Eighteenth-Century AmericaEighteenth-Century America

AP US HISTORYAP US HISTORY

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

Growth and DiversityGrowth and Diversity 1700-1750—colonial population rose 1700-1750—colonial population rose

from 250,000 to over two millionfrom 250,000 to over two million Much growth through natural increase Much growth through natural increase Large influx of non-English EuropeansLarge influx of non-English Europeans 800 miles along Appalachian Range from 800 miles along Appalachian Range from

western Pennsylvania to western western Pennsylvania to western GeorgiaGeorgia

Frontier complex, fluid, and violent Frontier complex, fluid, and violent mixture of Europeans, Native Americans mixture of Europeans, Native Americans and African Americansand African Americans

Distribution of European and Distribution of European and African Immigrants in the African Immigrants in the Thirteen ColoniesThirteen Colonies

Scots-Irish Flee English Scots-Irish Flee English OppressionOppression

Largest non-English groupLargest non-English group The Scots fled England for Ireland, and The Scots fled England for Ireland, and

then the Scots-Irish to North Americathen the Scots-Irish to North America Concentrated on the Pennsylvania Concentrated on the Pennsylvania

frontier frontier Quick to challenge authorityQuick to challenge authority

Germans Search for a Germans Search for a Better LifeBetter Life

First waves similar to Quakers and sought First waves similar to Quakers and sought religious tolerationreligious toleration

Later waves sought to improve their Later waves sought to improve their material conditionmaterial condition

Admired as peaceful, hard-working farmersAdmired as peaceful, hard-working farmers Tried to preserve German language and Tried to preserve German language and

customs customs Aroused the prejudice of English neighborsAroused the prejudice of English neighbors Scots-Irish and Germans spread into Scots-Irish and Germans spread into

Shenandoah Valley Shenandoah Valley

Convict Settlers Convict Settlers Transportation Act of 1718 allowed judges Transportation Act of 1718 allowed judges

to send convicted felons to American to send convicted felons to American coloniescolonies

50,000 convicts to America, 1718-177550,000 convicts to America, 1718-1775 Some felons were dangerous criminalsSome felons were dangerous criminals Most had committed minor crimes against Most had committed minor crimes against

property property Life difficult for transported convictsLife difficult for transported convicts

British praised system; colonists deplored British praised system; colonists deplored itit

Native Americans Stake Out a Native Americans Stake Out a Middle GroundMiddle Ground

Disease and European settled Disease and European settled agricultural practices made it difficult for agricultural practices made it difficult for Europeans and Natives to coexistEuropeans and Natives to coexist

Many eastern Indians moved into trans-Many eastern Indians moved into trans-Appalachian regionAppalachian region A “middle ground” where no colonial power A “middle ground” where no colonial power

was yet establishedwas yet established Remnants of different Indian peoples re-Remnants of different Indian peoples re-

grouped, formed new nationsgrouped, formed new nations

Native Americans Stake Out a Native Americans Stake Out a Middle GroundMiddle Ground

Native Americans continued to trade with Native Americans continued to trade with Europeans for metal goods and weaponsEuropeans for metal goods and weapons

Goal of Native American confederacies was to Goal of Native American confederacies was to maintain strong, independent voice in maintain strong, independent voice in commercial exchangescommercial exchanges Play English and French against each otherPlay English and French against each other

Increased individual commercial interaction Increased individual commercial interaction eroded traditional Native American structures eroded traditional Native American structures of authorityof authority

Over time, Native American population Over time, Native American population declined in “middle ground”declined in “middle ground”

Spanish Borderlands of the Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth CenturyEighteenth Century

Spain occupied a large part of America Spain occupied a large part of America north of Mexico since sixteenth centurynorth of Mexico since sixteenth century

Range from Florida Peninsula to Range from Florida Peninsula to CaliforniaCalifornia

Multicultural, interdependent society Multicultural, interdependent society created of Spaniards and Native created of Spaniards and Native AmericansAmericans

Conquering the Northern Conquering the Northern FrontierFrontier

Spanish presence established in late Spanish presence established in late 1500s1500s

El PopEl Popé led Pueblo Revolt in 1680 é led Pueblo Revolt in 1680 Spanish re-established control in 1692Spanish re-established control in 1692 St. Augustine, a Spanish military outpost, St. Augustine, a Spanish military outpost,

unattractive to settlersunattractive to settlers 1769—belated Spanish mission 1769—belated Spanish mission

settlements in California to prevent settlements in California to prevent Russian claimsRussian claims

