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A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

E - WASTE

Submitted By: -

DHADGE SUDHIR B. KUMBHAR PANKAJ R.

CHOUGALE RUSHIKESH S. NADAGE DEEPAK B.

MALI VINAYAK V.

Under the guidance of

Prof. N. N. PATIL

2011 - 2012

RAJARAMBAPU INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAJARAMNAGAR.


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We hereby present the project on E -WASTE

We express our sincere vote of thanks to project guide

Prof. N.N.Patil, R.I.T. Sakharale, for giving personal attention and valuable

guidance and taking interest in completing this project.

We express our gratitude to them for providing necessary facilities

for the completion of project.

We give special thanks to Prof. H.T. Jadhav, HOD of Electrical

Engineering Department for his encouragement.

We would like to thank our principal Dr. Mrs. S. S. Kulkarni

for her active co- operation and encouragement.

We once again thankful to all those, who directly or indirectly help

us in completing this project and making it pleasurable knowledgeable

experience.

Thanking You,


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K. E. Societys

Rajarambapu Institute of Technology ,Rajaramnagar

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

C C ee r r t t ii f f ii c c a a t tee This is to certify that following students of S.E.

Electrical Engineering have successfully completed

the Project report entitled

E-WASTE

In the partial fulfillment of Degree in the Electrical Engineering, of

Shivaji University, Kolhapur during academic year 2011-2012.Submitted By:-

DHADGE SUDHIR B. 2592

KUMBHAR PANKAJ R. .. 2591

CHOUGALE RUSHIKESH S. ..2586

NADAGE DEEPAK B. . 2587

MALI VINAYAK V. .. .2551

Prof. Patil N. N. Prof. Jadhav H.T. Dr. Mrs. Kulkarni S.S.R.I.T. Electrical Engg. Dept. R.I.T


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I the undersigned here by declare that this project entitled GROWTH OF

E-WASTE IN INDIA is original work prepared by us under the guidance of

Prof. N. N. PATIL The empirical findings in this project are based on data

collected by me. The matter presented in this project is not copied from any

source.

I the undersigned give surety that any such copy is liable for punishment

in any way the University deem to fit .This work has not been submitted to the

award of any degree or diploma either to Shivaji University, Kolhapur or any

other University.

This work is humbly submitted to SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY as Project

under the curriculum.

Place: Rajaramnagar

Date: 08/04/2012


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INDEX:

PAGE NO:

ABSTRACT .6

INTRODUCTION ..7

E-WASTE.8

1.WHAT IS E-WASTE?2.SOURCES OF E-WASTE?3.METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF E-WASTE?4.HAZARDS IN E-WASTE?

EXPORT OF E- WASTE ..12

EFFECT ON ENVIOR NMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH....13

EFFECTS OF E-WASTE CONSTITUENTS ON HEALTH ...15

E-WASTE THE INDIAN CONTENT..17

E-WAST E MANAGEMENT....22

METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF E- WASTE..24

CASE STUDY...29

PHOTOGRAPHS AT SITE ...30

CONCLUSION..32

REFFERENCES....33


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ABSTRACT

Electronic waste or E-waste is the most rapidly growing waste problem in the world.

It is a crisis not only of quantity but also a crisis born from toxic ingredients such as the lead,

beryllium, mercury, cadmium, and brominated- flame retardants that pose both an

occupational and environmental health threat. Even developed countries like the USA have

tried to skirt the problem. Continued negligence from all quarters has led to this issue

snowballing into a major environmental issue today.

Electronic waste is generated by three major sectors, viz. Individuals and small

businesses; Large businesses, institutions, and governments; and Original Equipment

Manufacturers (OEMs). This seminar focuses on the various occupational an environmental

hazard associated with e-wastes and the role played by industrialized countries like the USA

in aiding this phenomenon. Today Asia is a very vulnerable destination for the world's e-

waste. This seminar tries to explore the reasons for the same and suggest recommendations to

tackle this problem and tries to find the solutions. The seminar also explores the significance

of e-waste in the Indian context and suggests frameworks and models for tackling the issue.


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E-WASTE

The last decade has seen tremendous growth in the field of information technology all

over the world. The benefits of the IT revolution has been proved and well enumerated. But

just beneath the glamorous surface of the benefits and the wealth created by the information

technology revolution looms a darker reality. Vast resource consumption and waste

generation are increasing at alarming rates. The electronics industry is the worlds largest and

fastest growing manufacturing industry, and as a consequence of this growth, combined with

rapid product obsolescence, discarded electronics or E-waste, is now the fastest growing

waste stream in the industrialized world.

