embryo and fetal development
TRANSCRIPT
Embryonic and Fetal Development
Conception includes
A. Fertilization
B. Pre-Embryonic period
C. Embryonic period
D. Fetal period
A. Fertilization
Fertilization occurs when one sperm enters
the ovum and the two nuclei containing the
parents’ chromosomes merge
i) Entry of one spermatozoon into the ovum ii) Fusion of the Nuclei of sperm and ovum
B. Pre-Embryonic Period
The Pre-Embryonic Period is the First 2
weeks after conception
It consist of Initiation of cell division, Entry
of the zygote into the uterus, Implantation
in the decidua, Maintaining the decidua,
Location and Implantation and Mechanism
of Implantation
C. Embryonic Period
Beginning of 3rd week through 8th week after conception
Basic structures of all major body organs are completed during embryonic period
Weekly Developments
Development of the Embryo and Fetus
* Cephalo caudal direction
* Central to peripheral direction
2nd Week
* Implantation completed by end of 2nd Wk
*Trophoblast grows fastly
*Inner mass becomes flattened into
embryonic disk
3rd Week
1st menstrual cycle missed
Embryonic disc develops 3 layers a. Ectoderm b. Endoderm c. Mesoderm
contd…
Derivatives of the three germ layers
Ectoderm
-Brain and spinal cord
-Peripheral Nervous system
-Pituitary gland
-Sensory Epithelium of the eye, ear and nose
-Epidermis, Hair & Nails
-Subcutaneous & Mammary glands
-Tooth enamel
MesoDerm
Cartilage
-Bone, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue
-Heart, Blood vessels, Blood cells, Lymphatic
system,
-Spleen, kidneys, Adrenal cortex
-Ovaries, Testes and Reproductive system
lining membranes
Endo Derm
Lining of G.I and Respiratory tracts
- Tonsils and Thyroid
- Parathyroid, Thymus
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Lining of urinary bladder and urethra
- Lining of Ear canal
contd…
CNS begins developing 3rd week
Thickened flat neural plate appears, extends toward end of Embryonic disk- becomes Head
Heart develops as a pair of parallel tubes and joins together
Primitive heart begins beating at 21-22 days
Primitive blood cells arise from the endoderm lining the distal blood vessels
Fourth WeekThe shape of the Embryo changes
It folds at the Head and Tail end and laterally. Remains in C- shape
Tail is apparent because brain and spinal cord develop more rapidly than other systems
Neural tube closed by 4th week. If not Anencephaly and Spinabifida results
contd…
4 - WEEKS
Formation of Face and U.R.T begins
Beginnings of internal ear and Eye apparent
Upper extremities appear as buds on the lateral body walls
Heart partition into four chambers completed by 6th week
L.R.T begins as a branch of upper digestive tract
Esophagus and trachea separate completely
Trachea branches to right and left bronchi &
Then forms Lobs, Alveoli rich capillary network that allows o2 &Co2 at birth
Fifth Week
Head is very large because the brain grows rapidly
Heart is beating and developing 4 chambers
Upper limb buds are paddle shaped with obvious notches of fingers
Lower limbs are paddle shaped but area between the toes is not well defined
Sixth Week
Prominent Head due to rapid development and is bent over the chestHeart reaches its final 4 chambered formUpper & Lower extremities become more definedEye continues to develop, External ear is apparent as 6 small bumps near each side of neckFacial development with eyes ,ears & nasal pits ( widely seperated )
Seventh Week
Growth in all systems & refinement occurs
Face becomes more human looking
Eye lids begin to grow, Extremities longer & better defined
Trunk elongates & straightens, C-shaped spinal curve present still birth
contd…
Intestines grows faster than abdominal cavity
Large liver & kidney occupies more space
Umbilical cord contains most of the intestines
At 10th week abdomen is large to contain all its contents
Eighth Week
Definite human form & refinement of all systems continue
Low-set ears but approaching their final location
Eyes are pigmented , not fully covered by eyelids
Fingers & Toes are stubby but well defined
External genitalia begin to differentiate but Male Female characteristics are not distinct
8 - WEEKS
D. Fetal Period
9 weeks after conception & ends with birth
Dramatic growth and refinement in the structure & function of all organ systems
Less likely teratogen may damage already formed structures
CNS is vulnerable for damage through out pregnancy
Weeks 9 - 12
Head is large ie half of the total length of the fetusBody grows fast than headFinal relative length of extremities but leg remain shorter than armsFirst fetal movements begin but too slightFace is broad, wide nose & Widely spaced eyesEyes closes at 9 weeks & reopen at about 26 weeks contd…
12 - WEEKS
Low-set ears because Mandible is still small
Abdominal capacity increases intestinal contents enters in to it
At 9th wk blood formation in liver that shifts to spleen by end of 12th wk
Urine produced & excrete into Amniotic fluid
contd...
Male & Female internal differences apparent in 7th week
External genitalia looks similar until end of 9th week
At 12th wk fetal sex can be determined by external genitalia appearance
Week 13 - 16
Rapid growth in length, so head becomes smaller in proportion to the total length
Strengthened Quickening mother able to find if it is 2nd gravida Resembles human face due to eyes face forward
Ears in final position, in line with the eyes
16 - WEEKS
Weeks 17 - 20Fetal movements like “Fluttering” or “Butterflies”Evident changes in skin and hairVernix Caseosa – protect from constant exposure to Amniotic fluidLanugo – help the vernix to adhere to the skinEye brows and head hair appearsBrown Fat – back of neck, behind sternum & around kidneys
20 WEEKS
Weeks 21 - 24
Growth continues & gaining weight but thin & little subcutaneous fatTranslucent skin & looks red Because capillaries are close to its fragile surfaceLungs produce surfactantCapillary network of alveoli increased but it is immature. although some gas exchange is possible 22 to 25 weeks fetus may survive with Intensive care
24 WEEKS
Weeks 25 - 28
More likely to survive if born after 24 wks Because of maturation of lungs, pulmonary capillaries & CNS
Subcutaneous fat deposition make fetus plumper & smoother- skinned
Skin becomes less red
Re-opening of eyes, abundant head hair
contd…
Blood formation shifts from spleen to bone marrow
Fetus assumes head-down position for 2 reasons
* Uterus is like inverted egg.
* Fetal head is heavier than feet
Weeks 29-32
Smooth skin, pigmented according to raceLarger vessels are visible over abdomen but not small capillariesToenails present, finger nails extended to the finger TipsMore Subcutaneous rounding the body contoursIf born chances of survival is good
31 to 32 WEEKS
Weeks 33-38
Until birth growth continues but rate slows as full term approaches.
Gaining weight
Matured pulmonary system enables efficient & unlabored breath after birth
Well-nourished term fetus is round with abundant subcutaneous fat
Lanugo in forehead, upper back, upper arms contd…
Vernix remain in groin and Axilla
Full term ranges from 36 to 40 weeks of fertilization or 38 to 42 weeks of gestational age