have mean the same. Have got is informal. I’ve got a terrible pain in my back. I have a terrible pain in my back. (more formal)

form subject present past

affirmative I, we, you, they, P.N. he, she. it, S.N.

have got has got

had

negative haven't got hasn't got

didn't have

question have + S. + got + C. + ? has + S. + got + C. + ?

did + S + have + C. + ?

short answers

Question Yes + S. + have No + S. + have + NOT

agreeing disagreeing

positive So + have + S. S. + have + NOT

negative Neither + have + S. S. +have

Use: -We use have got to talk about possession, relationships, characteristics and illnesses. She’s got two cats and a dog. How many brothers have you got?

Grammar 7TH Grade

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Possessive Adjectives

subject pronouns possessive adjectives

I my

we our

you your

they their

he his

she her

it its

-A subject pronoun is a pronoun that takes the place of a noun as the subject of a sentence. Hani's a new pupil. He's in the seventh grade. -A possessive adjective is usually used to describe a noun, and it comes before it, like other adjectives. My jacket is made of leather.

Possessive ('s)

-We use possessive ’s as a determiner to show that something belongs to someone or something. Yousef has got a computer It's Yousef's computer. -To ask about possession, we use the question word whose. Whose is this computer? It’s Huda's. Note: -We use (’s) after a singular noun and (’)after a plural noun.

singular noun + ’s plural noun + ’

The girl’s bedroom (The bedroom belongs to one girl.)

The girls’ bedroom. (The bedroom belongs to more than one girl.)

-We use ’s with irregular plural nouns (e.g. children, men, people, women). The children's toys are on the floor.

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Present Simple

form I, we, you, they, P.N. he, she, it, S.N.

affirmative S. + V.1 + C. I usually go to school on Sunday.

S. + V. (s) + C. Rana plays tennis on Friday.

negative S + do + NOT + V.1 + C. I don't usually go to school on Friday.

S + does + NOT + V.1 + C. She doesn't play tennis on Friday.

question do + S. + V.1 + C. + ? Do you usually go to school on Friday?

does + S. + V.1 + C. + ? Does Rana play tennis on Friday?

short answer Yes + S. + do. / No. + S. + don't. Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

Yes + S. + does. / No. + S. + doesn't. Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.

Adverbs of Frequency : -They describe how often something occurs, either in definite or indefinite terms. always usually often sometimes never 100% 90% 60% 30% 0% -We most commonly use adverbs of frequency in mid position, between the subject and main verb. Other adverbs of time: every (day, month, summer …. ), once / twice (a day, a week ….). Use: We use the present simple to express: 1. habits, routines and repeated actions. Peter always goes to work by bus. 2. fixed situations, emotions and wishes. I live in Latakia. 3. general truths. The planets go round the sun. Note: 1. add (-es) to the verbs ending in: o, ss, ch, sh, x and z. go – goes watch – watches address – addresses 2. When a verb ends in (-y), preceded by a consonant, omit the (-y) then add (-ies). study – studies

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Object Pronouns -The subject will be the one doing the action the verb describes. The object is the noun or pronoun receiving the action. Ahmad listens to music on the radio. I ate a sandwich. -An object pronoun is used as a grammatical object, either as the direct or indirect object of a verb, or as the object of a preposition.

subject pronouns object pronouns

I me

we us

you you

they them

he him

she her

it it

-Direct objects follow transitive verbs (action verbs that require something or someone to receive the action). You can identify the direct object by using this simple formula: S. + V. + who? or what? = direct object. -Indirect objects identify to whom or for whom the action of the verb is performed, as well as who is receiving the direct object. I gave him the book. I gave the book to him. V. direct V. indirect

Modal verb can

present past

affirmative S. + can + V. + C. Parrots can speak.

S. + could + V. + C. Majd could swim when he was five.

negative S. + can + V. + C. Snakes can't close their eyes.

S. + couldn't + V. + C. My grandparents couldn't use the computer.

question Can + S. + V. + C. + ? Can you swim?

Could + S. + V. + C. + ? Could you play basketball?

answer Yes + S. + can. / No + S. + can't. Yes, I can. / No, I can't.

Yes + S. + could. / No + S. + couldn't. Yes, I could. / No , I couldn't.

Use: We use can to talk about general ability in the present. We use could to talk about general ability in the past.

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Imperatives -The imperative has only one form for both second person singular and plural you.

affirmative negative

V. + C. Listen to the teacher.

Don't + V. + C. Don't talk in the class.

