unit 4, inter, modal verbs

Unit 4, Doing the right thing Inter- The Third Edition

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Modal Verbs Continued

What are Modal Verbs?

Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. Here

are some important differences:

Common Modal Verbs

Can Could May Might Must

Ought to Shall Should Will Would

They are also known as Modal Auxiliary Verbs because they ‘help’ another verb.

Forms 1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.

Examples:

• He can speak Chinese. Not: He cans speak Chinese. • She should be here by 9:00. Not: She shoulds be here by 9:00.

2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past. No do, does, don’t, doesn’t in question or negative.

Examples:

• He should not be late. • They might not come to the party.

3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.¬vamanrUbmnþrbs;va¦

Examples:

• He will can go with us. She musted study very hard. • She musts study very hard. He will go with us. • He wills go with us. She must study very hard.



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4. They are followed by the infinitive without to except ought to

Examples:

• You must go. You must to go. • I will to help you. I will help you. • You ought to see a doctor. You ought see a doctor.

5. They have no infinitives and no –ing forms. Other expressions are used instead. • I would like to can ski. I would like to be able to ski. • I hate musting get up on cold, winter morning. • I hate having to get up on cold, winter morning.

6. They don’t usually have past forms. Instead, we can use them with perfect infinitives:

• You shoulded tell me that you can’t swim. • You should have told me that you can’t swim. • You should told me that you can’t swim. • You might have downloaded. • You might downloaded. You mighted download.

cUrcMNaMfa³ was able to managed to Gac could

• could is used with a past meaning to talk about a general ability. e.g. I could swim when I was six. (= general abilty)

• was able to / managed to is used with a past meaning to talk about ability on one specific occasion.

e.g. The prisoner was able to escape by climbing on to the roof of the prison. The prisoner could escape by climbing on to the roof of the prison. In this Unit 4, I have included some expressions which are not modal verbs including

had better, have to, be able to, have got to and be allowed to. These expressions are

closely related to modals in meaning and are often interchanged with them.



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Extra Helps/Keys Can "Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.

Examples:

• I can ride a horse. ABILITY • We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. OPPORTUNITY • She cannot stay out after 10 PM. PERMISSION • Can you hand me the stapler? REQUEST • Any child can grow up to be president. POSSIBILITY

Using "Can" in Present, Past, and Future Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "can" behaves in different contexts.

Can "Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.

Examples:

• I can ride a horse. ABILITY • We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. OPPORTUNITY • She cannot stay out after 10 PM. PERMISSION • Can you hand me the stapler? REQUEST • Any child can grow up to be president. POSSIBILITY

Using "Can" in Present, Past, and Future Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "can" behaves in different contexts. Modal Use Positive Forms Negative Forms You can also use:



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1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

can GENERAL ABILITY

1. I can speak Chinese.

2. SHIFT TO "COULD" I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.

3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" I will be able to speak Chinese by the time I finish my course.

1. I can't speak Swahili.

2. SHIFT TO "COULD" I couldn't speak Swahili.

3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" I won't be able to speak Swahili.

be able to

can ABILITY DURING A SPECIFIC EVENT

1. With a burst of adrenaline, people can pick up cars.

2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he was able to lift the car off the child's leg.

3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he will be able to lift the car.

1. Even with a burst of adrenaline, people can't pick up something that heavy.

2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" Even the weight lifter, couldn't lift the car off the child's leg.

3. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" Even three men working together won't be able to lift the car.

be able to

can OPPORTUNITY

1. I have some free time. I can help her now.

2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" I had some free time yesterday. I was able to help her at that time.

3. I'll have some free time tomorrow. I can help her then.

1. I don't have any time. I can't help her now.

2. SHIFT TO "BE ABLE TO" I didn't have time yesterday. I wasn't able to help her at that time.

3. I won't have any time later. I can't help her then.

be able to

can PERMISSION

1. I can drive Susan's car when she is out of town.

1. I can't drive Susan's car when she is out of town.

may



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2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO " I was allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out of town last week.

3. I can drive Susan's car while she is out of town next week.

2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO " I wasn't allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out of town last week.

3. I can't drive Susan's car while she is out of town next week.

can REQUEST

Can I have a glass of water?

Can you give me a lift to school?

REQUESTS USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

Can't I have a glass of water?

Can't you give me a lift to school?

REQUESTS USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

could, may

can POSSIBILITY, IMPOSSIBILITY

Anyone can become rich and famous if they know the right people.

Learning a language can be a real challenge.

THIS USE IS USUALLY A GENERALIZATION OR A SUPPOSITION.

It can't cost more than a dollar or two.

You can't be 45! I thought you were about 18 years old.

THIS USE IS USUALLY A GENERALIZATION OR A SUPPOSITION.

could

Had Better

"Had better" is most commonly used to make recommendations. It can also be used to express desperate hope as well as warn people.

