ec6502 - principles of digital signal … is the difference between linear convolution ... how do...
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EC6502 - PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
2 MARKS
UNIT I - DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM
1. Define Signal.
2. Define a system.
3. Give some applications of DSP?
4. What is the relation between DFT and Z- Transform?
5. What is phase factor or twiddle factor?
6. How is DFT different from DTFT?
7. Write down DFT pair of equations.
8. When an N point periodic sequence is said to be even or odd sequence?
9. Define Circular Convolution.
10. What is FFT?
11. What is meant by radix-2 FFT?
12. What is the difference between linear convolution and circular convolution?
13. Why FFT is needed?
14. What is the speed of improvement factor in calculating 64-point DFT of a sequence using direct
computation and computation and FFT algorithms?
15. Write the formula for Discrete Time Cosine transform (DCT) pair.
16. How is FFT faster? (or) How many complex multiplication and addition are required in
DFT and FFT?
17. What is in-place computation?
18. What is meant by bit reversal and in place commutation as applied to FFT?
19. Distinguish between decimation-in-time and decimation-in-frequency FFT algorithms.
20. What are the applications of FFT algorithms?
21. List any four properties of DFT.
22. Explain the symmetry properties of DFT's which provide basis for fast algorithms.
23. Compare the overlap add and overlap save method.
24. What is decimation in time algorithm?
25. What is decimation in frequency algorithm?
26. Draw the flow graph or butterfly diagram of DIT radix – 2 FFT.
27. Draw the flow graph or butterfly diagram of DIF radix – 2 FFT.
28. What are the advantages of FFT algorithm over direct computation of DFT?
UNIT II - IIR FILTER DESIGN
1. Explain why a causal and stable IIR filter cannot have linear phase.
2. What is aliasing?
3. Compare IIR and FIR filters.
4. List the various forms of realizations of IIR system.
5. Compare Butterworth, Chebyshev filters.
6. Mention the advantages of direct form-II and cascade structure.
7. Define Bilinear Transformation with expressions.
8. What is prewarping?
9. State the properties of butterworth filter.
10. What are the limitations of impulse invariant mapping technique?
11. What is frequency warping?
12. State the properties of Chebyshev filter?
13. What is impulse invariant mapping? What is its limitation?
14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of bilinear transformation?
15. What are the properties of impulse invariant transformation?
16. Comment on the passband and stopband characteristics of butterworth and Chebyshev filters.
17. Why impulse invariant method is not preferred in the design of highpass IIR filters?
18. Why do we go for analog approximation to design a digital filter?
19. Mention two transformations to digitize an analog filter.
20. What is the main drawback of impulse invariant mapping?
21. Why IIR filters do not have linear phase?
22. What are the properties that are maintained same in the transfer of analog filter into
digital filter?
23. What is canonic structure?
24. Sketch the mapping of s-plane and z-plane in bilinear transformation.
25. What are the requirements for converting a stable analog filter to a stable digital filter?
26. What is Chebyshev approximation?
27. Compare bilinear transformation and impulse invariant method of IIR filter design.
28. What is warping effort?
UNIT III - FIR FILTER DESIGN
1. What are the properties of FIR filter?
2. Distinguish between FIR and IIR filters.
3. What is Gibb‟s phenomenon (or Gibb‟s Oscillation)?
4. What are the desirable characteristics of the frequency response of window function?
5. What are the techniques of designing FIR filters?
6. What is the necessary and sufficient condition for linear phase characteristics of a FIR
filter?
7. Why are rectangular windows not preferred in FIR filter design?
8. What do you meant by linear phase response?
9. What is the reason that FIR is always stable?
10. How phase distortion and delay distortions are introduced?
11. Write the steps involved in FIR filter design.
12. What are the advantages of FIR filters?
13. What are the disadvantages of FIR filters?
14. How constant group delay & phase delay is achieved in linear phase FIR filters?
15. Write the magnitude and phase function of FIR filter when impulse response is
symmetric and N is odd.
16. Write the magnitude and phase function of FIR filter when impulse response is symmetric and
N is even.
17. Write the magnitude and phase function of FIR filter when impulse response is Anti-
symmetric and N is odd.
18. Write the magnitude and phase function of FIR filter when impulse response is Anti-
symmetric and N is even.
19. Compare the rectangular window and hanning window.
20. Compare the rectangular window and hamming window.
21. Write the frequency response of Hanning and hamming window?
UNIT IV - FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS
1. Compare fixed point and floating point arithmetic.
2. State the advantages of floating point representation over fixed points.
3. What are the different formats of fixed point representation?
4. Define over flow error.
5. What is limit cycle oscillations?
6. What is dead band?
7. What are the errors that arise due to truncation in floating point numbers?
8. What is overflow limit cycle oscillation and how it is eliminated? State the methods to
prevent overflow.
9. Explain briefly the need for scaling in the digital filter realization.
10. List errors due to finite world length in filter design
11. Why rounding is preferred to truncation in realizing digital filter?
12. List the advantages of floating point arithmetic.
13. What is zero input limit cycle oscillation?
14. What is meant by finite word length effects in digital filters?
15. What is meant by truncation?
16. Compare fixed point and floating point number representation.
17. What is product quantization error?
18. What are the effects of finite word length?
19. What is input quantization error? (Nov 2009,2013)
20. Explain briefly the need for scaling in the digital filter.
21. What is coefficient quantization error or coefficient inaccuracy?
22. What is quantization noise? (Or) What is ADC conversion noise?
23. What is signal scaling?
24. What is meant by quantization step size?
UNIT V - DSP APPLICATIONS
1. State some applications of DSP.
2. Define sampling rate conversion.
3. State the methods to convert the sampling rate.
4. What is multirate signal processing?
5. State the advantages of multirate signal processing.
6. State the applications of multirate signal processing.
7. What is decimation?
8. What do you mean by „sub band coding‟?
9. What is the need for multirate signal processing?
10. What is anti- imaging filter?
11. What is meant by down sampling and up sampling?
12. What is meant by interpolation?
13. What is anti- aliasing filter?
14. Differentiate between anti-aliasing and anti-imaging filters.
15. What are called polyphase filters?
16. What is adaptive equalization?
17. Draw the block diagram of Sub-band coding.
18. List few applications of adaptive filters.
19. What are the basic building blocks of adaptive filters?
20. Draw the block diagram to interface 2 digital systems with different sampling rate.
EC6502 - PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
16 MARKS
UNIT I - DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM
1. Calculate the DFT of the sequence
x(n) = 1; 0 n 3
2; 3 n 5
0; else
Sketch the magnitude and phase response.
2. Determine the IDFT of the following
(i) X(K) = 1, 1, -j2, -1, 1 + j2 (ii) X(K) = 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0
3. Find 4 point DFT of the following sequences
(i) x(n) = (1/4)n. (ii) x(n) = 2
–n (iii) x(n) = sin(n/2)
(iv) x(n) = 1, 2, 1, 1 (v) x(n) = 1, 0, - 1, 0
4. Find the circular convolution of the following two sequences
x1(n) = 1,2,1,2 and x2(n) = 2,4,2,1
5. Perform linear convolution of the following sequences by (i) Overlap add method and (ii) Overlap
save method
x(n) = 1, 3, 2, -1, -2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, -2 and h(n) = -2, 3, 2
6. Determine the impulse response for the cascade of two LTI systems having impulse responses
h1(n) = (1/2)n u(n) h2(n) = (1/4)
n u(n)
7. In an LTI system the input x(n) = 1,1,1 and the impulse response
h(n) = -1, -1. Determine the response of LTI system by radix – 2 DIT FFT.
8. An 8 point sequence is given by x(n) = 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1,1 . Compare 8 point DFT of x(n) by
radix – 2 DIT FFT and radix – 2 DIF FFT. Also sketch the magnitude and phase spectrum.