Use: -You can use the imperative: 1. To give instructions Push the button. Turn left. 2. To give commands Don't lie. 3. To give advice Go to hospital; you are ill.

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Present Continuous

I we, you, they, P.N. he, she, it, S.N.

affirmative I + am('m) + V.(ing) + C. S + are('re) + V.(ing) + C. S. + is('s) + V.(ing) + C.

negative I + am + NOT+ V.(ing) + C. S + aren't + V.(ing) + C. S + isn't + V.(ing) + C.

question Are + you + V.(ing) + C. + ?

Are + S + V.(ing) + C. + ? Is + S + V.(ing) + C. + ?

short answer Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. Yes + S. + are. / No + S. + aren't.

Yes + S. + is. / No + S. + isn't.

Use: The present continuous is used: 1. To describe actions happening at the time of speaking. Mary isn't watching TV now. 2. When an action has started but hasn’t finished yet. I'm reading a book; it’s a nice book. 3. To talk about temporary situations. I'm enjoying my holiday in London. 4. For near future arrangements. They're visiting the museum tomorrow. State Verbs These verbs are normally NOT used in the present continuous: be, believe, belong, hate, hear, like, love, mean, prefer, remain, realize, see, seem, smell, think, understand, want, wish … Keywords: now, today, at the moment, at present, nowadays, this (week, month ….). Note: 1. When a verb ends in (-e), omit the (-e) then add (-ing) write – writing come – coming 2. When the verb ends with a consonant preceded by one vowel, double the last consonant then add (-ing). put – putting run – running

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Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Adverbs Vs. Adjectives The difference between an adverb and an adjective is the following: An adjective modifies a noun. John is tall. An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. She sings nicely Types of adverbs To decide whether a word is an adverb ask questions with how, where and when. In other words, they describe the manner, place, or time of an action. He speaks quietly. ( quietly is an adverb of manner.) I live here. (here is an adverb of place.) We'll leave tomorrow . (tomorrow is an adverb of time.) She never sleeps late . (never is an adverb of frequency.) Adverb rules 1. Regular adverbs: Adverbs in English are often formed by adding (-ly) to the end of an adjective. slow – slowly beautiful – beautifully 2. Irregular adverbs: This is a list of adverbs that don't follow the rule: fast – fast hard – hard good – well

Demonstratives Demonstratives are words that show which person or thing is being referred to. this, that, these, and those Demonstrative pronouns Vs. Demonstrative adjectives -A demonstrative adjective modifies a noun. This apple is good. I like those houses. (This modifies 'apple' and those modifies 'houses') - A demonstrative pronoun stands on its own, replacing a noun. This is good. I like those. (This and those don't modify any nouns they stand alone and replace other nouns) Use: Demonstratives differ according to: distance: near or far, or number: singular or plural.

demonstratives singular plural near far

This That

These Those

Grammar 7TH Grade

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Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Uncountable

books money

friends meat

teachers juice

tables milk

-Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number- they can be counted. 1 friend, 2 friends, 3 friends... -Countable nouns take many. 100 friends – many friends -Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number- they can't be counted. I have a lot of money. (Not 1000 money) -Uncountable nouns take much. 100 money – much money Note: You can count money, milk, meat by using measurements like the currency, liter, kilo, glass, etc. 2 liters / glasses of milk 3 kilos of meat

Quantifiers -A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount or quantity. some, any, many, much, a lot of and a few are examples of quantifiers. -Quantifiers can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns. There are some books on the desk. How much money have you got?

with uncountable nouns with both with countable nouns

much all many

a little / little enough a few / few

more

less

some

any

a lot of / lots of

Note: 1. few mean that there is not enough of something. a few means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough. 2. little mean that there is not enough of something. a little means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough.

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Introductory there The word there can be used as a pronoun, functioning as a subject , to say that something exists.

singular plural

affirmative There + is / was There is a table in the classroom

There + are / were There are many people at the bus stop.

negative There + isn't / wasn't There wasn't any milk in the fridge.

There aren't / weren't There weren't many elephants in the zoo.

question Is / was + there + ? Is there a spider on the chair?

Are / were + there + ? Are there enough chairs?

answer Yes, there is / was. No, there isn't / wasn't

Yes, there are / were. No, there aren't / weren't.

