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Air Pollution Control Programme MEE

1

DRAFT National Air Pollution Control Programme, 2019,

Croatia

Courtesy Translation in English provided by the

Translation Services of the European Commission

DRAFT


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DRAFT PROPOSAL FOR THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

PROGRAMME

ZAGREB, 2019


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CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 10

1.1. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME

DRAFTING .................................................................................................................. 11

1.2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROGRAMME............................................ 13

1.3. AVAILABLE DATA SOURCES ................................................................................. 15

2. THE NATIONAL AIR QUALITY AND POLLUTION POLICY FRAMEWORK .. 17

2.1. SHORT COMMENT ON THE STATUS IN RELATION TO THE CURRENT

PROGRAMME ............................................................................................................. 17

2.2. POLICY PRIORITIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PRIORITIES SET IN

OTHER RELEVANT POLICY AREAS ...................................................................... 18

2.2.1. COHERENCE OF INVENTORIES AND PROJECTIONS .....................................................33

2.2.2. COHERENCE WITH PLANS AND PROGRAMMES ............................................................39

2.3. RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES 50

3. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PaMs IN REDUCING EMISSIONS AND

IMPROVING AIR QUALITY, AND THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH

NATIONAL AND EU OBLIGATIONS .......................................................................... 61

3.1. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PAMs IN REDUCING EMISSIONS, AND THE

DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND EU OBLIGATIONS ......... 61

3.2. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PaMs IN IMPROVING AIR QUALITY, AND

THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND EU OBLIGATIONS 68

3.3. CURRENT TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACT OF DOMESTIC EMISSION SOURCES .. 83

4. PROJECTED FURTHER EVOLUTION ASSUMING NO CHANGE TO ALREADY

ADOPTED PaMs ............................................................................................................... 85

4.1. EMISSION PROJECTIONS AND EMISSION REDUCTIONS (WM SCENARIO) . 94

4.1.1. METHODOLOGIES AND MODELS, STARTING PARAMETERS AND ASSUMPTIONS

FOR THE PREPARATION OF PROJECTIONS (WM SCENARIO) .....................................99


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4.1.2. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF PROJECTIONS .....................................................................99

4.2. PROJECTED IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY (WM) AND PROJECTED

DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE (projected number of compliant and non-compliant

zones for AAQD pollutants) ....................................................................................... 101

5. POLICY OPTIONS CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION

REDUCTION COMMITMENTS FOR 2020 AND 2030, INTERMEDIATE

EMISSION LEVELS FOR 2025, AND STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ........ 106

5.1. DETAILS OF PaM OPTIONS CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION

REDUCTION COMMITMENTS (REPORTING AT PaM LEVEL) (point 2.6.1) ... 106

5.2. AIR QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENT IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL PaMs OR

PACKAGES OF PAMs CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION

REDUCTION COMMITMENTS (point 2.6.2) .......................................................... 117

5.3. COST-BENEFIT CALCULATION FOR INDIVIDUAL PaMs OR PACKAGES OF

PaMs CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION

COMMITMENTS ....................................................................................................... 117

5.4. ADDITIONAL DETAILS FOR POLICY OPTIONS FROM PART 2 OF ANNEX III

TO DIRECTIVE (EU) 2016/2284 TARGETING THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR TO

COMPLY WITH THE REDUCTION COMMITMENTS ......................................... 119

6. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ........................................................................... 124

7. MEASURES AND POLICIES SELECTED FOR ADOPTION BY SECTOR,

INCLUDING A TIMETABLE FOR THEIR ADOPTION, IMPLEMENTATION

AND REVIEW AND THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE ......... 128

7.1. INDIVIDUAL PaM OR PACKAGE OF PaMs SELECTED FOR ADOPTION AND

THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE ............................................. 128

7.2. ASSESSMENT OF HOW SELECTED PaMs ENSURE COHERENCE WITH

PLANS AND PROGRAMMES SET IN OTHER RELEVANT POLICY AREAS .. 131

8. PROJECTED COMBINED IMPACTS OF PAMS ('WITH ADDITIONAL

MEASURES' – WAM) ON EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS, AIR QUALITY AND THE

ENVIRONMENT AND THE ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTIES. ........................... 132


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8.1. PROJECTED ATTAINMENT OF EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS .. 132

8.2. NON-LINEAR EMISSION REDUCTION TRAJECTORY...................................... 136

8.3. USE OF FLEXIBILITIES .......................................................................................... 139

8.4. PROJECTED IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY ................................................ 139

8.5. PROJECTED IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT .............................................. 141

8.6. METHODOLOGIES AND UNCERTAINTIES OF WAM PaM OPTIONS ............ 142

8.7. MONITORING THE PROGRESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

MEASURES AND NATIONAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME

IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................................. 143

9. DISSEMINATION OF THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME ....... 145

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 147

ANNEX 1 DESCRIPTION OF CURRENTLY APPLIED AND ADOPTED PaMs ...................... 150

ANNEX 2 STARTING PARAMETERS AND ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE PROJECTIONS ..... 167


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1: Emission quotas for the period up to 2020 under Article 5 of the NEC Decree.......... 11

Table 1-2: Table 5 of Annex I to the NEC Decree ......................................................................... 14

Table 2-1: Overview of the action plans according to reports in the e-reporting system (item H)

....................................................................................................................................................... 39

Table 2-2: Overview of action plan measures according to reports in the e-reporting system

(item K) .......................................................................................................................................... 40

Table 4-1: Overview of adopted and applied PaMs whose impact is integrated into the WM

scenario ......................................................................................................................................... 85

Table 4-2: Overview of sensitivity analysis ................................................................................... 99

Table 8-1: Overview of sensitivity analysis ................................................................................. 142

Table P 2-1: Projection assumptions – Energy and Transport ................................................... 167

Table P 2-2: Projection assumptions – Industrial processes and product use ........................... 169

Table P 2-3: Projection assumptions – Agriculture .................................................................... 169

Table P 2-4: Projection assumptions – Waste ............................................................................. 157

Table P 2-5: Projection parameters – general parameters ........................................................ 158

Table P 2-6: Projection parameters – energy: total fuel consumption, electricity generation, WM

scenario ....................................................................................................................................... 158

Table P 2-7: Projection parameters – energy: (final) end-use energy consumption .................. 158

Table P 2-8: Projection parameters – climate ............................................................................ 159

Table P 2-9: Projection parameters – industry ........................................................................... 159

Table P 2-10: Projection parameters – transport ....................................................................... 159

Table P 2-11: Projection parameters – agriculture .................................................................... 159

Table P 2-12: Projection parameters – waste ............................................................................. 160


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4-1: Historical trend and SO2 emission projections, WM scenario .................................. 95

Figure 4-2: Historical trend and NOX emission projections, WM scenario ................................. 95

Figure 4-3: Historical trend and NH3 emission projections, WM scenario ................................. 96

Figure 4-4: Historical trend and NMVOC emission projections, WM scenario .........................................96

Figure 4-5: Historical trend and PM2.5 emission projections, WM scenario ..............................................97

Figure 4-6: Historical trend and PM10 emission projections, WM scenario ................................ 97

Figure 4-7: Emissions sensitivity analysis compared to WM scenario ........................................ 99

Figure 8-1: Historical trend and SO2 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario ............... 132

Figure 8-2: Historical trend and NOX emission projections, WM and WAM scenario .............. 133

Figure 8-3: Historical trend and NH3 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario .............. 134

Figure 8-4: Historical trend and NMVOC emission projections, WM and WAM scenario ....... 134

Figure 8-5: Historical trend and PM2.5 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario ............ 135

Figure 8-6: Historical trend and PM10 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario ............. 135

Figure 8-7: Emissions sensitivity analysis compared to WAM scenario .................................... 143


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AEI Average exposure indicator

CAEN Croatian Agency for Environment and Nature (until 31 December 2018 – from 1 January

2019 the Ministry took over the Agency’s work)

CLRTAP Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

CMHS Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service

CRF Common Reporting Format

(UNFCCC)

CV Target values

DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

EEA European Environment Agency

EIONET European Environment Information and Observation Network

EMEP

Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and

Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe

EPEEF Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund

ESD Effort Sharing Decision 406/2009/EC

ESIF European Structural and Investment Funds

EU European Union

EU ETS EU Emissions Trading System

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GP Gothenburg Protocol

GT Tolerance limit

GV Limit values

H2S Hydrogen sulfide

NECD National Emission Ceiling Directive

NFR Nomenclature for Reporting (according to the LRTAP Convention)

IIR Informative Inventory Report (according to the LRTAP Convention)

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

LG Local government

LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry

NH3 Ammonia

NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compounds

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

O3 Ozone

P Annex (Cr. abbr. prilog)

PaM Policy and Measures

Pb Lead

PM2.5 Particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm

PM10 Particles of aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm


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RLS Regional local self-government

SEAP Sustainable Energy Action Plan

SO2 Sulphur dioxide

TERT Technical expert review team

TSP Total suspended particles

UNECE United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Zn Zinc

Note: The Act Amending the Act on the Structure and Competences of Ministries and Other Central State

Administration Authorities (Narodne Novine (NN; Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia) No

116/18) and the Act Amending the Environmental Protection Act (NN No 118/18) abolished the Croatian

Agency for Environment and Nature, so professional and analytical activities of nature protection and

environmental protection, and of environmental and nature data and information collecting and

harmonising for the purpose of ensuring and monitoring the implementation of the environmental

protection and sustainable development policy was placed within the competence of the Ministry of

Environment and Energy (MEE).


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1. INTRODUCTION

In order to comply with the commitments to reduce air pollutant emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2),

nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), ammonia (NH3), and fine

particulate matter (PM2.5) for 2020-2029 and from 2030 onwards and contribute to achieving the

objectives to limit anthropogenic emissions of certain pollutants in the air, in order to move towards

achieving levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant negative impacts on and risks to human

health and the environment, the Air Pollution Control Programme has been drawn up in accordance with

Article 20 of the Decree on national commitments to reduce certain air pollutant emissions in the

Republic of Croatia (NN No 76/18) (hereinafter referred to as: the NEC Decree) and the Guidance for the

development and implementation of National Air Pollution Control Programmes of Member States issued

by the European Commission.

In drawing up the Air Pollution Control Programme, available data sources set out in Chapter 1.3

Document Structure were used, and the European Commission Guidance and Format for the

development and implementation of National Air Pollution Control Programmes (hereinafter referred to

as: the Format) were combined. The format of the Program is defined by the Implementing Decision

laying down a common formats for national air pollution control programmes1 (hereinafter referred

to as: the APPC Implementing Decision), adopted by the European Commission pursuant to Article 6(10)

of Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the

reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and

repealing Directive 2001/81/EC (hereinafter referred to as: the NEC Directive). In accordance with

Article 2 of the APPC Implementing Decision, Member States are required to use the common Format

when reporting their national air pollution control programme to the Commission in accordance with

Article 10(1) of the NEC Directives.

The Air Pollution Control Programme contains more information to enable a better understanding of the

topic and fulfil contractual obligations, and does not follow the Format in the numbering of content

chapters. Format tables are part of the content chapters of the Air Pollution Control Programme (Chapter

1.4), and their original number is kept to represent individual chapters of the required Format for ease of

reference to readers. In view of the above, the number of the corresponding Format chapter is also stated

at the beginning of each chapter. It should be noted that all Formats tables are not mandatory and may be

filled out by the states if the requested information is available. Mandatory fields in the Format are

displayed in bold and marked (M2).

The Air Pollution Control Programme includes: an overview of the national policy and measures

framework for the area of air quality and air pollution, an overview of the progress made by current

policies and measures (hereinafter referred to as: PaM) in reducing emissions and improving air quality,

and the degree of compliance with national and European Union (hereinafter referred to as: the EU)

obligations, an overview of further development projections (projections) assuming that there are no

amendments to the PaMs adopted already, possible policy options for compliance with the reduction

commitments for 2020 and 2030 and mid-level emissions for 2025, consultations with the interested

public and key sectoral stakeholders, a selection of PaMs for adoption by sector, including a schedule of

their adoption, implementation, audit and responsible competent authorities, the projections of a

combined PaM impacts on emission reduction, air quality and the environment, and the associated

uncertainties, as well as financial resources and time frame necessary for the implementation of PaMs.

Below is a brief presentation of the legal framework for drawing up the Air Pollution Control Programme,

the purpose and objective of the programme, and data sources available which were taken into account in

its drafting.

1 Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/1522 of 11 October 2018 laying down a common format for national air pollution control

programmes under the NEC Directive 2 Abbreviation for Eng. mandatory


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1.1. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME DRAFTING

The legal basis for drawing up the Air Pollution Control Programme (hereinafter referred to as: the

Programme) is the Environmental Protection Act (NN Nos 80/13, 153/13, 78/15, and 12/18), the Air

Protection Act (NN Nos 130/11, 47/14 and 61/17) and the NEC Decree.

The Republic of Croatia is a party to a series of international treaties, and conventions and protocols,

including those relating to atmospheric pollution.

The Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution of 1979 (the LRTAP Convention) is a

framework agreement by which states have committed to combating air pollution. Protocols are key

assets / legal instruments in reducing air pollution. The LRTAP Convention has been accompanied by 8

protocols to date that provide concrete measures to reduce air pollution, that is, certain pollutants –

sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals (HM)

and persistent organic pollutants (POPs).

Croatia has accepted these commitments as a party to the LRTAP Convention (NN – International

Treaties, No 12/93) and to the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone

(the Gothenburg Protocol, hereinafter referred to as: GP) (NN – International Treaties, No 07/08). The GP

promotes an approach that takes into account the multiple effects of certain pollutants in order to prevent

or minimise the exceedance of critical loads of acidification, nitrogen loads and critical levels of ground-

level ozone for human health and vegetation. For this purpose, the Protocol defines national emission

quotas, which each party must maintain below the defined value up to 2010 and onwards, for the

following pollutants: SO2, NOx, NH3 and VOCs. The Protocol has been transposed into the EU legislation

and then into national legislation mainly by Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the

Council of 23 October 2001 on large combustion plants and Directive 2001/81/EC of the European

Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric

pollutants (old NEC Directive).

Given that the Amendments to the Protocol relating to new emission reduction commitments, including

with regard to the above-mentioned pollutants and fine particulate matter (PM2.5)[sic; rest of the sentence

missing]. The existing air protection policy at EU level has been improved with a view to achieving air

quality levels that do not give rise to significant negative impacts and risks to human health and the

environment, and the NEC Directive has been adopted.

The new NEC Directive lays down new commitments to reduce certain atmospheric pollutants with

regard to VOCs, NH3, SO2, PM2.5, NOx for the periods 2020-2029 and after 2030 in a certain percentage

(%) compared with 2005, as the base year on the basis of which compliance is monitored. In addition, a

linear emission reduction with some exemptions must be evident in 2025. The new NEC Directive has

also assumed the commitments proposed in the amended Protocol that were defined for attainment in

2010 and onwards. This is laid down in Article 5 of the NEC Decree, and the defined emission quotas for

the period up to 2020 are shown in Table 1-1 below.


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Table 1-1: Emission quotas for the period up to 2020 under Article 5 of the NEC Decree

Pollutant Emission quota

in 2010 and onwards

sulphur dioxide (SO2) 70 kt

nitrogen oxides (NOx) 87 kt

non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) 90 kt

ammonia (NH3) 30 kt

The Republic of Croatia is also a party to the following protocols to the LRTAP Convention: The

Protocol concerning the cooperative monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transboundary

transmission of air pollutants in Europe (NN – International Treaties, No 12/93), the 1998 Protocol on

Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions (NN – International Treaties, Nos 17/98 and 3/99), the Protocol

on Heavy Metals (NN – International treaties, No 05/07), the Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants

(NN – International treaties, No 05/07), the Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen

Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes (NN – International Treaties, No 10/07), the Protocol to the 1979

Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile

Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes (NN – International Treaties, No 10/07).

The national emission reduction commitments and pollutant emission quotas are laid down in the NEC

Decree. The NEC Decree lays down certain air pollutants that give rise to adverse impacts of

acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution, their emission quotas or national reduction

commitments for a given period in Croatia, and the method of emission calculation. The NEC Decree

transposes the following EU directives into the Croatian legal system:

– Articles 1 and 4 of Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of

23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants (OJ L 309,

27.11.2001), as supplemented by Council Directive 2013/17/EU of 13 May 2013 adapting certain

directives in the field of environment, by reason of the accession of the Republic of Croatia (OJ L

158, 10.6.2013) and

– the NEC Directive.

The primary objective of the NEC Decree is to limit the anthropogenic emissions of certain air pollutants

in order to make progress in achieving air quality levels that do not give rise to significant negative

impacts on and risks to human health and the environment.


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1.2. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROGRAMME

Air pollution poses a substantial environment risk, especially in the areas exposed to elevated

concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 particles, ground-level ozone and other pollutants (NH3, NMVOC, SO2

and NOx) in the air. Pollutants can travel long distances, so they are likely to have an impact on air

quality, human health and the quality of life both at the site of primary source of their discharge and far

away it. Contribution to pollution is therefore very different for individual locations and cities; in some

places, the largest contribution is from local sources (those immediately next to the recipient, e.g. street

traffic) but elsewhere there is a contribution of emissions generated at the city or region level or those

resulting from transmission across state borders.

The improvement in the air quality requires a coordinated implementation of PaMs across levels;

internationally, within the scope of conventions and protocols, then through national programmes and

plans, local action plans for improving air quality, as well as other instruments.

In order to improve the air quality and comply with the national commitments to reduce certain pollutants

in the air, the first Air Pollution Control Programme needs to be drawn up and submitted to the European

Commission by 1 April 2019 and every four years thereafter or earlier, if necessary, depending on the

need for updating in view of compliance with obligations. Compliance is monitored during the annual

reviews of the reports on emissions of certain pollutants in the territory of the Republic of Croatia which

are submitted to the European Commission [Directorate-General] for Environment.

In the APCP Implementing Decision, the European Commission underlines the importance of the

National Air Pollution Control Programme (hereinafter referred to as: the NAPCP):

– it is the principle governance tool under Directive (EU) 2016/2284 supporting Member States to

plan their national PaMs required for complying with the national emission reduction

commitments laid down in that Directive by 2020 and 2030, contributing to achieving the air

quality objectives pursuant to Article 1(2) of the Directive, as well as to ensuring coherence with

plans and programmes set in other relevant policy areas, including climate, energy, agriculture,

industry, and transport;

– it facilitates medium- and long-term planning, thereby enhancing predictability for stakeholders,

while also supporting the shift of investments to clean and efficient technologies;

– it contributes to improving air quality and to the management of atmospheric emissions in the

Member States by requiring consultations with the competent authorities with responsibilities in

the field of air pollution, quality and management at all administrative levels prior to programme

adoption;

– should also contribute to the successful implementation of air quality plans established under

Article 23 of Directive 2008/50/EC on air quality and cleaner air for Europe (CAFE Directive). To

that effect, Member States should take account of the need to reduce emissions, in particular of

nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter, in zones and agglomerations affected by excessive air

pollutant concentrations and/or in those zones and agglomerations that contribute significantly to

air pollution in other zones and agglomerations, including in neighbouring countries.