9. Determine the circular convolution of N point DFT of the sequence
x(n) = cos[(2n)/N] and y(n) = sin[(2n)/N], 0 n N – 1.
10. From the first principle of N point DFT, obtain the signal flow graph of Radix – 2 Decimation in
time algorithm.
11. Show that the DFT of a sequence x(n) is purely imaginary and odd if the sequence x(n) is real
and odd and X[k] is purely real and even if the sequence x(n) is real and even.
12. Given x(n) = n + 1 and N = 8, find X(k) using DIF FFT algorithm.
13. Determine the linear convolution of the following two sequences, by overlap add method and
overlap save method. x(n) = 1, 1, 1, 1 and y(n) = 2, 2, 2, 2
14. Find the circular convolution of the following two sequences
x(n) = 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and y(n) = -1, 1, -3, -4, 0, 1
15. (a) Show that with x(n) as an N point sequence and X(k) as its N point DFT.
(b) Let X(k) be a 14-point DFT of a length 14 real sequence x(n). The first 8 samples of X(k) are
given by
X(0) = 12; X(1) = -1+j3; X(2) = 3+j4; X(3) = 1-j5; X(4) = -2+j2;
X(5) = 6+j3; X(6) = -2-j3; X(7) = 10.
Determine the remaining samples of X(k).
16. Prove the following properties of DFT when X(k) is the DFT of an N-point sequence h(n).
(i) X(k) is real and even when x(n) is real and even.
(ii) X(k) is imaginary and odd when x(n) is real and odd.
(iii) If x(n) denotes a finite sequence of length N, show that
17.Find the IDFT of the sequence using DIF FFT and DIT FFT algorithm and compare it.
18. Evaluate and compare the 8 point for the following sequences using DIT FFT algorithm.
a) b)
19. (i) State and prove Parseval‟s theorem for discrete time Fourier transform.
(ii) State the shifting property of DFT and gives its proof.
20. (a) Derive the equation for Decimation-in-time algorithm for FFT.
(b) How do you linear filtering by FFT using overlap add and save method?
21. From the first principles obtain the signal flow graph for computing 8-point DFT using radix-2
decimation-in-frequency FFT algorithm.
22. Using signal flow graph compute DFT of
23. Compute the DFT of
24. Find the IDFT of the sequence
25. Find the DFT of the following sequence x(n) using DIT FFT algorithm
x(n)= 1,-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,-1
UNIT II - IIR FILTER DESIGN
1. Design digital low pass filter using Bilinear transformation, Given that
Assume sampling frequency of 100 rad/sec.
2. Design FIR filter using impulse invariance technique. Given that
and implement resulting digital filter by adder, multipliers and delays Assume sampling period T
= 1 sec.
3. (i) Find the H (z ) corresponding to the impulse invariance design using a sample rate of 1/T
samples/sec for an analog filter H (s) specified as follows :
(ii) Design a digital low pass filter using the bilinear transform to satisfy the following
characteristics
(a) Monotonic stop band and pass band
(b) − 3 dB cutoff frequency of 0.5 πrad
(c) Magnitude down at least −15 dB at 0.75πrad.
4. Design an IIR filter using impulse invariance technique for the given
Assume T = 1 sec. Realize this filter using direct form I and direct form II.
5. The specification of the desired lowpass filter is
Design a Butterworth digital filter using bilinear transformation.
6. The specification of the desired low pass filter is
Design a Chebyshev digital filter using impulse invariant transformation.
7. Design an IIR digital low pass butterworth filter to meet the following requirements:
Pass band ripple (peak to peak): ≤ 0.5dB,
Pass band edge: 1.2 kHz, Stop band attenuation: ≥ 40dB,
Stop band edge: 2.0 kHz,
Sampling rate: 8.0 kHz. Use bilinear transformation technique.
8. (i) Discuss the limitation of designing an IIR filter using impulse invariant method
(ii) Convert the analog filter with system transfer function using bilinear transformation
Ha(s) =(s+0.3) / ((s+0.3)2+16)
9. The specification of the desired low pass filter is
Design butterworth digital filter using impulse invariant transformation.
10. Determine the system function H(z) of the Chebyshev low pass digital filter with the
specifications
Using bilinear transformation (assume T=1sec)
11. Obtain the direct form I, direct form II, cascade, and parallel form realization for the system
y(n)= -0.1y(n-1)+0.2y(n-2)+3x(n)+3.6x(n-1)+0.6x(n-2)
12. Apply Bilinear Transformation to H(s) =2/(S+2) (S+3) with T=0.1 sec.
UNIT III - FIR FILTER DESIGN
1. Design the first 15 coefficients of FIR filters of magnitude specification is given below:
2. Draw Three different FIR structures for the H(z) given below: H(z) = (1+5z-1
+6z-2
)(1+z-1
)
3. Design and obtain the coefficients of a 15 tap linear phase FIR low pass filter using Hamming window to meet the given frequency response.
4. Determine the coefficients of a linear phase FIR filter of length M = 15 which has a symmetric unit sample response and a frequency response that satisfies the conditions
5. Realize the following FIR system using minimum number of multipliers (i) H(z) = 1 + 2z
-1 + 0.5z
-2 - 0.5z
-3 - 0.5z
-4
(ii) H(z) = 1 + 2z-1
+ 3z-2
+ 4z-3
+ 3z-4
+ 2z-5
+ z-6
6. Design a digital FIR band pass filter with lower cut off frequency 2000Hz and upper cut off frequency 3200 Hz using Hamming window of length N = 7. Sampling rate is 10000Hz.
7. Consider an FIR lattice filter with coefficients k1 = 1/2; k2 = 1/3; k3 = 1/4. Determine the FIR
filter
coefficients for the direct form structure.
8. Using a rectangular window technique, design a low pass filter with pass band gain of unity cut
off
frequency of 1000Hz and working at a sampling frequency of 5 kHz. The length of the impulse
response
should be 7.
9. Design a band pass filter which approximates the ideal filter with cut off frequencies at 0.2
rad/sec and 0.3
rad/sec. The filter order is M = 7. Use the Hanning window function.
10. The desired frequency response of a low pass filter is
Determine H(ej
) for M = 7 using a Rectangular window.
11. A low pass filter has the desired response as shown
Using the frequency sampling technique, determine the filter coefficients. The length of the filter
is M = 17.
12. A band reject filter of length 7 is required. It is to have lower and upper cut-off frequencies of
3kHz and
5kHz respectively. The sampling frequency is 20kHz. Determine the filter coefficients using
Hanning
window. Assume the filter to be causal.
13. Explain frequency sampling method of FIR filter design.
14. For a given specification design ideal high pass filter with a frequency response
Find the value of h(n) for N=11 using hamming window. Find H(z) and compute magnitude
response.
15. Using frequency sampling method,design a bandpass filter with the following specifications.
Sampling frequency = 8000Hz
Cut-off frequencies Fc1=1000Hz
Fc2=3000Hz.
Determine the filter coefficients for N=7.
e-j3
, - 3/4 3/4
Hd(ej) = 0, 3/4 < ||
e-j8
, 0 /2
Hd(ej) = 1, /2 < ||
UNIT IV - FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS
1. Discuss in detail the errors resulting from rounding and truncation?
2. Explain the limit cycle oscillations due to product round off and overflow errors?
3. Explain the characteristics of limit cycle oscillations with respect to the system described by the
difference
equation y(n)=0.95y(n-1)+x(n). x(n)=0; y(n-1) =13. Determine the dead band of the system
4. The output of A/D converter is applied to digital filter with the system function
Find the output noise power from the digital filter when the input signal is quantized to have 8 bits.
5. (i) Explain the effects of co-efficient quantization in FIR
filters?
