enforcing copyright in the digital age age-the problem of music piracy in the uk and us

8/19/2019 Enforcing Copyright in the Digital Age Age-The Problem of Music Piracy in the UK and US

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Enforcing Copyright In The Digital Age: The Problem Of Music Piracy In The UK An U!

Enforcing Copyright In The Digital Age: The Problem Of MusicPiracy In The UK An U!

A"!"M" !ayem Ali Pathan#

1. Introduction

In this era of technology, what concerns the producers most is the reservation of anyintellectual property in digital form, because of its volatile nature in terms of access.

The journey towards the effective and harmonize system of copyright law and the quest for its proper enforcement is continues for the last 100 years. ven after the 100 years of the

journey, it cannot be said that the world community achieve the goal of the journey.

The present copyright law situation is yet to achieve a secure form for the purpose of prevent

the infringement of copyright law. There are enormous reasons behind the non!achieving goalirrespective of newly enacted law which are discussed in this paper.

The primary concern of this paper is the conte"t of the #nited $ingdom and the #nited %tatesand the focusing point is music piracy. &mong the states which are the ultimate victim of music piracy, the #nited %tates and the #nited $ingdom are the top two. 'oth of these statesface economic loss which is large in amount due to the music piracy.

Though domestic as well as international efforts have been ta(en and all those efforts becomesuccessful in terms of enacting laws and adopting treaties but it is to be pointed out that thoseefforts are yet to be successful in terms of enforcement.

International harmony along with strong domestic setup for protection of copyright law inorder to prevent music piracy is always the considering point. 'ut the process of achievingthe goal is less speedy than the rapid development of the technology. )or this reason theenforcement of copyright law to prevent music piracy is yet to achieve the goal.

2. General Concepts:

*enerally, when a person ma(es copy or distributes a piece of music without having theconsent from the composer, recording artist, copyright holding company, then it will call

music piracy. This unauthorized and prohibited use of the music violates the e"clusive rightsi.e. reproduce or other wor(s under copyright of the copyright holder. +ence, it is a form of copyright infringement. 'efore going through various definitional aspects of music piracy weshould define various technical terms which are used in understanding music piracy.

The question of usic piracy comes when the copyright of the composer or recording artistor copyright holding company has been violated. In general sense, -opy rights/ includes aset of e"clusive rights granted by the %tate to a person for his original wor( for a limited

period of time upon release of the wor(. The copyright can be granted to the assignee of thecreator of an original wor(. The e"clusive rights incorporate control over copying anddistribution of the original wor(. &fter certain period of time the original wor( becomes the

subject of public domain. 'oo(s were the only subject of copyright in the beginning. ow,1 &dvocate, %upreme ourt of 'angladesh.

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copy right wraps a wide range of wor(s i.e. music, dramatic wor(s, maps, photographs,architectural drawings, sound recordings, motion pictures, computer programs, paintings etc.In a sense, copyright includes every wor( which has an original creator.

2.1. Music Piracy

&nglo!&merican legal commentators and current e"positors of positive laws used the word-infringement/ in the nineteenth century when the authors rights were violated. ow, theterm -infringement/ is used interchangeably with -piracy/. In the arena of technology, piracyimplies commercial reproduction i.e. record piracy. usic piracy is regarded as a new 2crimein the twenty!first century and the concept of social moralities with has got a blurry effect assome people do not treat it as crimes in actual sense.3

4Internet piracy4 includes various unauthorized uses of music or other creative materials onthe Internet. 5articularly, when the activities of commercial nature amount to infringement onthe internet then it is referred as internet piracy irrespective of the motive of the perpetrator.6

In its generic sense, the violation of copyright of any creative content in the internet by means

of unauthorized using is referred as internet piracy. This unauthorized use can be made viaweb sites, 535 networ(s, file sharing, or other means. 5iracy includes certain activities fallinto the following categories7

1 a. Physical music piracy embraces the process of ma(ing or distribution of copies of sound recordings on physical carriers without the authorization of thecopyrights owner. The pac(aging of pirate copies may or may not be differentfrom the original. 5irate copies is li(ely to be compilations, i.e. the -'est songs/,-*reatest 8omantic %ongs/ of an artist. It may be a collection of a particular genre i.e. rap, jazz etc. %ometimes it may be a compilation of hit titles of different music companies.

3 b. Counterfeits includes unauthorized recording which is done without required permission from the artist or publisher or the copyright holder. The lebel,trademar(, artwor( are also copied which are then pac(aged in order to ma(ethem loo( li(e the original as much as possible. The purpose is to mislead theconsumer into believing or thin(ing that they are buying the original or genuine

product..

6 c. Bootlegs imply the unauthorized recordings and duplication of live or broadcast performances. 9ithout the permission of the artist, composer, producer or record company the recording, duplication and sell are made.

: d. Online Piracy is referred to the unauthorized uploading of music files for the purpose of public use or downloading those uploaded files from internet site. Italso embraces certain uses of -streaming/ technology.: Thus, it is interesting tonote that downloading a single song without permission onto a 5 is piracy,

3 *elesthorpe. ;oraine, -opyright infringement7 & riminological 5erspective/ in -opyright and 5iracy7 &n

Interdisciplinary ritique/ edited by ;ionel 'ently,


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though it is not sold or use in other unauthorized way. #nauthorized internetmusic sites use I=I technology or 56 files which is available for the purposeof downloading by a user of internet. The indefinite use of such music files putthe artists or the producer or music companies into a threat of sustainableeconomical loss. Illegitimate downloads ta(e place through file!sharing

networ(s, illegal servers, websites and hac(ed computers.

It is to be noted that sampling is also piracy. %ampling includes two different uses of recordedmusic. )irstly, when an artist uses any sample of another song for the purpose of gettingmusic materials for their own composition. The other song might be a popular one of another

performer. %econdly, when a consumer downloads any segment of recorded music. Thus,radio and nightclub disc joc(eys along with other 4samplers4 are liable for violation of copyright laws in strict sense as they use the 2sample song without the authorization thoughthe = is legitimate one and bought legitimately.F

2.2. ile !haring

)ile sharing is the practice of transmitting or distributing or facility to access to theinformation stored digitally. omputer programs, audio, images, and video, documents, or electronic boo(s are usual subject of file sharing through internet or by using other viablematerials. 9ays to implement file sharing includes manual sharing using removable media,centralized servers on computer networ(s, hyperlin(ed documents based on 9orld 9ide 9eband peer!to!peer networ(ing. )ile!sharing is not in itself illegal in all cases. It becomesillegal when the users are sharing digital contents i.e. music or films or other digital contentswhich are protected by copyright law. oreover, sharing a copyright protected wor(s cannot

be illegal in some e"ceptional cases. )or e"ample, freeware, shareware, open source, or anti!copyright supported contents sharing do not amount to violation of copyright law as the

artists use them for the promotion of their wor(s. %haring contents in public domain is alsonot the violation of copyright law.

There are two types of file sharing namely, -peer!to!peer/ and -file hosting services/.

2.2.1. Peer"to"peer file sharing:

#sers of a peer to peer networ( can be connected with another user of the same networ( byusing software for the purpose of searching and downloading any e"pected files i.e. music,video, word files etc.

2.2.2. ile hosting ser#ices:

The alternative of peer!to!peer software is file hosting services. & file hosting service is also(nown as online file storage provider, or cyber loc(er. This is an Internet hosting service intended to host user files. Typically they allow +TT5 and )T5 access. The other relatedservices are content!displaying hosting services i.e. video, image, audioBmusic, virtualstorage, and remote bac(up.

