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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Chapter 8: Political Parties
• The Meaning of Party
• The Party in the Electorate
• The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington
• The Party in Government: Promises and Policy
• Party Eras in American History
• Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics
• Understanding Political Parties
• Summary
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Chapter Outline and Learning
Objectives
• The Meaning of Party
• LO 8.1: Identify the functions that political
parties perform in American democracy.
• The Party in the Electorate
• LO 8.2: Determine the significance of party
identification in America today.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Chapter Outline and Learning
Objectives
• The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington
• LO 8.3: Describe how political parties are organized in the United States.
• The Party in Government: Promises and Policy
• LO 8.4: Evaluate how well political parties generally do in carrying out their promises.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Chapter Outline and Learning
Objectives
• Party Eras in American History
• LO 8.5: Differentiate the various party eras
in American history.
• Third Parties: Their Impact on American
Politics
• LO 8.6: Assess both the impact of third
parties on American politics and their
limitations.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Chapter Outline and Learning
Objectives
• Understanding Political Parties
• LO 8.7: Evaluate the advantages and
disadvantages of responsible party
government.
The Meaning of Party LO 8.1: Identify the functions that political
parties perform in American democracy.
• Tasks of the Parties
• Parties, Voters, and Policy: The
Downs Model
To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
The Meaning of Party
• Political Party
• A “team of men [and women] seeking to
control the governing apparatus by gaining
office in a duly constituted election.”
• 3 parts of a political party
• Party in the electorate
• Party as an organization
• Party in government
LO 8.1
To Learning Objectives
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The Meaning of Party
• Tasks of the Parties
• Pick Candidates
• Run Campaigns
• Give Cues to Voters
• Articulate Policies
• Coordinate Policymaking
LO 8.1
To Learning Objectives
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The Meaning of Party
• Parties, Voters, and Policy: The
Downs Model
• Rational-choice theory – People act in
their own best interest, weighing the costs
and benefits of possible alternatives.
• Downs Model – (1) Voters want policies
they favor adopted by government, and (2)
parties want to win elected office.
LO 8.1
To Learning Objectives
The Party in the Electorate LO 8.2: Determine the significance of party
identification in America today.
• Party Image
• The voter’s perception of what the
Republicans or Democrats stand for, such
as conservatism or liberalism.
• Party Identification
• A citizen’s self-proclaimed preference for
one party or the other.
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
The Party in the Electorate
• Ticket Splitting
• Voting with one party for one office and
with another party for other offices.
• It has become the norm in American voting
behavior.
LO 8.2
To Learning Objectives
The Party Organizations: From the
Grass Roots to Washington LO 8.3: Describe how political parties are
organized in the United States.
• Local Parties
• The 50 State Party Systems
• The National Party Organizations
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
The Party Organizations: From the
Grass Roots to Washington
• Local Parties
• Party Machines – Political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements to win votes and to govern.
• Patronage – A job, promotion or contract given for political reasons rather than merit; used by party machines.
LO 8.3
To Learning Objectives
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The Party Organizations: From the
Grass Roots to Washington
• The 50 State Party Systems
• Closed primaries – People who have registered with the party can vote for party’s candidates.
• Open primaries – Voters decide on Election Day to vote in the Democrat or Republican primary.
• Blanket primaries – A list of candidates from all parties.
LO 8.3
To Learning Objectives
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The Party Organizations: From the
Grass Roots to Washington
• National Party Organizations
• National Convention – Meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and the party’s platform.
• National Committee – Keep party operating between conventions.
• National Chairperson – Day-to-day activities of the party.
LO 8.3
To Learning Objectives
The Party in Government: Promises and
Policy LO 8.4: Evaluate how well political parties
generally do in carrying out their promises.
• Party in Government
• Elected officials who call themselves members of the party.
• Coalition
• Individuals and groups that support the political party.
• Promises and Policies
• Parties translate their platform promises into public policy.
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Party Eras in American History LO 8.5: Differentiate the various party eras
in American history.
• 1796–1824: The First Party System
• 1828–1856: Jackson and the
Democrats Versus the Whigs
• 1860–1928: The Two Republican Eras
• 1932–1964: The New Deal Coalition
• 1968–Present: Southern Realignment
and the Era of Divided Party
Government
To Learning Objectives
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Party Eras in American History
• Party Eras
• Periods in which a majority of votes cling to party in power.
• Critical Election
• Electoral “earthquake” where new issues and new coalitions emerge
• Party Realignment
• Displacement of majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election.
LO 8.5
To Learning Objectives
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Party Eras in American History
• 1796–1824: The First Party System
• Federalist Party was the first political party
and capitalists supported the Federalists.
• Democratic-Republican Party derived its
coalition from agrarian interests and
dominated the era after the 1800 election.
LO 8.5
To Learning Objectives
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Party Eras in American History
• 1828–1856: Jackson and the
Democrats Versus the Whigs
• Democrats coalition included Westerners,
Southerners, new immigrants, and settled
America.
• Whigs coalition included Northern
industrialists and Southern planters.
• Democrats dominated this era.