(ii) Distinguish between fixed point and floating point
arithmetic
6. With respect to finite word length effects in digital filters, with examples discuss about
(i) Over flow limit cycle oscillation
(ii) Signal scaling
7. Consider a second order IIR filter with
Find the effect on quantization on pole locations of the given system function in direct form and
in cascade
form. Assume b = 3 bits.
8. What is called quantization noise? Derive the expression for quantization noise power.
9. How to prevent limit cycle oscillations? Explain.
10. (i) Explain the characteristics of limit cycle oscillation with respect to the system described by the
difference equation : y(n) = 0.95 y(n-1) + x (n) ; x(n)= 0 and y(n-1)= 13.
(ii) Explain the effects of coefficient quantization in FIR filters.
11. Explain the characteristics of a limit cycle oscillation with respect to the system described by the
equation. Determine the dead band of the filter x(n) = (3/4)δ(n).
12. What is meant by signal scaling? Explain.
13. Draw the quantization noise model for a second order system
Find the steady state output noise power.
UNIT V - DSP APPLICATIONS
1. Explain sampling rate increase by an integer I and derive its input-output relationship in both time
and frequency domain.
2. Explain the multistage implementation of sampling rate conversion with block diagram.
3. A signal is given by x(n) = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,0,1,2,3,….
(a) Obtain the decimated signal with a factor 2
(b) Obtain the interpolated signal with a factor 2
4. Discuss in detail about any two applications of adaptive filtering with suitable diagram.
5. Implement a two stage decimator for the following specifications:
Sampling rate of the input signal = 20,000 Hz
M= 100
Passband = 0 to 40 Hz
Transition band = 40 to 50 Hz
Passband ripple = 0.01
Stopband ripple = 0.002.
6. For the signal x(n), obtain the spectrum of down sampled signal x(Mn) and up sampled signal
x(n/L).
7. What is the principle of interpolation? Derive the expression for interpolated signal of the output.
8. Explain decimation by a factor D. Derive an expression for decimated signal at the output.
9. Determine the output y(n) for each of the given input gignal x(n).
(a) x(n) = δ(n-4)
(b) x(n) = exp(j0.2nπ)u(n)
10. Design a linear phase FIR filter that satisfies the following specifications based on single and
two stage
multirate structure.
Sampling rate: 10kHz
Passband: 0≤F≤60
Transition band: 60≤F≤65
Ripple: δp= 10-1
, δs = 10-3
11. Explain the application of sampling rate conversion in sub-band coding and Narrow Band filter.
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
1. Let xp(n) be a periodic sequence with fundamental period N. Let X1(k) denote N-point DFT
of one period of xp(n) and X3(k) denote 3N-point DFT of three periods of xp(n). What is the
relationship between X1(k) and X3(k) for 0≤ k≤ N-1?
2. Design a high pass digital filter to meet the following specifications.
Passband 2 - 4 kHz
Stopband 0 - 500 Hz
δp 3 dB
δs 20 dB
Assume Butterworth approximation.
3. Design an FIR digital filter to approximate an ideal band reject filter with pass band gain of
unity, upper and lower cut-off frequencies of 850Hz and 1000Hz andworking at sampling
frequency of fs = 5000 Hz. The length of the impulse response should be 13. Use rectangular
and hamming window.
4. Explain the characteristics of a limit cycle oscillation with respect to the system described by
the equation y(n) = 0.85y(n-2)+0.72y(n-1)+x(n). determine the dead band of the filter for
x(n)=(3/4) δ(n).
5. Design a 3-stage decimator which is used to reduce the sampling rate from 3072 kHz to 48
kHz.
Passband ripple 0.01 dB
Stopband ripple 60 dB
Frquency band of interest 0 – 20 kHz
Consider the decimation factors to be 8,4,and 2.
20 dB
EC6504 - Microprocessor & Microcontroller
UNIT I – THE 8086 MICROPROCESSOR
2 marks
1. What is the purpose of segment registers in 8086?
2. What are the Functions of Execution Unit in 8086?
3. Classify the Instruction sets available in 8086.
4. What are the types of Addressing modes of 8086?
5. What do you mean by pipelining in an 8086 processor?
6. What is interrupt service routine?
7. Define Macros. Write down the syntax & example of Macro definition.
8. Define Procedure. Write down the syntax & example of Procedure definition
9. What is the need of a flag register in 8086.
10. Explain PUBLIC assembler.
11. What do these 8086 instructions do?
12. Define the process control instructions
13. What is the role of ALIGN?
14. Define ASSUME with eg.
15. Define Modular Programming?
16. What are the 8086 interrupt types
17. Discuss the function of instruction queue in 8086?
18. What are the functions of bus interface unit (BIU) in 8086?
19. Explain REPEAT-UNTIL statements
20. Describe DB, DW, DD directives.
21. What are the difference between NEAR CALL and FAR CALL.
22. Differentiate Macros and Procedures.
23. Mention the Flags of 8086.
24. Write the difference between CBW and CWD instruction in 8086.
25. What is the use of Instruction Pointer in 8086.
UNIT II – THE 8086 SYSTEM BUS STRUCTURE 1. What are the two modes of operations present in 8086?
2. State the significance of LOCK signal in 8086?
3. What is the function of the BHE signal in 8086?
4. What is the use of MN/MX Pin in 8086.
5. Differentiate 8086 and 8088.
6. Give the functions of READY and TEST pins of 8086.
7. Mention the use of HOLD and HLDA pin 8086.
8. What is the Minimum mode of 8086?
9. What is the Maximum mode of 8086? 10. Draw the diagram for co-processor configuration. 11. Name the signals used by the processor to communicate with an I/O processor. 12. What are the signals involved in memory bank selection in 8086 microprocessor?
13. What are tightly coupled systems or closely coupled systems?
14. What are loosely coupled systems?
15. Write some advantages of loosely coupled systems over tightly coupled systems
16. Write some disadvantages of loosely coupled systems
17. What are the multi microprocessor configuration methods
18. What is meant by Daisy chaining method?
19. What is independent bus request scheme?
20. What are the functional units available in 8087?
21. What are the states of Multiprogramming?
22. Mention the Bus Allocation Schemes.
23. What are the three basic Multiprocessor Configurations that the 8086 can support?
24. Describe Polling Method.
25. What is the logic of independent Priority Method?
26. What are the Bus allocation strategies available?
27. What are the functions of status pins in 8086?
UNIT III – I/O INTERFACING 1. What are the Operating Modes supported by 8279? 2. State the use of cascading signals of 8259.
3. What is DMA? 4. How many Address Lines and Data Lines are necessary for accessing 32K X 8 memory? 5. What are the blocks used in 8251?
6. Draw the schematic diagram of Memory and I/O interfacing.
7. Compare Memory mapped I/O and I/O mapped I/O.
8. State the cascading signals of 8259programmable interrupt controller.
9. What are the modes of operations supported by 8255?
10. Mention the Operational modes of 8254 Timer.
11. Name the three modes used by the DMA processor to transfer data?
12. Name the 6 modes of operations of an 8253 programmable interval timer.
13. What are the features used mode 1 in 8255?
14. What is memory mapping?
15. What is key bouncing?
16. What are the different types of methods used for data transmission?
17. What are the various programmed data transfer methods?
18. What are the basic modes of operation of 8255?
19. What is an USART?
20. What is the use of terminal count register?
21. What are the modes of operations used in 8253?
22. What are the modes used in keyboard modes?
23. What are the modes used in display modes?
24. What is a control word?
25. Distinguish between the memories mapped I/O peripheral I/O?
26. List the major components of the keyboard/Display interface.
UNIT IV – MICROCONTROLLER 1. Explain DJNZ instructions of intel 8051 microcontroller? 2. State the function of RS1 and RS0 bits in the flag register of intel 8051microcontroller? 3. Give the alternate functions for the port pins of port3?