2.2.$. %conomic impact on the music industry:

F http7BBwww.soc.du(e.eduBJs1:3tm01Bpiracyfaq.html. =atedK 1:.0?.3011.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removable_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_hosting_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_hosting_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_hosting_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_hosting_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_backup_servicehttp://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm01/piracyfaq.htmlhttp://www.soc.duke.edu/~s142tm01/piracyfaq.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removable_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_hosting_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_hosting_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_hosting_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_hosting_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_backup_service


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&ccording to the 'ritish 8ecorded usic Industry @'5IA hief "ecutive *eoff Taylor, therewere around si" million active file!sharers in the #$ in 300>. E Today, an estimated ?F per cent of all digital music is downloaded.D The research conducted by the 4International)ederation of the 5honographic Industry4 @I)5IA> shows that around :0 billion music fileswere downloaded without payment in 300>. In 300: there were an estimated D0 million

people participating in online file sharing?. &ccording to a '% ews poll, in 300? fifty!eight percent of &mericans who follow the file sharing issue, considered it acceptable in at leastsome circumstancesK with 1> to 3? year olds this percentage reached as much as D0L.10

It is evident from a number of studies that the music industry affected negatively due to thefile sharing. usic sales dropped globally from appro"imately M6> billion in 1??? to M63

billion in 3006.11

2.2.&. !ome parado'ical findings:

&lthough it has been argued that the reports are biased as those were funded directly and

indirectly by media companies as they are not intended to reveal the actual facts. 13

This report also provide an interesting phenomena of the people who involved in file sharing.It is stated that people involved in file sharing purchase more =N=s than the averageconsumers.16 These findings also get support from other studies i.e. the 'I orwegian %choolof anagement where it is found that those who download music illegally are also 10 timesmore li(ely to pay for songs than those who donOt.1:

It is complicated to untangle the cause and effect relationships among a number of differenttrends, including an increase in legal online purchases of musicK illegal file!sharingK drops inthe prices of =sK and the e"tinction of many independent music stores with a concommitantshift to sales by big!bo" retailers.1F &ccording to =avid *lenn, writing in The Chronicle of

Higher Education, 4& majority of economic studies have concluded that file sharing hurts

E '5I hief "ecutive *eoff TaylorOs speech, 4The role of record labels in the digital age4 on .D !ougj#qtTo1h90630.htmlRmodHrssGfree. =ated7 10.0?.3011

:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BI_Norwegian_School_of_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BI_Norwegian_School_of_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BI_Norwegian_School_of_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Educationhttp://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2004/march17/fileshare-317.htmlhttp://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2004/march17/fileshare-317.htmlhttp://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/09/18/opinion/polls/main573990.shtmlhttp://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/09/18/opinion/polls/main573990.shtmlhttp://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1452&context=bejeaphttp://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1452&context=bejeaphttp://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1452&context=bejeaphttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jle/2006/49/1http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jle/2006/49/1http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jle/2006/49/1http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jle/2006/49/1http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jle/2006/49/1http://www.geek.com/articles/geek-cetera/movie-industry-bins-report-proving-pirates-are-great-consumers-20110720/http://www.geek.com/articles/geek-cetera/movie-industry-bins-report-proving-pirates-are-great-consumers-20110720/http://www.geek.com/articles/geek-cetera/movie-industry-bins-report-proving-pirates-are-great-consumers-20110720/http://www.geek.com/articles/geek-cetera/movie-industry-bins-report-proving-pirates-are-great-consumers-20110720/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/apr/21/study-finds-pirates-buy-more-musichttp://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/apr/21/study-finds-pirates-buy-more-musichttp://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117444575607043728-oEugjUqEtTo1hWJawejgR3LjRAw_20080320.html?mod=rss_freehttp://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117444575607043728-oEugjUqEtTo1hWJawejgR3LjRAw_20080320.html?mod=rss_freehttp://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117444575607043728-oEugjUqEtTo1hWJawejgR3LjRAw_20080320.html?mod=rss_freehttp://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117444575607043728-oEugjUqEtTo1hWJawejgR3LjRAw_20080320.html?mod=rss_freehttp://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117444575607043728-oEugjUqEtTo1hWJawejgR3LjRAw_20080320.html?mod=rss_freehttp://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2004/march17/fileshare-317.htmlhttp://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/09/18/opinion/polls/main573990.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1452&context=bejeaphttp://www.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1452&context=bejeaphttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jle/2006/49/1http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jle/2006/49/1http://www.geek.com/articles/geek-cetera/movie-industry-bins-report-proving-pirates-are-great-consumers-20110720/http://www.geek.com/articles/geek-cetera/movie-industry-bins-report-proving-pirates-are-great-consumers-20110720/http://www.geek.com/articles/geek-cetera/movie-industry-bins-report-proving-pirates-are-great-consumers-20110720/http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/apr/21/study-finds-pirates-buy-more-musichttp://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/apr/21/study-finds-pirates-buy-more-musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BI_Norwegian_School_of_Managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BI_Norwegian_School_of_Managementhttp://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117444575607043728-oEugjUqEtTo1hWJawejgR3LjRAw_20080320.html?mod=rss_freehttp://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117444575607043728-oEugjUqEtTo1hWJawejgR3LjRAw_20080320.html?mod=rss_freehttp://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117444575607043728-oEugjUqEtTo1hWJawejgR3LjRAw_20080320.html?mod=rss_freehttp://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB117444575607043728-oEugjUqEtTo1hWJawejgR3LjRAw_20080320.html?mod=rss_freehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education


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sales4, though not always to the precise degree 4the record industry would li(e the public to believe.41E

It is interesting to state that in 300:, )eli" Cberholzer!*ee and $oleman %trumpf analyzedlogs of downloads on file sharing networ(s in a study and found that file sharing had no

negative effect on = sales, and would possibly slightly improve the sales of top albums.1D+owever, this wor( was challenged and Cberholzer!*ee and %trumpf were accused by5rofessor %tan ;iebowitz, of ma(ing multiple assumptions about the music industry 4that are

just not correct.41> 5rofessor ;iebowitz wor( as is funded by the record industry,1? has not published in a peer!reviewed journal on any of these claims.

& study in 3010, funded by the International hamber of ommerce and conducted byindependent 5aris!based economics firm T8&, estimated that unlawful downloading of music, film and software cost uropeOs creative industries several billion in revenue eachyear.30 )urthermore, the T8& study entitled -'uilding a =igital conomy7 The Importanceof %aving 01EE1>RrefatIdH166>. =ated7 10.0?.301131 *eoffron, 5atrice. 'uilding a =igital conomy, iccwbo.org, arch 1D, 3010. %ee,

http7BBwww.iccwbo.orgBbascapBid6F6E0Binde".html. =ated7 10.0?.301133 =elgado, 8ay. ;aw professors e"amine ethical controversies of peer!to!peer file sharing. Stanford Report ,arch 1D, 300:.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUhttp://chronicle.com/article/Dispute-Over-the-Economics-of/989/http://www.unc.edu/~cigar/papers/FileSharing_March2004.pdfhttp://www.unc.edu/~cigar/papers/FileSharing_March2004.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Networkhttp://ssrn.com/abstract=1014399http://musicbusinessresearch.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/paper-stan-j-liebowitz1.pdfhttp://www.variety.com/article/VR1118016618.html?categoryId=1338&cs=1http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118016618?refCatId=1338http://www.iccwbo.org/bascap/id35360/index.htmlhttp://www.iccwbo.org/bascap/id35360/index.htmlhttp://www.iccwbo.org/bascap/id35360/index.htmlhttp://www.iccwbo.org/bascap/id35360/index.htmlhttp://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2004/march17/fileshare-317.htmlhttp://chronicle.com/article/Dispute-Over-the-Economics-of/989/http://www.unc.edu/~cigar/papers/FileSharing_March2004.pdfhttp://www.unc.edu/~cigar/papers/FileSharing_March2004.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Networkhttp://ssrn.com/abstract=1014399http://musicbusinessresearch.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/paper-stan-j-liebowitz1.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadhttp://www.variety.com/article/VR1118016618.html?categoryId=1338&cs=1http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118016618?refCatId=1338http://www.iccwbo.org/bascap/id35360/index.htmlhttp://www.iccwbo.org/bascap/id35360/index.htmlhttp://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2004/march17/fileshare-317.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commercehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU


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sometimes go beyond the reach of the people who are not much solvent to satisfy their urgefor entertainment. To a large number of people, entertainment becomes much costly. In such asituation, these people are tend to go for unauthorized use of the internet and the point is thatthey do not thin( that this unauthorized use of the internet amount to violation of law.The tendency of using internet for entertainment at a cheap rape in a law abiding citizens

society li(e #$ and #%& gets the face of epidemic.