LO 8.5
To Learning Objectives
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Party Eras in American History
• 1860–1928: The Two Republican Eras
• The main issue of the election of 1860 was
slavery.
• The main issue of the election of 1896 was
the economy.
• Republicans dominated both party eras by
forming new coalitions and winning both
elections.
LO 8.5
To Learning Objectives
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Party Eras in American History
• 1932–1964: New Deal Coalition
• A coalition forged by the Democrats, who
dominated American politics from the
1930s to the 1960s.
• Its basic elements were the urban working
class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews,
the poor, Southerners, African Americans,
and intellectuals.
LO 8.5
To Learning Objectives
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Party Eras in American History
• 1968–Present: Southern Realignment
and the Era of Divided Party
Government
• 1987 Southern delegates – 77 of 116
House seats, and 6 of 22 Senate seats
were from GOP.
• 2009 Southern delegates – 70 of 131
House seats, and 15 of 22 Senate seats
were from GOP.
LO 8.5
To Learning Objectives
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Party Eras in American History
• 1968–Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government
• Divided government – When one party controls the White House and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress.
• Both houses of Congress and the presidency have been controlled by the same party for just 14 of the 44 years from 1969 to 2012.
LO 8.5
To Learning Objectives
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Party Eras in American History
• 1968–Present: Southern Realignment
and the Era of Divided Party
Government
• Party dealignment – The gradual
disengagement of people from the parties,
as seen in part by shrinking party
identification.
LO 8.5
To Learning Objectives
Third Parties: Their Impact on
American Politics LO 8.6: Assess both the impact of third
parties on American politics and their
limitations.
• Third Parties
• Electoral contenders other than the two major parties.
• Three Basic Varieties
• Promote certain causes.
• Splinter parties
• Extension of popular individual with presidential aspirations.
To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Third Parties: Their Impact on
American Politics
• Third Parties Are Important
• Bring new groups into the electorate.
• Serve as “safety valves” for popular discontent.
• Put many social reforms on the political agenda.
• Bring new issues to the campaign ignored by the major parties.
LO 8.6
To Learning Objectives
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Third Parties: Their Impact on
American Politics
• Two-Party Governance
• Moderation of political conflict.
• Contributes to political ambiguity.
LO 8.6
To Learning Objectives
Understanding Political Parties LO 8.7: Evaluate the advantages and
disadvantages of responsible party
government.
• Democracy and Responsible Party
Government: How Should We
Govern?
• American Political Parties and the
Scope of Government
To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Understanding Political Parties
• Democracy and Responsible Party Government: How Should We Govern?
• Responsible party model – A view about how parties should work.
• Party should offer clear choices to the voters, who can then use those choices as cues to their own preferences of candidates.
• Party in government should carry out their campaign promises.
LO 8.7
To Learning Objectives
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Understanding Political Parties
• Democracy and Responsible Party
Government: How Should We
Govern? (cont.)
• Blue Dog Democrats – Fiscally
conservative Democrats who are mostly
from the South and rural parts of the
United States, and are resistant to any
domestic policy proposals that would
enlarge the scope of government.
LO 8.7
To Learning Objectives
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Understanding Political Parties
• American Political Parties and the
Scope of Government
• Lack of uniformity keeps government
small, but also makes cutting government
programs difficult.
• Individual politicians focus on getting more
from government for their own
constituents.
LO 8.7
To Learning Objectives
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LO 8.1 Summary
• The Meaning of Party
• Political parties are a key linkage between
policymakers and people.
• They operate in the electorate; as
organizations; and in government.
• Political parties pick candidates, run
campaigns, give cues to voters, articulate
policies, and coordinate policymaking between
the branches of government.
To Learning Objectives
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The core function of a political party is to
_____________.
A. field candidates for elected office.
B. provide a voting cue to the electorate.
C. try to win elections.
D. organize a national office.
E. guide policymakers’ decisions.
LO 8.1
To Learning Objectives
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
The core function of a political party is to
_____________.
A. field candidates for elected office.
B. provide a voting cue to the electorate.
C. try to win elections.
D. organize a national office.
E. guide policymakers’ decisions.
LO 8.1
To Learning Objectives
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LO 8.2 Summary
• The Party in the Electorate
• Party identification is the most important factor
in explaining the political behavior of voters.
• People who do not identify with a party are
political independents, are the crucial swing
voters who can go either way, are more likely
to split their tickets, and are more likely to be
young people.
To Learning Objectives
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Party is a citizen’s self-
proclaimed preference for one party or the
other.
A. competition
B. image
C. identification
D. platform
LO 8.2
To Learning Objectives
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Party is a citizen’s self-
proclaimed preference for one party or the
other.
A. competition
B. image
C. identification
D. platform
LO 8.2
To Learning Objectives
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LO 8.3 Summary
• The Party Organizations: From the
Grass Roots to Washington
• Political party organizations are decentralized
and fragmented.
• National party can rarely tell state parties what
to do.
• State party organizations have a good deal of
discretion as to how to choose their nominees
for state and local offices.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 8.3 Summary
• The Party Organizations: From the
Grass Roots to Washington (cont.)
• Some states have closed primaries and others
have open primaries.
• National convention is supreme power of party,
which nominates the president and vice
president candidates and sets party policy.