As pointed out in the APCP Implementing Decision and in the EC document entitled the Second Report

on the State of the Energy Union3, Member States should develop their national energy and climate plans,

whenever possible, in parallel with their national air pollution control programmes to ensure synergies

and reduce implementation costs, since these plans rely to a large extent on similar measures and actions.

To this end and in accordance with Annex I to the Proposal for a Regulation on the Governance of the

Energy Union of 30 November 20164, which provides a general framework for integrated national energy

and climate plans, the impact of the PaMs contained in said plans on the emissions of atmospheric

pollutants and on air quality should also be considered.

3 COM(2017) 53 final – Second Report on the State of the Energy Union 4 COM(2016) 759 final – Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on

the Governance of the Energy Union, amending Directive 94/22/EC, Directive 98/70/EC, Directive 2009/31/EC, Regulation (EC)

No 663/2009, Regulation (EC) No 715/2009, Directive 2009/73/EC, Council Directive 2009/119/EC, Directive 2010/31/EU,

Directive 2012/27/EU, Directive 2013/30/EU and Council Directive (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013


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The APCP Implementing Decision also stresses the importance of a common format, which increases

the consistency5 with the reporting of PaMs under EU climate and energy policies. For that purpose, the

common format has been broadly harmonised with the relevant reporting obligations under Regulation

(EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for

monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and

Union level relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC (hereinafter referred to

as: Regulation (EU) No 525/2013)6 and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 749/2014 of 30

June 2014 on structure, format, submission processes and review of information reported by Member

States pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council

(hereinafter referred to as: Commission Implementing Regulation No 749/2014).

The EC has produced the First Clean Air Outlook7 Report and an accompanying analysis showing an

updated outlook for emission reductions in the period up to 2030, as well as possible further assistance to

Member States in identifying cost-effective additional PaMs to comply with emission reduction

commitments by 2020 and 2030. The First Clean Air Outlook makes note of the fact that, for the majority

of atmospheric pollutants regulated by the NEC Directive, legislation on air pollution control at source

which would substantially support the achievement of national emissions reduction commitments already

exists in the EU or is currently undergoing the process of adoption, with ammonia as an exception also at

EU level; therefore, further national PaMs are required to achieve the commitment to reduce ammonia.

Therefore national air pollution control programmes should also include proportionate measures

applicable to the agricultural sector.

The purpose of the Programme is to enable the achievement of the following two objectives:

– compliance with the SO2, NOx, NMVOC, PM2.5 and NH3 emission reduction commitments

(Table 1-2);

– by reducing emissions, contribute to progress in achieving the levels of air quality they do not

give rise to significant negative impacts on, and risks to, human health and the environment

(objective referred to in Article 3(1) of the NEC Decree).

Under Article 19(7) of the NEC Decree as well as under Article 6(5) of the NEC Directive and Annex I to

Directive 2003/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 providing for

public participation in respect of the drawing up of certain plans and programmes relating to the

environment8, the Ministry ([of ]MEE) will conduct public consultations on the proposed Air Pollution

Control Programme and all relevant amendments prior to its completion and adoption by the Croatian

Government.

5 consistency 6 Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting

greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union level relevant to climate change, OJ L 165, 18.6.2013, p. 13 7 COM(2018) 446 final – the First Clean Air Outlook 8 Directive 2003/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 providing for public participation in respect of the

drawing up of certain plans and programmes relating to the environment and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC and 96/61/EC with regard to public participation and access to justice


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Table 1-2: Table 5 of Annex I to the NEC Decree

Emission reduction commitments of Croatia and EU for sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-

methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), ammonia (NH3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for 2020-

2029 and from 2030 onwards.

The reduction commitments have the year 2005 as the compliance monitoring and control base year, and for road

transport, apply to emissions calculated on the basis of fuels sold.

SO2 reduction compared

with 2005

NOx reduction compared

with 2005

NMVOC reduction compared

with 2005

For any year

from 2020 to

2029

For any year

from 2030

onwards

For any year

from 2020 to

2029

For any year

from 2030

onwards

For any year

from 2020 to

2029

For any year

from 2030

onwards

Republic of

Croatia 55 % 83 % 31 % 57 % 34 % 48 %

European

Union 59 % 79 % 42 % 63 % 28 % 40 %

NH3 reduction compared with 2005 PM2.5 reduction compared with 2005

For any year

from 2020 to

2029

For any year from 2030

onwards

For any year

from 2020 to

2029

For any year from 2030

onwards

Republic of

Croatia 1 % 25 % 18 % 55 %

European

Union 6 % 19 % 22 % 49 %

1.3. AVAILABLE DATA SOURCES

The available data sources which were taken into account in the drawing up of the Air Pollution Control

Programme include (among others) the following documents:

– Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia for

2013-2017;

– overview of air quality in Croatia based on the Air quality assessment in the territory of the

Republic of Croatia 2011-2015 according to Directive 2008/50/EC (CMHS, 2017);

– 2013-2015 Biennial Report on compliance with the commitments under the Air Protection,

Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia for 2013-2017

(CAEN);

– Action Plans for the improvement of air quality in the cities of Zagreb, Osijek, Sisak, Kutina,

Rijeka, Slavonski Brod;

– Programme of progressive emission reduction for certain pollutants in the Republic of Croatia for

the period up to end-2010, with emission projections for 2010-2020 (NN, No 152/09);

– Environmental Pollution Registry Reports, CAEN;

– A roadmap for moving to a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050 (COM(2011) 112 final);

– Energy Roadmap for 2050 (COM(2011) 885/2);

– A policy framework for climate and energy until 2030 (COM(2014) 15 final), Impact

Assessment, Policy Summary of UK Analysis on EU 2030 targets;

– Seventh National Communication of the Republic of Croatia under the UNFCCC, 2018;

– Third National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (2014);


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– National Renewable Energy Action Plan until 2020;

– latest reports on greenhouse gas inventories and emissions of pollutants in the territory of the

Republic of Croatia, MEE;

– latest reports on greenhouse gas projections and emissions of certain pollutants for the Republic

of Croatia, MEE;

– Report on PaM Effects;

– expert material for the drafting of a Low-Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of

Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to 2050, Green Book, 2015/2017, (MEE);

– expert background material for the drafting of a Low-Emission Development Strategy of the

Republic of Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to 2050, White Book, 2015/2017,

(MEE);

– Instructions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2006;

– Transitional national plan under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the

Council on industrial emissions, June 2013.

The basic document used in the development of the Programme was Stručna podloga za program

kontrole onečišćenja zraka (Expert background material for the Air Pollution Control Programme), 2018

(EKONERG).

The expert background for the preparation of the Air Pollution Control Programme included an overview

of the national PaM framework in the field of air quality and air pollution, an overview of the progress

made by current PaMs in reducing emissions and improving air quality, the degree of compliance with

national and EU obligations, an overview of further development (projections), proposed possible policy

options for compliance with the reduction commitments for 2020, 2030 and mid-level emissions for 2025,

the PaM proposal for sector adoption, including the timing of their adoption, implementation, audit and

responsible competent authorities, the projections of combined PaM impacts on emission reductions, air

quality and the environment, and the associated uncertainties, as well as financial resources as well as the

time frame necessary for the implementation of PaMs.


17

2. THE NATIONAL AIR QUALITY AND POLLUTION POLICY

FRAMEWORK

2.1. SHORT COMMENT ON THE STATUS IN RELATION TO THE CURRENT

PROGRAMME

Pursuant to Article 5(2) of the Decree on Emission Quotas for Certain Pollutants in the Republic of

Croatia (NN No 141/08), in 2009 the Croatian Government adopted a Programme of progressive

emission reduction for certain pollutants in the Republic of Croatia for the period up to end-2010,

with emission projections for 2010-2020 (NN No 152/09) (hereinafter referred to as: the 2010-2020

Programme). The 2010-2020 Programme was adopted pursuant to the Protocol to the 1979 Convention

on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-

Level Ozone (NN – International Treaties, No 4/08), the Seventh Protocol on Heavy Metals to the 1979

Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution NN – International Treaties, No 5/07) and the Decree on

Emission Quotas for Certain Pollutants in the Republic of Croatia, which lay down certain air

pollutants that give rise to adverse impacts of acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution,

their emission quotas for a given period in Croatia, and the method of annual emission calculation.

Numerous improvements to the EU legislation have been introduced since 2009, such as the revision of

the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution to Abate

Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-Level Ozone, dated May 2012. In 2013, Croatia became a

full EU member, thus assuming new international commitments. Consequently, there was a need to

upgrade the 2010-2020 Programme, and this has been done.

In 2015, a Programme of progressive emission reduction for certain pollutants in the Republic of

Croatia with emission projections for 2020, 2025 and 2030, with a view to 2050 (hereinafter referred

to as: the 2010-2020+2050 Programme); the legal basis for its drafting was Article 7 of the Decree on

Emission Quotas for Certain Pollutants in the Republic of Croatia. The 2010-2020+2050 Programme

provided the emission projections for the pollutants SO2, NOx, NH3, NMHOS, PM10, PM2.5 and CH4 for

the years 2020, 2025 and 2030 with a view to 2050. The projections were prepared in accordance with the

2013 EMEP/EEA Manual. The activity levels seen in 2012 are derived from the official national data set

for all sectors: the 2015 Report on the calculation of air pollutant emissions in the territory of the

Republic of Croatia (1990-2013) (IIR 2015).

The data sources on activities, starting parameters and assumptions for the preparation of pollutant

projections are identical to those used for greenhouse gas projections. The projections were prepared for

the scenario with measures (WM) and the scenario with additional measures (WAM), under which two

scenarios were considered, namely, a gradual transition to the low-carbon economy (Cr. abbr. NU1) and a

strong transition to the low-carbon economy (Cr. abbr. NU2) scenario.


18

2.2. POLICY PRIORITIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PRIORITIES SET IN OTHER

RELEVANT POLICY AREAS

This chapter corresponds to Chapter 2.3 ‘The national air quality and pollution policy framework’,

Format for the National Air Pollution Control Programmes.

The national emission reduction commitments and pollutant emission quotas are laid down in the NEC

Decree. The NEC Decree sets out the national reduction commitments for a given period in the Republic

of Croatia and the method of calculating emissions for certain air pollutants that give rise to adverse

impacts of acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution, and their emission quotas; in other

words, the primary objective of the NEC Decree is to limit the anthropogenic emissions of certain air

pollutants in order to make progress in achieving air quality levels that do not give rise to significant

negative impacts on and risks to human health and the environment.

The NEC Decree also contributes to the following:

– the air quality objectives set out in the statutory national legislation regulating air pollutant levels

and progress towards the EU long-term objective of achieving air quality in line with the air

quality guidelines published by the World Health Organisation;

– the EU biodiversity and ecosystem objectives in line with the 7th EAP;

– enhancing synergies between the EU air quality policy and other relevant EU policies, in

particular climate and energy policies.

The total national emission quotas valid until 2020, as listed in Table 1-1 are:

– sulphur dioxide (SO2): 70 kt

– nitrogen oxides (NOx): 87 kt

– non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs): 90 kt

– ammonia (NH3): 30 kt.

Croatia has accepted these commitments as a party to the LRTAP Convention on (NN – International

Treaties, No 12/93) and to the Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone

(GP) (NN – International Treaties, No 07/08).

The Croatian and EU emission reduction commitments for certain pollutants, sulphur dioxide (SO2),

nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), ammonia (NH3) and fine

particulate matter (PM2.5) for 2020-2029 and from 2030 onwards are provided in Table 1-2, as well as

part of the following table which is a mandatory table of Format 2.3.1 Policy priorities and their

connection to priorities set in other relevant policy areas (M).

The reduction commitments have the year 2005 as the compliance monitoring and control base year, and

for road transport, apply to emissions calculated on the basis of fuels sold.

Table 2.3.1, which is part of the mandatory reporting format under the APCP Implementation Decision,

provides an overview of priority policies and their connection to priorities set in other relevant policy

areas.


19

2.3.1 Policy priorities and their Interconnectedness to priorities set in other relevant policy areas (M)

The national

emission reduction

commitments

compared with 2005

base year

(in %) (M):

SO2 NOx NMVOCs NH3 PM2.5

2020-2029 (M): 55 % 31 % 34 % 1 % 18 %

From 2030 (M): 83 % 57 % 48 % 25 % 55 %

Air quality

objectives: national

policy priorities in

relation to EU or

national air quality

objectives (incl. limit

and target values

and exposure

concentration

obligations) (M):

The national air protection policy is defined by the Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate

Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia for the Period 2013-2017 (NN No 139/13).

Relevant objectives of national policy priorities in relation to air quality are:

• O1. Prevention or progressive reduction of air pollution with the aim of protecting

human health, quality of living and the environment as a whole;

• O2. Improvement of the overall system of air quality management and air quality

monitoring in the territory of the Republic of Croatia.

A series of measures for monitoring and assessing ambient air quality in the territory of the

Republic of Croatia in line with the requirements of the CAFE Directive (see section 3.2) are

related to objectives O1 and O2.

Compliance with the obligations imposed by the CAFE Directive is described below:

– a demarcation of the country’s zones and agglomerations has been established;

– the locations of measuring sites and the monitoring programme in the state network for

continuous air quality monitoring (in accordance with criteria of the CAFE Directive)

have been established;

– a classification of zones and agglomerations by pollution levels with regard to the

protection of human health and a classification by pollution levels with regard to the

protection of vegetation are published in the annual air quality reports.

Air quality monitoring in the Republic of Croatia is undertaken in accordance with Articles

27, 31, 32 and 33 of the Air Protection Act (NN Nos 130/11, 47/14 and 61/17) (hereinafter

referred to as: ACA) through the state air quality monitoring network and local networks of

cities, counties and polluters.

The Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia

for 2013-2017 (NN No 139/13) proposes the following measures to ensure compliance with the

EU legislation in respect of air quality monitoring and assessment of compliance with air quality

objectives:

• MPR-2 Adoption of a new decree on the designation of zones and agglomeration by air

pollution level;

• MPR-3 Adoption of a new decree on the establishment of measuring sites in the state

network for continuous air quality monitoring and on a list of measuring sites of the

concentrations of pollutants for the purpose of mutual information exchange and

reporting on air quality assessment and management;

• MPR-4 Adoption of a new programme of monitoring air pollution levels at stations of

the state network for continuous air quality monitoring;

• MPR-5 Improvement of the air quality monitoring system at state network stations and

quality assurance of measurement and data;

• MOZ-1 Creation of a register of pollutant emissions required for air quality models in

the estimation of ground-level ozone pollution, followed by MPR-11 Creation of a

register of pollutant emissions for point and diffuse sources with a spatial distribution in

the EMEP high-resolution grid.


20

Zones and agglomerations for the purpose of air quality monitoring

The Decree on the Designation of Zones and Agglomerations by Air Pollution Level in the

Territory of the Republic of Croatia (NN No 1/14)9 established 5 zones and 4 agglomerations, as

shown in the figure below and tables stating the codes, names and extent of the zones and

agglomerations:

Zones and Agglomerations in Croatia

Key: Lika, Gorski kotar and Primorje

Zone borders Istria

Agglomeration Industrial zone

Dalmatia Continental Croatia

Pursuant to the Air quality assessment in the territory of the Republic of Croatia in 2006-2010

according to Directive 2008/50/EC, by Decree on the Designation of Zones and Agglomerations

by Air Pollution Level in the Territory of the Republic of Croatia (NN No 1/14) Croatia was

divided into 5 zones and 4 agglomerations for the purpose of air quality monitoring. The air

quality assessment in the territory of the Republic of Croatia needs to be undertaken at least once

in five years.

In November 2017, the Air quality assessment in the territory of Croatia 2011-2015 was prepared

(available online on: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=74786), proposing no changes to the

spatial extent of zones and agglomerations.

On endorsement of the existing division of the territory into zones and agglomerations, the

MPR-2 Adoption of a new decree on the designation of zones and agglomeration by air pollution

level was considered implemented.

9 By force of said Decree, the Decree on the Designation of Areas and Populated Areas by Air Quality Category (NN No 68/2008), dividing the territory of Croatia into 7 zones and 6 agglomerations (Zagreb, Rijeka, Split, Osijek, Sisak and Kutina), ceased to have effect.

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=74786


21

List of zones in the Republic of Croatia

ZONE CODE ZONE NAME ZONE EXTENT

HR 1

Continental

Croatia

Osijek-Baranja County (excluding the

HR OS agglomeration)

Požega-Slavonia County

Virovitica-Podravina County

Vukovar-Syrmia County

Bjelovar-Bilogora County

Koprivnica-Križevci County

Krapina-Zagorje County

Međimurje County

Varaždin County Zagreb County

(excluding the HR ZG agglomeration)

HR 2 Industrial zone Brod-Posavina County

Sisak-Moslavina County

HR 3

Lika, Gorski

Kotar and

Primorje

Lika-Senj County

Karlovac County

Primorje-Gorski Kotar County

(excluding the HR RI agglomeration)

HR 4 Istria Istria County

HR 5 Dalmatia

Zadar County

Šibenik-Knin County

Split-Dalmatia County (excluding the HR

ST agglomeration)

Dubrovnik-Neretva County

List of agglomerations in the Republic of Croatia

AGGLOMERATION

CODE

AGGLOMERATION

NAME

AGGLOMERATION

EXTENT

HR ZG

Zagreb

City of Zagreb, City of Dugo

Selo, City of Samobor, City

of Sveta Nedjelja, City of

Velika Gorica, City of

Zaprešić

HR Osijek City of Osijek

HR RI Rijeka

City of Rijeka, City of Bakar,

City of Kastav, City of

Kraljevica, City of Opatija,

Municipality of Viškovo,

Municipality of Čavle,

Municipality of Jelenje,

Municipality of Kostrena,

Municipality of Klana,

Municipality of Matulji,

Municipality of Lovran,

Municipality of Omišalj

HR ST

Split

City of Split, City of Kaštela,

City of Solin, City of Trogir,

Municipality of Klis,

Municipality of Podstrana,

Municipality of Seget


22

Classification of zones and agglomeration by pollution level

Pursuant to the Air quality assessment for 2006-2010 (CMHS, 2012), the applicable Decree

Designating Zone and Agglomerations by Air Pollution Level in the Territory of the Republic

of Croatia, with a classification of zones and agglomerations by the level of pollution for each

pollutant in relation to the upper and lower assessment threshold / long-term goal with regard to

the protection of human health and with regard to the protection of vegetation.