Examples:

• You had better take your umbrella with you today. RECOMMENDATION • That bus had better get here soon! DESPERATE HOPE • You had better watch the way you talk to me in the future! WARNING

Using "Had Better" in Present, Past, and Future

Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "had better" behaves in different contexts.



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Use Positive Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Negative Forms 1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

You can also use:

had better RECOMMENDATION

1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO" People should unplug toasters before they clean them.

2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD HAVE" OR "OUGHT TO HAVE" You should have unplugged the toaster before you tried to clean it.

3. You had better unplug the toaster before you try to clean it.

1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO" People shouldn't clean toasters without unplugging them first.

2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD HAVE" OR "OUGHT TO HAVE" You shouldn't have cleaned the toaster without unplugging it first.

3. You had better not clean the toaster until you unplug it.

should, ought to

had better DESPERATE HOPE, WARNING

The movie had better end soon.

They had better be here before we start dinner.

DESPERATE HOPES AND WARNINGS USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

They had better not be late.

They had better not forget Tom's birthday gift.

DESPERATE HOPES AND WARNINGS USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

"Had better" is often simply pronounced as "better" in spoken English.

To be continued: sUmrg;caMenAvKábnþ



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Practice: Build up the following terms or structure into sentences.

1. to be responsible for sth/sb, doing sth manPaBTTYlxusRtúvcMeBaHnrNamañk; ¼GIVmYy . to have responsibility for sb/sth, doing sth .

to be incharge of sb/th, doing sth TTYlbnÞúkelIGñkNamañk; eFVIGIVmYy .

2. to allow sb to do sth GnuBaaØtiþeGayGñkNamañk; eFVIGIVmYy . to permit sb to do sth . to let sb do sth .

3. to feel sorry for sb/sth esaksþaycMeBaHnrNamañk; ¼GIVmYy .

4. to break the rule elμ Isnigvin½y to break the law lμ Isnigc,ab; 5. pocket money /n/ (also allowance especially in AmE) a small amount of money that parents

give their children, usually every week or every month. . 6. tough /a/ difficult or strict 7. to be allowed to do sth: GacRtUv)aneKGnuBaØatiþeGayeFIVGIVmYy¬GaceFIVGIVmYy)an¦ e.g.GñkminRtUv)aneKGnuBaØatiþeGayTijGIVtamGMeBIrcitþenaHeT. e.g.eKminGnuBaØatiþeGayGñkesøókexaxavb‘yenATIenHeT.

8. to get back home /v/ e.g.etIGñkcaM)ac;RtUvRtLb;mkpÞHenAema:gb:unaμ ? 9. to worry about sb/sth = to be worried about sb/sth 10.to worry about doing sth = to be worried about doing sth 11.to pay bills /v/ e.g. Kat;RBYy)armμN_cMeBaHkarbg;luy 12. admission /n/ ~ (to sth) the act of accepting sb into an institution, organization, etc.; the right to enter a place or to join an institution or organization. 13. to take care of sb / sth = To care for sb / sth To take care of doing sth = To care for doing sth



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14. to be fed up with sb / sth enIyNay/ FujRTan; nig>>>>>>> To be bored with sb / sth =

to be tired of sth =

15. sleeve /n/ 1. a part of a piece of clothing that covers all or part of your arm (see also

SHIRTSLEEVE)

2. (-sleeved) (in adjectives) having sleeves of the type mentioned

e.g. GavsédxøI (white - short - sleeved - shirt)

16. name tag /n/ a small piece of plastic, paper or metal that you wear, with your name on it

Practice Make suggestions. Use I think/don’t think…….should .. cUreFIVkarelIkCaeyabl;pþl;CaKMnitmtimYycMnYn elikareRbIXøa>>>>>> I think…………should …………nig I don’t think …………should …………. e.g. Peter’s got the flu.

I think he should go to bed. I don’t think he should go to work.

1. I’ve lose my cheque book and credit cards.

2. Tony got his driving licence last week, and now he wants drive from London to Edinburgh.

3. My teenage daughter doesn’t get out of bed until noon.

4. I never have any money.

5. Jane and Paul are only 16, but they want to get married.

6. I’m really fed up my job.

7. My grandparents complain they don’t go out enough.



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Advantages

For Vs Against = Pros Vs Cons Disadvantages I. What is an essay? An essay is a group of paragraphs about one subject. It contains one key idea about the

subject, which is called the “thesis statement”.

II. How Is an Essay Organized?

Usually, a good essay has at least three paragraphs.

Should develop three things:

a. It should establish the topic of the essay.

b. It should present the thesis statement of your essay in a way appropriate to its

intended audience.

c. It should interest your reader in your essay.