WHAT IS E-WASTE?

E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their

"useful life." Computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, and fax machines are common

electronic products. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled.

Unfortunately, electronic discards is one of the fastest growing segments of our nation's

waste stream.

E-waste has become a problem of crisis proportions because of two primary characteristics:

1. E-waste is hazardous : The vast amount of computers, televisions, mobile phones and the

like that are disposed of every year all contain a variety of toxic substances. When electronics

are dumped in landfills, or when the waste is incinerated, contaminants and toxic chemicals

are generated and released into the ground or air. Given the sheer magnitude of e-waste

generated each year, the problems that these toxins present increase exponentially as they

progressively pollute the environment and threaten to enter the food chain.

2. E-waste is generated at an alarming rate: Due to the rapidly evolving technology, the

rates of obsolescence are extreme, thereby producing much higher volumes of waste in

comparison to other consumer goods.


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SOURCES OF E-WASTE

Electronic waste is generated by three major sectors Individuals and small businesses Large businesses, institutions, and governments Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs).

Individuals and Small Businesses: Due to the new technologies, the rate of obsolescence is

very high. Thus, electronic equipment, and computers in particular, are often discarded by

households and small businesses, not because they are broken but simply because new

technology has left them obsolete or undesirable.

Large corporations, institutions, and government: Large corporate and institutional users

upgrade employee computers regularly, say every 3-4 years. Such corporate policies lead to

huge amounts of e-waste.

Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM): OEMs generate E-waste when units coming

off the production line dont meet quality standards, and must be disposed of.


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HAZARDS IN E-WASTE

E-waste contains a witches brew of toxic substances. Some of the potentially

hazardous metals that are part of this e-waste are lead, barium, cadmium, tin etc. These heavy

metals are mostly toxic and heavy exposure to them can cause diseases like silicosis,

respiratory irritation, pulmonary edema and even death in some cases. The impact of e-

waste may be broadly classified into two categories:

1. Downstream Impacts: Hazardous waste trade is fundamentally unjust and

environmentally damaging since it victimizes the poor, burdening them with toxic exposure

and environmental degradation. This is especially egregious when victims get little benefit

from the industrialization that created the waste in the first place.

2. Upstream Impacts : Hazardous waste trade allows waste generators to externalize their

costs, creating a major disincentive to finding true solutions upstream for the problems they

create. As long as one can cheaply dump their waste problems on poorer economies, there

will never be incentives to minimize hazardous waste at the source. This forestalls the

necessary innovation to solve environmental problems through design.


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Possible Hazardous Substances in Components

Component Possible Hazardous ContentMetal

Motor \ Compressor

Cooling ODS

Plastic Phthalate plasticize, BFR

Insulation Insulation ODS in foam, asbestos, refractory ceramicfiber

Glass

CRT Lead, Antimony, Mercury, PhosphorsLCD Mercury

Rubber Phthalate plasticizer, BFR

Wiring / Electrical Phthalate plasticizer, Lead, BFR

Concrete

Transformer

Circuit Board Lead, Beryllium, Antimony, BFR

Fluorescent Lamp Mercury, Phosphorus, Flame RetardantsIncandescent Lamp

Heating Element

Thermostat Mercury

BFR containing plastic BFRs

Batteries Lead, Lithium, Cadmium, Mercury

CFC, HCFC, HFC, HC Ozone depleting substances

External electric cables BFRs, plasticizers

Electrolyte Capacitors (over L/D25mm)

Glycol, other unknown substances


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HOW MUCH E-WASTE IS EXPORTED?

The answer to how much e- waste is actually exported is anybodys guess. However,

there have been some serious studies which provide estimates of the amount of U.S.

computers that go or will go to recyclers each year. One such study compiled by the Graduate

School of Industrial Administration of Carnegie Mellon University, concludes that in the year

2002, 12.75 million computer units went to recyclers in the U.S. Based on this estimate, and

with a rate of 80%

moving offshore to Asia,

the total amount would

equate to 10.2 million

units. This is the

equivalent of a tightly

stacked pile of computer

waste one acre square

and 674 feet high -- a

height more than twice

the height of the Statue of Liberty from ground to torch!


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local environment and broader global air currents, depositing highly toxic by products in

many places throughout the world.

