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Enabling change through transdisciplinary knowledge creation processes:
Multi-actor approaches in food value chain research in East Africa
Team PhD students: Maria Restrepo, Guyo Roba
MSc students: Eva Hilt, Joanna Albrecht, Anne Emden Post-Docs and Senior Scientists: Dr. Margareta Lelea, Dr. Pamela Ngwenya, Dr. Anja Christinck
Prof. Dr. Brigitte Kaufmann, Dr. Christian Hülsebusch German Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture (DITSL),
at the Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel
November 18th, 2015 - Berlin, Germany
Open Space – Session III 16th Annual Meeting of the Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) on pro-poor livestock research and development
Presented by Margareta Amy Lelea
Reduction of Post-Harvest Losses and Value Addition in East African Food Value Chains (Reload)
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Reduction of losses and increase in benefits in livestock value chains in Kenya
Marsabit
Nakuru
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KENYA
Pastoral meat VC
Small-holder dairy VC
Photos: Lelea 2014 and 2015
Method: Multi-actor approach - focus on actors and their activity systems rather than on commodities
Multi-actor approach in the dairy and pastoral meat value chain
Dairy chain Pastoral meat chain Activity system
Primary actors Smallholder farmers Pastoral producers Livestock keeping
Local milk traders Local traders Trading
Milk bar owners Local butchers Processing & marketing
Local brokers Mediating transactions
Commerical dairy managers
Slaugherhouse managers
Processing & marketing
Secondary actors Dairy board officers Meat commission staff Regulating & controlling
County government representatives
County government representatives
Regulating & controlling
NGO officers NGO officers Enacting programms
External actors
Scientists Scientists
Investigating
Group facilitator Group facilitator Guiding group processes
Collaborative learning to resolve problems and identify improvement possibilities
Dialogue
Discovery
Applying new knowledge
1. Institutionalization of the collaboration with stakeholders
2. Situation analysis with problem identification and structuring
3. Agreement on goals and priorities
4. Investigation to identify solutions or improved activities
5. Implementing identified “prototypes“ or activities
6. Participatory monitoring and evaluation of activities
Christinck and Kaufmann, forthcoming
Stakeholder analysis
Establish the collaboration
Restrepo et al.2014
Collaborative learning to resolve problems and identify improvement possibilities
Dialogue
Discovery
Applying new knowledge
Stakeholder analysis
Establish the collaboration
Restrepo et al.2014
Restrepo et al.2014
SMALLHOLDER DAIRY CHAIN, NAKURU
Photos: Lelea 2013-5
Establish the collaboration
• Supporting two farmer groups
• Mukinduri Dairy Self-Help Group
• Lare Livelihoods Improvement CBO
• Self-motivation - Bottom-up initiatives
• Training on group formation and maturation
• Collaboration with: DITSL PhD Student Maria Restrepo, group facilitator Andrew Maina PhD students and faculty members from Egerton University, Nakuru
Dialogue: Joint understanding of the problematic situation
Problem assessment – e.g. through photovoice
• Milk quantity – seasonality & work load
• Milk quality – cleanliness & composition
• Market – rejection & seasonality
Agreement on aims & action plans
• Milk quantity – silage & fodder
• Milk quality – on-farm testing of milk quality & development of standards: California Mastitis Test (CMT), Alcohol test, Improvement of milking parlour
• Keeping records on milk production and sale
Apply for funding - Video proposal
1. Farmer-to-Farmer exchange sessions – Silage, Fodder and Milking parlour
2. Learning and mutual teaching sessions – milk quality testing, California Mastitis Test
Discovery: Farmer-driven innovations
Applying new knowledge: Testing of innovations
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20
40
60
80
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Silage Sorghum Lucerne Records Test milkquality
CMT
% o
f m
em
be
rs t
hat
te
ste
d
Self-defined innovations
Farmer participation
Lare Mukinduri
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Silage Sorghum Lucerne Records Test milkquality
CMTLe
vel o
f sa
tisf
acti
on
Self-defined innovations
Benefits from innovation
Lare MukinduriSource: Restrepo (unpublished)
Applying new knowledge: Change of practice
• Silage and fodder at larger scale “I have done so much silage that during this dry period I was able to share with my father, as he did not have enough to feed his cows” Mbuthia - Lare
• Implementing milk testing “we (with 6 other farmers) implemented a system for testing milk quality every 2nd week to avoid rejection” Mwathi - Mukinduri
• Record keeping of other farming activities “I have also implemented records of my sheep and chicken” Kamau - Mukinduri
• Diffusion “the group is recognized, we are spreading our roots …” Robert Gacheche - Lare
PASTORAL MEAT VALUE CHAIN, MARSABIT
Photos: Lelea and Roba, 2014
Stakeholder analysis for collaborative multi-stakeholder processes
6 Stakeholder integration in the research process
5 Selection of participants
Which stakeholders should participate in the research project?