Classification of zones and agglomeration by pollution level with regard to the protection of

human health

Zone and

agglomeration

code

Level of air pollution by pollutants with regard to the protection of human

health

SO2 NO2 PM10

Benzene,

benzo-

(a)pyrene

Pb, As,

Cd, Ni CO O3 Hg

HR ZG < LAT > UAT > UAT < UAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV

HR OS < LAT < UAT > UAT < UAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV

HR RI > UAT < UAT > UAT < LAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV

HR ST > UAT > UAT < UAT < LAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV

HR 1 < UAT < LAT < UAT < LAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV

HR 2 < UAT < LAT < UAT < UAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV

HR 3 < LAT < UAT < UAT < LAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV

HR 4 < LAT < LAT < UAT < LAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV

HR 5 < LAT < LAT < UAT < LAT < LAT < LAT > LG < LV

Classification of zones and agglomerations by pollution level with regard to the protection of

vegetation

Zone code

Air pollution level by pollutant with

regard to the protection of vegetation

SO2 NOx AOT40 parameter

HR 1 < LAT < UAT > LG

HR 2 < UAT < UAT > LG




The meaning of abbreviations used in the tables is as follows:

– LAT – lower assessment threshold,

– UAT – upper assessment threshold,

– LG – long-term goal for ground-level ozone,

– LV – limit value.

Measurements are obligatory for the assessment of pollution in the areas with higher pollution

levels than the upper assessment threshold (>UAT). In the areas with pollution levels between

upper and lower assessment thresholds (<UAT and >LAT), measurement data may be

supplemented by modelling data or indicative measurements. In the areas with pollution levels

<LAT, an objective assessment technique may be applied.

Measurement sites and programme in the state air quality monitoring network

Measurement sites and the programme in the national network for air quality monitoring are

laid down in the Decree Determining a List of Measurement Sites for the Monitoring of Certain

Air Pollutant Concentrations and Locations of Measurement Stations in the State Network for

Continuous Air Quality Monitoring (NN No 65/16) and in the Programme of air pollution level

monitoring in the state network for continuous air quality monitoring (NN No 73/16)10 .

The state network is undergoing modernisation, so the scope of the measurement was

expanded in some zones between 2013 and 2017 to achieve the scope laid down in the

Decree.

10 An earlier Decree Determining a List of Measurement Sites for the Monitoring of Certain Air Pollutant Concentrations and Locations of

Measurement Stations in the State Network for Continuous Air Quality Monitoring (NN No 22/14) and the accompanying Programme of air pollution level monitoring in the state network for continuous air quality monitoring (NN No 103/14, corr. 117/14) are no longer applicable.


23

Air quality assessment in the territory of Croatia, 2011-2015

In 2017, a new air quality assessment was prepared, proposing a greater number of

measurement sites and an expansion of the measurement programme in the state network

for continuous air quality monitoring.

The conclusions of the 2011-2015 Air quality assessment in Croatia, CMHS, November 2017

are provided below:

SO2

– Air quality criteria with regard to the protection of human health and vegetation met in

all zones and agglomerations

– Upper assessment threshold with regard to the protection of human health exceeded in

zone HR02

– Upper assessment threshold with regard to the protection of vegetation exceeded in all

zones

NO2

– Limit value of the annual mean concentration exceeded at the Zagreb-1 station, so

nitrogen dioxide measurements need to continue at that station

– All zones below the upper assessment threshold for the protection of vegetation

– Upper assessment threshold (hourly concentration values) exceeded in the Zagreb

(Zagreb-1) agglomeration, and lower assessment threshold in the Osijek (Osijek-1)

agglomeration

– Upper assessment threshold (annual mean concentration values) exceeded in Zagreb

(Zagreb-1) agglomeration

PM10

– Annual mean limit value exceeded in Zagreb and Osijek agglomerations and in zone HR

02 (Sisak-1, Kutina-1, Slavonski Brod-2)

– Number of days (daily mean value) exceeded in Zagreb and Osijek agglomerations, in

zone HR 02 (Sisak-1, Kutina-1 Slavonski Brod-2), in zone HR 01 (Zoljan) exceeded in

2011

– Lower and upper assessment thresholds exceeded in zones HR 01 (Kopački rit) and HR

02 (Kutina, Sisak) and in Zagreb, Osijek and Rijeka agglomerations, lower threshold

exceeded in zone HR 04

PM2.5

– Limit values and tolerance values exceeded in Slavonski Brod-1. Upper assessment

threshold exceeded at the Slavonski Brod station-1, and lower assessment threshold in

Kopački rit

O3

– Ground-level ozone target value (120 pgm-3) exceeded in zones HR 01, HR 03, HR 04

and HR 05, and in Zagreb and Rijeka agglomerations

– AOT40 parameter exceeded in zones HR 01, HR 03, HR 04 and HR 05, and in Zagreb

and Rijeka agglomerations

C6H6

– Annual mean concentration limit value exceeded at the Sisak station-1

– Lower assessment threshold of the annual mean concentration exceeded in zone HR02

H2S

– Permitted number of exceedances of the hourly limit value exceeded in Sisak and

Slavonski Brod and at the Zagreb-Jakuševac local station (quality of life conditions

affected)

– Permitted number of exceedances of the hourly limit value exceeded in Slavonski Brod

and at the Zagreb-Jakuševac local station (quality of life conditions affected)

NH3

– Permitted number of exceedances of the hourly limit value exceeded in Kutina (quality of

life conditions affected)

B(a)P

– Annual mean concentrations exceeded at stations: Zagreb-1, Zagreb-3, Slavonski Brod-1

and Sisak-1

– Upper assessment threshold exceeded at Zagreb-1 and Sisak-1 stations


24

PPI – indicator of average exposure to PM2.5 concentrations

The average exposure indicator expressed in μg m-3 is based on the measurements at urban

background locations in zones and agglomerations across the country; it is used to check if the

national exposure reduction target has been achieved. It should be assessed as the average of

annual mean concentration averages over three consecutive years at all sampling points,

determined under a special regulation. The PPI for the reference year 2015 equals the

concentration mean value for 2013, 2014 and 2015 and amounts to 20.6 μg m-3, exceeding the

required exposure level for 2015, which is 20 μg m-3.

Zones and agglomerations

The 2011-2015 Air quality assessment proposed to maintain the spatial distribution of zones

and agglomerations, in accordance with the Decree Designating Zones and Agglomerations by

Air Pollution Level in the Territory of the Republic of Croatia, as the conditions for their

delimitation with regard to air quality had not changed.

Minimum number of measurement sites for continuous air quality monitoring

Among the criteria for deciding on the need to expand the measurement network is an analysis

of the pollution level in relation to assessment thresholds. A summary of the analysis of

pollution levels compared to assessment thresholds for 2011-2015 by pollutant is provided in

the tables below.

Pollution level Shown as

Data used in the assessment

Below the lower assessment limit modelling, indicative measurements

Between the lower and the upper assessment limit

measurement and modelling

Above the upper assessment limit and above the long-term ozone target

measurement

data coverage less than 75 % measurements

measurements not performed, model results not applicable

Assessment of pollution level compared to the assessment thresholds for human health for

2011-2015 at measurement sites of the state network for continuous air quality monitoring,

according to the current zones and agglomerations (in the zones without measurement, model

results were applied)

Pollutant

Zone Measurement stations

SO2 NO2 PM10 PM2.5 benzene Pb CO O3

HRZG ZAGREB-1

HRZG ZAGREB-2

HRZG ZAGREB-3

HRZG ZAGREB PPI PM2.5

HR OS OSIJEK-1

HRRI RIJEKA-1

HRRI RIJEKA-2

HR 01 KOPAČKI RIT

HR 01 GRADIŠTE

HR 01 ZOLJAN

HR 01 DESINIĆ

HR 02 KUTINA-1

HR 02 SISAK-1

HR 02 SLAVONSKI BROD-1


HR 03 PLITVICE LAKES

HR 03 PARC

HR 04 VIŠNJAN

HR 04 PULA-FIŽELA

HR 05 POLAČA

HR 05 VELA STRAŽA

HR 05 MAKARSKA

HR 05 OPUZEN

HR05 ŽARKOVICA

HR05 HUM (ISLAND OF VIS)


25

Assessment of pollution levels according to the levels critical to vegetation for 2011-2015 at

measurement sites of the state network for continuous air quality monitoring, according to the

current zones. The levels critical to vegetation do not apply to agglomeration areas (in the zones

without measurement, model results were applied).

Measurement stations Zone/Aggl. Pollutant

As Cd Ni BaP

ZAGREB-1 HR-ZG

ZAGREB-3 HR-ZG

RIJEKA-1 HRRI

SISAK-1 HR 02

SLAVONSKI BROD-1 HR 02

Assessment of pollution levels according to the levels critical to vegetation for 2011-2015 at

measurement sites of the state network for continuous air quality monitoring, according to the

current zones. The levels critical to vegetation do not apply to agglomeration areas (in the zones

without measurement, model results were applied).

Pollutant

Zone/Agglo-meration

Measurement stations SO2 NOX AOT40

HR 01 KOPAČKI RIT

HR 01 GRADIŠTE

HR 01 DESINIĆ

HR 02 KUTINA-1


HR 03 PLITVICE LAKES

HR 03 PARG

HR 04 VIŠNJAN

HR 04 PULA-FIŽELA

HR 05 POLAČA

HR 05 MAKARSKA

HR 05 OPUZEN

HR 05 ŽARKOVICA

HR 05 HUM (ISLAND OF VIS)

The assessment identified the need to increase the scope of measurement in the national

network for continuous air quality monitoring.

In zone HR 01, there is a PM2.5 and a PM10 measurement site missing as the upper assessment

limit (UAL) was exceeded in Kopački Rit. Although this non-compliance appeared solely in

2015, the number of measurement stations should be increased to meet the criteria of Annex V

to Directive 2008/50/EC. It should be noted that there was no UAL exceedance in this zone

between 2006 and 2010, so this emerges as a new commitment for 2016-2020.

In the HR OS agglomeration, there is also a measurement site (city background station)

missing; it will be established through a project of state network modernisation in 2018-2021.

The benzene UAL was exceeded in the HR ZG agglomeration; as a result, two additional

benzene measurement sites need to be established in the upcoming period 2016-2020, which

will be ensured through the state network modernisation. According to the results of ground-

level ozone measurement, the number of measurement sites criterion has not been met.

Although there are measurements at the city background station in Velika Gorica and at

Zagreb-03 city background Station, the measurement data lacks satisfactory coverage, so this

problem needs to be solved in order to avoid non-compliance. According to the decree on the

number of measurement sites, the formal criterion has been met (2 measurement sites) but, as to

the data coverage criterion, only one station meets the specified criterion. In addition, another

city background station is planned to be established in the HR ZG zone in 2018-2020, so this

zone is not expected to be non-compliant with regard to ground-level ozone in the future.

Furthermore, there is also non-compliance with regard to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in the HR ZG

zone. Values exceed UAL, so the concentrations of floating particles will need to be analysed at

another measurement site in 2018-2020.


26

The table below shows the minimum number of measurement sites for the monitoring of certain

pollutants to be established in accordance with the new Air Quality Assessment:

Zone / Aggl.

SO2 NO2 PM11

+PM2.5 C2H2 Pb CO BC O2

BaP+ PAU

PAU Ni, Cd, As, Hg

PPI PM2.5

Chem., PM2.5

Hg HOS

HR01 0/1 0/2 6/4 0/2 0/im 0/M 0/0 2/3 0/im 0/1 0/im 0/0 0/M 0/0 0/0

HR02 2/4 0/1 3/3 2/3 0/2 0/M 0/1 1/2 2/2 0/im 0/2 0/0 0/1 0/0 0/0

HR03 0/1 0/2 0/2 0/im 0/im 0/1 0/0 1/3 0/im 0/im 0/im 0/0 1/1 0/0 0/0

HR04 0/M 0/1 1/2 0/im 0/im 0/M 0/0 1/2 0/im 0/0 0/im 0/0 0/M 0/0 0/0

HR05 0/2 0/1 0/2 0/im 0/im 0/1 0/0 2/4 0/im 0/0 0/im 0/0 0/0 0/0 1/0

HR ZG 0/2 3/3 4/4 3/1 0/2 0/1 1/1 2/2 3/2 0/0 0/2 1/1 0/1 1/1 0/0

HR OS 0/2 1/1 2/1 0/1 0/im 0/2 0/0 0/1 0/im 0/im 0/im 0/0 0/0 0/0 0/0

HR Rl 0/1 0/1 1/2 0/1 0/im 0/1 0/0 0/1 0/im 0/im 0/im 0/1 0/0 0/0 0/0

HR ST 0/3 1/2 2/2 0/im 0/im 0/M 0/0 1/0 0/im 0/im 0/im 0/1 0/0 0/0 0/0

Key M Measurements may be supplemented by modelling results.

im Indicative measurements should be carried out in view of the high uncertainty of model results for these components.

6/4 is a figure on the number of mandatory stations in a particular zone (6, red) compared to the number of currently available stations in the zone (4, black). If the number of mandatory stations is black, it means that the criteria of compliance with Annex V to Directive 2008/50/EC (hereinafter referred to as: Annex V) have been met.

No measurement site for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the territory of

Croatia has been established yet, but is planned within the scope of modernisation of the state

network (2018-2021).

With regard to the implementation of measures MPR-3 Adoption of a new decree determining

measurement sites in the state network for continuous air quality monitoring and a list of

measurement sites for the monitoring of pollutant concentrations for the purpose of mutual

information exchange and reporting on air quality assessment and management and MPR-4

Adoption of a new programme of air pollution level measurement at stations of the state

network for continuous air quality monitoring, as well as MPR-5 Improvement of the air quality

monitoring system at state network stations and quality assurance of measurement and data, the

new Degree and Programme were adopted in 2017 as a prerequisite for a grant from structural

funds for the implementation of the ‘Improvement and modernisation of the state network for

air quality monitoring – AIRQ’ project.

When it comes to the implementation of measure MOZ-1 Creation of a register of pollutant

emissions required for air quality models in the assessment of ground-level ozone pollution,

followed by MPR-11 Creation of a register of pollutant emissions for point and diffuse sources

with a spatial distribution in the EMEP high-resolution grid, an integral Register of Pollutant

Emissions for Point and Diffuse Sources with a Spatial Distribution in the EMEP High-

Resolution Grid (Chapter 6 of the Plan of Preventive Measures – MPR-11).

Results of the implementation of that measure are available at: https://emep.haop.hr/. The

results provide a spatial display of pollutant emissions in the territory of Croatia in 0.l ° x 0.l ° a

(long-lat) resolution for the zones and in a 500 m x 500 m (long-lat) resolution for the

agglomerations. The implementation of this measure provided detailed data on emissions for air

quality modelling on a s scale.

Climate change (and

energy) policy

objectives

In the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, Croatia accepted an individual emission

reduction commitment of 5 % and has complied with it. In the second period between 2013 and

2020, Croatia accepted an emission reduction commitment of 20 % compared to the 1990 level,

as a joint emission reduction commitment of the EU under the UNFCCC (the Doha

Amendment [1]).

Under the distribution of emission reduction commitments within the EU, as set out in Decision

406/2009/EC on the sharing of efforts (hereinafter referred to as: the ESD), by 2020 Croatia

may increase emissions in the sectors covered by the ESD by 11 % compared to 2005.

The National Climate Change Policy laid down by of the Air Protection Act (NN Nos 130/11,

47/14 and 61/17), Chapter VIII – Monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions and measures to

mitigate and adapt to climate change.

https://emep.haop.hr/


27

Climate change mitigation is achieved through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by

ensuring the implementation of the Low-Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of

Croatia, providing planning documents, gradually limiting emission allowances to economic

operators through emission allowances trading, through measures in all emission source sectors,

the use of flexible mechanisms under the Kyoto protocol and other measures that contribute to

climate change mitigation (Article 74 of the Air Protection Act). The adaptation to climate

change is undertaken by implementing adaptation measures in the sectors exposed to the impact

of climate changes. The objectives and priorities for the implementation of climate change

adaptation measures have been proposed in the Draft Strategy for Adaptation to Climate

Changes with the Action Plan.

Within the scope of the climate change policy, the following documents have been prepared:

– Draft low-emission development strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period until

2030 with a view to 2050, White Book, May 2017, MEE);

– Draft strategy for adaptation to climate changes in the Republic of Croatia for the period

up to 2040 with a view to 2070, White Book, September 2017 (MEE).

Public consultations on these draft strategies, including a strategic environmental impact

assessment and ecological network impact assessment, have taken place.

The objectives proposed in the Draft low-emission development strategy are as follows:

– achieving sustainable development, based on knowledge and competitive economy with

low carbon levels and efficient use of resources; increasing employment in emerging

sectors of the economy and the ‘green’ economy, encouraging regional and rural

development, encouraging innovation and technological development, fostering

education, lifelong learning and specialisation for the low-carbon economy, contributing

to social inclusion;

– increasing security of energy supply, sustainability of energy supply, increasing

availability of energy and reducing energy dependence;

– solidarity by fulfilling Croatia’s obligations under International Treaties within the scope

of the EU policy, as part of our historical responsibility and contribution to global goals;

– reducing air pollution and its impacts on health.

The objectives proposed in the Draft strategy for adaptation to climate changes are as follows:

– reducing the vulnerability of social and natural systems to the adverse impacts of climate

change, i.e. strengthening their resilience and ability to recover from these impacts (long-

term goal);

– gathering of all relevant institutional, political, economic and social stakeholders to

create sufficiently strong support for the implementation of joint actions in implementing

adaptation measures;

– integration of the adaptation process, including the implementation of measures, into

existing and new policies, programmes, plans and other activities carried out at all levels

of governance;

– raising the level of awareness of the importance of climate change and inevitability of

initiating the process of adaptation in all social segments, which are also the main

beneficiaries of the positive effects of the process of adaptation to climate changes.

The Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of

Croatia for 2013-2017 defined the general objective of the national policy with regard to

climate changes: C4. Reducing and limiting the emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone-

depleting substances and maintaining the level of greenhouse gas emissions.

The Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (NN No 130/09) sets out the

targets for renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. The operational implementation of

the objectives is laid down in the action plans for the use of renewable energy sources and

energy efficiency, which are notified to the European Commission.

An indicative target for limiting total energy consumption in the Republic of Croatia by 2020 is

11.15 Mtoe, 7.0 Mtoe for final (end-use) energy consumption. At EU level, an emission

reduction by at least 40 % compared to 1990 levels has been set for the year 2030. This will be

done by reducing the emissions in the ETS by 43 % compared to 2005, and by 30 % compared

to 2005 in sectors outside the ETS. For Croatia, the emissions reduction in the sectors covered

by the ESD stands at -7 % compared to 2005.