Table summarizes the health effects of certain constituents in e-wastes. If

these electronic items are discarded with other household garbage, the toxics pose a threat

to both health and vital components of the ecosystem. In view of the ill-effects of

hazardous wastes to both environment and health, several countries exhorted the need for a

global agreement to address the problems and challenges posed by hazardous waste. Also,

in the late 1980s, a tightening of environmental regulations in industrialized countries led

to a dramatic rise in the cost of hazardous waste disposal. Searching for cheaper ways toget rid of the wastes, "toxic traders" began shipping hazardous waste to developing

countries. International outrage following these irresponsible activities led to the drafting

and adoption of strategic plans and regulations at the Basel Convention. The Convention

secretariat, in Geneva, Switzerland, facilitates and implementation of the Convention and

related agreements. It also provides assistance and guidelines on legal and technical issues,

gathers statistical data, and conducts training on the proper management of hazardous

waste.


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EFECTS OF E-WASTE CONSTITUENT ON HEALTH

Source of e-wastes Constituent Health effects

Solder in printed circuit boards,glass panels and gaskets incomputer monitors

Lead (PB)

Damage to central and peripheralnervous systems, blood systemsand kidney damage.

Affects brain development of children.

Chip resistors and semiconductors Cadmium (CD)

Toxic irreversible effects onhuman health.

Accumulates in kidney and liver. Causes neural damage. Teratogenic.

Relays and switches, printed circuitboards Mercury (Hg)

Chronic damage to the brain. Respiratory and skin disorders due

to bioaccumulation in fishes.

Corrosion protection of untreatedand galvanized steel plates,decorator or hardener for steelhousings

Hexavalentchromium (Cr) VI

Asthmatic bronchitis. DNA damage.

Cabling and computer housing Plastics includingPVC

Burning produces dioxin. It causes

Reproductive and developmentalproblems;

Immune system damage; Interfere with regulatory hormones

Plastic housing of electronicequipments and circuit boards.

Brominated flameretardants (BFR)

Disrupts endocrine systemfunctions


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Front panel of CRTs Barium (Ba)

Short term exposure causes:

Muscle weakness; Damage to heart, liver and spleen .

Motherboard Beryllium (Be)

Carcinogenic (lung cancer) Inhalation of fumes and dust.

Causes chronic beryllium diseaseor beryllicosis.

Skin diseases such as warts.


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E-WASTE: THE INDIAN CONTEXT

The Electronics industry has emerged as the fastest growing segment of Indian

industry both in terms of production and exports. The share of software services in

electronics and IT sector has gone up from 38.7 per cent in 1998-99 to 61.8 percent in 2003-

04. A review of the industry statistics show that in 1990-91, hardware accounted for nearly

50% of total IT revenues while software's share was 22%. The scenario changed by 1994-95,

with hardware share falling to 38% and software's share rising to 41%. This shift in the IT

industry began with liberalization, and the opening up of Indian markets together with which

there was a change in India's import policies vis--vis hardware leading to substitution of domestically produced hardware by imports. Since the early 1990s, the software industry has

been growing at a compound annual growth rate of over 46% (supply chain management,

1999). Output of computers in value terms, for example, increased by 36.0, 19.7 and 57.6 per

cent in 2000-01, 2002-03, and 2003-04, respectively. Within this segment, the IT industry is

prime mover with an annual growth rate of 42.4% between 1995 and 2000. By the end of

financial year 2005-06, India had an installed base of 4.64 million desktops, about 431

thousand notebooks and 89 thousand servers. As per MAIT estimates, the Indian PC industryare growing at a 25% compounded annual growth rate.

This growth has significant economic and social impacts. The increase of electronic products,

consumption rates and higher obsolescence rate leads to higher generation of electronic waste

(e-waste). The increasing obsolescence rates of electronic products added to the huge import

of junk electronics from abroad create complex scenario for solid waste management in India.


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The e-waste inventory based on this obsolescence rate and installed base in India for the year

2005 has been estimated to be 146180.00 tones. This is expected to exceed 8, 00,000 tones by

2012.Sixty-five cities in India generate more than 60% of the total e-waste generated in India.

Ten states generate 70% of the total e-waste generated in India. Maharashtra ranks first

followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka,

Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab in the list of e-waste generating states in India. Among

top ten cities generating e-waste, Mumbai ranks first followed by Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai,

Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur. There are two small WEEE/E-

waste dismantling facilities are functioning in Chennai and Bangalore. There is no large scale

organized e-waste recycling facility in India and the entire recycling exists in un-organized

sector.