Articles The indefinite article – A / AN We use A/AN with singular nouns and the first time we refer to a person, animal or thing. a child an elephant a television The difference between A and AN -A is used when the next word begins with a consonant sound (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k etc). a book a table a clock a university -AN is used when the next word begins with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u). an apple an elephant an umbrella an hour The definite article – THE We use THE with: 1. A singular or plural noun when it is clear/obvious which person or thing we are talking about. There is a lamp in my bedroom. The lamp is next to the desk. 2. Something that is unique or there is only one. the sun the moon the internet. 3. Names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges and deserts (always in capitals). The Mississippi River The Black Sea 4. The country is a collection of states. The USA, The UK, The Netherlands, The Czech Republic, The Philippines NO article We use NO article with: 1. When we refer to general ideas, plurals or uncountable nouns we do not use THE. Mexican food is spicy. (NOT The Mexican food is spicy). 2. Names of people, books and plays (unless it is part of the title). I have read Romeo and Juliet. 3. Towns, cities, states and countries. Cape Town Montana Vietnam 4. Lakes, single islands, continents , or mountains. Lake Victoria Jamaica Asia Mt Fuji

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Some, any , a / an A /AN We use a/an (articles) with singular countable nouns. My brother has a dog and my sister has a cat. There is an accident on the corner. Some and Any -We use some and any with plural nouns and uncountable nouns. -Some is generally used in positive sentences. -Any is generally used in negative sentences. I have some information for you about flights to Paris. (Positive - Uncountable) I didn't see any friends there on Thursday. (Negative - Plural Countable) Questions with some and any -Generally, we use any in questions. Do you know any famous people? -But, some is used when we are offering or asking for something. Would you like some coffee? Could I have some salt, please?

some any a/an

singular countable nouns

plural nouns

uncountable nouns

positive (offering) negative & question positive & question

Modal Verb would We often use would ('d) 1. with verbs of liking or preference (like, love, prefer, etc.) to express desire or preferences. 2. to make an offer in the interrogatives.

preference offer

affirmative S+ 'd + V.1 + C. I'd like to go the cinema.

negative S + wouldn't + V.1 + C. She wouldn't want to add sugar to her tea.

question Would + S. +V.1 + C. ? Would you like some more tea?

answer Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

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Possessive Pronouns

subject pronouns object pronouns possessive adjectives possessive pronouns

I me my mine

we us our ours

you you your yours

they them their theirs

he him his his

she her her hers

it it its .

A possessive pronoun replaces a possessive adjective + noun to avoid repeating information that is already clear. This book is my book. This book is mine. Whose coat is this? Is it your coat? Is it yours?

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Past Simple The past simple form of verbs in English are divided into: 1.Regular verbs: add (-ed) to the base form of the verbs. want – wanted jump – jumped 2. Irregular verbs: there is no rule for these verbs. You should learn them by heart. go – went write - wrote

form : regular (-ed) / irregular (-ed)

affirmative S + V.2 + C. I played tennis with my friends yesterday

negative S. + didn't + V.1 + C. Ahmad didn't watch the film.

question Did + S. + V.1 + C. + ? Did she eat that apple?

answer Yes + S. + did. / No + S. + didn't. Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.

Use We use the past simple 1. to describe completed actions in the past. I bought a new mobile phone yesterday. 2. to describe states In the past. I lived in Damascus for three years. Adverbs of time yesterday, ago, in the past, once, the previous (year, month …), last (summer, January …). Spelling rules with (-ed) ending: 1. Verbs ending in a silent e take (-d). close - closed 2. Verbs ending in a vowel + (-y) take (-ed) play - played 3. Verbs ending in a consonant + (- y) take (-ied) marry- married 4. If there is a consonant after a single vowel at the end of the word, double the consonant. stop – stopped

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Modal Verbs Modals are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. Characteristics of modal verbs: 1. They never change their form. You can't add (-s), (-ed), or (-ing). 2. They are always followed by an infinitive without (to) (e.i. the bare infinitive.) Use: Modal verbs are used to express functions such as: 1. Permission 2. Ability 3. Obligation 4. Prohibition 5. Lack of necessity 6. Advice 7. possibility 8. probability Here is a list of modals with examples:

modal verb expressing example

have to external obligation I have to take this book back to the library.

had to external obligation I had to take this book back to the library.

must strong obligation You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.

logical conclusion / Certainty He must be very tired. He's been working all day long.

must not prohibition You must not smoke in the hospital.

can ability I can swim.

permission Can I use your phone please?

possibility Smoking can cause cancer.

could ability in the past When I was younger I could run fast.

polite permission Excuse me, could I just say something?

possibility It could rain tomorrow!

may permission May I use your phone please?

possibility, probability It may rain tomorrow!

might polite permission Might I suggest an idea?

possibility, probability I might go on holiday to Australia next year.

should 50 % obligation I should see a doctor. I have a terrible headache.

advice You should revise your lessons

logical conclusion He should be very tired. He's been working all day long.

had better advice You 'd better revise your lessons

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Modals in the Present and Past

present past

strong obligation

I must tidy my bedroom before going to school

I had to tidy my bedroom before going to school.

external obligation

You have to stop when the traffic lights are red.

