Economics of (MPAs) and Coastal Environmental Governance

in the Western Mediterranean.

EMECS: Environmental Management for Enclosed Coastal Seas

Global Summit on Coastal SeasAugust 28-31, 2011

Baltimore, Maryland, USA

S.C. Chakour 1 , N. Bennacer 2, T.Dahou 3 and B. Chebira 4

1Faculty of Management Sciences , Jijel University, Algeria and IRD, France.2 Bejaia University, Algeria, and IRD, France.3 IRD, France4 Annaba University, Algeria and IRD, France.

This article attempts to highlight the contribution of MPAs in the governance of the coastal environment in the Western Mediterranean, through the Algerian case.

With a relatively low coverage, MPAs in the Mediterranean seems to be far from the objectives set by the various conservation programs.

MPAs protected and managed in the Mediterranean covers 4% of the Mediterranean surface.

Except Pelagos Sanctuary the surface covered by MPAs coastal represents 0.4% of the total Mediterranean Sea area.

The cumulative surface of integral reserves covers 0,01% of total Mediterranean area.

Western Mediterranean

Sea42%

IonianSea8%

AlboranSea9%

Levantine Sea10%

Aegean Sea15%

Adriatic Sea16%

Distribution of MPAs along the Mediterranean coast(% number of MPAs by ecoregion)

Italy

France

Spain

Tunisia

Algeria

Morocco

25

7

14

2

1

1

Number of MPAsin Western Mediterranean

Number of MPAs

Italy

France

Spain

Tunisia

Algeria

Morocco

3.04

20.11

22.60

23.13

6.00

13.13

% of coast protected or managedin Western Mediterranean

% of coast protected or managed

the most , important number of MPAs in Mediterranean is situated in the Western Mediterranean region (about 42%).

Also, the Western Mediterranean and Aegean Sea account for 76% (7,688km2) with respectively, 37 and 40% of the protected marine surface of the Mediterranean.

Total western

Mediterranean

(North)98%

Total western

Mediterranean (South)

2%

Relative marine surface area protected or managed

in western Mediterranean for each region according to the development level

(North,South ): %.

Is creation of MPAs linked to the economic situation and development

level of countries?

98 % marine area surface managed or protected are in the north region i.e. in developed counties (France, Italy, Spain)

Total western

Mediterranean

(North)98%

Total western

Mediterranean (South)

2%

Relative marine surface area protected or managed

in western Mediterranean for each region according to the development level

(North,South ): %.

Total western

Mediterranean

(North)72%

Total western

Mediterranean (South)

28%

Relative length of coast protected or managed in western Mediterranean for

each region according to the development level ( North ,South ) %.

in the north region i.e. in developed counties (France, Italy, Spain),the length coast managed or protected represents 72% of the western Mediterranean length coast.

The interest to MPAs is more important in developed countries than developing countries.

Why ?

This situation can be found a response in the social and economic dimensions because the priorities are not the same and the effects of MPAs on some developing countries is not clear.

Urgent action?

Great effort is needed to convince public power and local communities about there adhesion to such social and environmental project.

M PAs : A new tool for littoral governance in Algeria?

Italy 14%

France22%

Spain37%

Tunisia19%

Algeria4%

Morocco4%

Distribution of marine surface area protected or managed in western Mediterranean. ( Relative marine surface of MPAs by Country /western Mediterranean :

%)

Italy 50%

France14%

Spain28%

Tunisia4%

Algeria2%

Morocco2%

Distribution of MPAs along the western Mediterranean coast

( Relative number of MPAs by county /western Mediterranean : %)

Italy 60%

France20%

Spain17%

Tunisia1%

Algeria1% Morocco

1%

Distribution of the number of MPAs created in western Mediterranean. ( Relative number of MPAs by Country /western Mediterranean : %)

Only 1% of Water Mediterranean MPAs are in Algeria.

Also, the length coast covered by MPAS represents 2% of the total western Mediterranean length coast protected or managed.

However, The marine surface area protected in Algeria covers % of the Western Mediterranean protected or managed.

Algeria has only one MPA Situated in Oran ( (western Algeria). Other unlashing projects are since a few years developed to use MPAs not only as tool of conservation, but as method and tool of sustainable development of costal regions.