$.1. Go#erning (egislations for ,nited -ingdom

In 1D0?, we find the first statute on copyright 4&n &ct for the ncouragement of ;earning, byvesting the opies of 5rinted 'oo(s in the &uthors or purchasers of such opies, during theTimes therein mentioned4 which is popularly (nown as -%tatute of &nne/.

The e"perience of two centuries after the %tatute of &nne of 1D0?, revealed that e"cept boo(,some wor(s i.e. music were provided with the protection of copyright through case laws and

others wor(s i.e. engravings, paintings, drawings and photographs wereprotected by the &ctsof 5arliament.36

+he Copyright *ct 111:

The opyright &ct 1?11 introduced a consistent system by consolidating the various branches of e"isting acts and abolished common law copyright.3:The &ct also declared that publication is not the ultimate requirement for copyright rather the act of creation is sufficientto get the protection of copyright.

The #$ implemented the 'erne onvention in the 1?11 &ct and in a dynamic way it

responded to technological developments by granting copyright on a new type of wor(s notincluded in the 'erne onvention i.e. sound recordings.3F The &ct provided that the literary,dramatic and music wor(s were under protection copyright and the copyright could beinfringed by the ma(ing of a film or other mechanical performance wherein the copyrightedwor(s were incorporated.3E

&nother development was brought in the copyright law by enacting the opyright &ct 1?FE.This &ct was passed for the purpose of harmonizing the national law with internationalcopyright law and technological developments. The main changes which it introduced werethe lengthening and simplifying of the copyright term, creating a uniform period of protectionof the lifetime of the author plus fifty years thereafter.

Copyright/ 0esigns and Patents *ct 1 and +he Copyright and elated ights

egulations 233$:

In #nited $ingdom, the present statute on the copyright law is - opyright, =esigns and5atents &ct 1?>>/ @hereinafter =5&A. In the said &ct of 1?>>, the copyright is declared as

36 Torremans, 5aul @300DA. Copyright la"% a handoo' of contemporary research. dward lgar 5ublishing. pp. ?. I%' 1>:F:3:>DF, ?D>1>:F:3:>D?.3: oyle, ichael, 4The +istory of opyright4, 36 &pril 3003.3F

acueen, +ector ;.K 9aelde, harlotteK *raeme T., ;aurie @300DA. Contemporary (ntellectual roperty% la"and policy. C"ford #niversity 5ress. pp. 6>. I%' 01??3E66?E, ?D>01??3E66?:.3E %upra note 3:.

E

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Annehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law_copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recordingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988http://books.google.com/books?id=wHJBemWuPT4C&dq=%22copyright+act+1911%22&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845424875,_9781845424879http://www.lawdit.co.uk/reading_room/room/view_article.asp?name=../articles/The%20History%20of%20Copyright.htmhttp://books.google.com/books?id=05hYU0au5NgC&dq=%22copyright+act+1911%22&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://books.google.com/books?id=05hYU0au5NgC&dq=%22copyright+act+1911%22&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199263396,_9780199263394http://books.google.com/books?id=wHJBemWuPT4C&dq=%22copyright+act+1911%22&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845424875,_9781845424879http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Annehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Parliamenthttp://www.lawdit.co.uk/reading_room/room/view_article.asp?name=../articles/The%20History%20of%20Copyright.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law_copyrighthttp://books.google.com/books?id=05hYU0au5NgC&dq=%22copyright+act+1911%22&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://books.google.com/books?id=05hYU0au5NgC&dq=%22copyright+act+1911%22&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199263396,_9780199263394http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recordingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988


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property right in order to secure the rights of the original creator. This &ct provides categoriesin which the copyright subsists as well as the limitation where copyright does not subsist.

%ection 1 of the =5&, 1?>> provides as follows7

-!ection ": Copyright an copyright #or$s%

#"$%#& Copyright is a property right #hich subsists in accorance #ith thisPart in the follo#ing escriptions of #or$&

'a( original literary) ramatic) musical or artistic #or$s)

'b( soun recorings) *lms or broacasts) an

'c( the typographical arrangement of publishe eitions%

%'& In this Part +copyright #or$+ means a #or$ of any of those escriptionsin #hich copyright subsists%

%(& Copyright oes not subsist in a #or$ unless the re,uirements of thisPart #ith respect to ,uali*cation for copyright protection are met 'seesection "-. an the pro/isions referre to there(%/

The 5=&, 1?>> in section 3 confers the following rights which subsists in favour of theauthor, director or commissioner of the wor( @whether he is the owner of the copyright or notA7

• 8ight to be identified as author director,• right to object to derogatory treatment of wor(,

• right to privacy of certain photographs and films

%ection 3 of the 5=&, 1?>> provides7

-!ection 0: 1ights subsisting in copyright #or$s%

'"%#& The o#ner of the copyright in a #or$ of any escription has thee2clusi/e right to o the acts speci*e in Chapter II as the acts restricteby the copyright in a #or$ of that escription%

%'& In relation to certain escriptions of copyright #or$ the follo#ing rightsconferre by Chapter I3 'moral rights( subsist in fa/our of the author)irector or commissioner of the #or$) #hether or not he is the o#ner ofthe copyright&

'a( section 44 'right to be ienti*e as author or irector()

'b( section 56 'right to ob7ect to erogatory treatment of #or$() an

'c( section 5- 'right to pri/acy of certain photographs an *lms(%/

D


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%ection 1E of the 5=&, 1?>> provides some restricted wor(s. &ll these restricted wor(s canonly be carried out by the owner of the copyright. If any person carries out any of therestricted act, he will be liable for the violation of copyright. This violation is declared as theinfringement of copyright. %ection 1E of the &ct, 1?>> provides7

4#)"%#& The o#ner of the copyright in a #or$ has) in accorance #ith thefollo#ing pro/isions of this Chapter) the e2clusi/e right to o the follo#ingacts in the Unite Kingom&

'a( to copy the #or$ 'see section "4(8

'b( to issue copies of the #or$ to the public 'see section "5(8

'ba( to rent or len the #or$ to the public 'see section "5A(8

'c( to perform) sho# or play the #or$ in public 'see section "9(8

'( to communicate the #or$ to the public 'see section 06(8

'e( to ma$e an aaptation of the #or$ or o any of the abo/e in relation toan aaptation 'see section 0"(8

an those acts are referre to in this Part as the +acts restricte by thecopyright+%

%'& Copyright in a #or$ is infringe by a person #ho #ithout the licence ofthe copyright o#ner oes) or authorises another to o) any of the acts

restricte by the copyright%

%(& 1eferences in this Part to the oing of an act restricte by thecopyright in a #or$ are to the oing of it&

'a( in relation to the #or$ as a #hole or any substantial part of it) an

'b( either irectly or inirectly8

an it is immaterial #hether any inter/ening acts themsel/es infringecopyright%

%*& This Chapter has eect sub7ect to&

'a( the pro/isions of Chapter III 'acts permitte in relation to copyright#or$s() an

'b( the pro/isions of Chapter 3II 'pro/isions #ith respect to copyrightlicensing(%/

Thus, copyright as property right gives the owner of original wor( some substantial rights. Ifany person violates any of the rights conferred, the owner has the right to go court.