Should develop three things:



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Words Study In Use.

eKarB/kareKarB cab;édrlak;ya:gsVahab;/ENn eGanlMeTan s¶ab eKarBRbtibtiþ TMnak;TMngKañedayskm μPaBkayvikar bgðaj/latRtdag Parkic¢ bn;Rsn; edImRTUg TMnak;TMngkñúgsgÁm eFIVbTbgðaj edaHecj GaharbU‘ehV

1. To yawn /v/ to open your mouth wide and breathe in deeply through it, usually

because you are tired or bored

2. to behave /v/=act : to do things in a particular way

3. to shake your hand firmly /v/ to take sb's hand in a strong way and move it up and

down as a greeting or to show that you agree about sth

4. to respect /v/ to have a very good opinion of sb/sth; to admire sb/sth

5. physical contact /n/ the act of communicating with sb, or connected with a person's

body rather than their mind

6. to bow /v/ to move your head or the top half of your body forwards and downwards

as a sign of respect or as a greeting

7. chest /n/ the top part of the front of the body, between the neck and the stomach

8. to pray /v/ ~ (to sb) (for sb/sth) to speak to God, especially to give thanks or ask for

help: e.g. They knelt down and prayed. * I'll pray for you.

9. to reveal /v/ 1~ sth (to sb) to make sth known to sb

2. to show sth that previously could not be seen

10. to take off (clothes) /v/ to remove sth, especially a piece of clothing from your/sb's

body

11. to socialize /v/ ~ (with sb) to meet and spend time with people in a friendly way, in

order to enjoy yourself

12. banquet /n/ a formal meal for a large number of people, usually for a special

occasion, at which speeches are often made in honor of someone.

13. to present /v/ ~ sth (for sth) | ~ sth (to sb) to show or offer sth for other people to

look at or consider

14. duty /n/ something that you feel you have to do because it is your moral or legal

responsibility



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A:mitþrYmkargar B:dak;édTaMgBIr C:dak; D:Cibmat; E:ecosvag Fs¥at)at/erobry G:GavRtwmcegáH¬RsIþ¦ H:TaMkMePøóg I:)aj;/)ac J:RtIeqA K:sac;bnÞH L:RccUl M:m¢as;pÞH N:bg¥ÜtbgðajeGayeKdwg O:minsUveqIt/ya:grMTMu P: RtICb:uneqA 15. to place sth /v/ to put sth in a particular place, especially when you do it carefully or

deliberately

16. neatly /adv/ tidy and in order; carefully done or arranged:

a neat desk * neat handwriting * neat rows of books * She was wearing a neat black suit.

17. to press both hands together /v/to put your left and right hand together.

18. to avoid /v/ to keep away from sb/sth; to try not to do sth to be essential /adj/ e.g.

An exchange of business cards is essential for all introductions.

19. colleague /n/ a person that you work with, especially in a profession or a business

20. to smack your lips /v/ to close and open your mouth loudly to express a strong desire

to eat something you like a lot: e.g. "I adore chocolate cake, " said Susannah,

smacking her lips. e.g. It is acceptable to smack your lips when you eat.

21. to smack one’s face /v/ to hit sb with your open hand, especially as a punishment

22. host /n/ OPP hostess : a person who invites guests to a meal, a party, etc. or who has

people staying at their house

23. raw fish /n/ uncooked fish

24. entrance /n/ a door, gate, passage, etc. used for entering a room, building or place

25. to spray ~ sth (on / onto / over sb/sth) /v/ to cover sb/sth with very small drops of a

liquid that are forced out of a container or sent through the air

26. to be modest /a/ not very large, expensive, important, etc

27. to show off sth /v, n / a person who tries to impress other people by showing how

good he or she is at doing sth:

28. sushi /n/ a type of Japanese food consisting of squares or balls of cold boiled rice,

with small pieces of other food, especially raw fish on top

29. steak /n/ a thick slice of good quality beef / a thick slice of any type of meat

30. blouse /n/ a piece of clothing like a shirt, worn by women

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O



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Being by asking students to work in pair.

1. What do you do when you meet someone new?

2. What do you do when you meet an old friend?

3. When you go to a friend’s home, what do you take as a gift?

4. What do you say when you leave your friend’s home?

5. Think of one or two of bad manner in your country. For example, in Britain it is considered

to be impolite way if we ask people “How much do you earn”? or “How much is your

salary”?

1. What advice would you give somebody coming to live and work in your country?







salary”?




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salary”?





5.What do you say when you leave your friend’s home?

6. Think of one or two of bad manner in your country. For example, in Britain it is considered to

be impolite way if we ask people “How much do you earn”? or “How much is your salary”?





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5.What do you say when you leave your friend’s home?



unit 4, inter, modal verbs

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