You had to stop.

advice You should see a doctor.

You should have seen a doctor You had better revise your lessons

prohibition You mustn't smoke here. You had to stop smoking there. You mustn't have smoked there.

ability I can run fast. I could run fast. now I am old.

certainty He has a Rolls Royce. He must be very rich. He can't be American. His English is terrible.

He must have been rich. He had a big house and an expensive car. He can't have written that poem. He was illiterate.

permission Can I go out? She could drive her father's car when she was only 15.

possibility It may / can / could / might rain. It's cloudy.

I guess it may / can / could / might have been Lacy on the phone.

lack of necessity

You don't have to buy any tomatoes. There are plenty in the fridge.

You didn't have to buy tomatoes.

Why don't you … ? "Why don't you + V.1 + C. + ?" is used to make suggestions. You're unfit, why don't you do more exercise?

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Future be + going to

I we, you, they, P.N. he, she, it, S.N.

affirmative I + am + going to + V.1 + C. I'm going to surf the Net this afternoon.

S. +are + going to + V.1 + C. We're going to visit the museum tomorrow.

S. + is + going to + V.1 + C. Rasha's going to have lunch with her family.

negative I + am + NOT + going to + V.1 + C. I'm not going to surf the Net this afternoon.

S. +are + NOT + going to + V.1 + C. We aren't going to visit the museum tomorrow.

S. + is +NOT + going to + V.1 + C. Rasha isn't going to have lunch with her family.

question Are + you + going to + V.1 + C. + ? Are you going to surf the Net this afternoon?

Are+ S + going to + V.1 + C. + ? Are we going to visit the museum tomorrow?

Is + S. + going to + V.1 + C. + ? Is Rasha going to have lunch with her family?

answer Yes, I am. / No, I'm not. Yes, we are. / No, we are not. Yes, she is. / No, she is not.

Time adverbials tomorrow, this (afternoon, evening ….), later, tonight Use 1. We use (going to) to express future plans and intentions. A: The windows are dirty. B: I'm going to clean them later. 2. We also use (going to) to make predictions. It's so cloudy! I think it's going to rain.

Future Simple will

will ('ll)

affirmative S. + will + V.1 + C. I will open the door. Someone is ringing the bell.

negative S. + will + NOT + V.1 + C. I won't stay at home if I finish the homework.

question Will + S. + V.1 + C. + ? Will you go to the party?

answer Yes + S. + will. / No +S. + won't.

Use We use the simple future 1. for instant decisions. I've left the door open; I'll close it. 2. when we predict a future situation. She'll pass the exam. She's hardworking. 3. to offer to do something. I'll cook dinner. Note: You can use shall instead of will for I and we: I shall play football.(Or, I will play ...) We shall play football. (Or, we will play ...)

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Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs are phrases that indicate actions. Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and a preposition or an adverb. turn down, come across and run into.

verb preposition / adverb

get up

go through

write down

take after

When added to the verb the preposition or adverb may change completely the meaning of the verb.

phrasal verb meaning example

look for search / seek He is looking for his keys

look up to have a great deal of respect for a person

His father is his model. He is the person he looks up to.

look forward to await eagerly / anticipate with pleasure She is looking forward to visiting Paris.

look up to try to find a piece of information by looking in a book or on a computer:

She didn't understand the word. So she looked it up in her dictionary

Meaning 1. Literal meaning Some phrasal verbs have a literal meaning. They can be easily understood. She opened the door and looked outside. She was walking across the street when she heard the sound of an explosion. 2. Idiomatic meaning Phrasal verbs can also have a figurative or idiomatic meaning which makes them difficult to understand. Can you put me up for tonight? The phrasal verb 'put up' here does not mean to build (as in putting a fence up). It has, however, an idiomatic/figurative meaning. It means to let someone stay in your house. Separable or inseparable? 1. Sometimes, the preposition/adverb is placed either after the verb or after the object. Mary made up a really entertaining story. Mary made the story up. 2. If the object is a pronoun, however, the preposition/adverb has to be placed after the pronoun (object). She made it up. Put it down. Take it off. 3. Some phrasal verbs are always inseparable. I came across some old photos in a drawer. NOT I came some old photos across in a drawer.