4. Define the function of the pins PSEN and EA of 8051.
5. What is the function of SP of 8051?
6. What are the different group of instructions supported by 8051.
7. List the Addressing modes of 8051.
8. List the applications of microcontroller.
9. Define XTAL1 and XTAL2.
10. Compare Microprocessor and Microcontroller.
11. Name the five interrupt sources of 8051?
12. What happens in power down mode of 8051 micro controller?
13. Name the special functions registers available in 8051.
14. List the features of 8051 microcontroller?
15. What is DPTR?
16. How does the status of EA pin affect the access to internal and external program memory? 17. How do you select the register bank in 8051 micro controller.
18. What happens in power down of 8051 microcontroller?
19. What are the functions of the following signals of 8051? ALE / PROG, PSEN.
20. Give the alternate functions for the port pins of port3? 21. Specify the single instruction, which clears the most significant bit of B register of 8051, without
affecting the remaining bits. 22. Explain the register IE format of 8051 . 23. Explain the contents of the accumulator after the execution of the following program segments :
MOV A,#3CH MOV R4,#66H ANL A,R4
24. Write a program to load accumulator A, DPH and DPL with 30H. 25. Write a program to subtract the contents of R1 of Bank0 from the contents of R0 of Bank2. 26. Differentiate RRA and RRCA instruction in 8051.
27. Write about Jump Statements.
28. What are the CALL statements in 8051.
UNIT V – INTERFACING MICROCONTROLLER 1. Mention any two applications that use ADC and DAC. 2. What are the sources of interrupts in 8051. 3. Name the various registers available in 8051 microcontroller. 4. Draw the diagram for Interrupt Priority register. 5. Draw the Diagram for TCON and TMOD register. 6. Describe the timer modes of operation. 7. What is the use of RET and RET1 instruction in 8051. 8. Describe Multi Processor Mode in 8051. 9. Define baud rate. 10. What is Handshake port? 11. What is the need for D/A converter? 12. What is the difference between timer and counter operations in 8051? 13. Give the disadvantages of bus window technique?
14. . What is swapping out? 15. List the applications of microcontroller. 16. Draw the diagram for Timer/Counter control Logic. 17. Mention the Methods for Serial Data I/O. 18. Define Standard UART. 19. What are the registers used in serial data communication? 20. Draw the diagram for SCON and PCON register. 21. Compare Synchronous and Asynchronous data transmission. 22. Draw the interrupt Structure of 8051. 23. Draw the diagram for Interrupt Registers of 8051. 24. Mention the command codes of LCD. 25. How to generate sine wave using 8051.
26. Which chip connected to 8051 for Analog to Digital Conversion?
EC 6504 – MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER
16 MARKS
UNIT I THE 8086 MICROPROCESSOR 1. Explain the internal hardware architecture of 8086 microprocessor with neat diagram? 2. Write short note about assembler directives? 3. Explain the various addressing modes of 8086 microprocessor with examples? 4. Explain Data transfer, arithmetic and branch instructions?
5. Write an 8086 ALP to find the sum of numbers in the array of 10 elements?
6. Explain modular programming in detail?
7. Write a note about stack, procedures and macros?
8. Define interrupt and their two classes? Write in detail about interrupt service routine?
9. Explain byte and string manipulation with examples?
10. Write in detail about instruction formats and instruction execution timing?
11. Write an ALP to find the largest number and smallest number in the array?
12. Describe in detail about the Procedures with suitable syntax and example. 13. Discuss about the interrupts and interrupt service routine with suitable sequence diagram. 14. Illustrate the Byte and String Manipulation of 8086 Instructions.
15. Write an 8086 assembly language program
multiply two 8 bit binary numbers.
sort an array of data in descending order.
add two 16 bit numbers
convert Binary to BCD number
add two 16 bit numbers to sort an array of data in ascending order.
convert BCD to Binary number
16. Write a short note about Loop, NOP and HLT instructions Flag manipulation, logical and shift & rotate instructions?
UNIT II 8086 SYSTEM BUS STRUCTURE
1. Explain Minimum mode and maximum mode of operation in 8086 in detail. 2. Explain in detail about the system bus timing of 8086/8088. 3. Write notes on Programmed I/O and Interrupt I/O 4. Explain in detail about block transfers and DMA. 5. Explain in detail about closely coupled configurations. 6. Explain loosely coupled configurations in detail. 7. Explain the following in detail
Process Management &iRMX86
Memory Management
Virtual Memory 8. Explain Numeric data Processor in detail. 9. Explain in detail about I/O Processor.
10. Explain in detail about 8086 memory banks and associated signals for byte and word operations.
11. Explain the various multiprocessor configurations.
12. Explain about System Bus Structure with suitable timing diagram.
13. Discuss in detail about Interrupt Priority Management.
14. Explain the various Bus Arbitration Schemes.
15. Explain in detail about Closely Coupled Configuration. Mention the Advantages and
Disadvantages of the same.
16. Explain loosely coupled system with block diagram and list its advantages.
17. Discuss the principle and operations of co-Processor Configuration.
UNIT III I/O INTERFACING 1. Draw and explain the block diagram of 8254 programmable interval timer. Also explain the
various modes of operation. 2. Explain 8279 keyboard /display controller with neat block diagram. 3. Explain how to interface ADC and DAC 4. With neat block diagram explain the 8251 and its operating modes. 5. Draw the block diagram of I/O interface &explain in detail. 6. Explain in detail about DMA controller. 7. Explain the format of I/O mode set control and BSR control word of programmable peripheral
interface. Explain in detail the operating modes of PPI? 8. Draw and explain the block diagram of traffic light control system. 9. Write short notes on LED display, LCD display,Keyboard display interface. 10. Draw and explain the block diagram of alarm controller. 11. Compare serial and parallel interface? 12. Draw the Block diagram and explain the operations of 8255 Parallel communication interface. 13. Draw the Block diagram of 8279 and explain the functions of each block. 14. With a neat block diagram, explain the operation of 8259 programmable interrupt controller. 15. Discuss the features of Intel‟s programmable timer and explain its different modes of operation.
UNIT IV MICROCONTROLLER 1. Explain the architecture of 8051 with its diagram. 2. Explain the I/O pins ports and circuit details of 8051 with its diagram. 3. Write an 8051ALP to create a square wave 66%duty cycle on bit3 of port 1. 4. With example explain the arithmetic and logic instruction of 8051 microcontroller. 5. With example explain the different instruction set of 8051 microcontroller. 6. Write a program based on 8051 instruction set to pack array of unpacked BCD digits. 7. Explain the different addressing modes of 8051 8. Write a program to bring in data in serial form and send it out in parallel form using 8051 9. Explain the data types and assembler directives of 8051
10. Explain about the register banks and special function register of 8051 in detail
11. Write an Assembly Language Program using 8051,
Addition of two 8 bit Numbers
Addition of two 16 bit Numbers
12.Write an Assembly Language Program using 8051,
Multiplication of two data
Division of two data
13. Write an Assembly Language Program using 8051,
Finding 2‟s complement of a given binary number
Generate BCD up counter and send each count to port A
14. Write an Assembly Language Program using 8051,
Conversion of Binary to BCD number
To arrange a data in ascending order.
15. Explain the internal data memory structure of 8051 microcontroller with its SFRs.
UNIT V INTERFACING MICROCONTROLLER 1. Draw the diagram to interface a stepper motor with 8051 microcontroller and explain also write
an 8051 ALP to run the stepper motor in both forward and reverse direction with delay. 2. Explain how interrupts are handled in 8051. 3. Write short notes on LCD interface. 4. Write notes on 8051 serial port programming. 5. Explain about external memory interfacing to 8051 6. Write notes on 8051 timer and counter programming. 7. Draw and explain the ADC interfacing using 8051. 8. Draw and explain the DAC interfacing using 8051. 9. Explain the keyboard interfacing using 8051 10. Explain the sensor interfacing using 8051
11. How to transfer data between a PC and microcontroller using serial communication? Draw the
necessary diagrams and explain.
