emc/jour 3000 lecture 1 - the technical dimension
TRANSCRIPT
EMC / JOUR 3000 INTRO TO MOTION
PICTURES
Edward Bowen
Lecture One - The Technical Dimension, Part 1
Technology of Motion PicturesCamera Obscura• Take a big box into the sunlight. • Get inside. • Cut a small hole in one side. • Stand clear. • On the side opposite the hole you will see an image
(reversed and upside down) of what's outside. • You are in a camera obscura. • Put a piece of film where the image is and expose it. • You are now in a camera.
Technology of Motion PicturesCamera Obscura
Technology of Motion PicturesCamera Obscura
Technology of Motion PicturesCamera Obscura
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuJ_Jd6Qgyo
Technology of Motion PicturesPersistence of VisionThe concept that the eye retains one image just long
enough to blend it with a following image. This permits a sequence of still pictures to appear as
one continuous action. Physiologists and neurologists have developed
revised theories for how we perceive motion.The theory of “persistence of vision” still retains
popular acceptance.
Technology of Motion PicturesPersistence of Vision
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3veFqnnob0A
Technology of Motion PicturesApparent Motion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ulQ_vaBM0Q
Technology of Motion PicturesFilmOne medium on which motion picture images are
recorded
Technology of Motion PicturesFilmOne medium on which motion picture images are
recorded.Film is composed of many layers, two of which are • a base, and• emulsion.
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm Base – Cellulose, a synthetic plastic invented
around 1870.• Cellulose Nitrate, or Nitrate Film• Cellulose Acetate, or Safety Film
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm Base• Cellulose Nitrate, or Nitrate Film• Unstable• Highly flammable
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm Base• Cellulose Nitrate, or Nitrate Film• Unstable• Highly flammable• Made illegal in 1949
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm Base• Cellulose Nitrate, or Nitrate Film• Unstable• Highly flammable• Made illegal in 1949
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhiwKnZlW1c
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm is not a permanent medium.
About 80% of films made before 1920 no longer exist.
About 50% of films made before 1950 no longer exist.
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm is not a permanent medium.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xVK_qhXkKE
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm is not a permanent medium.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oift1b_CwX4
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm is not a permanent medium.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iN1_zEjOQ6o
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm is not a permanent medium.
“Frankenstein” (1910)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iN1_zEjOQ6o
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm EmulsionThe layer of photo-sensitive chemicals that coats the
film base
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm EmulsionThe layer of photo-sensitive chemicals that coats the
film base
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fvkbpaNA14
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm EmulsionThe layer of photo-sensitive chemicals (silver halide)
that coats the film base
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJ5bf_GEW_o
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm Emulsion• Black and White – A single chemical layer renders
only shades from black to white
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm Emulsion• Black and White
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm Emulsion• Black and White• Color – Comprised of three layers of emulsion:
yellow, magenta, and cyan. Combined they render full color
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm Emulsion• Black and White• Color
Film Emulsion• Black and White• Color
Technology of Motion Pictures
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm Emulsion• Black and White• Color
Technology of Motion PicturesFilm Emulsion• Black and White• Color – Hand Coloring
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkT54BetFBI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p94yQ8cvTHg
Film Emulsion• Black and White• Color -Tinting
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qoe7noZkLlI
Film Emulsion• Black and White• Color – Two tone Technicolor
Technology of Motion Pictures
Film Emulsion• Black and White• Color – Two tone Technicolor
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=seEchnfpdyc
Warm
Color - Temperature
Warm
Color - Temperature
Warm
Color - Temperature
Warm
Color - Temperature
Cool
Color - Temperature
Cool
Color - Temperature
Cool
Color - Temperature
Color - Temperature
Color - Temperature
Color - Saturation
Film Emulsion• Black and White• Color • Grain – Visibility of individual particles of
chemical coating
Technology of Motion Pictures
Film Emulsion• Black and White• Color • Grain
Technology of Motion Pictures
Film Emulsion• Black and White• Color • Grain
Technology of Motion Pictures
Film Emulsion• Black and White• Color • Grain • Contrast – The relationship of the brightest and
darkest parts of an image. HIGH CONTRAST evidences extremes between bright and dark elements. LOW CONTRAST evidences little difference in brightness among the elements.