The Indian economy has been growing at a fast rate for the last decade. This growth has been

on the back of globalization and the IT revolution. In terms of production, internal


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consumption and electronics export industries have emerged as the fastest growing segment

of Indian industry. Over the last five years, the Indian IT industry has recorded a CAGR

(Compounded Annual Growth Rate) of more than 42.4 per cent, which is almost double the

growth rate of IT industries in many of the developed countries. In the IT action plan, the

government has targeted to increase the present level of penetration, from 5 per 500 people to

1 for 50 people, by 2008. This envisages applying IT in every walk of the economic and

social life of the country. When compared to the USA, the Indian configuration of 5 PCs per

500 people does not represent any sign of massive rise in PCs obsolescence rate. B ut of the

nearly 5 million PCs in India, 1.38 million are either 486s or below. The biggest source of PC

scrap are foreign countries that export huge quantities of computer waste in the form of

monitors, printers, keyboards, CPUs, typewriters, PVC wires, etc. Due to the hazards

involved, disposing and recycling E-waste has serious legal and environmental implications.

These materials are complex and difficult to recycle in an environmentally sound manner

even in well-developed countries. The recycling of computer waste requires sophisticated

technology and processes, which are not only very expensive, but also need specific skills

and training for the operation. In India, most of the recyclers currently engaged in recycling

activities do not have this expensive technology to handle the waste. Computer scrap ismanaged through various management alternatives such as product reuse, conventional

disposal in landfills, incineration and recycling. However, the disposal and recycling of

computer waste in the country has become a serious problem since the methods of disposal

are very rudimentary and pose grave environmental and health hazards. In addition, besides

handling its own computer waste, India now also has to manage the waste being dumped by

other countries. Solid waste management, which is already a mammoth task in India, has

become more complicated by the invasion of e-waste, particularly computer waste. Theproblems associated with e-waste in India started surfacing after the first phase of economic

liberalization, after 1990. That year witnessed a shift from in economic policy in turn

triggering off an increase in the consumption pattern. This period also witnessed a shift in the

pattern of governance. It ushered in an era of infrastructure reform and e-governance. This

shift is marked by the application of information technology in a big way in all areas. These

developments, along with indigenous technological advancement, have lead to an addition of

wide gamut of e-waste churned out from Indian households, commercial establishments,


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industries and public sectors, into the waste stream. Solid waste management, which is

already a mammoth task in India, has become more complicated by the invasion of e-waste,

particularly computer waste to India, from different parts of the world. Indigenous as well as

imported computer waste has lead to the emergence of a thriving market of computer waste

products and processing units for material recovery in different parts of India. So trade in e-

waste is camouflaged and is a thriving business in India, conducted under the pretext of

obtaining reusable equipment or donations from developed nations.


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Regulations

To combat the ever growing e-waste problem, India needs to have strong rules and

regulations in place. Over the years, the government has instituted a number of regulations

for better management of hazardous waste in the country. Some of these regulations are given

below: Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989/2000/2002

MoEF Guidelines for Management and Handling of Hazardous Wastes,1991 Guidelines for Safe Road Transport of Hazardous Chemicals,1995 The Public Liability Act, 1991

Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995 Bio-Medical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 and 2002

Unfortunately, none of these regulations deal directly and specifically with e-waste.

Loopholes in the Current Legal System

There are no specific laws or guidelines for electronic waste or computer waste. Flexible

interpretations of the rules framed by the DGFT. This enables the Customs Authorities to

take on-the-spot decisions and provide rules exemption There is no Exim code for trade in

second-hand computers for donation purpose or for resale, same Exim code as new

computers under chapter 84 of the Indian Customs Tariff Act. Exporters sometimes club old

and junk computers along with new ones. Flexibility in the interpretation of rules, make adistinction between capital goods and non-capital goods; e.g. old computers imported as a

donation to educational or charitable institutions come under the capital goods category.

Being capital goods, they are then under the free list and access various tax benefits.


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E-WASTE MANAGEMENT The current e-waste management and disposal methods suffer from a number of

drawbacks like inadequate legislations, lack of funds, poor awareness and reluctance on part

of the governments and the corporate to address the critical issues. A plan of action for e-

waste management has to address the above mentioned issues in order to come up with a

sustainable solution. The most important participants/stake holders in any action plan would

be:

1. The society, represented by NGOs and Environmental activists/scientists2. Government - policy makers

3. Corporate - R&D teams

4. Media - for awareness and public education

The extension of customer support services by the IT industry to cover the management of

redundant IT equipment from the commercial sector could help tackle two related

environmental and economic concerns. These are: the environmental effects of resource

consumption and materials disposal from the production of IT products, and the development

of more enduring customer relationships through the provision of full product life-cycle

services.