Peoples of the Spanish Peoples of the Spanish BorderlandsBorderlands

Slow growth of Spanish population in Slow growth of Spanish population in borderlandsborderlands Mainly males: priests, soldiers, and Mainly males: priests, soldiers, and

administratorsadministrators Spanish influence over Native AmericansSpanish influence over Native Americans

Spanish exploited native laborSpanish exploited native labor Natives resisted conversion to CatholicismNatives resisted conversion to Catholicism

Spanish influenced region’s architecture Spanish influenced region’s architecture and languageand language

The Spanish Borderlands, The Spanish Borderlands, ca. 1770ca. 1770

The Impact of European Ideas The Impact of European Ideas on American Cultureon American Culture

Rapid change in eighteenth-century Rapid change in eighteenth-century coloniescolonies

Growth of urban cosmopolitan cultureGrowth of urban cosmopolitan culture Aggressive participation in consumptionAggressive participation in consumption

Provincial CitiesProvincial Cities

Only about 5% of populationOnly about 5% of population Five largest cities: Boston, Newport, New Five largest cities: Boston, Newport, New

York, Philadelphia, and Charles Town York, Philadelphia, and Charles Town Economies were geared to commerce, Economies were geared to commerce,

not manufacturingnot manufacturing Inhabitants emulated English culture, Inhabitants emulated English culture,

fashion, and architecturefashion, and architecture Cities were becoming more elegantCities were becoming more elegant

American EnlightenmentAmerican Enlightenment

Intellectual movement that swept Europe with Intellectual movement that swept Europe with new, radical ideasnew, radical ideas Age of ReasonAge of Reason

The Enlightenment’s basic assumptions The Enlightenment’s basic assumptions Optimistic view of human natureOptimistic view of human nature God set up the universe and human society to God set up the universe and human society to

operate by mechanistic, natural lawsoperate by mechanistic, natural laws Those laws can be found through reasonThose laws can be found through reason

Mixed reception in AmericaMixed reception in America Americans defended church, embraced search for Americans defended church, embraced search for

practical ways of improving lifepractical ways of improving life

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

Franklin (1706-1790) regarded as Franklin (1706-1790) regarded as Enlightenment thinker by EuropeansEnlightenment thinker by Europeans

Started as printer, then satirist in BostonStarted as printer, then satirist in Boston Emulated British stylesEmulated British styles Moved to PhiladelphiaMoved to Philadelphia

Achieved wealth through printing businessAchieved wealth through printing business Made important scientific discoveries and Made important scientific discoveries and

inventionsinventions Symbol of material progress through human Symbol of material progress through human

ingenuity ingenuity

Economic TransformationEconomic Transformation

Long-term period of economic and Long-term period of economic and population growthpopulation growth

England added to existing base of England added to existing base of mercantilist rules from 1710s-1750smercantilist rules from 1710s-1750s Colonial manufacture or trade of timber, Colonial manufacture or trade of timber,

sugar, hats, and iron restrictedsugar, hats, and iron restricted Regulations not enforcedRegulations not enforced

Trade was mainly with England and Trade was mainly with England and West Indies; little with AfricaWest Indies; little with Africa

Birth of a Consumer SocietyBirth of a Consumer Society

English mass-production of consumer English mass-production of consumer goods stimulated rise in colonial imports goods stimulated rise in colonial imports

Americans built up large debts to English Americans built up large debts to English merchants to finance increased importsmerchants to finance increased imports

Trade between colonies increasedTrade between colonies increased Inter-coastal tradeInter-coastal trade Great Wagon Road in the backcountryGreat Wagon Road in the backcountry

Eroded regional and local identitiesEroded regional and local identities Allowed Americans a chance to learn Allowed Americans a chance to learn

about one anotherabout one another

The Great Wagon RoadThe Great Wagon Road

Religious Revivals in Religious Revivals in Provincial SocietiesProvincial Societies

The Great Awakening The Great Awakening Spontaneous, evangelical revivalsSpontaneous, evangelical revivals People began to re-think basic assumptions People began to re-think basic assumptions

about church and state, institutions and about church and state, institutions and societysociety

The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening

Movement occurred among many Movement occurred among many denominations in different places at denominations in different places at different timesdifferent times New England in the 1730s, Virginia in the New England in the 1730s, Virginia in the

1750s and 1760s1750s and 1760s Jonathan Edwards sparked it Jonathan Edwards sparked it

Reminded people of omnipotent God and Reminded people of omnipotent God and predestination predestination