Technology of Motion Pictures
Light - Contrast
Low High
Light - Contrast
Low High
Light - Contrast
Low High
Light - Contrast
Low High
Light - Contrast
Low High
Light - Contrast
Low High
Light - Contrast
Low High
Light - Contrast
Low High
Film Emulsion• Black and White• Color • Grain • Contrast• Light Sensitivity - Each emulsion type has a
different sensitivity to light. A fast film requires little light for proper exposure. A slow film (like early Technicolor) requires a great amount of light. Light sensitivity is referred to as the film speed or exposure index (abbreviated EI or ASA or ISO).
Technology of Motion Pictures
Film Emulsion - “Pi” (1998) Darren Aronofsky
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aulRoQTK5HY
Film Emulsion - “Pi” (1998) Darren Aronofsky
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aulRoQTK5HY
Film Emulsion
• Exposure. A measure of the amount of light admitted by the lens to create an image on the film.
• Proper exposure. A picture that looks acceptably “normal” or the special effect desired. Exposure is controlled on a camera by “f” stops.
• Underexposure. An underexposed image is dark. Purposeful underexposure can create day for night.
• Overexposure. An overexposed image is washed out or transparent.
Technology of Motion Pictures
Film Emulsion
• Exposure
Technology of Motion Pictures
Over Exposed
Properly Exposed
Under Exposed
Film Types
Film (raw) stock. A combination of a film base and an emulsion that has not been exposed.
Technology of Motion Pictures
Film TypesNegative. A film emulsion in which light values are
reversed in order to permit positive prints to be made. Motion picture film, like most photographic film processes, uses a negative image that is then printed to form a positive image. The negative allows many good copies to be printed.
Technology of Motion Pictures
Film TypesReversal. In reversal stock, the negative is
physically joined to a positive. After the negative prints to the positive, the negative emulsion is removed, leaving a positive print (but no negative). This film type was used largely in amateur filmmaking in which it was assumed that there would be demand for only a single positive.
Technology of Motion Pictures
Technology of Motion PicturesHD Digital VideoAnother medium on which motion picture images
are recorded.
Technology of Motion PicturesHD Digital VideoAnother medium on which motion picture images
are recorded.Digital cinematography cameras capture images
using CMOS or CCD sensors.
Technology of Motion PicturesHD Digital VideoAnother medium on which motion picture images
are recorded.Digital cinematography cameras capture images
using CMOS or CCD sensors. Information is stored on magnetic tape or as digital
files onto random-access media like optical discs, hard disk drives or flash memory-based digital “magazines.”
Technology of Motion PicturesHD Digital VideoAnother medium on which motion picture images
are recorded.
Technology of Motion PicturesHD Digital Video – “Vidocq” (2001)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkUvp9JFMS8
Technology of Motion PicturesHD Digital Video – “Russian Ark” (2002)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J--TDEHizVA
Technology of Motion PicturesHD Digital Video – “Star Wars: Attack of the
Clones” (2002)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Byb2cHTMStg
Technology of Motion PicturesFrame. A single photograph in a series that
comprise a motion image.
Technology of Motion PicturesAspect ratio: The relationship of the width of the image to the height of the image.
Standard or Academy ratio (4 X 3 or 1.33:1). In adopting the 35 mm format early filmmakers established the standard aspect ratio as a classical rectangle with a ratio of four units of width to three units of height. Thus if the projected image is twenty feet wide it will be fifteen feet high.
Technology of Motion PicturesAspect ratio: The relationship of the width of the image to the height of the image.Widescreen (1.66:1;1.85:1; 2.35:1). Over the years many filmmakers (Lumière, Griffith, Gance, etc.) experimented with the widescreen. Gance’s system, for example, employed three regular-sized screens, producing an effective aspect ratio of 3.99:1. Efforts to introduce widescreen technology were not successful until the 1950s when cinema tried to counter program against television. Some of the 1950s widescreens had a ratio of as much as 2.66:1 (CinemaScope). An image 26.6 feet wide and ten feet tall made for some strange closeups! The American standard widescreen ratio was finally set at 1.85:1. (The European standard widescreen ratio is 1:66:1.) Wider ratios are available through the use of anamorphic lens systems (2:35:1) and 70 mm film (2.2:1). IMAX and movie rides are another matter, with domed and curved screens that defy the application of a simple aspect ratio.
Technology of Motion PicturesAspect Ratios
Technology of Motion PicturesAspect Ratios – 1.33:1 or 4 3 Academy Ratio
Technology of Motion PicturesAspect Ratios – 1.66:1 European and British Standard Widescreen
Technology of Motion PicturesAspect Ratios – 1.85:1 Standard Widescreen
Technology of Motion PicturesAspect Ratios – 2:35:1 Anamorphic of Super 35mm Widescreen
Fred Waller – Inventor; Oversaw the photographic research and special effects department for Paramount Studios.
