1

•Sectionalism (Allegiance to

home state or region)

•Economic concerns(Exports, industry)

•States’ Rights (Over slavery)

•Slavery (Expansion or not)

Underlying causes of the war

2

Lincoln would not assume the presidency until March of 1861. By then seven southern states had seceded and a lame duck President Buchanan and Congress could do little to stop the dissolution of the Union.

3

The election of Abraham Lincoln was the trigger that set off the first wave of secession in the

southern slave states.

4

South Carolina was the first state to leave the Union. Immediately

following Lincoln's election, the fire-eaters called a convention, and six

weeks later the convention unanimously passed an ordinance of

secession.

An ordinance to dissolve the union between the State of South Carolina and other States united with her under the compact entitled "The

Constitution of the United States of America."

We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain… that the union now subsisting between South

Carolina and other States, under the name of the "United States of America," is hereby dissolved.

Done at Charleston the twentieth day of December, in the year of our Lord

one thousand eight hundred and sixty.

South Carolina seceded, December 1860

5

Formation of the Confederate States of America

• Southern state delegates met in Montgomery, Alabama

• Wrote constitution that protected rights of slave owners

• Elected Jefferson Davis first CSA president

6

Union

• Twice as many people

• More manpower for fighting

• More industry and railroads

• Better economy and food production

• Recognition as an independent nation

• Better political leaders

Confederacy

• Better military leaders and military tradition

• “The Cause”

• Importance of cotton to the world economy

• Fighting on home territory

• Fighting a defensive rather than offensive war

Strengths of the North and South

7

Fort Sumter was running out of supplies when Lincoln assumed thepresidency. He informed the Southern commanders at Charleston that he was sending cargo ships to re-supply the fort. Lincoln’s message to the

South was if they wanted to start a war here was their chance. On April 10, 1861, fortress commander Anderson refused Confederate General

Beauregard’s demand to surrender. On April 12th, Confederate batteries opened fire on the fort. The next day, April 13th, Major Anderson

surrendered Fort Sumter and evacuated. The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the opening engagement of the Civil War.

8

Martial law declared in Maryland

Lincoln was faced with pro-Southern feelings in Maryland. A few weeks after Fort Sumter, riots erupted in Baltimore, MD when civilians attacked soldiers from the 6th

Massachusetts Regiment. A mob threw bricks and stones at the soldiers who opened fire into the crowd. At the end, four soldiers and twelve civilians were killed. Martial law was declared in the city and federal

troops arrested both government officials and

private citizens who were held in jail. Federal troops occupied the city for the rest of the war.

9

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Union CSA

Dead

Wounded

Captured/Miss.

Statistics from the Battle at AntietamNine times more Americans died at

Antietam than in the D-Day invasion, the bloodiest

single day of World War II. This single day’s battle included more casualties

than the entire Revolutionary War, War of

1812, and Spanish-American War combined.

10

Antietam gave Lincoln the victory he needed to

announce the Emancipation

Proclamation. On September 22, 1862 he

made the announcement that it would take effect January 1, 1863.

11

Lincoln issued the Proclamation 5 days after Antietam. “On the first day of January, in the year of our Lord 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall be then in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforth, and

forever free.”However, the Emancipation Proclamation did not free many slaves. For example, the border slave states still loyal to the Union were not affected

because Lincoln was concerned that these states might secede if he freed their slaves. Also, the Proclamation obviously did not have any effect in the

Confederacy. However, Lincoln’s proclamation immediately made some runaway slaves that were being held under military control in the “Sea Islands” off the Georgia

coast free men.It was not until the Thirteenth Amendment, passed shortly before the end of

the Civil War, that all slaves were given their freedom.

The Emancipation Proclamation

12

1. “Union in the North” Many northerners lost morale after the large number of casualties in battle and string of defeats suffered by the Union army. The Proclamation gave the North another “cause” to fight for, something more than Lincoln’s original goal of preserving the Union.

2. “Disunion in the South” The Confederacy relied on slave labor to maintain its farms as white males went to fight in the war. As slaves heard about Lincoln’s action, many deserted their plantations when the Union army drew nearer, which hurt the Southern economy and forced some men to remain at home rather than fight.

3. “Kept Britain out of the war” The British made several gestures to the Confederacy, to get Southern cotton growers to sell them the fiber for their textile mills. However, since Britain had recently abolished slavery in the whole of the British Empire it was impossible to support a people whose constitution protected slavery.

3 major immediate effects of the Emancipation Proclamation

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Women and the Civil War

All wars have similar effects on women. Women are often left in charge of the household, dealing with money, business,

and running a farm.

For the war effort women were nurses, spies, and active in charity organizations at home.

14

•Before the war was known for working for better treatment for mentally ill

•Advocated for women to be sent to the front lines as nurses, as was done in Europe

•Secretary of War Simon Cameron agreed and named Dix “Superintendent of Nurses”

•Nicknamed “Dragon Dix”because she was so strict about which women she would allow as battlefield nurses (only older, drab women)

Dorothea Dix

15

•Became a nurse during the Civil War even though she had no prior experience other than caring for her ill brother

•Lobbied Congress to bring her own medical supplies to battles

•Became well-known because of work at Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Second Manassas

•Became known as “Angel of the Battlefield” for her work

•Later founded American Red Cross

Clara Barton

16

•Traveled throughout the war years with Union troops

•Assisted with medical procedures, feed troops and established field hospitals

•Worked with the U.S. Sanitary Commission to establish 300 field hospitals

•Pushed for high standards from medical staff, even discharging some doctors

•Assisted soldiers in at least 19 different battles throughout the war

Mary Ann Bickerdyke

17

•Her parents were close with the abolitionist Garrison and she was active in Cincinnati

•Became the first woman to graduate from medical school.

•Organized Women’s Central Organization of Relief at start of Civil War, which led to the formation of US Sanitary Commission, which she was also involved with.

Elizabeth Blackwell

18

•One of the first women to graduate from Syracuse Medical College

•Proponent of women’s rights and “dress reform” (she frequently wore men’s trousers)

•Not accepted as a physician early in the Civil War, she worked as a nurse and spy for the Union.

•Later worked as a surgeon in Army of the Cumberland. Taken prisoner by Confederacy, released in prisoner exchange.

•Was awarded Medal of Honor

Mary Edwards Walker

19

Some women were not satisfied with traditional “female” roles, such as being nurses or spies. Instead, they disguised themselves and fought on the front lines as regular army troops. The two pictures at the left are of Frances Clalin, who served in the

Missouri militia and cavalry units. At right, the two pictures show Sarah Edmonds Seelye who served two years in the Second Michigan Infantry, and was awarded a pension in 1886.

Women as soldiers