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Relevant policy

objectives in other

areas, incl.

agriculture, industry

and transport (M):

Relevant policy objectives in agriculture

The Rural Development Programme of the Republic of Croatia for 2014-2020 is the basic

document for the implementation of the rural development policy; it contains all the rural

development support programmes and measures and defines the relevant agricultural policy

objectives. Another applicable document that aligns national with EU objectives is the 2013-

2023 National Action Plan of the Republic of Croatia for Sustainable Use of Pesticides.

The Rural Development Programme defines 18 measures aimed at increasing the

competitiveness of Croatian agriculture and improving living and working conditions in rural

areas. The measures are further subdivided into sub-measures and those are subdivided into

operations aimed at meeting clearly defined objectives.

The most important general objectives of the operations under the Rural Development

Programme relevant to the issue of air pollution control or having an indirect effect on the

reduction of pollutant emissions from agricultural practices can be summarised as follows: consulting and vocational training for multiple compliance, a package of measures for

agriculture, environment and climate change, organic farming; restructuring, modernisation and enhancement of the competitiveness of agricultural

holdings through numerous investments in organic primary agriculture and processing of

agricultural products, e.g. investment in the purchase of new agricultural machinery and

equipment and commercial vehicles, consolidation and increase of the average area of

agricultural holdings, investment in the construction and/or equipping of the facilities for

animals, closed/sheltered areas, facilities for the cultivation of annual and perennial plants,

seeds and planting material, storage and packaging of products; disposal, handling and use of manure to reduce the adverse effect on the environment (e.g.

construction of manure and digestate storage facilities, including manure and digestate

handling and utilisation facilities and investments to improve the efficiency of fertiliser

use; machinery and equipment for fertiliser loading. transport and application); use of renewable energy sources (investment in construction and/or equipping of energy

production facilities, facilities for the reception, processing and storage of raw materials, as

well as for the processing, conversion, storage, transport and application of organic

fertiliser substrates); non-production investments related to environmental conservation (e.g. soil erosion control

(investment in the construction of terraces, lifting of drywall and hedges), construction of

new and reconstruction of existing livestock buildings, investment in construction and/or

equipping of new irrigation systems on the agricultural holding and improvement of

existing systems/equipment), payment of liabilities related to the agriculture, environment

and climate changes (e.g. soil treatment and sowing on sloped terrain for annual arable

crops, crop rotation, establishment of field strips); incentives to organic farming through payments to maintain organic farming practices and

methods; Support for pilot projects and for the development of new products, procedures, processes

and technologies.

Programme activities whose implementation also affects emissions into the air are outlined

below: quality systems for agricultural products and foodstuffs,

investments in physical assets,

restoring agriculture production potential damaged by natural disasters and catastrophic

events and introduction of appropriate prevention actions,

farm and business development,

basic services and village renewal in rural areas,

investments in forest area development and improvement of the viability forests,

establishment of producer groups and organisations,

agri-environment climate,

organic farming,

payments to areas facing natural or other specific constraints,

cooperation,

risk management,

support for leader local development (CLLD – community-led local development).


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Relevant policy objectives in industry

Relevant policy objective in the industry are integrated into the Industrial Strategy of the

Republic of Croatia for 2014-2020. The industrial strategy represents any form of intervention

or state policy aimed at improving the business environment, or at changing the structure of

economic activity by sectors, technologies or tasks that are expected to have a greater

contribution to economic growth or social welfare than would be the case if the intervention did

not exist. General strategy objectives and other targets whose implementation might affect

emissions into air are outlined below.

General objectives: increasing the share of highly educated workforce in the total number of employees in the

industry to achieve higher productivity of the domestic industry;

increasing investment in research and development, as generally accepted to contribute to

innovation;

Increasing fixed capital investments that need to accompany new employment and

increases in capital equipment of labour and depreciation of existing investments. Other targets: 2.85 % average annual growth in the volume of industrial production; an additional 85 619 newly recruited employees by the end of 2020, of which at least 30 %

with higher education; 68.9 % growth in labour productivity in 2014-2020; 30 % increase in exports 2014-2020 and change of the export structure in favour of high

value-added products in exports.

The Industrial Strategy has no directly outlined environmental targets in general objectives and

other targets. The reason for the absence of environmental targets is the unavailability of an

environmental management strategy, although it is believed that it will have an impact on

industrial development. Indirectly, it is stated that the industrial policy departs from the

importance of interactivity between a modern high-technology industry and the growing service

sector, industry and the environment. The legislation of developed Western industrial nations

requires compliance with high standards of environmental and human health protection in

production processes. Such legislation in developed countries put additional pressure on the

profitability of the industry.

Relevant policy objectives in transport

Relevant policy objectives in transport are presented in the Transport Development Strategy of

the Republic of Croatia (2017-2030). The development of transport infrastructure in Croatia is

considered extremely important for its economic and social growth, as well as for international

connectivity. Transport infrastructure is an instrument of regional development that drives the

exchange of goods and better accessibility to all economic, health, tourist and other amenities.

In the development of general and specific objectives, the Strategy has taken into account the

already published European strategy and environmental and climate protection requirements.

The general objectives whose implementation will, directly and indirectly, affect emissions and

air quality are the following:

change in the passenger transport distribution in favour of public transport (PT) and forms

of transport with zero pollutant emissions;

change the freight transport distribution in favour of rail and maritime transport and inland

waterway transport;

develop the transport system (infrastructure and maintenance management, organisation

and development) on the principle of economic viability;

reduce the impact of the transport system on climate changes;

reduce the impact of the transport system on the environment (environmental

sustainability);

increase the safety of the transport system; increase the interoperability of the transport system (PT, rail, road, maritime and air

transport and inland waterway transport);

improve the integration of transport modes in Croatia (management, ITS, VTMIS, P&R, etc.);

further develop the Croatian part of the TEN-T (basic and comprehensive) network.

In addition to the general objectives, specific objectives for certain transport sectors have also

been defined:


30

better coordinate transport management with neighbouring countries (Bosnia-Herzegovina,

B-H – Port of Ploče, road and rail links with B-H, Slovenia, Serbia, Italy, Montenegro and

Hungary);

in some parts of Croatia, where applicable, supplement development of the tourism sector as

the main economic factor through adequate transport development, particularly in favour of

PP and green mobility;

improve access to remote parts of Croatia (e.g. islands of Southern Dalmatia etc.);

develop the potential of major logistics centres (ports of Rijeka, Split, Ploče, Vukovar,

Osijek, Slavonski Brod, Zagreb node);

strengthen Croatia’s position as a logistics hub of the wider region, with a special emphasis

on Zagreb;

improve integration of the transport sector into socio-economic developments in the region

(concept of functional regions, FR);

municipal, suburban and regional traffic;

– develop the potential of public (regional and national) road transport where other forms

of public transport are not cost-effective;

– increase the competitiveness of the tram system in Zagreb and Osijek;

– better integrate the international/national transport system into local and regional

transport systems (passenger hubs, integrated toll/ticket system, etc.);

– increase the efficiency and reduce the economic impact of public transport management

and organisation;

– increase the attractiveness of public transport by enhancing the concepts of fleet

management and modernisation;

– traffic and logistics management and information provision;

– review/update of local/regional master plans.

Rail transport

– enhance rail transport corridors leading from the Rijeka Port to markets with the greatest

potential for the port (Hungary, B-H, Slovakia, Italy, southern Poland and Serbia);

– make better use of the Croatian railway system in larger Croatian agglomerations

(Zagreb, Rijeka, Split, Varaždin, Osijek), and within and between functional regions

(sub-regions);

– improve the service level of the railway rolling stock and its impact on the environment;

– better integrate the rail system into local transport systems (station safety and security,

links to other forms of transport, etc.);

– increase safety at rail-road level crossings;

– increase the efficiency of the Croatian railway system (traffic management, business

operation etc.);

– ensure infrastructure maintenance while respecting cost-effectiveness aspects.

Road transport

– improve safety of the road transport system;

– make better use of the Croatian road system in the context of public transport (buses in

the local, regional and national system);

– reduce the environmental impact of the oldest sections of the Croatian motorway

network;

– optimise and mutually coordinate different toll systems in Croatia;

– improve technical requirements in the road design, with an emphasis on more cost-

effective technical solutions, safety standards, green mobility and integration of the

means of transport with zero pollutant emissions;

– increase the road accessibility of areas in which existing infrastructure has reached the

upper limit of traffic flow and alternative forms of transport (public rail and coastal

shipping) are not economically justified (tourist centres in Adriatic Croatia), including

the introduction of a sustainable transport concept that favours public transport and

forms of transport with zero pollutant emissions;

– increase connectivity with neighbouring countries to raise cooperation and territorial

integration to a higher level;

– increase accessibility of Croatian areas in which the upper limit of traffic flow has been

reached and there is no alternative road infrastructure (parallel motorways etc.) – from

Zagreb in the direction of Bjelovar, and from Varaždin in the direction of Koprivnica

and Krapina;

– reduce traffic congestion in agglomerations with a heavy traffic, taking into account

special rules applying to the protection of national heritage.


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Air transport

– support the development of the Franjo Tuđman Airport with the aim of preserving the

accessibility of the Croatian capital from abroad

– improve business operations and reliability of the Dubrovnik Airport to preserve

accessibility of Southern Dalmatia;

– improve the accessibility of airports. especially by public transport;

– improve the safety standards at airports and in air transport;

– comply with the requirements for entry in the Schengen area, where applicable.

Maritime transport

– encourage development and raise the competitiveness of the port of Rijeka as the main

Croatian seaport;

– reduce the impact of maritime transport on the environment (fleet development,

environmental protection, and measures to prevent and combat pollution from maritime

structures);

– increase the distribution of freight transport on Adriatic overseas and coastal routes in

favour of maritime transport;

– increase reliability of the maritime transport (public transport and supply chains) in harsh

weather conditions;

– improve efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the maritime transport system;

– improve safety of the maritime transport system;

– improve the integration of ports into the local (passenger and cargo) transport system.

The Strategy provides for all infrastructure projects arising from the measures to be planned,

taking into account potential climatic events in the area where measures are implemented.

Relevant policy objectives in waste management

The main objectives of waste management in Croatia arise from the assessment of the status of

waste management and the obligations arising from the EU legislation and regulations

transposed into national legislation.

The implementation and establishment of an integral waste management system in Croatia is

enabled by the application and fulfilment of the objectives defined by the Sustainable Waste

Management Act (NN Nos 94/13 and 73/17) and the Waste Management Plan of the Republic

of Croatia for 2017-2022 (NN No 3/17).

The Sustainable Waste Management Act is the main piece of legislation regulating the issues of

management in Croatia. A number of rules have been adopted under the Act, some of which

regulate certain waste management activities while others regulate the management of special

categories of waste.

Based on the assessment of the existing status of waste management and the obligations that

Croatia must fulfil under EU and national legislation, the Waste Management Plan defines the

targets to be achieved by 2022, compared to 2015:

1. improve the municipal waste management system;

– reduce the total amount of municipal waste produced by 5 %;

– separately collect 60 % of the mass of communal waste produced (primarily paper, glass,

plastic, metal, biowaste, etc.);

– separately collect 40 % of the mass of produced biowaste that is an integral part of

municipal waste;

– dispose in landfills less than 25 % of the mass of municipal waste produced;

2. improve the management system for special categories of waste;

– separately collect 75 % of the mass of construction waste produced;

– establish a system for waste sludge from sewage treatment plants;

– improve the packaging waste management system;

– establish a marine waste management system;

– establish a system of management for waste vessels, wrecks and sunken objects on the

seabed;

– improve the management system for other special categories of waste;

3. improve the hazardous waste management system;

4. remediate locations contaminated by waste;

5. continuously carry out educational and information activities;

6. improve the waste management information system;

7. improve waste management control;

8. improve administrative proceedings in waste management.


32

The 2018 Waste Package introduces changes to EU waste management regulations by

introducing more ambitious targets for Member States in order to promote the transition to a

circular economy.

The aim of the changes to the Directives included in the Waste Package is to gradually balance

the levels of best practices in the Member States and stimulate the necessary investment in

waste management and to enable the rotating economy from production to consumption, repair

and manufacturing, waste management and useful raw materials that are fed back to the

economy. Since the circular economy encourages the use of production processes that consume

less material and energy sources, using waste-free resources and including full end-of-life

product recycling, it indirectly affects emissions and air quality – thus, a sustainable and

competitive economy with low greenhouse gas and other pollutant emissions is developed,

helping reduce environmental degradation and resource consumption as well as destruction of

biodiversity.

On 4 July 2018, new EU rules entered into force with legally binding targets for waste

recycling and reduction of waste disposal with fixed deadlines for Member States that have to

adjust their national legislation for switching to the circular economy in the next two years.

Croatia is required to transpose the Waste Directives into its legislation by 5 July 2020.

Some other

national policy

objectives and

priorities relevant

for the NAPCP:

Croatian Government Programme until 2020

The Croatian Government Programme for the 2016-2020 term may be highlighted as an

important current document defining the development policy by 2020. The core objectives are:

o achieving a stable and lasting economic growth;

o new quality job creation;

o stopping emigration and demographic renewal;

o social justice and solidarity.

In the field of ecology, sustainable development and environmental protection, the

following specific objectives are highlighted:

o protection of Croatian natural resources; o integrated water management and protection of national water resources; o adaptation to climate conditions; o efficient waste management.

In the energy sector, the Energy Development Strategy is currently being developed, with

the following prominent specific objectives: o improving the security of crude supply in Croatia and the EU: o improving the security of gas supply in Croatia and the EU.

In the area of demographic development, population policy and revitalisation, prominent

objectives are: o encouraging higher birth rates by providing a minimum and raising the existing

standard of living; o provision of housing for families under favourable terms.

National Development Strategy

The Act on a System of Strategic Planning and Management of the Development of the

Republic of Croatia (NN No 123/17) was adopted in 2017. This Act regulates the system of

strategic planning of Croatia and the management of public policies, namely the

preparation, drafting, implementation, reporting, monitoring of implementation and

impacts, and the evaluation of strategic planning documents for the design and

implementation of public policies which, in accordance with their competences, are

drafted, adopted and implemented by public authorities. The National Development

Strategy is the highest document in the hierarchy, followed by multi-sectoral and sectoral

strategies, plans and programmes. At the moment, Croatia’s strategic development is based on a series of multi-sectoral and

sectoral strategies, plans and programmes, and the first National Development Strategy of

the Republic of Croatia until 2030 is being drafted. It is planned to be adopted by 2020.


33

Energy Strategy

The current Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (NN No 130/09) sets

three fundamental energy objectives:

o energy supply security;

o competitiveness of the energy system;

o sustainability of the energy development.

In view of the changes in a number of internal and external factors since the Strategy was

adopted in 2009, the need for developing a new Strategy has been recognised. The new

Strategy is being drafted and its adoption is expected in 2019.

Environmental Protection Plan

The Environmental Protection Plan of the Republic of Croatia for 2016 to 2023 is being

drafted. The plan has not yet been adopted, but following priorities have been recognised in

the Draft plan (MEE, 2016):

I. protecting, preserving and improving the value of natural goods and the environment;

II. supporting sustainable production and consumption;

III. safeguarding the Union’s citizens from environment-related pressures and risks to health

and well-being;

IV. strengthening the institutional and legislative framework;

V. stronger link between knowledge, the information management system and the

environmental policy;

VI. developing economic instruments and financing;

VII. making cities more sustainable;

VIII. promoting sustainable development at the European and international level, according

to the Strategy for Sustainable Development of the Republic of Croatia (NN No 30/09).

2.2.1. COHERENCE OF INVENTORIES AND PROJECTIONS

Under Article 19(2) of the NEC Decree, the Air Pollution Control Programme must be coherent to other

relevant plans and programmes established pursuant to the requirement laid down in the Croatian or EU

legislation. Since national emission inventories and emission projections are simultaneously the database,

that is, data sources serving for the development of plans and programmes, it is essential for them to be

mutually coherent; it means not only that the inventory of pollutant emissions and the inventory of

greenhouse gas emissions must be coherent but they must also be coherent with the projections, and that

pollutant projections must be coherent with greenhouse gas projections. That kind of coherence is ensured

through the following:

equivalent data sources and data on activities (e.g. use of same energy models, agricultural

productivity, demographic, BDP data, number of households, etc.) used and

equivalent assumptions made on already adopted policies and measures (PaMs) are consistent in

all policy areas.

In addition, coherence is ensured through reporting on the inventory of pollutant emissions, projections

and air quality, according to the established templates, formats and guidelines to achieve maximum

consistency in reporting among Member States. The Air Pollution Control Programme should be in line

with reporting under other commitments, including:

inventory of pollutant emissions and projections reported by Member States annually / every four

years to the UNECE under the CLRTAP;

annual report to the Commission under E-PRTR:

greenhouse gas emission inventories and projections reported (bi)annually to the Commission and

the UNFCCC under the Kyoto Protocol and the MRR;

information on air quality exchanged via e-reporting in accordance with the Commission

Implementing Decision (IPR).


34

Coherence of data sources and data on the activities in inventories and projections

Data on the activities necessary to calculate pollutant emissions are collected from the Croatian

Environmental Protection Information System, official annual publications and databases of the Central

Bureau of Statistics as well as competent ministries and institutions. With regard to certain sub-sectors

and categories of emission sources, more detailed data on the activities than those available in official

publications (e.g. energy balance, categorisation of road vehicles etc.) are required. The data sets used for

the preparation of inventories of pollutant emissions and greenhouse gas emission inventories are mostly

the same. This is checked during detailed annual reviews of inventories, in accordance with the NEC

Directive, and adjustments are made where data are found to differ in preparation for the next annual

submission. The first such detailed technical review under the NEC Directive of the emissions inventories

as at the last historical year 2015 was undertaken in 2017. Earlier adjustments were made according to the

report on the 3rd phase of centralised review, coordinated by the EMEP emissions centre, the Centre on

Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP), which acts as a review secretariat in accordance with the

UNECE LRTAP Convention and the EU NEC Directive. Croatia underwent two such centralised reviews

in 2011 and 2014.

The projections that are an integral part of this Programme were prepared pursuant to the

EMEP/EEA Guidebook under the LRTAP Conventions and in accordance with the latest available

annual inventory for 2016. Data on emissions and data on activities were taken from the latest

historical inventory submission to the European Commission and the LRTAP Convention

Secretariat of February 2018. Thus, the requirement that calculated projections need to be

consistent with the latest reported inventory was met.

The preparation of the projections covered three basic steps:

Step 1: identification of key emission sources for a particular pollutant and their share in total

emissions of the pollutant under observation;

Step 2: inclusion of data on the activity from available development plans;

Step 3: where development plans were not available, assumption were made about future data on

the activity concerned. Data were broken down by pollutants and key sectors under observation.

The methodology used for the emissions projections is identical to the methodology used for calculating

emissions. Emission data result is the product of activity data (e.g. fuel consumption, production statistics,

number of animals, processed waste, etc.) and the corresponding emission factor.