Technology of Motion Pictures
Fred Waller – Akwa Skees
Technology of Motion Pictures
Fred Waller – Director
Technology of Motion Pictures
Fred Waller – Director
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7653085842645884021#
Fred Waller – 360 Degree Still Camera
Technology of Motion Pictures
Fred Waller – Waller Gunnery Trainer
Technology of Motion Pictures
Fred Waller – Cinerama (2.60:1)
Technology of Motion Pictures
Fred Waller – Cinerama (2.60:1)
Technology of Motion Pictures
Fred Waller – Cinerama (2.60:1)
Technology of Motion Pictures
IMAX – 1.36:1Standard IMAX screen is 22 × 16.1 m (72 × 52.8 ft)
Technology of Motion Pictures
Technology of Motion PicturesHD TV – 16x9 or 1.77:1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqwCQQ4qIXw
3D - Creating the illusion of depth by photographing two images simultaneously, one for the viewer’s right eye and one for the left, then projecting or displaying them in such a fashion that each eye sees only one of the images. The brain then “thinks” it sees three dimensions.
Technology of Motion Pictures
3D
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmuuThydmZQ
Speed
• The number of frames that pass through the camera of projector or display device per second
• Frames per second (FPS)
Technology of Motion Pictures
Speed
• The number of frames that pass through the camera or projector or display device per second
• Frames per second (FPS)• Normal speed – Both the camera and the projector
or display device run at the same number of frames per second.
Technology of Motion Pictures
Speed
• Slow motion – The camera runs FASTER than the projector or display device. For example, the camera runs at 60 fps, but the projector runs at the standard 24 fps, making action slower. Also referred to as overcranking (production) and time stretching (post production). Time stretching is created by removing frames from already recorded footage.
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJMxGFco57Y
Speed
• Slow motion – “Bonnie and Clyde” (1967)
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5GDcs8i2ng
Speed
• Slow motion – “Reservoir Dogs” (1992)
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qBWc8FCEEM
Speed
• Slow motion – “Face/Off” (1997)
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d37lLPjr1fw
Speed
• Fast motion – The camera runs SLOWER than the projector or display device. For example, the camera runs at 16 fps, but the projector runs at the standard 24 fps, making action faster. Also referred to as undercranking (production) and time stretching (post production). Time stretching is created by removing frames from already recorded footage.
Technology of Motion Pictures
Speed
• Fast motion - “Koyaanisqatsi” (1982)
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6pVLQAY1HM
Speed
• Ramping – Changing speeds rapidly within a single shot.
Technology of Motion Pictures
Speed
• Ramping – “Sherlock Holmes” (2009)
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ug15jIs1nus
Speed
• Ramping – “Watchmen” (2009)
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Afk_onUh_s
Speed
• Reverse motion – The action moves backwards.• “Spin” (2005) Jamin Winans
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oP59tQf_njc
Speed
• Time Lapse – Super fast motion created by taking single frames of an object over time, compressing minutes, hours, days, weeks or years.
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnbMYzdjuBs
Speed
• Stop Motion – Single frame photography used to animate objects. Effect that makes the animation of drawings (cartoons) and inanimate objects (i.e. Claymation) possible.
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2008/12/31/50-incredible-stop-motion-videos/
Speed
• Stop Motion
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m5QWUA17lwM
Speed
• Stop Motion – “Jason and the Argonauts” (1963)
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NQ2GPoZ_j4
Speed
• Stop Motion – “Jason and the Argonauts” (1963)
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.rayharryhausen.com/index.php
Ray Harryhausen
Speed • Stop Motion – “Neighbors” Norman McLaren (1952)
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZt_d_4OV-Q
Speed • Stop Motion – “Her Morning Elegance” Oren Lavie (2009)
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_HXUhShhmY
Speed • Stop Motion – “End Love” OK Go (2010)
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2fpgpanZAw
Speed
• Bullet Time – Time is slowed or frozen selectively for the characters and the environment, but not for certain characters or the camera, which move through the environment in real time. First popularized in “The Matrix” (1999).
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/BulletTime
Speed
• Bullet Time – “The Matrix” (1999).
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNrSNcaYiZg
Speed
• Bullet Time – “The Matrix” (1999).
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KtghA0rkDY
Speed • Bullet Time – CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2010)
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9qjdUlRs7Y
Time - “10 Minutes” (1994)
Technology of Motion Pictures
http://vimeo.com/2455660