4 Stakeholder identification and characterisation
Who has a 'stake' with regard to the problem/issue and why?
Who has power, interest, knowledge, resources...?
What are the relationships between stakeholders?
3 Formulation of a specific issue or problem to be addressed in the research
e.g. reducing post-harvest losses, improving quality of products, etc.
2 Actor identification and initial characterization Identifying actors and their roles, objectives and scope of action in the
human activity system Reflecting on social difference
1 Selection of a human activity system for research focus
e.g. a particular food supply chain
Lelea et al. 2015
• Herding • Watering • Animal treatment • Walking goats to market
Producers • Government officers • Local NGOs
Actors directly involved with the goats and sheep
Activities Interrelated actors
Local Traders, Local butchers &
Individuals (herders & assistants in the
market
Transporters & Lorry brokers
• Identify goats/sheep of interest
• Branding the animal • Trekking to collection
point • Organize transport from
Marsabit
• Animal loading • Trucking to the next
market
• Market committee • County government • Local NGOs (FH Kenya,
ACDI/VOCA)
• County government • Government veterinary
officer • Individual labourers
• Price negotiation & payment
• Price negotiation & payment
• Getting movement permit • Getting health license • Sand loading
• Getting movement permit • Getting health license • Sand loading
Step 2: Actor identification and initial characterization Actor identification and Activity Analysis
16
• Paying market access fee • Counting goats and
contracting broker to sell Nairobi Traders &
Brokers
• Local trader • County government of
Nairobi • Exporters • Institutions • Individual households • Transporters
Activities Interrelated actors
Butchers
• Cooling • Pricing & selling
• Nairobi traders • Consumers • Tanneries • Meat distributors • Public health officers
• Slaughtering • Meat distribution • Selling meat and skins
Domestic & export market Domestic & export market
Wholesalers
• Price negotiations & selling
• Price negotiations & selling
• Distribution • Distribution • Urban consumers
• Households • Hotels, bar &
restaurants • Meat exporters (Middle East)
Actors directly involved with the goats and sheep
Actor identification and Activity Analysis
Initialisation of multi-stakeholder platform meetings in the pastoral meat value chain
Photo: Lelea, 2015
Topics: 1. How to avoid multiple taxation on goats and
sheep? 2. How to attract camel and cattle traders to a
market in a producer area? 3. How to improve communication from
demand-side to the producer? 4. How to coordinate transportation for
alternative markets such as Nakuru?
First outcomes: • Tax holiday for the Korr market to avoid
multiple taxation • Motivation to continue collaboration
Stakeholders present: • Pastoralists (small and large herds) • Traders (local area and region) • Brokers • Government officials
CONCLUSION
Multi-actor approaches in food value chain research
• Actor orientation takes into account the perspectives, constraints and room of manouever of the different actors in the value chain
• Activity orientation takes into account that change in value chains requires change in actions and practices
• Change in practices resulted from exchange and integration of diverse knowledge, learning and capacity development
• Social relations matter and develop in the course of the interactions
– Between actors
– Between primary and secondary actors
– Between scientists and value chain actors
Multi-actor approaches are in themselves social innovations in R&D
THANK YOU!
More information and contact: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Resources Christinck, A., Kaufmann, B. Forthcoming. Facilitating change: Methodologies for collaborative learning with stakeholders, In: M. Padmanabhan (ed.) Transdisciplinarity for Sustainability. Routledge
Lelea, M.A., Roba, G., Christinck, A., Kaufmann, B. 2015. Methodologies for stakeholder analysis for application in transdisciplinary research projects focusing on actors in food supply chains. DITSL ISBN 978-3-945266-00-7
Restrepo, M.J., Lelea, M.A., Christinck, A., Hülsebusch, C., Kaufmann, B. 2014. Collaborative learning for fostering change in complex social-ecological systems: a transdisciplinary perspective on food and farming systems. Knowledge Management for Development Journal 10(3): 38-59
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