energy and power ic trends - dongbu hitekfor efficiency) multiple inputs ... detector converter dc...

Energy and Power IC TrendsEnergy and Power IC Trends 11

© Copyright by © Copyright by G.AG.A. . RincRincóónn--MoraMora www.Rinconwww.Rincon--Mora.comMora.com

Energy and Power IC Trends

Abstract: High-performance power-supply integrated circuits (ICs) fill a growing need in

military (to lighten and extend reconnaissance mission work), space exploration (for

remote sensors), biomedical (for monitoring, prognosis, and treatment), consumer

electronics (in rechargeable everyday products and LED displays), industrial machinery

(to smarten expensive and difficult-to-replace technologies), and automotive

applications (for motor control). High performance in highly integrated systems,

however, which the state of the art demands, conflicts with extended operational life

and thermal-management objectives, so engineers and scientists from both industry and

academia are currently exploring alternatives, such as deriving energy from fuel cells,

harvesting ambient energy, and adopting ultra low-loss circuit techniques. Integrating

and managing various sources, which modern and up-and-coming systems require, also

present a myriad of diverse and interdependent challenges. The aim of this talk is to

illustrate how the driving demands of emerging applications are impacting and steering

technological trends in power-supply ICs.

Energy and PowerEnergy and PowerEnergy and PowerEnergy and Power

IC TrendsIC TrendsIC TrendsIC Trends

Gabriel Alfonso Rincón-Mora

Georgia Institute of Technology

www.Rincon-Mora.com



Outline

�Demand

� System Composition

� Energy Sources

� Supply Systems

� Integration

� Conclusions

Demand

� Applications: Portable & Stationary

Smart Grid, Reconnaissance, Remote space & field meters/monitors,

Wireless sensors, Biomedical implants, Laptop & desktop computers...

� Demand: High performance, Low cost, & 'on-intrusive

� Smart (e.g., wireless telemetry, sensor, etc.)

� Portable (i.e., small and compact)

� Lightweight

� Self-Powered (i.e., in-package battery)

� Self-Sustained (i.e., harvest energy � long life)

� Integrated (i.e., on chip, in package, on package, etc.)



Demand: Technology Trends

� Portable & 'on-Intrusive � Small footprint (SoC, SiP, SoP)

� Low Breakdown Voltages � Low Supply Voltages (1–1.8 V)

� Higher Integration � Diverse Power Levels (nW’s – W’s)

� Diverse Output Voltages (0.5–2 V)

� Low Filter Density � CMax/µm2 ≤ 15 fF/µm2

(1 nF: 260 x 260 µm2)

� LMax ≤ 40–100 nH

� 'oise-Sensitive Loads (analog) � Accurate (fast) Supplies

(∆vO(dc-ac-tran): ≤ 10–100 mV)

� High Silicon (wafer) Density � Digital VLSI (CMOS) &

Mixed-Signal (BiCMOS)

Outline

� Demand

�System Composition

� Energy Sources

� Supply Systems

� Integration

� Conclusions



System Composition

�Basic Functions:

Energy Conditioning Power Conditioning

�Transfer Energy Efficiently: Extend battery life & Minimize hot spots

�Condition Energy: Source management (maximize energy)

�Condition Power: Load management (stable, load-friendly supplies)

Micro Fuel Cell

Micro Battery

Ultra Capacitor

Etc.

High Load Mode

Moderate Load Mode

Light Load Mode

Sleep Mode

Etc.

Micro Heat Engine

Micro Energy Sources Power Scheme

Sensor

Driver

Processor

Etc.

Telemetry

Loads

Source

Management Circuit Management

Management

Circuits

System Composition: Energy-Transfer Media

Lo

ad

Vref

Vin

Vout

SeriesSwitch

FeedbackLoop

LinearAmp

Analog AC SignalDigital AC Signal

Lo

ad Vref

Vin

Vout

FeedbackLoop

LinearAmp

(b) Switching Regulator

....

...

Pulse-WidthModulated

A-D Converter

Low-Pass Filter Cap.

High-Power ApplicationsLow-Power Applications

√ Flexible (VOUT≤ or ≥ VIN)Limited Output Range (VOUT < VIN)

Expensive (PCB, Si, etc.)√√√√ Low Cost (PCB, Si, etc.)

√√√√ High Efficiency (η≈ 80-95%)Low Efficiency (η≤ VOUT/VIN)

Slow√√√√ Fast

High 'oise Content√√√√ Low 'oise

Switched ConditionersLinear Conditioners



Outline

� Demand


�Energy Sources

� Supply Systems

� Integration

� Conclusions

Energy Sources: Energy vs Power

1 s_

100 ms_

10 ms_

1 ms_

100 us_

100 s_

10 s_

10 us_

1 ks_

Ultra

Capacitor

Off-Chip

Capacitor

Thin-film Li-ion

Battery

Li-ion or Li -polymer

Batteries

Micro Fuel Cell

Power Density (W/kg) = Iload (A/kg)* VLoad (V) ̃ ILoad * K

Effective Energy D

ensity (Wh/kg)

On-Chip

Capacitor

Lifetime

β-V

olt

aic

On-Chip Inductor

Har

ves

ter

Harvester: Very Low Power

Infinite Energy (virtually)

Intermittent

Inductor: High Power

Very Low Energy

Quasi Lossless

Cumbersome

Capacitor: High Power

Very Low Energy

Quasi Lossless

Very Fast

Li Ion: Moderate Power

Moderate Energy

Moderate Speed

Fuel Cell: Low Power

High Energy

Slow

Atomic: Very Low Power

Very High Energy

Unsafe



Energy Sources: Choices

� Primary Sources: 'on-rechargeable �� Source

� Atomic (e.g., β Voltaic) � Extended Life, High Cost, Unsafe

� Fuel Cells (e.g., MEMS) � Extended Life, Byproducts (H2O, CO2)