To provide for integrated modelling, which would include the possibility of a simultaneous assessment of

relevant impacts of the low-carbon development scenario in Croatia and measures to reduce pollutant

emissions, numerous simulation and optimisation models were applied and an integral model named

NUSPCRO (low-carbon strategic planning in Croatia) was also developed. The Long-Range Energy

Alternatives Planning (LEAP) system software served as the basis for the NUSPCRO integrated model

development. This integrated modelling tool was used for energy policy analysis and assessment of

climate mitigation measures as well as for the modelling of energy consumption and energy

transformation and for resource extraction. It was also employed in the calculation of energy and non-

energy emissions in all sectors of the economy.

Scenarios are prepared based on a number of inputs using the methodology for the calculation of impacts,

modelling economic impacts, PaM as well as technology and changes in the behaviour of inhabitants.

Depending on the targets being analysed, the results in certain scenarios may be an indicator of the need

to simulate additional measures to achieve the set emission reduction targets or to examine the optimal

combination of emission reduction measures. Addition iterations serve to test the sensitivity to changes in

parameters.

The result are greenhouse gas emission projections, pollutant emission projections, costs, external costs

and the impact on employment, which may subsequently be evaluation on a monetary basis to obtain an

integrated cost-benefit analysis. Consistent relations and technologies used provide for a coherent

comparability of scenarios and assessment of limit impacts of individual PaMs.


35

In addition to the projections under this Programme, the NUSPCRO model has been (or will be) used in

the preparation of the following documents:

– Report on greenhouse gas emission projections of the Republic of Croatia;

– Report on PaMs for emission reduction and increase in the removal by sinks of greenhouse gases

of the Republic of Croatia;

– Draft strategy of low-carbon development of the Republic of Croatia.

Coherence of the projections of pollutant emissions into the air and other commitments

The national inventory is prepared annually, while the projections of pollutant emissions are prepared

biannually although they are reported every year. Data from the last available inventory, the 2016

inventory in this case, are used in the preparation of projections, so the calculated projections are entirely

consistent with the emissions from the latest reported inventory.

The Projections were prepared in accordance with the Report on greenhouse gas emission

projections, which are prepared in accordance with the Decree on Greenhouse Gas Emission

Monitoring, and PaMs for their reduction in the Republic of Croatia. Data on the activities,

assumptions and input parameters are entirely consistent with the latest submitted Report on

greenhouse gas projections11.

A conclusion of the comparison of pollutant emission projections with greenhouse gas projections in

Croatia is that they are entirely consistent. Croatia reports greenhouse gas emissions and projections to

the EU and the UNFCCC. and pollutant emissions and projections to the EU and CLRTAP. The latest

published Report on greenhouse gas emission projections in Croatia and that on PaM implementation was

published in March 2017. These reports served as background material for the preparation of pollutant

emission projections. Therefore, all the activities data necessary for the preparation of pollutant emission

projections are based on identical initial assumptions and parameters to those used to calculate

greenhouse gas emissions.

The document named Expert background material for the drafting of a Low-Emission Development

Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to 2050 with the Action Plan

defined two scenarios for greenhouse gas emission projections which were also used in the preparation of

pollutant projections. It is worth noted that the development of these scenarios took account of the

importance of technologies and measures to reduce pollutant emissions. The scenario to meet the targets

is described in detail in Chapter 4. The existing PaMs for the reduction or limitation of emissions are set

out in Chapter 4 and Annex 1 to this Programme.

All the information in Chapters 4 and 5 has been taken over from the Expert background material for the

drafting of a Low-Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period until 2030

with a view to 2050 with the Action Plan, Green Book.

Coherence with the annual report to the Commission under E-PRTR Regulation

Regulation (EU) No 166/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the

establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and amending Council Directives

91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (hereinafter referred to as: the E-PRTR Regulation) came into force on

18 January 200612; it was transposed by the Rules on the Environmental Pollution Register (NN No

87/15) (hereinafter referred to as: EPR Rules).

Under Article 5 of the E-PRTR Regulation, the operators of facilities that undertake one or more of the

activities on the site referred to in Annex I to the E-PRTR Regulation are required to submit information

on releases and transfer of pollutants to air, soil and waste waters if the applicable capacity threshold(s)

11 CAEN, June 2017 12 European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR), REGULATION (EC) No 166/2006 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND

OF THE COUNCIL of 18 January 2006 concerning the establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC (Text with EEA relevance)

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/HR/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM:l28149

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/HR/TXT/?uri=celex:32006R0166




36

and release and/or transfer threshold(s) of any pollutant specified in the table in Annex II to said

Regulation have been exceeded, and information on hazardous waste exceeding 2 tonnes per year or of

2 000 tonnes per year.

The E-PRTR Regulation is a key instrument in compliance with the requirements of the Aarhus

Convention13, given that it provides the possibility for the public to participate in further development of

the register and in the preparation of amendments.

An entity subject to data submission to the EPR under the EPR Rules is required to check whether it is

also subject to data submission under the E-PRTR Regulation.

Applicable capacity threshold(s) and threshold(s) applicable to off-site transfers of pollutants in waste

water, [are reported in] column 1b of the table in Annex II to the E-PRTR Regulation or where waste is

concerned.

Emissions reported to the EPR database are used when preparing the Report on pollutant

(emissions) into the air for large point sources, thus ensuring the coherence of data on emissions

reported to the E-PRTR and available in the inventory of pollutant emissions.

Coherence with the greenhouse gas emission inventory

The Decree on Greenhouse Gas Emission Monitoring, PaM for their reduction in the Republic of Croatia

(NN No 5/17) lays down the obligation and procedures applied for emission monitoring that cover the

assessment and reporting on all anthropogenic emissions and removal by sinks. The monitoring of

greenhouse gas emissions is laid down in Article 75 of the Air Protection Act.

The National Inventory Report (NIR) is prepared in accordance with the UNFCCC reporting guidelines

on annual inventories as adopted in Decision 24/CP.19 of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the

UNFCCC. The methodology used in the preparation of calculations of greenhouse gas emissions is

described in the following manuals/guidelines: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas

Inventories (IPCC Guidelines) and IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in

National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC Good Practice Guidance) prepared by the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

The institutional set-up for preparing greenhouse gas inventories in Croatia is laid down in Chapter II of

the Decree on Greenhouse Gas Emission Monitoring, PaM for their reduction in Croatia, entitled the

National system for the calculation and reporting of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources

and removals by sinks. The institutional set-up for preparing inventories in Croatia may be considered

decentralised, given that it uses the services of external associates, while the powers to perform certain

tasks are divided among cooperative institutions, including the Ministry of Environment and Energy

(MEE) and competent state administration authorities responsible for data collection and submission. The

preparation of inventories is entrusted to the Authorised entity, who is selected in a public procurement

procedure for a three-year period. Once the Inventory has been prepared and approved by members of the

Cross-sectoral commission for national system coordination, it is published on the websites of the United

Nations Convention on Climate Change and on the Ministry's website.. In addition to Inventories,

greenhouse gas emissions are reported by the Central Bureau of Statistics in the Statistical Yearbook

publication and by the European Commission as part of air emission calculations. Since greenhouse gas

inventories serve as the reporting basis in all of the above publications, the emissions stated in the

publications are fully aligned with the Inventories.

The European Commission Technical expert review team (TERT) carries out an annual review of data

from the national greenhouse gas emission inventories that are relevant for the monitoring of greenhouse

gas emission reduction or limitation pursuant to Articles 3 and 7 of the ESD. Furthermore, the state is

required to provide a short assessment of whether the estimated emissions of carbon monoxide (CO),

sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds in stocks submitted by the

13 Aarhus Convention – the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in

Environmental Matters, of which Croatia has been a signatory since 1998 and which was ratified in December 2006



37

Member State according to Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and the

UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution in line with appropriate estimates of

emissions from greenhouse gas stocks according to Regulation (EU) No 525/2013.

In the event of certain non-compliance, the Technical expert review team may revise the data

submitted according to Article 7 of Regulation (EU) No 525/2013. This ensures coherence with the

greenhouse gas emission inventories.

Coherence with greenhouse gas emission projections

The Report on greenhouse gas emission projections constitutes an integral part of the national system for

monitoring the implementation of PAM for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse gas

emission projections in relation to the fulfilment of commitments under the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change. Pursuant to the regulations applicable to EU Member States, Croatia is

required to report to the European Commission on monitoring of the implementation of these PAM and

emission projections. In national legislation, the legal basis for preparing the Report is laid down in

Article 75(3) of the Air Protection Act.

Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 749/2014 are the

applicable EU regulations laying down Member States’ commitments and the method of reporting.

The content of the Report is laid down in Article 14 of Commission Implementing Regulation

No 749/2014. The 2017 Report on greenhouse gas emission projections by sources and their removal by

sinks includes:

projections under ‘without measures’, ‘with measures’ and ‘with additional measures’ scenarios,

by gases and sectors;

projections of ETS and non-ETS sector emissions;

description of PAM included in the projections;

description of the methodology, models, assumptions and input data for the preparation of

projections;

analysis of projection sensitivity depending on input data.

The method and conditions for the implementation of the regulation governing the monitoring of

greenhouse gas emissions are laid down in the Implementing Regulation which further defines the scope

of the Report in Article 23. Annex XII to the Implementing Regulation sets out the projection parameters

which need to be included in the Report.

The current Projection Report was prepared in 2017 and includes emission projections by sources and

their removal by sinks for 2015, 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035.

The following parameter data sources were used to prepare the 2017 Report on greenhouse gas emission

projections:

CRF

SECTOR DATA TYPE DATA SOURCE

General

parameters

GDP – annual growth rate, population, coal

price, heavy fuel oil price, gas price

European Commission recommendations

Energy fuel consumption, electricity generation,

electricity import, final (end-use) energy

consumption

National Renewable Energy Action Plan

Third National Energy Efficiency Action Plan of

Croatia for 2014 – 2016

Transport passenger-kilometres, freight transport,

energy consumption in road transport

Croatian Statistical Yearbook

Industry production growth index Sectoral studies (cement production and nitric acid

production)

solvent use Report of air pollutant emission inventories in the

territory of the Republic of Croatia under the


38

CRF

SECTOR DATA TYPE DATA SOURCE

Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air

Pollution (CLRTAP).

Agriculture number and type of livestock Expert assessment – Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture

and the Ministry of Agriculture:

plant production Croatian Statistical Yearbook

Agricultural production. FAOSTAT databases

statistical reports

LULUCF land area for each subcategory NIR 2014

presumed emission factors by pools CFR2014

Waste amount of municipal waste produced, amount of

municipal waste disposed of in a landfill,

organic fraction of municipal waste

Waste management strategy Waste Management

Plan in the Republic of Croatia

Sustainable Waste Management Act

The projections were prepared in accordance with the Report on greenhouse gas emission

projections, which is prepared in accordance with the Decree on Greenhouse Gas Emission

Monitoring, and PaMs for their reduction in the Republic of Croatia. Data on the activities,

assumptions and input parameters are entirely consistent with the latest submitted Report on

emission greenhouse gas projections14, thus ensuring coherence with greenhouse gas emission

projections.

Coherence with the information on air quality exchanged via e-reporting in accordance with the

IPR Implementing Decision

On 12 December 2011, the European Commission adopted Implementing Decision (EU)

2011/850/EU laying down rules for Directives 2004/107/EC and 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament

and of the Council (hereinafter referred to as: the IPR Implementing Decision) on EU Member States

obligations relating to reporting on the assessment and management of ambient air quality as well as to

reciprocal exchange of information concerning networks and stations, and the measurements of air quality

(entered into force on 1 January 2014).

This Decision has laid down a new reporting mechanism (e-reporting), which is more up-to-date and

more modern than the previous reporting methods. All required information must be prepared and

submitted in a standardised machine-readable form (XML format) and compliant with the requirements of

Directive 2007/2/EC establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community

(INSPIRE). The information is submitted to the EIONET Central Data Repository (CDR) accessible

through the AQ Portal, which was established by the EC but is maintained and managed by the EEA. The

portal contains all the news, guidelines and instructions relating to e-reporting.

The Rules on reciprocal information exchange and air quality reporting and commitments for the

implementation of Commission Decision 2011/850/EU (NN No 3/16) lay down the tasks of the Ministry

and other authorities relating to the manner, time limits, data content and format as well as data collection

method for the purpose of reciprocal information exchange and reporting on air quality assessment and

management.

All air quality data required for exchange need to be collected and properly arranged to fulfil the

objectives for electronic reporting. For that purpose; in 2014, the CAEN developed and established the

Air Quality in the Republic of Croatia portal. The portal is available at the following link:

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/index.html, containing all the data on air pollutant concentrations measured in the

whole territory of Croatia. The system enables the submission of air quality information in a standardised

data exchange format to the European

14 CAEN, June 2017

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/index.html


39

Commission and European Environment Agency data repositories, in line with the requirements of the

CAFE and INSPIRE Directives. In 2014, air quality data (B – G) for 2013 were submitted to the EC data

repository for the first time. The portal fully complies with the given criteria, allowing complete

submission of all air quality data to the EC.

Data on pollutant concentrations used for information exchange and reporting on air quality assessment

and management are obtained by measurements at the measurement sites specified in Articles 4–6 of the

Decree Determining a List of Measurement Sites for the Monitoring of Certain Air Pollutant

Concentrations and Locations of Measurement Stations in the State Network for Continuous Air Quality

Monitoring (NN No 65/16). In addition to pollutant concentrations obtained by measurements at

continuous measurement sites, data obtained by indicative measurements, modelling and objective

assessment techniques may be used for reporting. A Member State is required to submit all the required

information in the reporting year for the previous year.

Information on air quality improvement action plans must be provided to the EC for all the exceedances

of limit values (LV) (G data) submitted, while only measures are submitted for the exceedances of target

values (TV).

The Air Pollution Control Programme has taken over the information available at on ‘Air Quality

in the Republic of Croatia’ Portal (http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/index.html), so in that sense it is coherent

with the information annually reported to the Commission in accordance with the IPR

Implementing Decision.

2.2.2. COHERENCE WITH PLANS AND PROGRAMMES

By means of the Act on a System of Strategic Planning and Management of the Development of the

Republic of Croatia (NN No 123/17), Croatia lays down the management of public policies, namely the

preparation, drafting and implementation of public policies which are drafted, adopted and implemented

by public authorities in accordance with their competences. The National Development Strategy, multi-

sectoral and sectoral strategies constitute medium-term strategic planning acts.

Listed below are indicative time frames for the adoption of some national acts serving as umbrella

documents for strategic planning by the state, thus being relevant for the adoption and implementation of

the present Programme:

– National Development Strategy (by the end of 2020)

– Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (by the end of 2019)

- Low-carbon Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (until 2020)

– Energy Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (by mid-2019)

– Environmental Protection Plan (2019)

Local communities are required to adopt their Environmental protection programmes, including air

protection programmes as integral parts. Additionally, local plans integrate the issues of climate change

adaptation.

Each national plan and programme undergoes obligatory strategic environmental assessment and

ecological network impact assessment, as well as the assessment of compliance with umbrella and

sectoral strategies.

Coherence with air quality improvement action plans

The provisions of Article 46(1)(2) of the Air Protection Act (NN Nos 130/11, 47/14 and 61/17) stipulate

that where air pollutant levels in a given zone or agglomeration exceed any limit or target value, in each

of these cases, the representative authority of the local self-government unit (hereinafter referred to as: the

LSGU) or of the City of Zagreb adopts an action plan for air quality improvement in that zone or

agglomeration in order to ensure achievement of limit or target values as soon as possible. The

representative body of the LSGU or of the City of Zagreb adopts the action plan for its administrative



40

area. The action plan for air quality improvement may additionally include specific measures aimed at

protecting sensitive population groups, including children.

Croatia is required to submit to the European Environment Agency / European Commission (EEA/EC)

data on action plans for air quality improvement in the zones and agglomerations where exceedance of

limit and target values has been found.

An analysis of the action plans for air quality improvement submitted to the EEA/EC was carried out as

part of this programme using the information on the implementation of action plans for air quality

improvement available on the Air Quality in the Republic of Croatia portal (link: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/).

For the purpose of the analysis, local communities were additionally asked to submit their statements on

the implementation status of Action plans or on the measures implemented (and possibly planned) in

relation to the implementation of measures from all air quality improvement action plans registered via e-

reporting.

An overview of the action plans according to reports in the e-reporting system (item H) is provided in

Table 2-1, while an overview of the action plan measures according to reports in the e-reporting system

(item K) is provided in Table 2-2.

Table 2-1: Overview of the action plans according to reports in the e-reporting system (item H)

Name of the action plan Zone City

(LSGU)

Pollutants

covered by

the plan

Measurement

stations for

compliance

assessment

Date

of adoption

Period

covered by

the plan

Action Plan for Air Quality

Improvement in the City of

Slavonski Brod

HR 2 Slavonski

Brod PM2.5

Slavonski

Brod-1 04/07/2016 2016-2020

Action Plan for PM10

Emission Reduction in the

City of Kutina

HR 2 Kutina PM10 Kutina-1 17/12/2015 2015-2020

Action Plan for Particle

(PM10) Pollution Reduction

in the City of Osijek

HR OS Osijek PM10 Osijek-1 01/01/2014 2014-2020

Action Plan for Air Quality

Improvement in the City of

Zagreb*

HRZG Zagreb

PM10

BaP(PM10)

NO2,

PM2.5

O3

Zagreb-1,

Zagreb-3 27/03/2015

I. phase: 2015-

2017

II. phase: 2018-

2020, operational

until 2023

Action Plan for Reducing

PM10 Particulate Matter

Concentration Levels in

the City of Sisak

HR 2 Sisak PM10 Sisak-1 01/01/2014 2014-2017

Note: The Action Plan for the City of Zagreb was prepared based on the exceedances of limit values at two state

network stations and six local network stations.

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/


41

Table 2-2: Overview of action plan measures according to reports in the e-reporting system (item K)

Agglo-

meration

Pollu-

tant

Reporting year Status of the measure Efficiency of the measure

2015 2016 2017

HRZG,

Zagreb PM10

- Transport

- Reduction of particle

emissions from households

by applying energy

efficiency measures

- Measures to reduce

particle emissions from

households using solid and

liquid fuels by switching

to natural gas or central

heating system

- Educating the population

about reducing particle

emissions and energy

efficiency by the correct

use of wood fired stoves

- Measures aimed at air

quality monitoring

- Measures relating to the

Sustainable Energy Action

Plan of the City of Zagreb

(SEAP, 2010)

- Transport

- Reducing particle emissions

from households by applying

energy efficiency measures

- Measures to reduce particle


using solid and liquid fuels by

switching to natural gas or

central heating system




efficiency by the correct use

of wood fired stoves

- Measures aimed at air quality

monitoring




(SEAP, 2010)

















(SEAP, 2010)

The measures are

implemented according to the

timetable provided in the

action plan.