12. Explain about interfacing of waveform generator with 8051 Microcontroller.
13. Explain in detail about Keyboard interfacing with 8051.
14. Explain about the Timers of 8051 with its Modes of Operation. Also explain about the Registers
of 8051 Timers.
15. What are the interrupts available in 8051? Explain about the Interrupt Structure.
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
1. Interface an 8-digit 7 segment LED display using 8255 to the 8086 microprocessor system
and write an 8086 assembly language routine to display message on the display.
2. Design a microprocessor system to control traffic light. The traffic should be controlled by
the following manner.
a. Allow traffic from west to east and east to west transition for 20 seconds.
b. Give transition period of 5 seconds (yellow bulb on)
c. Allow traffic from north to south and south to north for 20 seconds
d. Give transition period of 5 seconds (yellow bulb on)
e. Repeat the process
3. Write an assembly language program to control conveyer belt using stepper motor and 8051
controller. Belt moves continuously at rate of 1 step/sec but stops for 5sec. When external interrupt
occurs and then continues to move.
4. Interface 8-bit, 8 channel ADC to 8051. Write assembly language program to convert CH0,
CH3 and CH7 and store the result in external memory location starting from C000H.Repeate
procedure for every 1sec.
5. An 8051 based system requires external memory of four 4 kbytes of SRAM each ant two
chips of EPROM of size 2kybytes. The EPROM starts at address 2000H. SRAM address map
follows EPROM map. Give the complete interface.
TRANSMISSION LINE AND WAVEGUIDES
TWO MARKS
UNIT I TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
1. Define the line parameters?
2. What are the secondary constants of a line? Why the line parameters are called distributed
elements?
3. Define Characteristic impedance
4. Define Propagation constant
5. What is a finite line? Write down the significance of this line?
6. What is an infinite line?
7. What is wavelength of a line?
8. What are the types of line distortions?
9. How frequency distortion occurs in a line?
10. How to avoid the frequency distortion that occurs in the line?
11. What is delay distortion?
12. How to avoid the frequency distortion that occurs in the line? 13. What is a distortion less line? What is the condition for a distortion less line?
14. What is the drawback of using ordinary telephone cables?
15. How the telephone line can be made a distortion less line?
16. What is loading?
17. What are the types of loading?
18. What is continuous loading?
19. What is patch loading?
20. What is lumped loading?
21. Define reflection coefficient
22. Define reflection loss
PART B
1. Develop the differential equations governing the voltage and current at any point on a uniform
line.
Solve these to obtain the V and I in terms of the load current and voltage.
2. State and explain Campbell‟s formula for the loading cables.
3. Derive an expression for γ and velocity for ordinary telephone cables.
4. Briefly explain about waveform distortion.
5. Derive the condition to be satisfied for a distortion less line.
6. Derive the expression for wavelength and velocity of propagation.
7. Derive an expression for the input impedance of a line. ZO end with ZR.
8. Derive an expression for the reflection coefficient in terms of Zo and ZR.
9. Show that for any uniform transmission line the following relation are valid Z0=√ (ZOC*ZSC) and
tanhγl=√( ZSC/ ZOC)
10. Derive the expression for insertion loss of transmission line.
11. Derive the expression for cascaded connection and explain about coaxial line.
UNIT II HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES
1. State the assumptions for the analysis of the performance of the radio frequency line.
2. State the expressions for inductance L of a open wire line and coaxial line.
3. State the expressions for the capacitance of a open wire line
4. What is dissipation less line?
5. What is the nature and value of Z0 for the dissipation less line?
6. State the values of and for the dissipation less line.
7. What are nodes and antinodes on a line?
8. What is standing wave ratio?
9. What is the range of values of standing wave ratio?
10. State the relation between standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient.
11. What are standing waves?
12. What is called standing wave ratio?
13. State the relation between standing wave ratio S and reflection co-efficient k.
14. How will you make standing wave measurements on coaxial lines?
15. Give the input impedance of open and short circuited lines.
PART B
1. Describe a voltage and current equation on the dissipation less line.
2. Discuss how smith chart is constructed and explain its application.
3. Describe an experimental set up for the determination of SWR of an RF transmission.
4. Derive from first principles how the smith chart analytical equations can be obtained from a
bilinear transformation. Is the smith chart an approximation?
5. Explain about the standing wave ratio.
6. Derive the expression for input impedance of the dissipation less line.
7. Give in detail of the expression for short and open circuited lines.
8. Explain about the losses in transmission lines for higher frequency.
9. From the expression for standing wave ratio, relate with reflection co-efficient.
UNIT III
IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN HIGH FREQUENCY LINES
1. What is Impedance matching?
2. Why the point of voltage minimum is measured rather than voltage maximum? 3. What is the use of eighth wave line?
4. Give the input impendence of eighth wave line terminated in pure resistance Rr.
5. Why is a quarter wave line called as impendence inverter?
6. What is the application of the quarter wave matching section ?
7. What do you mean by copper insulators?
8. Bring out the significance of a half wavelength line.
9. Give some of the impendence –matching devices.
10. Explain impendence matching using stub.
11. Give reasons for preferring a short- circuited stub when compared to an open –circuited stub.
12. What are the two independent measurements that must be made to find the location and
length of the stub?
13. Give the formula to calculate the distance of the point from the load at which the stub is to be
connected.
14. Give the formula to calculate the distance d from the voltage minimum to the point stub be
connection.
15. What is the use of a circle diagram?
16. How is the circle diagram useful to find the input impendence of short and open circuited
lines?
17. List the applications of the smith chart.
PART – B
1. Derive from first principles how the smith chart analytical equations can be obtained from a
bilinear transformation. Is the smith chart an approximation?
2. Derive the expression for one eighth wave line.
3. Explain in detail about single stub matching.
4. Explain in detail about double stub matching.
5. Explain, with diagrams, the method of deriving constant S circles and constant βx circles used for
impedance determination.
6. A dipole antenna whose input impedance is 100Ω is to be matched at a frequency of 100MHz to
a transmission line having characteristic impedance of 600 by means of short circuit stub.
Determine the location and length of the stub.
7. Explain in detail about quarter wave transmission line and its impedance matching?
8. Explain the significance of circle diagram using appropriate diagram.
9. Deduce the expression for constant S circle for the dissipation less line and explain.
10. Obtain the expression for the length and location of a short circuited stub for impedance
matching on a transmission line
UNIT IV
PASSIVE FILTERS
1. What are filters?
2. What are passive filters?
3. What are active filters?
4. What are the characteristics of ideal filters?
5. What is a symmetrical network?
6. Define characteristic impedance of a symmetrical network.
7. What is constant K filter?
8. What are the disadvantages of prototype filters?
9. What is one neper equal to?
10. Why constant K filters are known as prototype filters?
11. What is the characteristic impedance of a T network?
12. A constant K T section high pass filter has a cutoff frequency of 10KHz. The design impedance
is 600Ω. Determine the value of L.
13. Define Neper. 14. Define decibel.
15. Give the relationship between decibels and Nepers.
16. What are the advantages of m-derived filters?
PART B
1. Explain in detail about characteristic impedance of symmetrical network.
2. Discuss the properties of symmetrical network.
3. Derive and explain about constant K low pass filter.
4. Derive and explain about constant K high pass filter.
5. Derive and explain about m derived high pass filter.
6. Derive and explain about m derived π filter.
7. Discuss in detail about prototype band pass filter.
8. Derive and explain about m derived band pass filter.
9. Explain in detail about band elimination filter.
10. Explain in detail about m-derived band elimination filter.
11. Explain in detail about block diagram of composite filter.
UNIT V
WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITY RESONATORS
1. What are guided waves? Give examples
2. What is TE wave or H wave?
3. What is TH wave or E wave?
4. What is a TEM wave or principal wave?
5. What is a dominant mode?Give the dominant mode for TE and TM waves
6. What is cut off frequency?
7. What is cut-off wavelength?
8. Write down the expression for cut off frequency when the wave is propagated in between two
parallel plates.