-The opyright and 8elated 8ights 8egulations 3006/ transpose =irective 3001B3?B of the uropean 5arliament and of the ouncil of 33 ay 3001 which is (nown as E)

>

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_2001/29/EC_of_the_European_Parliament_and_of_the_Council_of_22_May_2001_on_the_harmonisation_of_certain_aspects_of_copyright_and_related_rights_in_the_information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_2001/29/EC_of_the_European_Parliament_and_of_the_Council_of_22_May_2001_on_the_harmonisation_of_certain_aspects_of_copyright_and_related_rights_in_the_information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_2001/29/EC_of_the_European_Parliament_and_of_the_Council_of_22_May_2001_on_the_harmonisation_of_certain_aspects_of_copyright_and_related_rights_in_the_information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_2001/29/EC_of_the_European_Parliament_and_of_the_Council_of_22_May_2001_on_the_harmonisation_of_certain_aspects_of_copyright_and_related_rights_in_the_information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_2001/29/EC_of_the_European_Parliament_and_of_the_Council_of_22_May_2001_on_the_harmonisation_of_certain_aspects_of_copyright_and_related_rights_in_the_information_society


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copyright directive* to bring harmonization of certain aspects of copyright and related rightsin the information society 3D and into #$ law. Therefore, its ultimate effects are to bringmodification into the opyright, =esigns and 5atents &ct 1?>>. The modifications are given

below.

a. 8egulation : provides a new definition of 4broadcast4 in section E of the 1?>> &ct as7

an electronic transmission of /isual images) souns or otherinformation #hich;'a( is transmitte for simultaneous reception by members of thepublic an is capable of being la#fully recei/e by them) or'b( is transmitte at a time etermine solely by the person ma$ingthe transmission for presentation to members of the public)

The definition of broadcast does not include internet transmissions unless they are transmittedsimultaneously with a broadcast by other means, simultaneously with a live event or form

part of a service in which programmes are transmitted at specific times determined solely bythe person providing the service.

b. Permitted acts

either copyright @e"cept in a computer program or a databaseA nor performerOs rights areinfringed by the simple act of transmitting the wor( between third parties over a networ(,even if the process of transmission involves ma(ing temporary copies @reg. >A

)air dealing for the purposes of research or private study @s. 3? of the 1?>> &ctA is only

permitted if it is for a non!commercial purpose @reg. ?A.

3>

& similar restriction is imposed on permitted copying by librarians @ss. 6>, 6?, :6 of the 1?>> &ctK reg. 1:A or archivists of fol(songs @s. E1 of the 1?>> &ctK reg. 1EA for third parties. The observation or study of thefunctioning of a computer program are removed from the remit of fair dealing @reg. ?A andreplaced by a statutory permission to study the functioning of the program while legally

performing any of the acts of loading, displaying, running, transmitting or storing the program @reg. 1FK new s. F0'& of the 1?>> &ctA. )air dealing for the purposes of criticism,review or news reporting is only possible in wor(s which have been made available to the

public @reg. 10A.

The permitted use without a licence of copyright material for educational use @ss. 63, 6F, 6E

of the 1?>> &ctA is restricted to non!commercial purposes @regs. 11U16A. 8egulation 1>removes the permission to use third parties @e.g. outside => &ctA.

The public showing or playing of broadcasts of music without a licence @s. D3 of the 1?>>&ctA is no longer permitted @these become 4e"cluded sound recordings4A, and the %ecretary of %tate is enabled to propose a licensing scheme covering such public showing or playing,which may be compulsory @reg. 31A.

3D =irective 3001B3?B of the uropean 5arliament and of the ouncil of 33 ay 3001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society , +J no. ;1ED of 33 of the 1?>> &ct.

?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_2001/29/EC_of_the_European_Parliament_and_of_the_Council_of_22_May_2001_on_the_harmonisation_of_certain_aspects_of_copyright_and_related_rights_in_the_information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_2001/29/EC_of_the_European_Parliament_and_of_the_Council_of_22_May_2001_on_the_harmonisation_of_certain_aspects_of_copyright_and_related_rights_in_the_information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_2001/29/EC_of_the_European_Parliament_and_of_the_Council_of_22_May_2001_on_the_harmonisation_of_certain_aspects_of_copyright_and_related_rights_in_the_information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0029:EN:HTMLhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0029:EN:HTMLhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0029:EN:HTMLhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0029:EN:HTMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_2001/29/EC_of_the_European_Parliament_and_of_the_Council_of_22_May_2001_on_the_harmonisation_of_certain_aspects_of_copyright_and_related_rights_in_the_information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_2001/29/EC_of_the_European_Parliament_and_of_the_Council_of_22_May_2001_on_the_harmonisation_of_certain_aspects_of_copyright_and_related_rights_in_the_information_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988


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c. ights management information

8egulation 3F creates a new property right in respect of electronic rights managementinformation. This right is held concurrently by

• any person issuing copies of the wor( to the public or communicating the wor( to the publicK and

• the owner of the copyright in the wor(, or his e"clusive licenseeK and

who have the same rights against an infringement of this right as the owner of copyright hasagainst infringement of copyright, including delivery up and seizure. The right is infringed

by!

• the person who (nowingly removes electronic copyright management information

which is associated with a copy of a copyright wor(, or appears in connection with thecommunication to the public of a copyright wor(K

• the person who (nowingly distributes or communicates to the public copies of a wor(

from which electronic rights management information has been removed.

d. %nforcement of copyright and performer5s rights

The infringement of copyright or performerOs rights by ma(ing a wor( available to the publicin the course of a business or to an e"tent which prejudicially affects the copyright owner

becomes a criminal offense @reg. 3EK new s. 10D@3&A of the 1?>> &ctA.

& copyright holder may obtain an injunction @%cots law7 interdictA against an internet service

provider @I%5A who has 4actual (nowledge4 of another person using their service to infringecopyright or a performerOs right. In determining whether the I%5 has actual (nowledge of theinfringing use, the +igh ourt @or ourt of %ession in %cotlandA shall ta(e into account allmatters which appear to be relevant, in particular whether the I%5 has received notificationunder regulation E@1A@cA of the lectronic ommerce @ =irectiveA 8egulations 3003

o. 30163? @reg. 3DK new ss. ?D&, 1?1> &ctA.

8egulation 3> e"tends the right to bring action for infringement of copyright to non!e"clusivelicensees @it was previously limited to copyright owners and e"clusive licenseesA when theinfringement is directly connected to a prior licenced act by the licencee and the licencee"pressly grants a right of action @new s. 101& of the 1??> &ctA. The non!e"clusive licensee

shall have the same rights and remedies as the copyright owner would have in any action. Theright of the non!e"clusive licensee to bring action is concommitant with that of the copyrightowner.

e. 0uration of protection

8egulation 3? amends section 16& of the 1?>> &ct to ta(e account of the new definition of4communication to the public4 so that the copyright in sound recordings e"pires7

• at the end of the period of fifty years from the end of the calendar year in which the

recording is made, or

3? lectronic ommerce @ =irectiveA 8egulations 3003 o. 3016.

10

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delivery_up&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Sessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Commerce_(EC_Directive)_Regulations_2002http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2002/20022013.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delivery_up&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizurehttp://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2002/20022013.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Sessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Commerce_(EC_Directive)_Regulations_2002


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• if during that period the recording is published, fifty years from the end of the

calendar year in which it is first published, or • if during that period the recording is not published but is made available to the public

by being played in public or communicated to the public, fifty years from the end ofthe calendar year in which it is first so made available,

without considering any unauthorized acts.

+owever, being unsatisfied with the transposition of the directive, The uropean ommission brought proceedings against the #nited $ingdom in the uropean ourt of &pril 3010, and came into force on >


12/32


aA the apparent infringement was an infringement of copyright, and

bA the report relates to the subscribers I5 address at the time of that infringement4.