Iles Habibas : Legal and technical informations on Habibas Island MPAs

Legal Status International

Recognition

Foundation

Text

Legal

References

Relevant

Administration

Management

Body

Marine

Area

Surface

Management

Category

Marine

Nature

Reserve

SPAMI

Proposal

Decree n°

03-147,

March 29th,

2003

JORA n°

23/2003

MATE

Ministry of the

Environment

and Land

Management

Shoreline

National

Commission

2 700 ha

/ 40 ha

terrestrial

Unset

[1] SPAMI : Specially Protected Area of Mediterranean Importance (

AMP in project

AMP in project

Characteristics El Kala National

Park

Gouraya National

Park

Taza National

Park

Tipaza

Rechgou Island

Relevant

Administration

MPA under the

umbrella of

the Forest

Directorate

Departement

Control

MPA under the

umbrella of

the Forest

Directorate

Departement

Control

MPA under the

umbrella of

the Forest

Directorate

Departement

Control

MPA under the

administrative

supervision of the

Ministry of Spatial

Planning and

Environment

(MATE)

Management

Body

El Kala National

Park

Gouraya National

Park

Taza National

Park

Shoreline

National

Commission

Marine Area

Surface

In project In project In project In project

Management

Category

In project In project In project In project

This result proves that Algeria as a southern country in (WM.) gives a

particular interest to Coastal governance through MPAs .

More than tools of Conservation MPAs can play an no negligible role

in economical and social development of local territories.

MPAs an efficient tool ?

What is an AMP ?

“any defined area within or adjacent to the marine environment, together with its overlying waters and associated flora, fauna, and historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by legislation or other effective means, including custom, with the effect that its marine and/or coastal biodiversity enjoys a higher level of protection than its surroundings. (CBD, COP 7,) (United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992)

What is an AMP ?

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines an MPA as

any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora,

fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment.

(Kelleher G, 1994.)

What is an AMP ?

Definition provided by WWF

“An area designated to protect marine ecosystems, processes, habitats and species, including the essentials of marine biodiversity and which can contribute to the restoration and replenishment of resources for social, economic and cultural enrichment “”( World Wide Fund for Nature, Marine Protected Areas: Providing a Future for Fish and People (2005). Page 3..)

Between the tree definitions we can focus on the third one, witch takes into account the social and economical dimensions.

In what follows, we will tempt to present results of an investigation to put in evidence the place of Social or economics dimensions in such project.

It is about involver of local communities by using consultative and participatory approaches trough the case of El Kala MPA project .

Relationship between effort and Transfer from the Reserve

catch-----------------------------

Transfer from the Reserve-…………………………….

Fishing effort

Source:Built according to Boncoeur et al,2003.

Protected areas can generate an important transfect of biomass for the no protected area.

However there is a relationship between the part of protected area in the MPAs and the Productivity of fishers. Indeed, in this we need economic analysis to seek the Sustainable level taking to account the future fisheries incomes net benefit and the protection resources,

Fishing effort

Fishing income ------------------------------

Tourism income …………………………….

Total MPA Income (Productivity).-------------

Relationship between fishing effort

and MPAs productivity.

Source:Built according to Boncoeur et al,2003.

The development of sustainable tourism can have positives effects on the social and economical situation of fishing communities by improving there welfare.

However, tourism can compens fishing incomes and improve productivity MPAs Productivity.

It has been shown that MPAs are an appropriate tool to protect the marine environment. They are a key component of integrated management of coastal zones and marine areas and an important part of efforts to achieve sustainable development

Conclusion

With the emergence of sustainable development as the paradigm of choice by law and policymakers, attention has turned towards mechanisms which achieve environmental, developmental and social goals.

MPAs have the advantage of facilitating conservation of biological diversity, the safeguarding of cultural heritage, integrated coastal zone management and sustainable natural resource use. Thus this approach offers a range of benefits for fisheries, people and the marine environment (Techera, E.J. and Troniak, S. 2009)

MPAs Constitute an efficient tool which garantsustainable protection and permits a restoration.

It also Insure a prudently use of this natural heritage. It contribute to the improvement of fisheries productivities and to the regulating of the different using, MPAs could generate new activities and employment like sustainable tourism.

Thank you

for Your attention.

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