9. Mention the characteristics of TEM waves.
10. Define attenuation factor
11. Give the relation between the attenuation factor for TE waves and TM waves
12. Define wave impedance
13. What is a parallel plate wave guide?
14. Why are rectangular wave-guides preferred over circular wave-guides?
15. Mention the applications of wave guides
PART – B
1. Obtain the expression for the field components of an electromagnetic wave propagating
between a pair of perfectly conducting planes.
2. Derive the components of electric and magnetic field strength between a pair of parallel
perfectly conducting planes of infinite extent in the y and z directions. The planes are
separated in x direction by a meter.
3. Derive the equations that are the result of introduction of restrictions of time to Maxwell‟s
equations.
4. Explain the different modes of the waves.
5. Obtain the solution of field components of TE waves between parallel plates, propagating in
z-direction.
6. Define the terms phase velocity and group velocity.
7. Derive the expressions for the field components of TM waves between parallel plates,
propagating in Z direction.
8. Discuss the transmission of TM waves between parallel perfectly conducting planes with
necessary expressions for field components.
9. Explain TE and TM cases for attenuation with planes of finite conductivity.
10. Illustrate with the help of neat diagrams, how EM wave reflected inside a waveguide.
11. TEM wave is not possible through hollow rectangular waveguide. Justify
12. Derive the solution of field equations using cylindrical co-ordinates.
13. Using Bessel function, derive the TE wave components in circular waveguides.
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
1. A cable has the following parameters. R=48.75 Ω/km, L=1.09 mH/km, G=38.75 µΩ-1
/km,
C=0.059µF/km. Determine the characteristic impedance, propagation constant and
wavelength for a source of f=1600 Hz and ES=1V.
2. A 30m long lossless transmission line with Zo=50 operating at 2MHz is terminated with a
load ZL=60+j40. Find reflection coefficient, Standing wave ratio and input impedance.
3. A rectangular air filled copper waveguide with a=2.28cm and b=1.01cm cross section and
l=30.48cm is operated at 9.2GHz with a dominant mode. Find the cutoff frequency, guide
wavelength, phase velocity and characteristic impedance.
4. Design a single stub matching network (use smith chart) for a transmission line functioning
at 500MHz terminated with a load impedance ZL = 300+j250Ω and with a characteristic
impedance Zo = 100Ω. Use short circuited shunt stubs. Determine the VSWR before and
after connecting the stub.
5. (a). Design an m-derived low pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 2KHz. Design impedance
is 500Ω and m=0.4. Consider a π-section for the calculation.
(b). Design a composite high pass filter to operate into a load of 600Ω and have a cutoff
frequency of 1.2KHz. The filter is to have one constant k section, one m-derived section
with f=1.1KHz and suitably terminated half section. Discuss the merits and demerits of
m-derived filter and crystal filter.
UNIT-I
POLYMER
1. Define monomer and polymer.
2. Distinguish between thermoplastics and thermosetting resins. (NOV / DEC 2014)
(May/June2016)
3. Define polymerization.
4. What is degree of polymerization? (Jan 2014) (May/June 2016) (April/May 2017)
5. Explain functionality with an example. (May-June 2014)
6. Why cannot thermosetting plastics be reused and reshaped?
7. Define addition polymerisation.
8. What is dead polymer?
9. Explain condensation polymerization.
10. What are co-polymerization and co polymers? (NOV / DEC 2014) (NOV / DEC 2016)
11. Mention various properties of polymer.
12. Define disproportionation of polymer chain.
13. Give any two difference b/w addition and condensation polymerization.
14. What are the plastics?
15. Give any four advantages of plastic
16. Give any four disadvantages of plastics.
17. How the plastics are classified?
18. Define tacticity.
19. Define glass transition temperature (Tg).
20. What is co-catalyst? Mention its function.
21. Mention the raw materials and uses of epoxy resin. (Jan 2014)
22. Mention any two uses of Nylon 6:6 (May-June 2014)
23. What is polydispersity Index? (April/May 2015)
24. Mention different techniques of polymerisation.
PART – B
1. Distinguish thermoplastics and thermosetting resins. (JAN 2014) (MAY / JUNE 2014)
(APRIL / MAY 2015) (NOV / DEC 2015)
2. What are the differences between addition and condensation polymerisation? (May/June
2016)
3. Describe the free radical mechanism of addition polymerization with suitable example.
(MAY / JUNE 2014) (APRIL / MAY 2015) (NOV / DEC 2015) (May/June 2016) (NOV / DEC
2016)
4. Explain the mechanism of cationic polymerization with an example. (JAN 2014)
5. Discuss the anionic mechanism for polymerization with an example. (April/May 2017)
6. What are the Properties of polymers? Explain. (JAN 2014)(NOV / DEC 2014) (APRIL /
MAY 2015) (NOV / DEC 2015)
7. Explain the technique, advantages and disadvantages of Bulk and suspension
polymerisation. (NOV / DEC 2014) (MAY / JUNE 2014) (April/May 2015) (NOV / DEC 2016)
(April/May 2017)
8. Explain Emulsion Polymerization and Solution Polymerization. (NOV / DEC 2014) (APRIL
/ MAY 2015) (NOV / DEC 2016) (April/May 2017)
9. Write the synthesis, properties and uses of Nylon 6:6 and Epoxy Resin. (JAN 2014) (NOV /
DEC 2014) (MAY / JUNE 2014) (May/June 2016) (NOV / DEC 2016)
10. What is co polymerization? Describe different types of co polymerization. (NOV / DEC
2015)
11. Explain the number average and weight average molecular weight. (May/June 2016) (NOV
/ DEC 2016)
UNIT – II
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
1. What is a system?
2. What are the types of system?
3. What is an extensive property? Give an Example.
4. What is an intensive property? Give Example
5. What is a process and mention its types?
6. What is reversible process?
7. What is irreversible process?
8. Define entropy. (Jan 2014) (May-June2014) (April/May 2017)
9. State second law of thermodynamics. (May-June2014) (NOV / DEC 2014) (Nov/Dec 2015)
10. Write the mathematical expression and unit for entropy
11. Write the mathematical expression of entropy for phase transitions.
12. Define Helmoltz work function. (April/May 2017)
13. What is Gibb’s free energy? (May/June 2016)
14. Write Gibb’s – Helmholtz equation.
15. What is internal energy? (Jan 2014)
16. State first law of thermodynamics. Write its mathematical equation.
17. Define standard free energy change.
18. Mention only two applications of Gibbs-Helmholtz equation.
19. Write the significance of Maxwell’s relations.
20. What are the applications of Clausius?
21. Write the significance of van’thoff equation.
22. Write Clapeyron – Clausius equation
23. What is the significance of decrease in free energy? (NOV / DEC 2014)
PART – B
1. Derive an expression for entropy change of an ideal gas at constant temperature. (NOV /
DEC 2015) (May/June 2016)
2. Drive Gibb’s – Helmholtz equation. (JAN 2014) (MAY / JUNE 2014) (NOV / DEC 2014)
(APRIL / MAY 2015) (May/June 2016) (NOV / DEC 2016) (April/May 2017)
3. Derive the significance of change of free energy (ΔG) (NOV / DEC 2015) and change of
Helmholtz free energy (ΔH). (MAY / JUNE 2014)(APRIL / MAY 2015)