The City of Zagreb prepares

annual reports containing a

description of the

implementation of each

measure.

The implementation

dynamics depends on

available financial resources

and models of their use.

The efficiency of a measure may not

be assessed without extensive

research.

Reaching the LV for particles

depends on the implementation of

energy efficiency measures aimed at

thermal insulation of buildings and

small household furnaces. Since

most measures apply to the domestic

sector, their implementation is

planned over a longer period in order

to assess their efficiency through

improved air quality (e.g. a lower

number of exceedances of daily PM10

concentration LVs during the heating

season).

Educational measures and measures

affecting the lifestyle of people (e.g.

cycling) need to be implemented

continually for years in order to have

an effect.

The inter-annual meteorological

variability significantly affects the

level of local and background

concentrations, both in terms of

emissions (colder winter, higher

emissions from heating) and in terms

of pollution transport and local

dispersion conditions (long-term

stagnation periods result in local

pollution accumulation).


42

Agglo-

meration

Pollu-

tant


2015 2016 2017

HRZG,

Zagreb BaP

- Transport














- Measures aimed at air quality

monitoring




(SEAP, 2010)

The measures are



action plan.



description of the


measure. See comments regarding PM10

HRZG.

Zagreb NO2

- Introducing low-emission

zones (so-called eco-zones) in

road transport and expanding

the pedestrian zone in the city

centre

- Improving road transport

regulation to relieve the

districts of Donji Grad, Trnje,

Trešnjevka–north, Novi

Zagreb–west and Novi

Zagreb–east.

- Improvement of public

transport with a focus on

strengthening the role of city

rail transport

The measures are



action plan.



description of the


measure.

The efficiency of a measure may not

be assessed without extensive

research that may include additional

measurements and modelling.


43

Agglo-

meration

Pollu-

tant


2015 2016 2017

- Reducing emissions from

public city bus transport in

the city area with a higher

load of pollution

- Purchasing vehicles for

public city transport and city

utilities companies (ZET,

Čistoća, Zagrebačke ceste) by

applying the ‘green

procurement’ principle and

technical improvements to

existing vehicles

- Promoting environmentally

friendly driving

- Expansion and improvement

of cycling infrastructure

- Educating the public on the

impact of road transport on

air quality and promoting

forms of transport with the

lowest environmental impact

- Subsidising public transport

in the city centre

- Establishment and promotion

of alternative forms of

transport by so-called ‘zero-

emission’ vehicles

- Measures to reduce pollutant

emissions from transport

from the Air Quality

Protection and Improvement

Programme in the City of

Zagreb 2009-2012. (SGGZ

7/09)


44

Agglo-

meration

Pollu-

tant


2015 2016 2017

HR OS,

Osijek PM10

- Measure aimed at

improving air quality

monitoring

- Educating citizens and

promoting proper use of

furnaces, environmentally

friendly driving, use and

improvement of public

transport

- Technical and economic

measures to reduce

fugitive emissions and

promote technologies with

low particle emission

- Measure aimed at improving

air quality monitoring

- Educating citizens and

promoting proper use of

furnaces, environmentally

friendly driving, use and

improvement of public

transport

- Technical and economic

measures to reduce fugitive

emissions and promote

technologies with low particle

emission

- N/A In 2015, the measure aimed at

improving air quality

monitoring was in the

evaluation phase, while the

other two measures were

being implemented.

In 2016, all measures were

being implemented.

N/A, (see comment regarding PM10

in HRZG)

HRRI,

Rijeka

ground

-level

ozone

- Informing and educating the

public (City of Rijeka)

- Proposal for planned projects,

studies and research (City of

Rijeka)

- Measures aimed at reducing

road transport emissions (City

of Rijeka)


maritime transport emissions

(City of Rijeka)

- N/A The Action plan was adopted

in 2016 – that year, all

measures were in the

planning phase.

N/A.

HR 2

Slavonski

Brod

PM2.5

- Preparation of the 2015

emission inventory for the

City of Slavonski Brod

- Promoting the establishment

of an air quality modelling

system for the areas of

Slavonski Brod and Brod

(Bosnia and Herzegovina)

- Using the receptor model to

assess the contribution of air

pollution sources in the area

of Slavonski Brod

In 2017, all measures were in

the planning phase.

The assessment cannot be provided

since the measures were in the

planning phase, (see comments

regarding PM10 in HR ZG)


45

Agglo-

meration

Pollu-

tant


2015 2016 2017

- Expansion of the central

heating system and gas

network in the area of

Slavonski Brod along with

subsidising household

connections

- Development of cycling

infrastructure

HR 2

Sisak PM10

- Cross-cutting

environmental protection

measures and instruments

(City of Sisak)

- Measures to reduce PM10

particulate matter

emissions in the industry

sector (City of Sisak)


household and small and

medium combustion plants

emissions (City of Sisak)

- Measures aimed at

reducing transport

emissions (City of Sisak)

- Cross-cutting environmental

protection measures and

instruments (City of Sisak)

- Measures to reduce PM10

particulate matter emissions

in the industry sector (City of

Sisak)

- Measures to reduce household

and small and medium

combustion plants emissions

(City of Sisak)


transport emissions (City of

Sisak)

- - N/A In 2015 and 2016, the Cross-

cutting environmental

protection measures and

instruments (City of Sisak)

were being implemented,

while no data is available

regarding the implementation

of other measures.

N/A.

(see comment regarding PM10 in

HRZG)

HR 2

Kutina PM10


household emissions

- Preventive measures to

reduce PM10 emissions


emissions in the industry

sector


transport emissions


household emissions

- Preventive measures to

reduce PM10 emissions

- Measures to reduce emissions

in the industry sector

- Measures to reduce transport

emissions

- - N/A In 2015, all measures were in

the planning phase except

‘Preventive measures to

reduce PM10 emissions’,

which were being

implemented.

In 2016, all measures were

being implemented.

N/A.

(see comment regarding PM10 in

HRZG)


46

The analysis has shown that the action plans are coherent with the present Programme. Coherence

is manifested in the following measures relating to households and transport: MEN-4, MEN- 14,

MEN-21, MTR-2, MTR-6, MTR-8, MTR-10 (see explanations in Annex 1).

Problems in the implementation of measures exist both at the local and national level, while the

implementation is largely affected by the current economic situation. Between 2008 and 2014,

Croatia was facing a long-term decline in GDP. Despite state co-financing, households must bear a

larger burden of investment which is unaffordable for many of them, given the current economic

situation.

The implementation of energy efficiency measures in the cities that have prepared action plans

largely depends on the implementation of the national Energy Renovation Programme for Family

Homes (MEN-4). The source of financing envisaged for the MEN-4 measure is the Environmental

Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund (hereinafter referred to as: the EPEEF). The measure was to be

implemented at national level between 2014 and 2020 period, whereby the EPEEF would provide a

financial structure for the renovation of family homes. By 2015, i.e. before amendments to the Energy

Renovation Programme for Family Homes, citizens could obtain co-financing for the energy renovation

of their family homes through local and regional self-government units (source:

http://www.fzoeu.hr/docs/primjeri_dobre_prakse projekata energetske_ucinkovitosti u hrvatskoj

2015_godine_vl.pdf). Action plans were adopted between 2014 and 2016, which means that some of

them have only been implemented for a year. All action plans envisage a measure to reduce emissions

from the domestic sector, which is not being implemented for several reasons:

– The EPEEF did not provide financial support for the entire projected period,

– Croatian economic situation.

Transport measures relating to the use of public transport and other forms of zero-emission

transport require changes in urban transport infrastructure, which primarily means that multi-

annual project preparation is required, followed by its implementation, i.e. continuous, multi-

annual work and inter-departmental / inter-institutional cooperation.

Coherence with of air protection, ozone layer, climate change mitigation and climate change

adaptation programmes

In accordance with Article 12(1) of the Air Protection Act, the representative authority of a large city

adopts the air protection, ozone layer, climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation

programme, which constitutes an integral part of the Environmental Programme.

The purpose of the air protection, ozone layer, climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation

programme is to define objectives and measures to prevent and reduce air pollution, ozone layer

protection, climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation by sectors of influence with a

sequential order, time frames and entities subject to measure implementation, estimation of funds for its

implementation, sequential order of use of funds according to priority measures and activities defined,

with the basic objective of protecting and continually improving air quality. The objectives and measures

defined in those programmes need to be in line with the objectives and measures of the Environmental

Programme, in the part relating to the air component. Air protection, ozone layer, climate change

mitigation and climate change adaptation programmes and environmental programmes must be in line

with the Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia for

2013-2017. The said Plan defines the objectives and priorities relating to air protection, ozone layer and

climate change mitigation in Croatia over a period of five years.

The coherence or compliance of the strategies, plans and programmes with the provisions of the

Environmental Protection Act and the Air Protection Act is verified by strategic studies or by the

studies of significant environmental impact of a strategy, plan or programme. The strategic

environmental assessment (SEA) is carried out pursuant to the provisions of the Environmental Protection

Act (Article 63) and of the Decree on Strategic Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Strategies,

Plans or Programmes (NN No 3/17). This procedure assesses possible significant environmental and

human health impacts that may result from the implementation of a strategy, plan or programme.

However, few Air protection, ozone layer, climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation

http://www.fzoeu.hr/docs/primjeri_dobre_prakse


47

programmes are required to carry out a strategic assessment, since they rarely lay down the

measures that would be subject to that procedure.

The analysis has shown that coherence with Air protection, ozone layer, climate change mitigation

and climate change adaptation programmes has not been fully achieved.

To be more specific, the quality of those action plans is currently lagging behind the quality of

national plans. Poor analysis of pollutant emissions and all sources of emissions present in the local

community area, as well as an indicative correlation between emissions and concentrations of air

quality parameters constitute the main shortcoming of most of the Programmes prepared. In the

majority of the Programmes prepared, emissions are currently stated by referring to the emissions

from the Environmental Pollution Register, which is insufficient to form a complete picture of

emissions in the area observed. Since 2018, the country has provided by means of the Emission

Spatial Distribution Portal, the spatial distribution of emissions for the whole territory of Croatia –

5 zones (HR 1, HR 2, HR 3, HR 4 and HR 5) and 4 agglomerations (HR ZG, HR OS, HR RI and

HR ST) and for the City of Slavonski Brod, in accordance with the Decree Designating Zones and

Agglomerations by Air Pollution Level in the Territory of the Republic of Croatia. There is a

proposal to improve the quality of future air protection, ozone layer, climate change mitigation and

climate change adaptation programmes so that they include a part which would ensure coherence

with the Pollution Control Programme, i.e. to include an overview of all emissions present in the

observed area which are available in the Emission Spatial Distribution Portal for 2014 and 2015

and which will enable the implementation of an expert analysis of the correlation between emission

sources, emission values and air pollution concentrations. Since the local community is competent

to prepare Programmes, it should also ensure oversight over measure implementation.

The table below provides a list of 25 current programs taken from the websites of counties and cities.

No Name of the document Duration

period Prepared by

1. Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change

Mitigation and Climate Change Adaptation Programme

of the Šibenik-Knin County

2016-2020 Šibenik-Knin County, Administrative

Department of Environmental

Protection and Municipal Affairs

2 Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change


of the Osijek-Baranja County

2016-2020 Osijek-Baranja County,

Administrative Department of

Physical Planning, Environment and

Nature Protection



of the City of Šibenik

2018-2020 Šibenik. Administrative Department of

Physical Planning and Environmental

Protection



of the Zagreb County

2015-2019 Administrative Department of

Physical Planning, Construction and

Environmental Protection. Zagreb

County Division of Environmental

Protection


Mitigation of the Krapina-Zagorje County

2017-2021 Krapina-Zagorje County



Environmental Protection



of the City of Koprivnica

2017-2020 The administrative authority of the

City of Koprivnica responsible for

preparing planning documents relating

to environmental protection



of the Sisak-Moslavina County

2018-2021 Administrative Department of





of the City of Karlovac

2016-2020 Not available


48


period Prepared by



of the Zadar County over a four-year period

2017-2021 Zadar County

10. Air Protection, Ozone Layer, Climate Change


of the Dubrovnik-Neretva County over the period

2017-2020

2017-2020 Dubrovnik-Neretva County


Environment and Nature Protection



of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County over the period 2016-

2020

2016-2020 Bjelovar-Bilogora County


Agriculture, Environmental Protection

and Rural Development



of the Split-Dalmatia County over the period 2017-

2020

2017-2020 Not available



of the Karlovac County over the period 2017-2021

2017-2020 Administrative Department of Physical

Planning, Construction and

Environmental Protection. Karlovac

County Division of Environment and

Nature Protection



of the City of Zagreb

2016-2020 City Office for Energy, Environmental

Protection and Sustainable

Development, City of Zagreb



of the City of Zadar

2015-2019 City of Zadar Administrative

Department for Island Development

and Environmental Protection



of the City of Osijek

2017-2020 City of Osijek administrative body

responsible for environmental

protection



of the City of Varaždin over the period 2016-2019

2016-2019 City of Varaždin Administrative

Department of Physical Planning,

Construction and Environmental

Protection



of the City of Velika Gorica

2018-2022 City of Velika Gorica Office for




of the Varaždin County over the period 2015-2019

2015-2019 Varaždin County Administrative

Department for Agriculture and




of the City of Kaštela

2017-2021 City of Kaštela Administrative

Department of Physical Planning,


Protection



of the Brod-Posavina County over the period 2016-

2020

2016-2020 Brod-Posavina County Administrative

Department for Municipal Economy

and Environmental Protection



of the Požega-Slavonia County

2016-2020 Požega-Slavonia County



of the Međimurje County

2016-2020 Međimurje County Administrative

department of Physical Planning,


Protection


49


period Prepared by



of the Virovitica-Podravina County over the period

2017-2021

2017-2021 Virovitica-Podravina County

Administrative Department of Physical

Planning, Construction, Municipal

Affairs and Environmental Protection



of the Lika-Senj County over the period 2016-2020

2016-2020 Lika-Senj County Administrative

Department of Construction,

Environment and Nature Protection

and Municipal Economy

Coherence with sustainable energy (and climate) action plans (SECAPs) by 2020

In addition to the plans and programmes that are required by law, local self-government units in Croatia

voluntarily prepare plans to contribute to achieving EU objectives relating to climate change and energy.

One of these plans is the Sustainable Energy (and Climate) Action Plan by 2020, which is prepared by

cities upon signing the Covenant of Mayors. In that way, cities voluntarily participate in achieving energy

efficiency targets and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Within the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy initiative, launched by the EC in 2008, 62 out of

a total of 70 Croatian cities that are signatories to the Covenant have prepared Sustainable Energy and

Climate Action Plans. These plans have been submitted and already accepted or are currently being

evaluated by the European Commission Joint Research Centre. Until 2015, signatories of the Covenant

had been stating emission reduction targets by 2020, which was in line with the EU climate and energy

package by 2020. After that, the emission reduction target is being stated by 2030, since the climate and

energy framework by 2030 has been adopted in the meantime. At the same time, signatories to the

Covenant may extend their commitments to the climate change adaptation area in accordance with the EU

Strategy for adaptation to climate changes.

The largest number of plans were submitted between 2012 and 2015. 56 Action Plans have been accepted

so far. The measures contained in Action Plans relate solely to the reduction of greenhouse gas

emissions, but there are no measures for adaptation to climate changes for the time being. The year

2009 or 2010 is most often selected as the reference year determining the definition of the emission

reduction target.

Examples of measures defined by cities in Action plans are as follows: reconstruction of external building

envelopes and roofs of residential buildings and family houses, thermal insulation of external envelopes

and roofs, replacement of outdated public lighting with more energy-efficient and more environmentally

friendly lighting, installation of highly energy-efficient windows, modernisation of boiler rooms owned

by local self-government, encouraging the use of renewables in family homes, energy efficiency

renovation of public institutions, educating users of city-owned buildings, co-financing the purchase of

A+++ household appliances, subsidising pupil and student transport, purchase of new electric vehicles

owned by the city, construction of low-energy kindergartens, subsidising the installation of solar

collectors and biomass boilers, installation of photovoltaic systems on rooftops, establishing a system for

the use of city bicycles (so-called bike-sharing, reduction of utility contributions for the construction of

new low-energy and passive buildings, energy audits and certification of public facilities, installation of

manifolds in centralised heating systems, transition to natural gas, subsidising the replacement of

carpentry on family homes, installation of solar thermal systems for family homes and residential

buildings, municipal administration buildings and municipal buildings.

Progress in achieving the targets which have been set is assessed based on the Monitoring Report

submitted to the European Commission Joint Research Centre every two years after the adoption of the

Action Plan. The emission inventories included in the action plan are updated every four years. A total of

15 Croatian cities had submitted their Monitoring Reports by the time this Programme was

complete. According to the data from the Monitoring Reports submitted, there has been solid

progress in the implementation of the measures from the Action Plans, noting that activities for the

implementation of certain measures have not yet begun in some cities. Since all cities except one


50

stated their emission reduction targets by 2020 (one of them stated the target by 2030), the activities to

achieve the parameters set need to be intensified in the remaining period. Given that other signatories of

the Covenant have not yet submitted their Monitoring Reports, the progress made in the remaining cities

is unknown, which limits the sample for drawing conclusions.

When it comes to financial resources for implementing the measures envisaged in the Action Plan,

the data from the Monitoring Reports indicate that cities have spent an average of just over 25% of

the total planned funds, so it can be assumed that by 2020 they will not achieve better progress in

ensuring financial resources. Assuming that the Action Plans contain realistic estimates of the funds

required to implement the emission reduction measures, this information could mean that the

targets will not be achieved fully. The voluntary nature of the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and

Energy should be taken into account.

Regarding the Programme’s coherence with the Action Plans described, the specificity is that

emission reduction measures under the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy are defined at

the local level and are based on the cities’ local targets, while most other plans and programmes

that need to achieve coherence are adopted at the national level.

In the forthcoming period 2020-2030, the implementations of air pollution improvement action plans and

climate-energy plans (SEAP/SECAP) should be interconnected even more strongly. Local government

capacities need to be strengthened in terms of connecting multiple sectors and supporting the preparation

of integral development documents and projects. Education and dissemination of knowledge and

information on the causes of pollution, harm, health impacts, available techniques, as well as on cost and

benefits of measures are needed.

2.3. RESPONSIBILITIES OF NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES

This chapter provides the information about the responsibilities of national, regional and local authorities

in the area of air quality and emissions to air (Part 1 (a) (ii) of Annex III to the NEC Directive).

The Ministry of Environment and Energy is the central authority for the environmental policy

implementation.

Among other things, the Ministry is also competent and responsible for the protection air quality, drafting

of plan documents, adoption and implementation of measures to prevent and reduce air pollution, expert

monitoring of the state network for continuous air quality monitoring (state network), air quality and data

exchange reporting, and air protection information system.