Transparency and accountability to the public

Handling large amounts of e-waste poses risks of toxic contamination to workers and

surrounding communities if conducted carelessly. Thus, the most basic criterion that

employees and citizens should rightfully expect from any recycling operation is that it be

open to public inspection.

General compliance with occupational health and safety standards

Observance of health and safety standards in the workplace is important for protecting

workers from exposure to toxics. It is also a powerful indicator of broader compliance with

environmental requirements. Well-trained workers, who are fully protected by the law to seek

advice and take action to protect their health and the environment without fear of reprisal

from their employer, are the most effective environmental protection. Operations that expose

workers to hazards also frequently fail to protect communities around their facilities from


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dangerous emissions. Seldom does an industrial facility with a well-managed occupational

health and safety program, and workers who are fully empowered to initiate corrective

actions, violate environmental standards.

Use of best recycling practices and their potential for wide adoption by the private

sector

Electronic waste is a fairly new category of resource recovery. As the nation responds to

this growing challenge to waste management systems and the environment, we must quickly

develop the infrastructure required to handle huge volumes of e-waste. How do we build this

new segment of our economy so that it is thriving, sustainable and independent of the public

treasury?

.

Establishment of a consultative group : A group of people for e-waste management to

undertake consultative work has to be established. The group of people will assess the needs

and help in preparing a thorough study, knowledge sharing and capacity building programs

for a proposed e-waste disposal system. Successfully implemented projects can help in

sharing the best practices. Typically, such a network would include environmental scientists,

NGOs, Government representatives and corporate.Preparing studies and creating a plan of action: Baseline studies will include inventories

and existing technical as well as policy measures for e-waste management. Based on the

baseline studies strategies for e-waste management should be developed at national and sub-

regional levels.

Building capacity and a knowledge base: It is proposed to establish a knowledge base on e-

waste in order to promote the quantitative base. The knowledge base will include guidelines

and good practices on e-waste management. Capacity building activities such as training andawareness programs will also be carried out to enhance the knowledge on e-waste

management.

To control and or prevent the potential damage of e-wastes: Enhancing the technical,

legal and administrative capabilities of countries and promoting the use of environment

friendly designs and marketing methods.


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METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF E-WASTE

The e-waste that is generated is usually disposed of in the following ways:

1. Landfill: A landfill is a disposal area where garbage is piled up and eventually covered

with dirt and topsoil. E-waste is most often dumped into landfills, mostly by small businesses

and households. Over time the e-waste leads to certain amount of chemical and metal

leaching. This can very often lead to groundwater contamination.

2. Incineration: Sometimes, the e-waste is burnt in incinerators. Incineration often leads to

the formation of harmful toxic gases like dioxins and furans, which escape to the atmosphere

and contaminate it.


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3. Re-use: About 3%-5% of the computers that have been discarded by their users are re-

used. Re-use constitutes direct second-hand use or use after slight modifications are made to

the original functioning equipment memory upgrades, etc. Often nonworking old computers

are repaired and resold for a profit in developing countries. These older units obviously have

a limited life span and end up as waste sooner or later in these developing countries.

Recycling : In order to combat the environmental impact of improper electronic waste

disposal, many organizations have opted to recycle their old technology. But while recycling

is growing in popularity, rates are still low. After all possibilities for re-use have been

exhausted and a computer is slated for disposal, it is sent for recycling. By this is meant that

the old raw materials are reclaimed to be made use of in making new products. However, the

costs of recycling are high. Thus, most recyclers, due to the costs of dealing with the disposal

of non-recyclable parts and the expense of dealing carefully with the toxic waste components

of old computers, are not willing to take computers for recycling unless the owner is willing

to pay them to take it.

4. Best Available Technology

Best available technologies (BAT) have been described by highlighting the existing WEEE

treatment process in Switzerland (Europe) and Japan. The salient features of these

technologies are given below.

1. The process combines manual and machine procedures.

2. The E-waste is at first cut, crushed and finally sorted into discreet product streams.

These streams consist of scrap iron, non-ferrous metal fractions, PC and TV casing

components (consisting of wood and plastics), granulates of mixed plastics, cathode

ray tubes, printed circuit boards, copper cables, components containing organic

pollutants such as batteries and condensers, and fine particulates (dust).


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3. The machine processes include breaking of / crushing the equipment in a hammermill. Further, the crushed material is separated according to density, granulate size

and magnetic properties, and multiple pulverizations by milling using magnetic and

eddy current separation systems.