&n appeal will also succeed if the subscriber can show that the rights holder or I%5 violates

CfcomOs regulatory code in any way.

Obligations on ISPs and copyright holders

Cfcom is entrusted with power of enforcing I%5sO obligations under this &ct. & fine of up toV3F0,000 can be levied on those in contraventionK that limit can be raised by the %ecretary of%tate with 5arliamentOs consent.6:

!ection 17 and 1 " Bloc8ing Internet locations

9ith the consent of the ;ord hancellor , upper and lower houses of 5arliament and a court of

law, as the &ct provides, the %ecretary can bloc( access to a location on the Internet 4fromwhich a substantial amount of material has been, is being or is li(ely to be made available ininfringement of copyright4, or a location which 4facilitates4 such behaviour.6F

In order to grant injunction, the court is required to consider7

• %teps ta(en by the operator of the location to prevent infringement

• %teps ta(en by the copyright owner to facilitate lawful access to the material

• &ny representations made by a inister of the rown

• 9hether the injunction would be li(ely to have a disproportionate effect on any

persons legitimate interests• The importance of freedom of e"pression

The %ecretary of %tate is required to be satisfied before ma(ing the request that the location is4having a serious adverse effect on businesses or consumers4, that the injunction 4is a

proportionate way to address that effect4, and that 4ma(ing the regulations would not prejudice national security or the prevention or detection of crime4.6E

Other pro#isions

Cther provisions in the &ct include an amendment to the opyright, =esigns and 5atents &ct

1?>> to increase the criminal liability for 4ma(ing or dealing with infringing articles4 and4ma(ing, dealing with or using illicit recordings4 to a ma"imum of VF0,000, so long as it isdone during the course of a business.

%ome specific criticisms of the &ct are7

• It removes the presumption of innocence

• ;ac( of oversight of accusations made by rights holders, who are inclined to abuse

this power.

6: 4=igital conomy &ct, section 1:7 nforcement of obligations4. #$ *overnment.6F

4=igital conomy &ct, section 1D7 5ower to ma(e provision about injunctions preventing access to locationson the internet4. #$ *overnment.6E Ibid.

13

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/24/section/14?view=plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Governmenthttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/24/section/17?view=plainhttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/24/section/17?view=plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Governmenthttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/24/section/14?view=plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Governmenthttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/24/section/17?view=plainhttp://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/24/section/17?view=plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988


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• It insist little or no requirement as proof for accusations

• %hared networ(s wireless access points in access points becoming impossible toadminister.6D

• =efective appeal processes

$.2. Country Conte't of Music Piracy in ,nited -ingdom

Copyright as Property:

In the &nglo!&merican tradition copyright is regarded as property, as distinguished from thedroit dOauteur understanding of copyright.6> In 'ritain, copyright was initially considered as a4chose in action4, that is an intangible property, as opposed to tangible property.6?

opyright was referred in the %tatute of &nne specifically in terms of literary property thatis limited in time. In 1DD6 ;ord *ardenston commented in +inton v. =onaldson@1DD6A that!

4the ordinary subjects of property are well (nown, and easily conceived... 'ut property, whenapplied to ideas, or literary and intellectual compositions, is perfectly new and surprising...4 :0

In the 1?th century, the term intellectual property began to be used as an umbrella term for patents, copyright and other laws.:1 ourts, when strengthening copyright, have characterizedit as a type of property. laiming copyright as property, ompanies with leaders in the musicand movie industries see(ing to 4protect private property from being pillaged4 and ma(ingforceful assertions that copyright is absolute property right.:3

&ccording to *raham =utfield and #ma %uthersanen copyright is now a 4class of intangible business assets4, mostly owned by companies who function as 4investor, employer,distributor and mar(eter4. 9hile copyright was conceived as personal property awarded tocreators bur ironically creators now rarely own the rights in their wor(s. :6 In fact, somecopyright laws, li(e #%Os ones include a 4termination right4, so artist can ta(e bac( the rightson their wor( 6F years after its first publication by a record company.::

6D dwards, ;ilian, 4+ow the =igital conomy bill is trying to (ill open 9i!)i networ(s4. The -uardian ,;ondon., ov 60 300?.6> =eazley, 8onanK $retschmer, artin 'ently, ;ionel @3010A. 5rivilege and 5roperty7 ssays on the +istoryof opyright. Cpen 'oo( 5ublishers. p. 6:D. I%' ?D>1?0E?3:1>>.6? oyle, ichael @36 &pril 3003A. 4The +istory of opyright4. %ee,http7BBwww.lawdit.co.u(BreadingGroomBroomBviewGarticle.aspRnameH..BarticlesBTheL30+istoryL30of L30opyright.htm , dated7 11.0?.3011.:0 'rad, %hermanK ;ionel 'ently @1???A. The ma(ing of modern intellectual property law7 the 'ritish e"perience,1DE0U1?11. ambridge #niversity 5ress. p. 1?. I%' ?D>0F31FE6E6F.:1 'rad, %hermanK ;ionel 'ently @1???A. The ma(ing of modern intellectual property law7 the 'ritish e"perience,1DE0U1?11. ambridge #niversity 5ress. p. 30D. I%' ?D>0F31FE6E6F. %ee also 4 property as a commondescriptor of the field probably traces to the foundation of the 9orld Intellectual 5roperty Crganization @9I5CA

by the #nited ations.4 in ar( &. ;emley, 5roperty, Intellectual 5roperty, and )ree 8iding, Te"as ;aw 8eview,300F, Nol. >671061, page 1066, footnote :.:3 5eter $, Pu @300DA. Intellectual 5roperty and Information 9ealth7 opyright and related rights . *reenwood5ublishing *roup. pp. 6:FU6:E. I%' ?D>03DF?>>>6>.:6

=utfield, *rahamK %uthersanen, #ma @300>A. -loal intellectual property. dward lgar 5ublishing. pp. vi.I%' ?D>1>:D306E:?.:: &rtists li(e %pringsteen and =ylan can start applying to regain copyrights of 1?D> recordings

16

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d'auteurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d'auteurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chose_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangible_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangible_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Annehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Gardenston&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Gardenston&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/nov/30/open-wi-fi-digital-economy-bill-governmenthttp://books.google.com/books?id=SRBkCOC8d-4C&dq=copyright+Limitations+and+exceptions+history&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://books.google.com/books?id=SRBkCOC8d-4C&dq=copyright+Limitations+and+exceptions+history&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://books.google.com/books?id=SRBkCOC8d-4C&dq=copyright+Limitations+and+exceptions+history&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906924188http://www.lawdit.co.uk/reading_room/room/view_article.asp?name=../articles/The%20History%20of%20Copyright.htmhttp://www.lawdit.co.uk/reading_room/room/view_article.asp?name=../articles/The%20History%20of%20Copyright.htmhttp://www.lawdit.co.uk/reading_room/room/view_article.asp?name=../articles/The%20History%20of%20Copyright.htmhttp://www.lawdit.co.uk/reading_room/room/view_article.asp?name=../articles/The%20History%20of%20Copyright.htmhttp://www.lawdit.co.uk/reading_room/room/view_article.asp?name=../articles/The%20History%20of%20Copyright.htmhttp://www.google.com/books?id=u2aMRA-eF1gC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://www.google.com/books?id=u2aMRA-eF1gC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://www.google.com/books?id=u2aMRA-eF1gC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521563635http://www.google.com/books?id=u2aMRA-eF1gC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://www.google.com/books?id=u2aMRA-eF1gC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://www.google.com/books?id=u2aMRA-eF1gC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521563635http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organizationhttp://www.utexas.edu/law/journals/tlr/abstracts/83/83Lemley.pdfhttp://www.google.com/books?id=tgK9BzcF5WgC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://www.google.com/books?id=tgK9BzcF5WgC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275988838http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275988838http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275988838http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-Nc77dN6eDUC&dq=copyright+designs+and+patent+1988+history&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-Nc77dN6eDUC&dq=copyright+designs+and+patent+1988+history&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847203649http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847203649http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847203649http://blogs.westword.com/backbeat/2011/08/artists_start_applying_to_rega.phphttp://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/nov/30/open-wi-fi-digital-economy-bill-governmenthttp://books.google.com/books?id=SRBkCOC8d-4C&dq=copyright+Limitations+and+exceptions+history&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://books.google.com/books?id=SRBkCOC8d-4C&dq=copyright+Limitations+and+exceptions+history&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906924188http://www.lawdit.co.uk/reading_room/room/view_article.asp?name=../articles/The%20History%20of%20Copyright.htmhttp://www.lawdit.co.uk/reading_room/room/view_article.asp?name=../articles/The%20History%20of%20Copyright.htmhttp://www.lawdit.co.uk/reading_room/room/view_article.asp?name=../articles/The%20History%20of%20Copyright.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d'auteurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chose_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangible_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Annehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Gardenston&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.google.com/books?id=u2aMRA-eF1gC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://www.google.com/books?id=u2aMRA-eF1gC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521563635http://www.google.com/books?id=u2aMRA-eF1gC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://www.google.com/books?id=u2aMRA-eF1gC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521563635http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organizationhttp://www.utexas.edu/law/journals/tlr/abstracts/83/83Lemley.pdfhttp://www.google.com/books?id=tgK9BzcF5WgC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275988838http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propertyhttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-Nc77dN6eDUC&dq=copyright+designs+and+patent+1988+history&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847203649http://blogs.westword.com/backbeat/2011/08/artists_start_applying_to_rega.php