Reaction to ministers going “soft” on Reaction to ministers going “soft” on populationpopulation

The Voice of Evangelical The Voice of Evangelical ReligionReligion

George Whitefield a dynamic personality and George Whitefield a dynamic personality and speaker who sustained the revivalsspeaker who sustained the revivals Preached outdoor sermons to thousands of people in Preached outdoor sermons to thousands of people in

nearly every colonynearly every colony Skilled entrepreneur and promoterSkilled entrepreneur and promoter

Itinerant ministers followed Whitefield’s exampleItinerant ministers followed Whitefield’s example Split established churches into “new lights” and “old Split established churches into “new lights” and “old

lights”lights” Despite outbursts of anti-intellectualism, “new Despite outbursts of anti-intellectualism, “new

lights” formed collegeslights” formed colleges Princeton, Dartmouth, Brown, and RutgersPrinceton, Dartmouth, Brown, and Rutgers

The Voice of Evangelical The Voice of Evangelical ReligionReligion

Gave voice to those traditionally silencedGave voice to those traditionally silenced Richard Allen and the African Methodist Richard Allen and the African Methodist

Episcopal ChurchEpiscopal Church The Awakening promoted a democratic, The Awakening promoted a democratic,

evangelical union of national scopeevangelical union of national scope Revivalists held optimistic attitudes Revivalists held optimistic attitudes

toward America’s religious role in world toward America’s religious role in world historyhistory

Fostered sense of American unityFostered sense of American unity

Clash of Political CulturesClash of Political Cultures

Colonists attempted to emulate British Colonists attempted to emulate British political institutions political institutions

Effort led to discovery of how different Effort led to discovery of how different they were from English peoplethey were from English people

The English ConstitutionThe English Constitution

The British Constitution universally The British Constitution universally admiredadmired Not a written document, but a system of Not a written document, but a system of

government based on statute, court government based on statute, court decision, and common lawdecision, and common law

Believed to balance monarchy (king), Believed to balance monarchy (king), aristocracy (House of Lords), and the aristocracy (House of Lords), and the people (House of Commons)people (House of Commons)

Balance believed to guarantee libertiesBalance believed to guarantee liberties

The Reality of British PoliticsThe Reality of British Politics

Less than 20% of English males could Less than 20% of English males could votevote

““Rotten boroughs” Rotten boroughs” Corrupt members of ParliamentCorrupt members of Parliament ““Commonwealthmen” spoke against Commonwealthmen” spoke against

corruption, urged return to truly balanced corruption, urged return to truly balanced constitution constitution

Governing the Colonies: Governing the Colonies: The American Experience The American Experience

Colonists attempted to model England’s Colonists attempted to model England’s balanced constitutionbalanced constitution

Royal governors: mid-level, ambitious Royal governors: mid-level, ambitious bureaucratsbureaucrats

More powers than king in EnglandMore powers than king in England Veto legislationVeto legislation Dismiss judgesDismiss judges Command provincial militaryCommand provincial military

Governors’ councils steadily lost Governors’ councils steadily lost influenceinfluence

Governing the Colonies: Governing the Colonies: The American ExperienceThe American Experience

““Middle-class democracies”Middle-class democracies” Higher percentage of the population had Higher percentage of the population had

suffrage than in Britain, but little exercisesuffrage than in Britain, but little exercise Women and non-whites excludedWomen and non-whites excluded Potential to expel officials always there Potential to expel officials always there

and checked abuse of powerand checked abuse of power

Colonial AssembliesColonial Assemblies

Felt obligation to preserve colonial libertiesFelt obligation to preserve colonial liberties Assemblies controlled colony’s financesAssemblies controlled colony’s finances No incentive for assembly to cooperate with No incentive for assembly to cooperate with

governorsgovernors Governors relied on local elitesGovernors relied on local elites Exercised extreme vigilance against the spread Exercised extreme vigilance against the spread

of privileged powerof privileged power Similar system of assemblies facing similar Similar system of assemblies facing similar

problems laid foundation for a larger cultural problems laid foundation for a larger cultural identityidentity

Century of Imperial WarCentury of Imperial War

Britain’s conflicts with continental rivals Britain’s conflicts with continental rivals like France spilled over to colonieslike France spilled over to colonies

Security threats from these conflicts Security threats from these conflicts forced colonists into more military and forced colonists into more military and political cooperationpolitical cooperation

British colonies overwhelmingly militarily British colonies overwhelmingly militarily superior to New France but ineffectivesuperior to New France but ineffective