4. Discuss the criteria for chemical reaction to be spontaneous. (JAN 2014) (NOV / DEC 2016)
5. Derive Van’t Hoff isotherm equation. (JAN 2014) (NOV / DEC 2014) (NOV / DEC 2016)
6. Derive Van’t Hoff isochors equation.
7. Explain Clausius inequality.
8. Compare reversible process with the irreversible process. (MAY / JUNE 2014)
9. Derive Clausius Clapeyron equation and mention its applications. (NOV / DEC 2014)
(May/June 2016)
10. Derive Maxwell relations. (MAY / JUNE 2014) (APRIL / MAY 2015) (NOV / DEC 2015)
(May/June 2016) (NOV / DEC 2016) (April/May 2017)
11. At what temperature will water boil when the atmospheric pressure is 528 mmHg? Latent
heat of vaporization of water is 545.5 cal / g. (APRIL / MAY 2015)
12. Derive the relation ΔGo = - RT ln Keq. Calculate the standard entropy change
For the reaction A B, if the value of ΔHo = 28.4 kJ/mol. And equilibrium
Constant is 1.8X10-7
at 298 K. (APRIL / MAY 2015)
13. Compare the reversible process with irreversible process. (MAY / JUNE 2014)
14. ΔG for a reaction at 300K is -16kCal, ΔH for the reaction is -10 kCal. What is the entropy
(ΔS) of the reaction? What will be the ΔG at 300K? (NOV / DEC 2014)
15. Compute free energy change when 5 moles of an ideal gas expands reversibly and
isothermally at 300K from an initial volume of 50L to 1000L. (JAN 2014)
16. For the reaction A+B ↔ C+D, if the rate constant at 4000C and 800
0C are 1x10
-12 and 1x10
-
7 respectively, calculate standard enthalpy change for the reaction. (NOV / DEC 2015)
17. The equilibrium constant Kp for a reaction is 3.0 at 673K and 4.0 at 773K.calculate the
value of ΔHo for the reaction (R=8.3J)
UNIT – III
PHOTOCHEMISTRY& SPECTROSCOPY
1. What do meant by Photochemistry? (NOV / DEC 2014)
2. What are the principles of Photochemistry?
Principles of photochemistry
3. Define Thermal energy.
4. Define photochemical energy.
5. Mention the Laws of Photochemistry.
6. State the Grotthuss-Draper Law (Nov/Dec 2015) (April/May 2017)
7. State Stark –Einstein Law (April/May 2015)
8. Define quantum yield(ф)
9. Draw the Jablonski Diagram.
10. Give any two differences b/w photo chemical rxn and thermal rxn. (NOV / DEC 2016)
11. What is chemiluminescence? Or Define Chemiluminescence.(Jan 2014)
12.Define Photophysical Process.
13. State Beer-Lambert’s law. (May/June 2016)
14. What is photosensitization? (April/May 2017)
15. Define Photophysical Process.
16. Define fluorescence. (May/June 2016)
17. Define phosphorescence. (May-June 2014)
18. What are the sourse of UV-Visible and IR spectrophotometer?
19. Give any two difference between florescence and phosphorescence.
20. Define Atomic spectroscopy.
21. Define Molecular spectroscopy.
22. What are the differences between molecular spectra and atomic spectra?
23. What is meant by absorption of radiation? (Jan 2014)
24. What is meant by wave number? (May-June 2014)
25. IR spectra are often characterized as molecular finger prints. Justify.
26. What is finger print region? Mention its important uses. (NOV / DEC 2016)
PART – B
1. With a Jablonski diagram, explain radiative and non-radiative pathways for an electronic
transition.
2. State and explain the laws of Photochemistry in detail. (JAN 2014)
3. Discuss in detail about photosensitization and mention it is applications in photography.
(MAY / JUNE 2014) (NOV / DEC 2014) (NOV / DEC 2015) (May/June 2016)
4. Explain the Photophysical Process (Internal Conversion And Intersystem Crossing) with
examples. (April/May 2017)
5. Derive Beer – Lambert’s Law. What are their limitations and applications? (NOV / DEC
2014) (APRIL / MAY 2015)
6. What is quantum yield or quantum efficiency? Explain the conditions and causes for low
and high quantum yield. (NOV / DEC 2015) (May/June 2016)
7. Discuss the principle, construction, working and applications of UV-Visible spectroscopy.
(April/May 2017) (JAN 2014) (MAY / JUNE 2014) (NOV / DEC 2014) (APRIL / MAY
2015) (NOV / DEC 2016)
8. Explain the principle, instrumentation and applications of IR spectroscopy. (JAN 2014)
(NOV / DEC 2015) (May/June 2016)
9. Discuss Fluoroscence and Phosporescence in detail. (JAN 2014) (MAY / JUNE 2014)
(APRIL / MAY 2015) (NOV / DEC 2016) (April/May 2017)
10. State and explain Stark-Einstein law. (MAY / JUNE 2014)
11. Explain various electronic transitions occur in the spectroscopy. (MAY / JUNE 2014)
(NOV / DEC 2016)
12. Explain quantum efficiency and chemiluminescences. (NOV / DEC 2014) (April/May 2015)
(NOV / DEC 2015) (NOV / DEC 2016)
13. What is quantum efficiency? How is it determined? (APRIL / MAY 2015)
14. W rite a shorts on the vibrations and rotational transitions in a molecule. (NOV / DEC
2015) (May/June 2016)
15. Explain stark einstein law of photo chemical equivalence. (May/June 2016)
UNIT-IV
PHASE RULE AND ALLOYS
1. What are the uses of a phase diagram? (April/May 2017)
2. Give the condensed / reduced phase rule. (Jan 2014) (April/May 2015)
3. Define the terms Annealing and Hardening.
4. Mention any four properties of Nichrome.
5. Calculate the number of components, phases and degrees of freedom for the following
6. Mention any five advantages/purposes of alloy making.
7. State the number of degrees of freedom for the following systems. (NOV / DEC 2016)
8. What are the uses of eutectic mixture?
9. What is meant by quenching in heat treatment of metals?
10. State phase rule and explain the terms involved?
11. Explain the terms component and degree of freedom? (Nov/Dec 2015)
12. What is eutectic or eutectic point?
13. How is thermal analysis conducted? What are the applications of thermal analysis curves?
14. Define Phase (P).
15. What is triple point? (May-June 2014)
16. How many phases and components are existing at triple point in ice - water – water vapour
system?
17. Define an alloy. (Jan 2014)
18. Give the composition of Rose metal.
19. What is heat treatment of alloys?
20. Give the composition of Gun metal
21. Calculate the number of phases in the following systems
22. Give the composition of Nichrome and its uses. (May-June 2014)
PART – B
1. State phase rule and explain the terms involved in it. (MAY / JUNE 2014)
2. Draw and explain the phase diagram of one component water system. (JAN 2014) (NOV /
DEC 2014) (APRIL / MAY 2015) (Nov/Dec 2015) (May/June 2016) (NOV / DEC 2016)
(April/May 2017)
3. Explain the two component system with an example. (or) Explain the lead – silver
system.(MAY / JUNE 2014) (APRIL / MAY 2015) (Nov/Dec 2015) (May/June 2016) (NOV /
DEC 2016)
4. What are the significance of purpose of alloying? (APRIL / MAY 2015) (Nov/Dec 2015)
5. What are the Function and effect of alloying elements? (May/June 2016)
6. Explain the heat treatment of steel/alloy. (JAN 2014) (MAY / JUNE 2014) (NOV / DEC
2014) (Nov/Dec 2015) (May/June 2016) (NOV / DEC 2016) (April/May 2017)
7. Give the composition, properties and uses of the following ferrous alloys. (MAY / JUNE
2014) (APRIL / MAY 2015)
8. Give the composition and uses of the following non-ferrous alloys. (JAN 2014) (NOV /
DEC 2014) (APRIL / MAY 2015) (NOV / DEC 2016)