• National chairperson guides party activities
between conventions.
To Learning Objectives
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The internal organization of political
parties in the United States is best
characterized as __________.
A. hierarchical.
B. fragmented.
C. centralized.
D. rigidly determined.
LO 8.3
To Learning Objectives
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The internal organization of political
parties in the United States is best
characterized as __________.
A. hierarchical.
B. fragmented.
C. centralized.
D. rigidly determined.
LO 8.3
To Learning Objectives
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LO 8.4 Summary
• The Party in Government: Promises and
Policy
• Political parties affect policy through their
platforms.
• Despite much cynicism about party platforms,
they serve as important roadmaps for elected
officials once they come into office.
• More promises are generally kept than broken.
To Learning Objectives
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By and large, American political
have kept most of their platform promises
and translated them into public policy.
A. agendas
B. parties
C. interest groups
D. ideologies
LO 8.4
To Learning Objectives
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By and large, American political
have kept most of their platform promises
and translated them into public policy.
A. agendas
B. parties
C. interest groups
D. ideologies
LO 8.4
To Learning Objectives
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LO 8.5 Summary
• Party Eras in American History
• Throughout American history, one party has
generally been dominant for a substantial
period of time.
• The first party era, from 1796 to 1824, was
dominated by the Democratic-Republicans,
whose agricultural base defeated the business-
oriented Federalists.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 8.5 Summary
• Party Eras in American History (cont.)
• The newly formed Democratic Party dominated
from 1828 to 1856 pushing for power for
ordinary individuals.
• The newly formed Republican Party came to
power in 1860 and dominated American
politics through 1928 by first standing firm
against slavery and then successfully
promoting the interests of industrialization.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 8.5 Summary
• Party Eras in American History (cont.)
• The Great Depression led to a reversal of party
fortunes, with the Democrats establishing the
New Deal coalition that usually prevailed from
1932 to 1964.
• Since 1968, neither party has been able to
hold the reins of power for long, and a frequent
result has been divided government.
To Learning Objectives
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A party dealignment is considered to
be the _________.
A. fragmentation of a political party into splinter parties.
B. loss of party members as more people identify as Independents.
C. loss of party members to the other party.
D. shuffling of party coalitions.
LO 8.5
To Learning Objectives
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
A party dealignment is considered to
be the _________.
A. fragmentation of a political party into splinter parties.
B. loss of party members as more people identify as Independents.
C. loss of party members to the other party.
D. shuffling of party coalitions.
LO 8.5
To Learning Objectives
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LO 8.6 Summary
• Third Parties: Their Impact on American
Politics
• Third parties in the United States have brought
new groups into the electorate and have
served as a vehicle for sending a protest
message to the two major parties.
• The American winner-take-all electoral system
makes it hard for third parties to win elections.
To Learning Objectives
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Third parties in American politics
typically __________.
A. encourage major party candidates
to take extreme positions.
B. win elections in American politics.
C. promote a broad range of moderate policy ideas.
D. bring new groups into politics.
E. replace one of the two major parties during realignments.
LO 8.6
To Learning Objectives
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Third parties in American politics
typically __________.
A. encourage major party candidates
to take extreme positions.
B. win elections in American politics.
C. promote a broad range of moderate policy ideas.
D. bring new groups into politics.
E. replace one of the two major parties during realignments.
LO 8.6
To Learning Objectives
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
LO 8.7 Summary
• Understanding Political Parties
• Responsible party government is that parties
offer clear policy choices which generate
clearly identifiable outcomes.
• That is, at least in theory, parties say what they
plan to do and once in office carry out these
plans.
To Learning Objectives
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LO 8.7 Summary
• Understanding Political Parties (cont.)
• The main disadvantage is that the party
discipline necessary for a party to carry out its
pledges requires members of the party in
government to toe the line without regard to
constituency preferences.
• Individualism in American politics would be
stifled by a true responsible government.
To Learning Objectives
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
According to the responsible party model,
parties should offer _________.
A. clear choices to the voters.
B. money and national health care to the voters.
C. jobs, promotions, and rewards to the voters.
D. inducements and contracts to the voters.
LO 8.7
To Learning Objectives
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
According to the responsible party model,
parties should offer _________.
A. clear choices to the voters.
B. money and national health care to the voters.
C. jobs, promotions, and rewards to the voters.
D. inducements and contracts to the voters.
LO 8.7
To Learning Objectives
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Text Credits
• Courtesy of Pew Research Center.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman
Photo Credits
• 224: AP Photo
• 225T: Matt Brewer Hamilton
• 224TC: Bettmann/Corbis
• 224TB: Toles 2000, Washington Post. Reprinted with permission of Universal
Press Syndicate
• 224B: Neo Images/PhotoEdit
• 228: Matt Brewer Hamilton
• 232: Jean Claude Lejeune
• 230: Bettmaann/Corbis
• 234: Toles 2000, Washington Post. Reprinted with permission of Universal Press
Syndicate
• 239: The Granger Collection
• 243: Neo Images/PhotoEdit
• 247: Robert Mankoff/The New Yorker Cartoon/www.cartoonbank.com