� Harvesters (e.g., MEMS) � Perpetual Life, Low Power

� Secondary Sources: Rechargeable � Storage

� Li Ion (e.g., thin film: SiP) � Moderate, Mature Technology

� Capacitors (e.g., MOS, MEMS, SiP) � Low Integration Density

� Inductors (e.g., MEMS, SiP) � Low Integration Density

Energy Sources: Ambient Energy

� Solar � 10 µW/cm2 (indoors) to 15 mW/cm2 (outdoors)

� Application dependent, little indoor power, & high outdoor power

� Kinetic � 1 – 200 µW/cm2

� Application dependent (but vibrations are fairly abundant

at 50 – 300 Hz) and moderate power

� Thermal � 20 µW/cm2 (dependent on temperature gradient ∆T)

� Proportional to ∆T (small in µ-scale applications) � low power

� Magnetic � nW/cm2 to µW/cm2’s (decreases drastically with distance)

� Must be close to rich source (host) � Application dependent



Energy Sources: Wireless Power

� Concept: Transmit, Receive, and Harness power wirelessly across space.

� Fundamental Challenge: Power decreases drastically over distance.

� Transmission (and system) efficiency is low.

HARNESSONTRANSMISSIRTRANSMITTE

IN

OUTSYSTEM ηηη

E

Eη ==

� Far-field applications are virtually prohibitive.

� Applications: 'ear field � 8-mm separation

� Inductively coupled chargers/supplies: Portables, implants, etc.

Fulton Innovation

E

E

Sk

in

USC

Outline

� Demand


� Energy Sources

�Supply Systems

� Integration

� Conclusions



Probability-Density Curve

for PAs in Wireless

Handsets

Probability-Density Curve

for PAs in Wireless

Handsets

Supply Systems: Energy Management

Mode 1

Time (t)

P

ower (W

)

PPeak

PA vg

Mode 2

Mode 3

(i) Light loads are prevalent so (ii) light-load efficiency is crucial.

� Objective: Manage source, extend life, and reduce junction temperature.

� System Characteristics:

Mixed Signal � DC & switching Power

Diverse Functionality � Diverse I-V profiles

Portables’ most probable state � Light loads

� Approach: Reduce energy by moding the system (e.g., off, alert, transmit, etc.)

and operating in subthreshold (with nA’s).

Supply Systems: Power Management

Dynamically, Adaptive

DC/DC Buck Converter

Linear

Reg.

Linear

Reg.

Linear

Reg.

Reference

Li-Io

n

Battery

tt

t

Dynamically, Adaptive

DC/DC Buck Converter

PA

t

Battery

Charg

er

Tra

nsd

ucer

Harvester

Hybrid-Sourced Wireless Supply System

� Objective: Condition power.

� Point-of-load (PoL)

regulation (for accuracy)

� Dynamically adaptive

(for efficiency)

� Multiple inputs

(for operational life)

� Multiple outputs

(for performance)

� Single inductor

(for integration)



Supply Systems: Fuel Cell-Battery

Energy Flow

� Mixer-Charger-Supply:

Supply Systems: Motion-Battery

QC = CVARVC

Condition CVAR

Harness positive charge

Reset CVAR

� Electrostatic Harvester-Charger:

Harvest

CVAR

Pre-

Charger

iHARV

Reset

Pre-Charge

CMIN

CMAX

VBAT

+

-

CMAX CMIN

Vibration

CyclevC

+

-

VBAT VC(min)

VBAT

+

-

CMAX

CVAR

CMIN CMAX

+

-VC(min) VBAT

CMAX



Supply Systems: Motion-Battery

Harness positive charge

Harness negative charge

Increase damping force

� Piezoelectric Harvester-Charger:

SI

SNDN

DIvSW

-

vSW+

VB

AT

CP

IEZ

O

vPIEZO

i PIE

ZO

Piezo Model

Non-inverting

Inverting

LH

i L

(a)

TVIB˜ 10ms

Supply Systems: Custom Supplies

� Far-field wireless transmission

requires considerable energy.

� Peak-power supply exceeds

light-load counterpart.

� Light loads (i.e., idle) are prevalent in portable applications

� Power amp (PA) is mostly inefficient.

� Dynamic supply improves efficiency:

RF input

Envelope

detector DC-DC

converter

RF output

Directional

coupler RF PA Delay

line

Envelope voltage (mV)

Signal voltage (mV)

VSupply

VEnvelope

VSignal



Outline

� Demand


� Energy Sources

� Supply Systems

�Integration

� Conclusions

Integration: Power Passives

� Discrete inductors typically

outperform (↓ RESR and ↑ LO)

on-chip inductors

by orders of magnitude:

� 1 in-package inductor achieves

similar footprint objectives.

� With extra MEMS-based layers,

reasonable nH on-chip L’s are possible.

� Flip-chip capacitors are also viable:

Enpirion

UC-

Berkeley



Outline

� Demand


� Energy Sources

� Supply Systems

� Integration

�Conclusions

Conclusions

� System Requirements: Self-powered, Self-sustaining, Wireless power…

� Sources: Li Ions, Alkalines, Fuel Cells, Harvesters…

� Supply Systems: Hybrid, Dynamic, Custom…

� Integration: On Chip, in Package, on Package…

� IC Requirements: � Light-load efficiency in switching supplies

� Power-supply rejection in LDOs

� Harvesting chargers

� Single-inductor, multiple-input,

multiple-output SIMIMO conditioners

� Well-matched LED drivers

� Efficient motor sensors and drivers

� System-aware (talking) loads



…END…

Thanks!

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energy and power ic trends - dongbu hitekfor efficiency) multiple inputs ... detector converter dc...

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