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9; Music Gmb< # -ing and others7:F

9here a recording company represented to its distributor with regard to a copyright thateverything was in order and all necessary consents had been obtained, that representation didnot afford a defence to the distributor in an action for infringement of the copyright, since the

recording company had a strong self!interest to reassure the distributor and the representationdid not provide an e"cuse for the distributor running the ris( as to whether what it was doingwas in fact an infringement. oreover, in determining whether the distributor had reason to

believe that it was infringing the copyright, each assertion of infringement communicated toit had to be evaluated in the light of all the other facts (nown or available to it. It followed, inthe instant case, on the evidence that the judge was right in the conclusions he reached andthe appeal would therefore be dismissed

Therefore, the liability of infringing copyright is also e"tended to all the sta(e holders whoare benefited from the business.

+)o e#ie)s:

The *owers 8eview of Intellectual 5roperty was an independent review of #$ intellectual property @I5A focusing on #$ copyright law that was published in =ecember 300E. The8eview was published on E =ecember 300E as part of the hancellorOs annual pre!budgetreport. The review submites that the #$Os intellectual property system is fundamentallystrong but it made F: recommendations for improvements.

The Hargreaves Revie" of (ntellectual roperty and -ro"th, or /igital +pportunity 0 Arevie" of (ntellectual roperty and -ro"th, was an independent review of the #nited$ingdomOs intellectual property @I5A system, focusing on #$ copyright law. The review was

published in ay 3011 by providing 10 recommendations to 4ensure that the #$ has an I5framewor( best suited to supporting innovation and promoting economic growth in the digitalage4.:E

!ur#ey eports:

In 300E, a survey of ational onsumer ouncil revealed that over half of 'ritish adultsinfringe copyright law by copying music =s, and F?L of them beleave that copying for

personal use is legal.:D In 300E The Institute for 5ublic 5olicy 8esearch called for a 4publicright to copy4.:> &fter the publication of *owers 8eview of Intellectual 5roperty in

=ecember 300E, a public consultation period was started by the government with the proposals to legalise personal copying. ;ater on, in the government proposed toinitiate changes to copyright law for legalising format shifting for personal use under somelimited circumstances.:? Though 'ritish opyright law has been criticised for it high level of strictness and out of date by consumer advocacy groups. 'ut in 300?, onsumersInternational conducted a study and e"amined copyright law of 1E countries revealed that the

:F QPW usic *mb+ v $ing and others X1??DY 3 &ll 8 13?, 160

:E %ee, http7BBwww.ipo.gov.u(Bipreview.htm. =ated7 1:.0?.3011:D

4%ha(eup of OabsurdO copyright law demanded4. Q=et reporting the ational onsumer ouncil. 300E!0F!11.:> 4opying own =s Oshould be legalO4. '' ews. 300E!10!3?.:? Ibid.

1:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_copyright_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Consumer_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowers_Review_of_Intellectual_Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_shiftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers_Internationalhttp://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipreview.htmhttp://news.zdnet.co.uk/itmanagement/0,1000000308,39268337,00.htmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6095612.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipreview.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_copyright_lawhttp://news.zdnet.co.uk/itmanagement/0,1000000308,39268337,00.htmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6095612.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Consumer_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowers_Review_of_Intellectual_Propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_shiftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumers_International


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copyright law of #$ is the least consumer!friendly from all 1E countries due to theaforementioned illegality of copying purely for personal use.F0

In 3011, after publication of the +argreaves 8eview of Intellectual 5roperty and *rowth , thegovernment has started to ta(e steps to change #$ copyright law. Though many of the

reforms had been recommended in the 300E *owers 8eview of Intellectual 5roperty but werenever implemented. +owever, one of the significant suggestions is to legalise the copying of a = to 56 format @(now as format shiftingA for personal use.

(imitations under %, (a):

The #$ does not comply with all the limitation as provided by the # =irectivs. 'ut the tworecent reviews recommended for the compliance with the limitations as provided by the #=irectives. +owever, provided limitations under the uropean #nion law are7

• reproductions made for private and non!commercial use if there is compensation for

right holdersK• preservation of recordings of broadcasts in official archivesK

• reproductions of broadcasts by social, non!commercial institutions such as hospitals

and prisons, if there is compensation to right holdersK• use for illustration for teaching or scientific research, to the e"tent justified by the

non!commercial purposeK• press reviews and news reportingK

• uses for the purposes of public security or in administrative, parliamentary or judicial

proceedingsK• uses of political speeches and e"tracts of public lectures, to the e"tent justified by

public informationK• uses during religious or official celebrationsK

• incidental inclusion in another wor(K

• use for the advertisement of the public e"hibition or sale of artK

• caricature, parody or pasticheK

o new limitations may come into force after 33


16/32


-The ongress shall have 5ower ... To promote the 5rogress of %cience and useful &rts, bysecuring for limited Times to &uthors and Inventors the e"clusive 8ight to their respective9ritings and =iscoveries./F3

In #%& jurisdiction the copyright and patent clause, is &rticle I, %ection >, lause > of the

#nited %tates onstitution, which confers the #nited %tates ongress to secure the e"clusiverights of the authors and investors. &s a part of the federal law, the copyright law in the#nited %tates is authorized by the #.%. onstitution.

The opyright &ct, 1?DE@contained in title 1D of the #.%. odeA governs copyrights. #nder section 103 of the &ct, copyright protection e"tends to 4original wor(s of authorship fi"ed inany tangible medium of e"pression, now (nown or later developed, from which they can be

perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of amachine or device.4 %ection 103 of the &ct provides7

@hereinafter =&Afor the purpose of implementing two 1??E treaties of the 9orld Intellectual 5ropertyCrganization @9I5CA. It introduces penal provision for production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures that control access tocopyrighted wor(s @commonly (nown as digital rights management or =8A. In addition, the=& heightens the penalties for copyright infringement on the Internet.

F3 &rticle1, %ection >, lause > of the #nited %tates onstitution.F6 This category was added in 1??0

1E

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerated_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerated_powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet


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The principal innovation of the =& in the field of copyright is the e"emption from directand indirect liability of internet service providers and other intermediariesF:.