North America, 1750North America, 1750

King William’s King William’s and Queen Anne’s Warsand Queen Anne’s Wars

King William’s War (1689-1697) King William’s War (1689-1697) French frontier raids on New York and New EnglandFrench frontier raids on New York and New England

Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) Bloody fighting across entire frontierBloody fighting across entire frontier

European diplomats more concerned with European diplomats more concerned with balance of power in Europe than military balance of power in Europe than military situation in North Americasituation in North America

King William’s and Queen King William’s and Queen Anne’s WarsAnne’s Wars

Wars fought for control of the Mississippi Wars fought for control of the Mississippi River ValleyRiver Valley

France extended its presence from France extended its presence from Canada into LouisianaCanada into Louisiana

British saw French expansion as British saw French expansion as encirclementencirclement

Native Americans tried to hold middle Native Americans tried to hold middle groundground Iroquois favored BritishIroquois favored British Algonquian favored French Algonquian favored French

King George’s War and Its King George’s War and Its AftermathAftermath

Fought 1743-1748Fought 1743-1748 1745—New England troops captured Fort 1745—New England troops captured Fort

Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island 1748—Louisbourg returned to France by 1748—Louisbourg returned to France by

Treaty of Aix-la-ChappelleTreaty of Aix-la-Chappelle French built Fort Duquesne to keep British from French built Fort Duquesne to keep British from

seizing Ohio River Valley seizing Ohio River Valley Virginians under George Washington failed to Virginians under George Washington failed to

expel Frenchexpel French Showed one colony alone could not defeat FrenchShowed one colony alone could not defeat French

Albany Congress and Braddock’s Albany Congress and Braddock’s Defeat: Albany PlanDefeat: Albany Plan

Albany Congress, 1754Albany Congress, 1754 Benjamin Franklin’s idea of central colonial Benjamin Franklin’s idea of central colonial

government government Elected representatives decide on matters of defense, Elected representatives decide on matters of defense,

western expansion, and relations with Native Americanswestern expansion, and relations with Native Americans Could levy taxes to support its operationsCould levy taxes to support its operations

Albany Plan failed, disliked by English and Albany Plan failed, disliked by English and AmericansAmericans Colonial assemblies protective of their right of taxationColonial assemblies protective of their right of taxation Parliament saw plan as undermining its power over Parliament saw plan as undermining its power over

coloniescolonies

Albany Congress and Braddock’s Albany Congress and Braddock’s Defeat: Braddock’s DefeatDefeat: Braddock’s Defeat

1755—General Edward Braddock led 1755—General Edward Braddock led force to drive French from Ohio Valley force to drive French from Ohio Valley

Braddock’s army ambushed, destroyedBraddock’s army ambushed, destroyed French still in control of Ohio River ValleyFrench still in control of Ohio River Valley

Seven Years’ WarSeven Years’ War

1756—England declared war on France 1756—England declared war on France Prime Minister William Pitt shifted strategy to Prime Minister William Pitt shifted strategy to

focus on North Americafocus on North America By 1758 French cut off from re-supply By 1758 French cut off from re-supply Fort Duquesne abandoned, Quebec captured, Fort Duquesne abandoned, Quebec captured,

last French forces surrendered, 1760last French forces surrendered, 1760 Peace of Paris 1763: France lostPeace of Paris 1763: France lost

British got all North America east of MississippiBritish got all North America east of Mississippi Spanish added Louisiana to their empireSpanish added Louisiana to their empire

Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763

A Century of Conflict: Major A Century of Conflict: Major Wars, 1689–1763Wars, 1689–1763

Perceptions of WarPerceptions of War

Expanded horizons of colonistsExpanded horizons of colonists Created trained officer corps that knew Created trained officer corps that knew

British vulnerabilitiesBritish vulnerabilities British felt colonists ungrateful and not British felt colonists ungrateful and not

willing to bear their fair share of burdenwilling to bear their fair share of burden Colonists saw themselves as “junior Colonists saw themselves as “junior

partners” to Britishpartners” to British

North America after 1763North America after 1763

Rule Britannia? Rule Britannia? Most Americans bound to England in 1763Most Americans bound to England in 1763 Ties included Ties included

British cultureBritish culture British consumer goodsBritish consumer goods British evangelists British evangelists British military victories British military victories

Americans thought of themselves as Americans thought of themselves as partners in an Empire partners in an Empire

To British, “American” equaled “not quite To British, “American” equaled “not quite English” English”