The analysis of the best available technology shows that the process uses a combination of

magnetic and electric conductivity based separation. The research publications sites that

magnetic separators, in particular, low-intensity drum separators are widely used for the

recovery of ferromagnetic metals from non-ferrous metals and other non-magnetic wastes.

Over the past decade, there have been many advances in the design and operation of high-

intensity magnetic separators, mainly as a result of the introduction of rare earth alloy

permanent magnets capable of providing very high field strengths and gradients. Literature

cites that magnetic separation leads to recovery of about 90% to 95% of ferrous metal from

E-waste. Currently, eddy current separators are almost exclusively used for waste reclamation

where they are particularly suited to handling the relatively coarse sized feeds of size > 5

mm. However, recent developments show that eddy current separation process has been

designed to separate small particles. It has been reported that eddy current separation leads to

more than 90 % recovery of non-ferrous metals from the E-waste.


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Recoverable quantity of elements in a PC

Elements Content (% of total weight)

Content(Kg)

Recyclingefficiency (%)

Recoverable weight of element (kg)

Plastics 23 6.25 20% 1.25069408

Lead 6 1.71 5% 0.08566368

Aluminum 14 3.85 80% 3.08389248

Germanium 0.0016 0.00 0% 0

Gallium 0.0013 0.00 0% 0

Iron 20 5.57 80% 4.45453312

Tin 1 0.27 70% 0.19188512Copper 7 1.88 90% 1.69614576

Barium 0.0315 0.01 0% 0

Nickel 0.8503 0.23 0% 0

Zinc 2 0.60 60% 0.35979072

Vanadium 0.0002 0.00 0% 0

Beryllium 0.0157 0.00 0% 0

Gold 0.0016 0.00 99% 0.000430848

Europium 0.0002 0.00 0% 0

Tritium 0.0157 0.00 0% 0

Ruthenium 0.0016 0.00 80% 0.00034816

Cobalt 0.0157 0.00 85% 0.00362984

Palladium 0.0003 0.00 95% 0.00007752

Manganese 0.0315 0.01 0% 0

Silver 0.0189 0.01 98% 0.005037984

Antinomy 0.0094 0.00 0% 0Bismuth 0.0063 0.00 0% 0

Chromium 0.0063 0.00 0% 0

Cadmium 0.0094 0.00 0% 0

Selenium 0.0016 0.00 70% 0.00030464

Mercury 0.0022 0.00 0% 0

Arsenic 0.0013 0.00 0% 0

Silica 24.8803 6.77 0% 0


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4. Green solution to e-waste

Industrial nations around the world are struggling with a vast weight of electronic scrap. In 2000alone, six million tons of waste electronic and electric equipment (WEEE) were generated, and in theEuropean Union, electronic refuse is growing three times as fast as household waste.

This has prompted the EU to implement regulations to stem this growing tide. Beginning nextyear, manufacturers will be required to take back and recycle old equipment, although atpresent the logistics of this effort have yet to be finalized in many countries.

An additional challenge facing the industry is the requirement to eliminate the use of lead inelectronic equipment as of 2006. At the world's largest international conference devoted toenvironmental protection in the electronics industry - Electronic goes Green 2004 - in Berlin,September 6-8 - representatives from leading companies are presenting updates on the use of lead-free soldering, as well as strategies for the ecological and economically viablemanagement of electronic waste.

Among them are researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and MicrointegrationIZM in Berlin, who are developing and testing the reliability and environmental impact of lead-free systems. This includes conventional interconnection technologies such as surfacemounted devices (SMD) and state-of-the-art techniques, including wafer level bumping andflip chip packaging.

The classic approach to the disposal of old electronic equipment is shredding, recovering thecopper and precious metals and converting the plastic into energy, in most cases throughincineration. But a more economical alternative is re-using entire components in newproducts, simply to meet the demand for spare parts.

Together with colleagues from the Technical University Berlin, the IZM researchers havedeveloped an automated repair and disassembly line, initially targeting the automobileelectronics industry as


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REFERENCES:

1. CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROLE BOARD.

2. SOLID WASTE & RECYCLING, October/November 2002.

3. http://www.metro-region.org/library_docs/recycling .

4. http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Electronics/WhatisEwaste .

5. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .by:A.D.BHIDE.
http://www.metro-region.org/library_docs/recyclinghttp://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Electronics/WhatisEwastehttp://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Electronics/WhatisEwastehttp://www.metro-region.org/library_docs/recycling

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