The purview of the Ministry also includes administrative control and supervision of the expert work of

the EPEEF and the Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (hereinafter referred to as: the

CMHS).

Within the system of management and control of the use of EU structural instrument in Croatia, the

Ministry plays the role of Level 1 Intermediate Body for certain specific objectives within the scope of

priority axes ‘climate change and risk management’ and ‘environmental protection and resource

sustainability’.

At national level, in line with the new organisation abolishing the CAEN, the Ministry is in charge of the

activities of collection and collation of data and information on the environment and nature for the

purpose of monitoring the policy implementation in the area of environmental and nature protection,

sustainable development and other expert activities related to environmental and nature protection.

The EPEEF, in the capacity of a legal person with public authority, is the central institution to raise and

invest extrabudgetary funds in the programmes and projects of environmental and nature protection,

energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources. In the system of management and control of the

use of EU structural instruments in Croatia, the EPEEF plays the role of Level 2 Intermediate Body for

certain specific activities in the area of environmental and resource sustainability, climate changes, energy

efficiency and renewable energy sources. EPEEF activities cover the tasks related to the financing of

preparatory work, implementation and development of the programmes and projects and similar activities

within the scope of conservation and sustainable use, protection and improvement of the environment,


51

energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources.

In the area of air quality monitoring, the EPEEF ensures financing for the implementation of the Air

pollution level measurement programme within the state network.

The CMHS manages the work of the state network, provides for the building of new state network

stations and is responsible for the implementation of the programme of air quality measurement at state

network stations.

The air quality monitoring within the state network is done by reference laboratories. The air quality

monitoring at state network stations in respect of gaseous pollutants and PM10 and PM2.5 particulate

matter (automatic methods) is done by the CMHS, while the air quality monitoring at state network

stations in the part relating to the sampling and physical and chemical analyses of PM10 and PM2.5

particulate matter and equivalence of non-reference methods for the determination of mass concentrations

of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter is done by the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational

Health.

At local and regional levels, air quality activities are performed by (the City of Zagreb and major city)

municipal offices and county offices (including that of the City of Zagreb). The representative body of

each county, City of Zagreb and major city adopts a programme of air and ozone layer protection, climate

change mitigation and adaptation to climate changes which is an integral part of the environmental

protection programme for the territory of the counties, City of Zagreb and major cities. The administrative

authority competent for environmental protection (hereinafter referred to as: the competent administrative

authority) of each county, City of Zagreb and major city drafts an implementation report for a four-year

period to be adopted by the representative body of the county, City of Zagreb and major city. The

competent administrative authority of local self-government units (LSGU), and of the City of Zagreb is

responsible for drafting an action plans for the improvement of air quality if air pollutant levels exceed

any limit value or target value.

The air quality monitoring at measurement stations established in their territory by the counties, City of

Zagreb and cities, and at measuring stations established by polluters by decision on a project’s

environmental eligibility or by decision on integrated environmental protection requirements or under an

environmental permit, is done by testing laboratories.


52

The table below provides an overview of the responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities.

2.3.2 Responsibilities attributed to national, regional and local authorities

List of

relevant

authorities

(M):

Describe the type of competent authority

(e.g. environmental protection

inspectorate, environmental protection

agency, municipality) (M): Where appropriate, name of the competent

authority (e.g. Ministry XXX, the CMHS,

LSGU etc.):

Describe the attributed responsibilities in the areas of air quality and air pollution (M):

Select from the following where necessary: – Policy-making role

– Implementation role – Enforcement role (including relevant inspection and permits) – Reporting and monitoring role

– Coordinating role

– Other roles (please specify)

National

authorities

(M):

Hrvatski sabor (Croatian Parliament) Policy-making role

Legislative framework Adopts the Environmental Protection Act and the Air Protection Act, and acts ratifying international protocols

Croatian Parliament Policy-making role

National strategies Adopts national strategies in certain areas (e.g. Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia Transport

Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia 2014-2030 Industrial Strategy of the Republic of Croatia 2014-

2020)

Croatian Government Policy-making role Strategies by areas, national programmes and plans Strategy implementation action plans Adopts the proposal for strategies, programmes, plans and implementation action plans

Croatian Government Policy-making role

Implementing regulations Adoption of implementing regulations under the [Air Protection Act] APA

Croatian Government Policy-making role

Policy implementation reporting Reports on implementation of national strategies, plans and programmes


53


List of

relevant

authorities

(M):






LSGU etc.):





– Other roles (please specify) Minister Policy-making role

Implementing regulations Adopts drafting of implementing regulations in individual sectors

Adopts decisions to establish expert committees for the purpose of drafting proposals for national plans, national

programmes, national reports, draft proposal for implementing regulations and to draft implementing regulations

(for example, the Minister for Environment and Energy, by virtue of the rules, lays down the method of air quality

monitoring and data collection, siting criteria for measurement sites, criteria for determining the minimum number of

measurement sites, reference measurement methods, method of demonstrating the equivalence of other measurement

methods, method of checking the quality of measurements and data, as well as the method of processing and

presenting the results and compliance with Croatian standards, the method of verification the accuracy and calibration

of measuring instruments, the working methods and costs of reference laboratories, the establishment and working

method of the commission monitoring the work of reference laboratories, the method of data submission for the

purposes of the air protection information system, the content of the annual report and the method of regular

information provision to the public.

By the rules, the Minister also lays down the method of monitoring air pollutant emissions from stationary sources,

the scope and type of measurement, reference measurement methods, the method of demonstrating the equivalence of

other measurement methods, the manner of verifying the accuracy and calibrating measuring instruments, manner of

verification of the accuracy of the measurement system for continuous measurement of emissions from stationary

sources into the air, procedure for sampling and evaluation of measurement results, manner of submitting data on

emissions for the needs of the air protection information system and the manner of regular provision of information on

emission monitoring to the public).

Ministry Policy-making role

Regulations The competent authority for the transposition of the acquis communautaire prepares the proposal for laws and

subordinate legislation within its purview. Ministries Policy-making role

Strategies, plans and programmes Prepares the proposals for sectoral strategies, plans and programmes


54


List of

relevant

authorities

(M):






LSGU etc.):





– Other roles (please specify) MEE Policy-making role

Air quality monitoring and assessment – state network

Establishes zones and agglomerations; at the Ministry’s proposal, the locations of the stations and the measurement

programme are determined by the Government; conducts expert supervision of the state network operation, ensures

the air quality assessment

Croatian Government Implementation role

PaM cross-sector coordination commissions Establishes and coordinates the work of cross-sectoral PaM coordinations

Ministries Implementation role Implementation of the legislative framework Performs administrative control of the implementation of laws and subordinate legislation within its purview,

performs administrative control of the bodies the Ministry is responsible for, establishes special topic commissions

and working groups, drafts the proposals for subordinate legislation, plans the budget to provide funding for the

implementation of sectoral policies, cooperation with the EU and international institutions for the purpose of Croatia’s

compliance with commitments, drafting of reports and information exchange for the purpose of Croatia’s compliance Ministry Enforcement role

Control of the implementation of regulations Implementation of administrative procedures pursuant to laws, issuing of permits and decisions

State Inspectorate Enforcement role

Control of the implementation of regulations Control of the implementation of the provisions of laws and subordinate legislation by carrying out inspections

MEE Enforcement role Environmental permits, decision on integrated environmental protection requirements, decision on a project’s

environmental eligibility, greenhouse gas emission permit, decision on free allocation of emission allowances to

operators of installations, decision on free allocation of emission allowances to aircraft operators Coordinates, approves, issues, amends and abolishes

MEE Enforcement role Grant of permits to legal persons – test laboratories and legal persons – reference laboratories Evaluates applications, grants and publishes permits and abolishes them where necessary.


55


List of

relevant

authorities

(M):






LSGU etc.):





– Other roles (please specify) MEE Enforcement role

Aircraft greenhouse gas emission monitoring and reporting plan and aircraft tonne-kilometre data monitoring

and reporting plan Issues opinions confirming that a monitoring and reporting plan is in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU)

No 601/2012, Commission’s applicable instructions and the rules referred to in Article 90(8) of this Act. MEE Enforcement role

Installation greenhouse gas emission monitoring plan, as an integral part of greenhouse gas emission permits Issues expert opinions on compliance of the plan with the provisions of the rules.

MEE Enforcement role Free allocation of emission allowances to installation operators Competent authority for the implementation of Commission Decision 2011/278/EU and of the Commission’s

applicable instructions MEE Reporting and monitoring role

Low-carbon strategy of the Republic of Croatia Reports to the European Commission on the status of the Low-carbon strategy application via reports.

MEE Reporting and monitoring role

Report on the status of air quality, greenhouse gas emission reduction, and consumption ozone-depleting

substances in the territory of the Republic of Croatia (four-year report) Responsible for drafting the report, submits it to the Government every four years


Reporting and monitoring role

Rules on the Environmental Pollution Register (EPR) Creates and manages a network database, undertakes quality control, processing and analysis of data, and drafts an

EPR data report and discloses it to the public MEE Reporting and monitoring role

E-PRTR Regulation Undertakes data quality control, prepares a report, submits it to the EC and discloses it to the public.


PRTR Protocol Drafts and submits a report to the UNECE Secretariat, and discloses it to the public.


56


List of

relevant

authorities

(M):






LSGU etc.):





– Other roles (please specify) MEE Reporting and monitoring role

Air quality improvement action plans and short-term action plans Data collection and reporting


Air quality assessment and reporting

Provides for air quality assessments and reporting MEE Reporting and monitoring role

Air quality assessment Drafts an Annual report on air quality monitoring in the territory of the Republic of Croatia

CMHS Reporting and monitoring role Air quality assessment, modelling for the purpose of estimation Undertakes air quality assessments, undertakes modelling for the purpose of estimation and reporting

Legal persons – test laboratories Reporting and monitoring role Air quality monitoring, monitoring of pollutant emissions from stationary sources into the air, verification of the

accuracy of the measurement system for continuous measurement of emissions from stationary sources into the air

and product quality monitoring State Office For Metrology Reporting and monitoring role

Acceptance of test reports that equipment meets the performance requirements of the reference methods issued in

other Member States, provided that the testing laboratories are accredited in accordance with the relevant harmonised

standard for testing and calibration laboratories, and publishing of a list of accepted reports on its website MEE Reporting and monitoring role

Air quality monitoring and assessment – state network, local networks, special-purpose measurements Air quality information system management, air quality information exchange and reporting

MEE Reporting and monitoring role Keeping and maintenance of the Environmental Pollution Register (EPR) Manages the Industry and Energy information system, part of the EPR database, database management, information

publishing and exchange MEE Reporting and monitoring role

Air quality improvement action plan Submits the Air quality improvement action plan to the European Commission IPR


57


List of

relevant

authorities

(M):






LSGU etc.):





– Other roles (please specify) CMHS Reporting and monitoring role

Air quality monitoring at state network stations Monitors air quality at state network stations in respect of gaseous pollutants, and PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter

(automatic methods)

Submits annual original and validated data and report on pollutant levels and air quality assessment to the Ministry

Institute for Medical Research and

Occupational Health Reporting and monitoring role Air quality monitoring at state network stations Monitors air quality at state network stations in the part relating to the sampling and physical and chemical analyses

of and PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter, and the equivalence of non-reference methods for the determination of PM10

and PM2.5 mass concentrations Submits annual original and validated data and report on pollutant levels and air quality assessment to the Ministry

Legal person – test laboratory Reporting and monitoring role Activity of monitoring the air quality and emissions into the air May perform air quality monitoring activities within local networks and at special-purpose stations, as well as the

activity of monitoring air pollutant emissions from stationary sources and/or activities of verification of the accuracy

of the measurement system for continuous monitoring of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources Drafts and submits reports on completed measurements

CMHS Enforcement role

Manages the operation of the state network Manages the operation of the state network, provides for the building of new state network stations, ensure the air

quality monitoring (measurement, data collection, quality assurance and measurement and data checks, calibration

and verification of the technical characteristics of measurement equipment in accordance with measurement reference

methods, and processing and presentation of the results of measurement); it is responsible for the implementation of

the air quality measurement programmes at those stations CMHS Enforcement role

Air quality monitoring at state network stations Monitors air quality at state network stations in respect of gaseous pollutants, and PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter

(automatic methods)


58


List of

relevant

authorities

(M):






LSGU etc.):






Institute for Medical Research and

Occupational Health Enforcement role Air quality monitoring at state network stations Monitors air quality at state network stations in the part relating to the sampling and physical and chemical analyses of and PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter, and the equivalence of non-reference methods for the determination of PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations

MEE Enforcement role Expert supervision of the state network operation Expert supervision of the state network operation under Article 28 of the APA

Legal persons – test laboratories Enforcement role Activity of monitoring the air quality and emissions into the air Performs the air quality monitoring activity within local networks and at special-purpose stations, the activity of

monitoring air pollutant emissions from stationary sources and/or activities of verification of the accuracy of the

measurement system for continuous monitoring of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources Reference laboratories Enforcement role

Air quality monitoring activity Performs the quality assurance of the measurements and air quality data in the territory of Croatia

MEE Enforcement role Measures to prevent and reduce air pollution Targeted reduction of PM2.5 exposure at national level for the purpose of protecting human health, of pollution from

natural sources, exceedances attributable to winter-sanding or -salting of roads; Short-term ground-level ozone action

plan; Transboundary air pollution MEE Financing role

Activity of measurement and data quality assurance Provides the funds necessary for participation of reference laboratories in international reference laboratory

proficiency tests and for cooperation with European Union Member States and the European Commission for the

purpose of ensuring measurement comparability and quality EPEEF Financing role

Provides funding for the implementation of the Programme of pollution level measurement in the state

network Provides funding for the implementation of the Programme of pollution level measurement in the state network


59


List of

relevant

authorities

(M):






LSGU etc.):






Regional

authorities

(M)

Regional self-government unit (RSGU) / City of Zagreb and major cities

Reporting and monitoring role Reports on the implementation of environmental protection programmes Drafts a report on the implementation of the programme for a four-year period (prepared by the authorised entity)

RSGU / City of Zagreb and major cities Reporting and monitoring role Air quality monitoring and assessment – local networks

Provides to the Ministry original and validated data on air quality monitoring and a report on the pollution levels and air quality assessment (prepared by the authorised entity – test laboratory)

RSGU / City of Zagreb and major cities Enforcement role

Environmental protection programme Adopts and publishes the programme (prepared by the authorised entity)

RSGU / City of Zagreb and major cities Enforcement role Air quality monitoring and assessment – local networks Establishes air quality monitoring stations in its territory, determines the sites of air quality monitoring measurement

stations, adopts a programme of measurement of pollution levels, provides the conditions for its implementation,

supervises the implementation of such activities

Local

authorities

(M):

LSGU’s competent administrative authority

or the City of Zagreb Reporting and monitoring role Air quality improvement action plans and short-term action plans Ensures the provision to the Ministry of the adopted action plan or short-term action plan

LSGU Reporting and monitoring role Air quality monitoring and assessment – local networks Provides to the Ministry original and validated data on air quality monitoring and a report on the pollution levels and

air quality assessment (prepared by the authorised entity – test laboratory)

LSGU or City of Zagreb representative

body Enforcement role Air quality improvement action plans and short-term action plans Adopts an action plan for air quality improvement and a short-term action plan for its administrative territory

LSGU Enforcement role Environmental permits, decision on integrated environmental protection requirements, decision the project’s

environmental eligibility Participation in public consultations


60


List of

relevant

authorities

(M):






LSGU etc.):





– Other roles (please specify) LSGU Enforcement role

Air quality monitoring and assessment – local networks Establishes air quality monitoring stations in its territory, determines the sites of air quality monitoring measurement

stations, adopts a programme of measurement of pollution levels, provides the conditions for its implementation,

supervises the implementation of such activities and submits original and validated air quality monitoring data to the

Ministry once a year LSGUs and the City of Zagreb Enforcement role

Report on Environmental Pollution Register (EPR) data Undertakes quality control of data submitted to the EPR and their verification

Pollutant (M):

Pollutants Enforcement role Monitoring and assessment of air quality – special-purpose measurements Provides for the monitoring of air quality under a decision on the project’s environmental eligibility or decision on

integrated environmental protection requirements or environmental permit issued in accordance with the

Environmental Protection Act


61

3. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PaMs IN REDUCING EMISSIONS AND

IMPROVING AIR QUALITY, AND THE DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE

WITH NATIONAL AND EU OBLIGATIONS

This chapter is divided into three sub-chapters, demonstrating: ‘the progress made by current PaMs in

reducing emissions and improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and EU

obligations’ (Annex I, Part 1 (1)(iii) to the Directive). The sub-chapters below are:

the progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and the degree of compliance with

national and EU obligations;

the progress made by current PAMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with

national and EU obligations; and

current transboundary impact of domestic emission sources.

This chapter corresponds to the Format Chapter 2.4 ‘Progress made by current PaMs in reducing

emissions and improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with national and Union

obligations’.

3.1. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PAMs IN REDUCING EMISSIONS, AND THE

DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND EU OBLIGATIONS

For measures intended to contribute to compliance with emission reduction commitments under the NEC

Decree and NEC Directive, the effect expected from (and achieved by) a measure needs to be expressed

in terms of emission reductions to be achieved over a specific period of time.

As laid down in the NEC Decree and NEC Directive, good quality emission inventories and a spatial

distribution of emissions in the EMEP grid need to be available at national level. In accordance with the

EMEP Reporting Guidelines and the Guidebook (as specified in Annex IV to the Directive), emission

maps to be developed using the 0.1 x 0.1 ° (long-lat) resolution have been provided by Croatia through

the project: ‘Creation of a register of pollutant emissions for point and diffuse sources with a spatial

distribution in the EMEP high-resolution grid’[4]. The project is implemented as part of the preventive

measure to improve air quality MPR-11 referred to in the Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate

Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia for 2013-2017 (NN No 139/13). Results of the

implementation of that measure are available at: https://emep.haop.hr/. The results provide a spatial

representation of pollutant emissions in the territory of Croatia, using the 0.1 ° x 0.1 ° (long-lat) resolution

for the zones and 500 m x 500 m (long-lat) resolution for the agglomerations. The implementation of this

measure provided detailed data for air quality modelling on a high-resolution scale.



62

Table 2.4.1 below provides an overview of the progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and

the degree of compliance with national and EU obligations (M).