9. Explain the Zn – Mg system. (JAN 2014) (NOV / DEC 2014)
UNIT-V
NANOCHEMISTRY
1. Define Nanotechnology.
2. What is Nanochemistry? (NOV / DEC 2014)
3. Name of the two effects which determine the physical properties of materials.
4. What are nanomaterials? Mention any two of the characteristics properties.
(Nov/Dec 2015) (NOV / DEC 2016)
5. How are the nanometerials classified?
6. What are nanoparticles?
7. What are nanoclusters?
8. Mention any three uses of nanorods.
9. What are nano tubes?
10. What are nanowires? (MAY / JUNE 2014)
11. What is a top down process?
12. What is bottom up process?
13. Mention the various fields in which nanomaterials are used. (May/June 2016)
14. Give the chemical properties of Nano materials.
15. Give the magnetic properties of Nano materials.
16. Give the kinetic properties of Nano materials.
17. How the nanometerials are used in industrial?
20. What are carbon nanotubes? (Jan 2014) (April/May 2017)
21. What is laser ablation? (Jan 2014)
22. What are nanowires? (May-June 2014)
23. Distinguish between bulk material and nano materials. (May-June 2014)
24. Define magic number.
It is defined as the number of atoms in the clusters represents their critical size with highest
PART – B
1. Distinguish molecules, nanoparticles and bulk materials. (Jan 2014) (April / May 2015)
(NOV / DEC 2016)
2. Explain (a) nanoclusters (b) nanowire (c) nano rods with examples. (May / June
2014) (Nov/Dec 2015)
3. Write short notes on carbon nanotubes. (Nov/Dec 2015)
4. What are carbon nanotubes? Explain any three of their important applications. (OR)
Write a note on the applications of Carbon nanotubes. (OR) Discuss the types of
Carbon nanotubes and their applications. (OR) Explain the applications of Carbon
nanotubes.
5. Discuss various types of synthesis involved in the preparation of nanomaterials.
(JAN 2014) (May / June 2014) (April / May 2015) (Nov/Dec 2015) (May/June 2016)
6. Explain the application of nanomaterials. (May / June 2014) (Nov / Dec 2014) (Nov/Dec
2015) (NOV / DEC 2016) (April/May 2017)
7. Discuss any four saliant properties of nanomaterials. (May / June 2014) (May/June
2016) (NOV / DEC 2016)
8. Discuss the size dependent properties of nanomaterials. (May / June 2014) (April / May
2015) (Nov/Dec 2015)
9. Describe the preparation of carbon nanotubes. (Jan 2014) (May / June 2014) (NOV /
DEC 2016) (April/May 2017)
10. Explain nanoclusters and nanowires with examples. (Jan 2014) (May/June 2016)
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
1. What are the composites? Explain its properties and uses.
2. Describe applications of free radical mechanism of addition polymerization.
3. Explain techniques of Polymerization.
4. Discuss applications of Clausius Clapeyron equation and mention its applications.
5. What are applications of Gibb‟s – Helmholtz equation.
EC 6501- DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Important Questions
Unit – I
Part – A
1. State Sampling Theorem.
2. Define Non-Uniform Quantization.
3. State the demerits of digital communication.
4. What is the need for non-uniform quantization?
5. What is the difference between natural and flat top sampling?
6. State any two non-uniform quantization rules.
7. What is natural sampling?
8. Write A-law of compression.
9. Define quantization noise.
10. What is commanding? Sketch the input-output characteristics of a compressor and an expander
Part – B
1. Sampling and Re-construction.
2. Quantization.
Uniform quantization
Non-uniform quantization
Quantization noise
Signal to Quantization noise ratio.
3. Pulse Code Modulation.
4. Time Division Multiplexing.
5. Explain the principle of quantization and obtain the expression for the signal to quantization
noise for the case of a uniform quantizer.
6. Explain the modulation and demodulation processes of pulse code modulation with necessary
diagrams and expressions.
Unit – II
Part – A
1. List any four speech encoding procedures.
2. What is temporal waveform coding?
3. Differentiate the principles of temporal waveform coding and model based coding.
4. Write the limitations of delta modulation.
5. Mention the applications of linear predictive coders.
6. Define APF and APB.
7. Define linear prediction. On what basis are the predictor coefficients determined?
8. What is the advantage of DPCM over PCM?
9. State the advantages of delta modulator.
10. Justify SNR of ADPCM is better than that of DPCM.
Part – B
1. Comparison of waveform coding.
2. DPCM.
3. Delta Modulation drawbacks and Adaptive Delta Modulation.
4. Linear Prediction and Linear Prediction Coding.
5. Describe any one method for Inter Symbol Interference control.
6. Draw the block diagram of an adaptive delta modulator with continuously variable step size and
explain.
7. Explain a DPCM system. Derive the expression for slope overload noise of the system. Also
show that SNR of DPCM is better than that of PCM.
8. Compare PCM system with delta modulation system.
Unit – III
Part – A
1. Give four applications of eye pattern.
2. What are the requirements of a line code?
3. What is ISI (Inter – Symbol Interference)?
4. What is Manchester coding? What are its advantages?
5. “ISI cannot be avoided”, justify the statement.
6. What is line coding?
7. What is the use of eye pattern?
8. State any four desirable properties of a line code.
9. Define the transparency of line code. Give two examples of line code which are not transparent.
Part – B
1. PSD of polar RZ and NRZ
2. PSD of unipolar RZ and NRZ
3. PSD of bipolar NRZ
4. ISI – nyquist criterion for distortionless transmission. (Draw the ISI diagram).(********)
Ideal solution
Practical solution
5. Eye pattern – diagram and use of eye pattern.
6. Equalization – Adaptive Equalization.
7. Explain modified duo binary signaling scheme with and without precoder
Unit – IV
Part – A
1. What are coherent and non-coherent receivers?
2. What is memory-less modulation? Give examples of two such methods.
3. What are the advantages of QPSK over PSK?
4. Draw the signal space diagram for QAM signal for M=8.
5. Draw the constellation diagram for QAM.
6. Mention the advantages of PSK systems.
7. What is QAM?
8. What are coherent systems?
9. What is coherent communication?
Part – B
1. BPSK (generation, reception, geometric representation (Constellation Diagram), Bandwidth)
2. BFSK (generation, reception, geometric representation (Constellation Diagram), Bandwidth)
3. QPSK (generation, reception, geometric representation (Constellation Diagram), Bandwidth)
4. QAM (generation, reception, geometric representation (Constellation Diagram), Bandwidth)
5. PSD or BER of all four (BPSK, BFSK, QPSK & QAM) modulation techniques.
6. Comparison of modulation techniques.
Unit – V
Part – A
1. Define Hamming distance and Hamming weight.
2. Define constraint length of a convolutional code.
3. What is the need for error control coding?
4. State the significance of minimum distance of a block code.
5. State the principles of maximum likelihood detectors.
6. Define code rate of a block code.
7. Find the Hamming distance between 101010 and 010101. If the minimum Hamming distance of
a (n, k) linear block code is 3, what is its minimum Hamming weight?
8. Mention the uses of eye pattern.
Part – B
1. Linear block code – Hamming code
2. Cyclic code (Non-Systematic Code and Systematic Code)
3. Convolutional code (Time domain Approach and Transform domain Approach, Code tree,
Trellis Code, State diagram)
4. Vitterbi decoder (for the given sequence please draw the Vitterbi decoder diagram)
5. Find the generator polynomial for a (7, 4) cyclic code and hence find the code word for [1 0 0 0].
6. Consider a (6, 3) block code and explain how error syndrome helps in correcting a single error
for a data [1 1 0]
ASSIGNMENT - I
EC6501 – DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
1. Explain in detail about the power spectral density of NRZ unipolar and draw the wave from.
2. Derive the power spectral density of NRZ polar and draw the wave form of power spectral
density.
3. Describe the bipolar NRZ power spectral density of coded wave form and draw the power
spectral density wave form.