%'emptions:

The ommunications =ecency &ctFF and the =igital illennium opyright &ct 1??> @the=&A granted certain e"emptions to Internet %ervice 5roviders @I%5A under #% legislation.%ection 360 of the ommunications =ecency &ct provides I%5s with e"emptions for hostingthird party defamatory speech that may give rise to liability, violations of rights or publicityand other state law claims but it has no effect on intellectual property law.

The =& ma(es it illegal to produce or disseminate technology, devices or servicesintended to circumvent measures, such as digital rights management @=8A that controlaccess to copyrighted wor(s. The cru" of the =&Os e"emption means that I%5s are notliable, directly or indirectly, for content liability.

In ovember 300?, the #.%. +ouse of 8epresentatives introduced the %ecure )ederal )ile

%haring &ct,XE3Y which prohibit the use of peer!to!peer file!sharing software by #.%.government employees and contractors on computers used for federal government wor(.

$.&. Country Conte't of Music Piracy in ,nited !tates of *merica

+heft and Copyright Infringement:

Though the term 2theft frequently is used by the copyright holders but in e"act sense the term2theft does not embrace the notion of 2copyright infringement. The #nited %tates %upremeourt in =owling v. #nited %tates @1?>FAFE has made distinction between theft and copyrightinfringement7

1Since the statutorily defined property rights of a copyright holder have a character

distinct from the possessory interest of the o"ner of simple 2goods* "ares* 3or4

merchandise*2 interference "ith copyright does not easily e5uate "ith theft* conversion*

or fraud. The infringer of a copyright does not assume physical control over the

copyright nor "holly deprive its o"ner of its use. (nfringement implicates a more comple6

set of property interests than does run0of0the0mill theft* conversion* or fraud.789

Case (a) :

In %ony orp. v. #niversal %tudiosF>

, the %upreme ourt found that %ony was not subject tosecondary copyright liability for its new product, -'etama"/ because it was capable of substantial non!infringing uses.

& 8ecords v. apster F?, was the first peer!to!peer case where apster was liable as asecondary infringer. The court found that apster was liable for its contribution for thecopyright infringement of its end!users because it 4(nowingly encourages and assists theinfringement of plaintiffsO copyrights.4 In order to analise the vicarious liability of apster

F: Title II of the =&AFF #nited %tates ode :D #% Z360@eA@3AFE /o"ling v. )nited States @1?>FA, :D6 #.%. 30D.FD

Ibid, 5p. 31:!31>.F> :E: #.%. :1D @1?>:A.F? 36? ).6d 100: @?th ir. 3001A.

1D

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Federal_File_Sharing_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Federal_File_Sharing_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Federal_File_Sharing_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_sharing_and_the_law#cite_note-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Federal_File_Sharing_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Federal_File_Sharing_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_sharing_and_the_law#cite_note-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc.


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for copyright infringement, the court applied the standard whether apster 4has the right andability to supervise the infringing activity and also has a direct financial interest in suchactivities.4 The court found positively that apster did receive a financial benefit, and had theright and ability to supervise the activity.

The ne"t major peer!to!peer case was * v. *ro(ster E0. In this case, the %upreme ourtfound that *ro(ster is secondarily liable for inducing its user to infringe.

%ffects Of Music Piracy On Industry

The #.%. economy loses M13.F billion annually as an effect of global and #.%.!based music piracy. These amount includes revenue and other related measures of economic performance.oreover, as a result of sound recording piracy, the #.%. economy loses D1,0E0 jobs. E1

Initiati#e from Organi=ations:

In #%&, 8I&& has underta(en the duty to stop peer!to!peer file sharing by attac(ing the useof Oshared files foldersO. They claim that the ma(ing of files available for sharing on a 535networ( infringes on their right under 1D #% 10E@6A 4to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted wor( to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease,or lending4. 'ut it is argued that the 8I&& has failed to show evidence of copyrightviolations. It has also failed to show the sale, transfer of ownership, rental, lease, or lendingof copyrighted wor(s by file sharing programs. Though 8I&& can manage proof of violationof copyright law against individual but it cannot manage proof for ma(ing the wholenetwor(s guilty.

&fter the apitol v. Thomas trial, and before the decision setting the verdict aside, the ourtsin Atlantic v. Brennan, Ele'tra v. Bar'er , Atlantic v. Ho"ell , and !ondon0Sire v. /oe :, hadrejected the 8I&&Os 4ma(ing available4 theory. 'ut in Bar'er the judge opined that the other theory which the 8I&& might plead U 4offering to distribute for purposes of redistribution4.The lower courts are in a consensus that the Oma(ing availableO theory is incorrect. 'ut thequestion of whether merely Oma(ing files availableO over a peer!to!peer networ( is actionablehas yet to be decided on an appellate level. The 4offer to distribute4 theory as proffered by the

judge in Bar'er was rejected in Thomas where


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$.>. International and egional +reaties

The copyright laws get standard form through international and regional agreements, such as-The 'erne onvention for the 5rotection of ;iterary and &rtistic 9or(s of 1>>E/, -8omeonvention for the 5rotection of 5erformers, 5roducers of 5honograms and 'roadcasting

Crganisations of 1?E1/, -#niversal opyright onvention of 1?F3/, -9I5C opyrightTreaty of 1??E/, -9I5C 5erformances and 5honograms Treaty of 1??E/, -The 9orld TradeCrganization &greement on Trade!8elated &spects of Intellectual 5roperty 8ights @T8I5%A,of 1??:/.

In the 1?>0s, it was considered by the uropean ommunity that copyright was the elementfor the concept of creating single mar(et. In support of the ultimate goal of the uropean#nion that is to create single mar(et by providing necessary setup for free movement of goods, services and free competition, a uniform system of protection of intellectual propertyrights @which wrapped industrial property to copyright and other related rightsA, form the

basis of standard altitude of intellectual property law. )rom the perspective of harmonizingcopyright laws in its member states, the uropean #nion has passed directives from 1??1.

ecessarily all the directives have been implicated to cover intellectual productions based oninternet. The directives aimed to reduce obstacles to the free movement of goods and serviceswithin the uropean #nion, such as in rental rights, satellite broadcasting, copyright term,and resale rights.E3 &mong the directives, the significant directives include the 1??6opyright =uration =irective, =irective 3000B61B of the uropean 5arliament and of theouncil of > B EFof 3? Cctober 1??6 is another uropean #nion directive made under the internal mar(et provisions of the Treaty of 8omeEE

harmonising the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights. It was replaced by

=irective 300EB11EB of the uropean 5arliament and of the ouncil of 13 =ecember 300Eon the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights. ED +owever, a common termof copyright protection, D0 years post mortem auctoris;


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harmonizing the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights E? which is alsoaccommodated in the =irective 300EB11EBD0.

+he Berne Con#ention for the Protection of (iterary and *rtistic ?or8s @Berne

Con#entionA:

-The 'erne onvention for the 5rotection of ;iterary and &rtistic 9or(s/, is an internationalagreement regulating copyright, was first accepted in 'erne, %witzerland in 1>>E.'y andlarge, it is (nown as the 'erne onvention. The 'erne onvention was revised in 5aris in1>?E and in 'erlin in 1?0>, completed in 'erne in 1?1:, revised in 8ome in 1?3>, in 'russelsin 1?:>, in %toc(holm in 1?ED and in 5aris in 1?D1, and was amended in 1?D?. The presentversion of the onvention is the -5aris &ct of 1?D1/. The convention is regulated by the9orld Intellectual 5roperty Crganization, @9I5CA.

Though the #$ signed it in 1>>D but it too( more than 100 years to implement the provisionsof the onvention. The opyright, =esigns and 5atents &ct of 1?>> is the legislation which

introduced the theme and aim of the 'erne onvention in the #nited $ingdom.

Cn arch 1, 1?>?, 4'erne onvention Implementation &ct of 1?>>4 came into force in the#nited %tates and the #nited %tates became a party to the 'erne onvention. The #nited%tates declined to be a signatory of this convention for near about 100 years in order to avoidmajor changes in its copyright law, specifically in case of moral rights, removal of the generalrequirement for registration of the copyright wor(s and abolition of mandatory copyrightnotice. This declination led to the #niversal opyright onvention in 1?F3 which containedthe wishes of the #nited %tates. 'ut after being a member of the 'erne onvention, the#nited %tates made the #niversal opyright onvention obsolete.

The authors who are the nationals of one of the signatories of the convention shall be provided with the protection as granted by the onvention for their wor(s. The same protection is also e"tended where the wor(s is published first or simultaneously in a signatorystate which is a member of the #nion. Cne of the significant part of this convention is that the

provided protection is also available for an author who is not nationals of a signatory state buthas his habitual residence in that states. The non!national author will be regarded as anational of the signatory state having the habitual residence.D1

& member of the 'erne #nion is required to recognize the copyright of wor(s of authors fromother members without discriminating with their nationals. Thus, a national from a member

of 'erne #nion is eligible to get the same protection of the national of other member states.D3

This equal treatment policy ensure a firm establishment for securing the copyright among themember states. The member states are also required to enact minimum but strong standard for copyright law.

&rticle F@3A of the onvention ma(es the copyright automatic. o formalities are requiredunder this onvention to protect the copyright of authors.

E? ?6B?>BD0

&rticle 1@1A, =irective 300EB11EB of the uropean 5arliament and of the ouncil of 13 =ecember 300ED1 &rticle 6, 'erne onvention for the 5rotection of ;iterary and &rtistic 9or(s, 1>>E.D3 &rticles 6 and F, 'erne onvention for the 5rotection of ;iterary and &rtistic 9or(s, 1>>E.

30

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_harmonizing_the_term_of_protection_of_copyright_and_certain_related_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_harmonizing_the_term_of_protection_of_copyright_and_certain_related_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention


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The 'erne onvention states in article D that all wor(s e"cept photographic andcinematographic shall be copyrighted for at least F0 years after the authorOs death, butsignatories are free to provide longer termsD6. The uropean #nion provides D0 years of termwith the 1??6 =irective on harmonising the term of copyright protectionD: which is alsoupheld in the =irective 300EB11EBDF.

The 'erne onvention introduced the practice of -fair use/ of copyrighted wor(s in other publications or broadcasts. The &greed %tatement of the parties to the 9I5C opyrightTreaty of 1??E states that7 -It is understood that the mere provision of physical facilities for enabling or ma(ing a communication does not in itself amount to communication within themeaning of this Treaty or the 'erne onvention./DE This language may mean that Internetservice providers are not liable for the infringing communications of their users.

+he ?orld Intellectual Property Organi=ation:

The 9orld Intellectual 5roperty Crganisation @hereinafter 9I5CA and the 9orld Trade

Crganisation @9TCA are the two governing bodies in the arena of intellectual property andmost of the international conventions are implemented by them. The 9orld Intellectual5roperty Crganization @9I5CA was established, following the entry into force of theonvention stablishing the 9orld Intellectual 5roperty Crganization in 1?ED which enteredinto force on &pril 3E, 1?D0.DD The mandate is to promote the protection of intellectual

property throughout the worldD> and in order to do so, it emphasize on cooperation among%tates and collaboration with other international organizations. The Crganization is one of thesi"teen specialized agency and it became a specialized agency of the #nited ations in 1?D:.

The )nited (nternational Bureau6 for the rotection of (ntellectual roperty @'I85IA was the predecessor of 9I5C. &rticle 1 of The &greement between the #nited ations and the 9orldIntellectual 5roperty Crganization provides that 9I5C is responsible!

4for promoting creative intellectual activity and for facilitating the transfer of technology related to industrial property to the developing countries in order toaccelerate economic, social and cultural development, subject to the competence andresponsibilities of the #nited ations and its organs, particularly the #nited ationsonference on Trade and =evelopment, the #nited ations =evelopment 5rogrammeand the #nited ations Industrial =evelopment Crganization, as well as of the #nited

ations ducational, %cientific and ultural Crganization and of other agencieswithin the #nited ations system.4D?

D6 &rticle D@EA, 'erne onvention for the 5rotection of ;iterary and &rtistic 9or(s, 1>>ED: ?6B?>B, 3? Cctober 1??6DF =irective 300EB11EB of the uropean 5arliament and of the ouncil of 13 =ecember 300EDE Travis, +annibal 4Cpting Cut of the Internet in the #nited %tates and the uropean #nion7 opyright, %afe+arbors, and International ;aw4. otre /ame !a" Revie"* vol. A. @5resident and Trustees of

otre =ame #niversity in %outh 'end, IndianaADD http7BBwww.wipo.intBabout!wipoBenBfaq.html, dated7 1F.0?.3011.D> &rticle 6 of the onvention stablishing the 9orld Intellectual 5roperty Crganization, 1?ED, which enteredinto force on &pril 3E, 1?D0D? &rticle 1, The &greement between the #nited ations and the 9orld Intellectual 5roperty Crganization. This

&greement entered into effect on =ecember 1D, 1?D:. & 5rotocol incorporating the &greement was signed by$urt 9aldheim, %ecretary!*eneral of the #nited ations, and &rpad 'ogsch, =irector *eneral of the 9orldIntellectual 5roperty Crganization, on


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The intellectual property is, as the 9I5C refers, is creations of the mind and is of twocategories7 >0

• Industrial property includes patents for inventions, trademar(s, industrial designs,

integrated circuits and geographical indications.

• opyright and related rights cover literary and artistic e"pressions @e.g. novels, poems, plays, films, music, artistic wor(s and architectureA, and the rights of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings,and broadcasters in their radio and television broadcasts.

&rticle 3@viiiA of the 9I5C onvention stablishing the 9orld Intellectual 5ropertyCrganization provides that7

-@viiiA -intellectual property/ shall include the rights relating to7• U literary, artistic and scientific wor(s,

• U performances of performing artists, phonograms, and broadcasts,

• U inventions in all fields of human endeavor,• U scientific discoveries,

• U industrial designs,

• U trademar(s, service mar(s, and commercial names and designations,

• U protection against unfair competition,

and all other rights resulting from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary orartistic fields./>1

oreover, it is also recognized that intellectual property rights allow the creators U or ownersof patents, trademar(s or copyrighted wor(s U to benefit from their own wor( or investmentin a creation. These rights are outlined in &rticle 3D of the #niversal =eclaration of +uman

8ights, which provides for the right to benefit from the protection of moral and materialinterests resulting from authorship of any scientific, literary or artistic wor(.>3

+he *greement On +rade"elated *spects Of Intellectual Property ights @+IP!A *nd

?orld +rade Organi=ation:

The &greement Cn Trade!8elated &spects Cf Intellectual 5roperty 8ights &greement@hereinafter T8I5%A states that, for the purposes of the &greement, the term 4intellectual

property4 refers to all categories of intellectual property that are the subject of %ections 1through D of 5art II of the T8I5% &greement. This agreement contains copyright andneighboring rights, trademar(s, geographical indications, industrial designs, patents, layout!designs @topographiesA of integrated circuits, and undisclosed information.>6

%pecifically, sections of T8I5% required that its member states laws must be satisfied for copyright rights, i.e. the rights of performers, producers of sound recordings and broadcastingorganizationsK geographical indications, industrial designs, integrated circuit layout!designsK

patentsK monopolies for the developers of new plant varietiesK trademar(sK trade dressK andundisclosed or confidential information. T8I5% also specifies enforcement procedures,

>0 http7BBwww.wipo.intBabout!wipoBenBfaq.html, =ated7 1F.0?.3011.>1 &rticle 3

enforcing copyright in the digital age age-the problem of music piracy in the uk and us

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