2.4.1 Progress made by current PaMs in reducing emissions, and the degree of compliance with national and EU

obligations (M)

Describe progress

made by

current PaMs in

reducing emissions,

and the degree of

compliance with

national and EU

legislation (M):

SO2

In 2016, total SO2 emissions were 13.3 kt, representing a reduction by 92.2 %

compared to 1990. In 2016, a half (47.3 %) of SO2 emissions originated from the energy

sector, electricity and thermal energy production; 19.7 % from fuel combustion in industry and

construction; 22.5 % from fugitive emissions in the refining/storage sector activities and 8.3 %

from small furnaces (stationary and mobile sources). The reduction was mainly due to the

transition from high-sulphur fuels to low-sulphur ones, both in road transport and stationary

combustion. Additionally, the Croatian war of independence, which was fought between 1991

and 1995, had led to a decrease in fuel consumption and a decline in overall production in almost

all sectors resulting in the reduction of emissions. The year 2000 saw a major reduction in SO2

emissions, due to the fact that a second coal-fired thermal power plant (TPP) was put into

operation in Croatia. The second TPP features a technique of SO2 emissions reduction (SO2

scrubbing process) with an efficiency of more than 95 %. The second coal-fired TPP has

approximately double the capacity of the first plant. Since 2000, the first TPP without the SO2

emissions reduction technology has been used only during periods when electricity requirements

are higher (mainly in the summer). Compared with 1990, emissions from the electricity and heat

production sector were reduced by 92.8 %, from industry and construction by 91.9 %, from the

transport sector by 98.3 % and from small furnaces by 95 %. Sulphur emissions from the

Production processes and product use sector were also reduced by 86.6 % compared to 1990,

currently amounting to 22 tonnes due to suspended production of aluminium, pulp and paper

(Kraft process) and soot, and due to a large decrease in the sulphuric acid production. The

Refining/storage sector (NFR l.B.2.a.iv) has a rising trend of SO2 emissions (up 41.1 % since

1990) on account of the construction of sulphur production plants (Claus plants) at two refineries,

the first in 1997 and the other in 2008. In 2016, SO2˙ emissions were lower than the target

value of 70 kt under the GP and the NEC Directive.

NOx

In 2016, NOx emissions were 50.4 kt, representing a 50.4 % reduction compared to 1990. In

2016, the emissions from the energy sector were about 49.7 kt, contributing approx. 93.6 % to

total NOx emissions. In 2016, the main source in the energy sector was Transport (NFR 1.A.3),

accounting for 48.7 % of total NOx emissions, with road transport as a predominant contributor.

Compared with 1990, NOx emissions in the transport sector were reduced by 37 % as a

consequence of deploying catalyst converters in cars and introducing stricter emission standards.

The sectors of stationary and mobile (off-road) energy also recorded a major reduction compared

to 1990, mainly due to lower fuel consumption. Additionally, the Croatian war of independence,

fought between 1991 and 1995, had led to a decrease in fuel consumption and a decline in the

overall production in almost all sectors, resulting in the reduction of NOx emissions. Since 2007,

NOx emissions recorded a decline due to the economic crisis that is still present in Croatia. In

2016, approximately 18.9 % of NOx emissions originated from small combustion sources (NFR

1.A.4 mobile and stationary), 13.2 % originated from fuel combustion in industry and

construction (NFR 1.A.2), while 12.5 % came from the energy sector of electricity and heat

production (NFR l.A.l). All these sectors recorded a reduction compared to 1990; by 37 % in

sector 1.A.4, 70.2 % in 1.A.2 and 63.3 % in sector 1.A.1. Crop production and farmland are also

sources of NOx emissions in Croatia, contributing approximately 4.3 % to the total national NOx

emission in 2016. NO emissions occur in microbiological processes in the soil, with a decrease of

some 33.6 % recorded between 1990 and 2016, mainly due to a reduction in the use of N

fertilisers in crop production. They were down 18.3 % compared with the previous year.

Emissions in the Industrial processes and product use sector decreased by some 60.5 % between

1990 and 2016, mainly due to suspended production of aluminium, pulp and paper (Kraft

process) and soot, and due to a large reduction in sulphuric acid production. An increase of

around 1 % compared with the previous year indicated a production recovery. In 2016, the NOx

emission was lower than the target value of 87 kt under the GP and the NEC Directive.

NH3

In 2016, the NH3 emission stood at 35.2 kt. Since 1990, it has decreased 34.4 %, and was 11.1 %

lower than a year earlier. The overall trend of NH3 emission from animal rearing has declined,

depending on the number of animals (down 49 % in 2016 compared to 1990), which has declined


63

steadily for most animal categories since 1990. The reduction between 1991 and 1995 was a

consequence of the Croatian war of independence, while the economic crisis accounts for the

reduction in the years following 2008. The NH3 emission from farmland differs from the total

amount of N mineral fertilisers used between 1990 and 2016 (a decrease by ~ 2 % in 2016

compared to 1990). The predominant source in the total NH3 emission from farmland in Croatia

is urea-N fertiliser (40 % in 2016, 29 % in 1990), followed by calcium ammonium nitrate (27 %

in 2016, 29 % in 1990) and complex NPK fertilisers (17 % in 2016, 27 % in 1990). Other

fertilisers contributed less than 1 % to total NH3 emissions from fertiliser use in 2016. An

increase in the NH3 emission can also be observed in the transport sector, with the road transport

as the primary contributor (a 17-fold increase in NH3 emissions from road transport compared to

1990) due to the formation of NH3 in the catalytic converters of cars. The ammonia emission in

2016 was lower than the 30 kt value laid down in the GP and the NEC Directive.

NMVOC

In 2016, NMVOC emissions were 62.6 kt, having decreased considerably in 2016 or by 58.9 %

compared to 1990. The reduction since 1990 is notable in the Industrial processes and product

use sector (down 68.8 %), and in the Transport sector (where road transport dominates (down

80.4 %)). The declining trend since 1990 is mostly due to reduced emissions from solvent-

containing products, partly resulting from using the best available techniques (BAT) and reduced

production of solvents and solvent-based products, and partly from the population decline in

Croatia. The road transport sector also contributed to the trend of NMVOC emissions reduction

due to increased use of energy-efficient vehicles and the introduction of new requirements

relating to exhaust emissions. Fugitive NMVOC emissions from petroleum products

(predominantly petrol) and natural gas also recorded a decrease by 45.2 % compared to 1990.

Additionally, the Croatian war of independence, which was fought between 1991 and 1995, had

led to a reduction in fuel consumption and a decline in overall production in almost all sectors.

The economic crisis has contributed to a further reduction in NMVOC emissions since 2007.

Also, the reduction since 2008 is partly due to the gradual replacement of a certain percentage of

traditional home stoves and manual boilers by advanced / eco-labelled stoves, as well as by pellet

boilers and stoves. In 2016, NMVOC emissions were lower than the value of 90 kt, set out in

the GP and the NEC Directive.

PM2.5

In 2016, the PM2.5 emission was 20.5 kt, having decreased by 45.8 % compared to 1990. The

energy sector was the largest source of PM2.5 emissions, accounting for approximately 91.6 % of

the total national emissions in 2016. Small furnaces with prevailing biomass combustion in

households are key sources of PM2.5 emissions, accounting for 78.8 % of the total national

emissions in 2016. The transport sector contributed a smaller share to the emissions (8.8 % in

2016), recording a 12.5 % increase compared to 1990. Road transport dominates when it comes

to PM2.5 emissions from the transport sector, with equal contributions by emissions from fuel

combustion and fugitive emissions from road wear and braking and tyre wear. Production

processes and solvent use are another major source of PM2.5 emissions (6.8 % in 2016), recording

a 6.6 % decrease since 1990. Agriculture is also a source of PM2.5 emissions in Croatia, with a

contribution of 8.5 % to the national share in 2016. Farmyard manure management contributed

4.5 % to total PM2.5 emissions in 2016, while crop and farmland production contributed 4 %. In

2016, combustion in industry and construction accounted for 2.3 % of total national emissions; it

has seen a considerable decrease in PM2.5 emissions since 1990 (up to 84.6 %) thanks to reduced

consumption of solid fuels and biomass, with a simultaneous increase in the consumption of

gaseous or liquid fuels. The PM2.5 emission trend had several troughs and peaks between 1990

and 2016. The major decline between 1991 and 1994 was caused by the Croatian war of

independence (1991-1995) on account of lower fuel consumption and the overall production

decline in almost all sectors. The reconstruction of the areas devastated by war, which began in

1994, led to an increase in emissions from the mineral production sector which lasted until 1999.

Another rising trend emerged in 2002, mainly due to an increase in road paving, quarry activities,

construction and demolition of buildings, cement production and production of inorganic

material (such as soot, ammonium phosphate, urea and NPK fertilisers). Road paving activities

recorded a major increase in 2002, mainly due to the start of the construction of ‘A1’ (Dalmatina)

as the longest motorway in Croatia that connects Zagreb and Dubrovnik (total length of 456 km).

The economic crisis, which had the worst impact on Croatia’s construction sector, has

contributed to a reduction in PM2.5 emissions since 2007. A marked reduction since 2005 results

from the gradual replacement of a certain percentage of traditional home stoves and manual

boilers by advanced / eco-labelled stoves, pellet boilers and stoves.

PM10

The total PM10 emissions in 2016 were 27.8 kt, having decreased by 45.8 % compared to


64

1990 while increasing by 0.2 % compared to 2015. The energy sector was the largest

source of PM10 emissions, accounting for 72.9 % of the total national emissions in

2016. Small, predominantly biomass burning furnaces in households were the key

source of PM10 emissions, accounting for 60.7 % of the total national emissions in

2016. The transport sector, contributing a smaller share (8 % in 2016), recorded a 17.3 %

increase compared to 1990. Road transport dominates when it comes to PM10 emissions

from the transport sector, with equal contributions of the emissions from fuel

combustion and fugitive emissions from road wear and braking and tyre wear. The

Production processes and product use sector constitutes the second largest source of PM10 emissions (18.6 % in 2016). That sector has recorded a major increase (by 26.7 %) since

1990. Agriculture is another source of PM10 emissions in Croatia, accounting for

8.5 % of total national emissions in 2016. Farmyard manure management accounts for

4.5 %, while the crop and farmland production contributes 4.5 %. Emissions from the agriculture

sector have decreased compared to 1990 (by approximately 50 %) due to a decline in the number

of animals and a reduction in crop production. In 2016, combustion in industry and

construction contributed 1.8 % to total national emissions, but has seen a

considerable, 84.8 % decrease in PM10 emissions since 1990 thanks to due to

reduced consumption of solid fuels and biomass, with a simultaneous increase in

the consumption of gaseous and liquid fuels. The trend of PM10 emissions had

several troughs and peaks between 1990 and 2016. A major reduction between 1991 and

1994 was caused by the Croatian war of independence (1991-1995) due to lower fuel

consumption and an overall production decline in almost all sectors. The reconstruction of the

areas devastated by war, which began in 1994, led to an increase in emissions from the mineral

production sector which lasted until 1999. Another rising trend emerged in 2002, mainly due to

an increase in road paving, quarry activities, construction and demolition of buildings, cement

production and production of inorganic material (such as soot, ammonium phosphate, urea and

NPK fertilisers). Road paving activities recorded a major increase in 2002, mainly due to the start

of the construction of ‘A1’ (Dalmatina) as the longest motorway in Croatia that connects Zagreb

and Dubrovnik (total length of 456 km). The economic crisis had the worst impact on Croatia’s

construction sector, contributing to the reduction of PM10 emissions since 2008. A marked

reduction since 2005 results from the gradual replacement of a certain percentage of traditional

home stoves and manual boilers by advanced / eco-labelled stoves, pellet boilers and stoves.

Provide complete

references (chapter

and page) to

publicly available

supporting datasets

(e.g. historic

emission inventory

reporting) (M):

THE 2018 REPORT ON THE CALCULATION OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE

TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

(1990-2016.), Chapter III Pollutant Emissions Trends (p. 80–104)

CAEN link: http://www.haop.hr/hr/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u-zrak-na-podrucjurepublike-

hrvatske/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u

CEIP link:

http://www.ceip.at/ms/ceit_home1/ceip_home/status_reporting/2018_submissions

Emission Spatial Distribution Portal

– Emissions register for point and diffuse sources and all other (present) mobile and

stationary emission sources by zones (the whole territory of Croatia) and agglomerations

(Zagreb, Rijeka, Split and Osijek) and separately for the city of Slavonski Brod.

– The spatial distribution of pollutant emissions in the EMEP grid with a 0.l x 0.l long-lat

resolution (approx. 10 x 10 km) for the whole territory of Croatia, and 0.5 km x 0.5 km

for agglomerations, including the City of Slavonski Brod.

CAEN link: https://emep.haop.hr/

Include graphical

illustrations of

emission reduction

by pollutant and/or

key sectors

The charts below illustrate the annual emissions of six major air pollutants in Croatia between

1990 and 2016. SOx emissions had the most pronounced downward trend, followed by NOx, non-

methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and ammonia (NH3), all of which are O3-

precursors. The most harmful pollutants to human health in Europe are PM, NO2 and ground-

level O3. The most important impacts of air pollution on national ecosystems are eutrophication,

acidification and damage to vegetation from O3 exposure. Since sulphur emissions have been

reduced, NH3 emissions from agriculture and NOx emission from combustion processes have

become dominant in terms of ecosystem acidification and eutrophication.

SO2 emissions (kt/year), percentage share by sector and changes in SO2 emissions

http://www.haop.hr/hr/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u-zrak-na-podrucjurepublike-hrvatske/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u

http://www.haop.hr/hr/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u-zrak-na-podrucjurepublike-hrvatske/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u

http://www.ceip.at/ms/ceit_home1/ceip_home/status_reporting/2018_submissions



65

Protocol on Further Reduction of

Sulphur Emissions NEC Directive

Gothenburg Protocol Total

Source: the 2018 Report on the calculation of air pollutant emissions in the territory of the

Republic of Croatia (1990-2016).

NOx emissions (kt/year), percentage share by sector and changes in NOx

emissions



NH3 emissions (kt/year), percentage share by sector and changes in NH3 emissions


66



NMVOC emissions (kt/year), percentage share by sector and changes in NMVOC emissions



PM2 . 5 emissions (kt/year), percentage share by sector and changes in PM2 . 5 emissions


67



PM10 emissions (kt/year), percentage share by sector and changes in PM10 emissions




68

3.2. PROGRESS MADE BY CURRENT PaMs IN IMPROVING AIR QUALITY, AND THE

DEGREE OF COMPLIANCE WITH NATIONAL AND EU OBLIGATIONS

According to the EC Report: ‘The First Clean Air Outlook’15 air pollution remains a major environmental

and health problem in the EU. Many European cities are struggling with poor air quality, exceeding the

EU standards from the Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC16 17 18 and further exceeding the guidelines

recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The European Environmental Agency

estimated that around 400,000 people in the EU died prematurely in 2015 due to air pollution17.

The EU air policy review for 2011-2013 resulted in the Clean Air Policy Package in December 201318.

The package included the Clean Air Programme for Europe19 and three legislative proposals: for the

control of emissions from medium combustion plants, which was adopted as Directive (EU) 2015/2194

(MCPD)20; for the ratification of amendments to the 2012 GP laying down the emission reduction for

2020, which was adopted as Council Decision (EU) 2017/175721; and for setting new national reduction

commitments by 2030 in the new Directive on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric

pollutants, adopted as the NEC Directive 22.

Among other things, the aforementioned programme proposed regular air quality reporting in Europe,

including prospects for emissions reductions and progress towards EU objectives. Upon adoption of the

NEC Directive in December 2016, the analytical base was updated and the first edition of the ‘Clean Air

Outlook’ was prepared with the aim of fulfilling the above requirements and providing a context for the

Member States preparing the National Air Pollution Control Programmes to be submitted until

1 April 2019, under the NEC Directive.

The First Clean Air Outlook provides an overview of current air emissions and air quality. It states that

despite economic growth, the trend of reducing major air pollutants in the EU continued in the 21st

century. Overall, the total GDP in the EU increased by 32 % in 2000-2015, while the emissions of major

air pollutants decreased by between 10 % (for ammonia – NH3) and 70 % (for sulphur oxides – SOx).

However, the EU is still plagued by major problems relating to air quality due to the exceedance of air

pollutant limit values. In 2015, up to 20 % of the urban population in EU-28 was exposed to particulate

matter (PM10) levels exceeding the daily limit value. Up to 8 % of the urban population was exposed to

fine particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5) exceeding the limit value of 25 µg/m3, while more than

82 % were exposed to the levels exceeding the much stricter WHO value of 10 µg/m3. The annual limit

value for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) continues to be far exceeded across Europe, with up to 9 % of the urban

population in 22 Member States being exposed to concentrations above identical EU and WHO limits.

When it comes to ground-level ozone, 18 Member States recorded the concentrations in excess of the

target values. While up to 30 % of the urban EU population lived in the areas where the target value was

exceeded, more than 95 % lived in areas exceeding the stricter WHO guideline.23 It is also stated that 30

procedures are currently pending for the violation of the provisions of Directive 2008/50/EC by Member

States, 16 for exceeding the PM10 limit values, 13 for exceeding the NO2 limit values and on for

exceeding the SO2 limit values.

Although the emissions of all pollutants have been reduced, considering the historical time line since

1990, air pollutants concentrations at source have not been sufficiently reduced in the past few years. As

in most European cities, the majority of the Croatian population lives in the cities with exceedances in air

quality standards. The most frequently exceedances observed are for ground-level ozone (O3), nitrogen

dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM), but also benzo(a)pyrene in the PM10 particulate matter

(BaP in PM10). While having an environmental impact, emissions have had a historical downward trend,

15 COM(2018) 446 final 16 OJ L 152, 11.06.2008, p. 1-44 17 European Environment Agency (EEA), October 2017, 'Air quality in Europe – 2017 report' 18 Clean Air Policy Package (see: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/clean_air/review.htm) 19 COM(2013)918 final (Clean Air Programme for Europe) 20 Medium Combustion Plants Directive, OJ L 313, 28.11.2015, p. 1-19 (Directive (EU) 2015/2193 of the European Parliament and of the

Council of 25 November 2015 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from medium combustion plants (OJ L 313, 25.11.2015) 21 OJ L 248, 27.9.2017, p. 3-75 22 OJ L 344 of 17.12.2016, p. 1 23 European Environment Agency (EEA), October 2017, ‘Air quality in Europe – 2017 report’

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/clean_air/review.htm


69

even in the period since air quality monitoring has been monitored in Croatia, while still no resulting in a

linear decline in local pollution concentrations.

The EU Ambient Air Quality Directive, i.e. CAFE Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and

of the Council on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, came into force on 11 June 2008 [OJ L

152, 11.6.2008]. It was transposed into the Croatian legislation by virtue of the Air Protection Act, Decree

on Air Pollutant Levels (NN No 117/12) and the Rules on air quality monitoring (NN No 79/17).

The CAFE Directive covers the following pollutants subject to air quality assessment (Chapter II, Section

1, Article 4 and Section 2):

– sulphur dioxide,

– nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides,

– particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5),

– lead,

– benzene,

– carbon monoxide and

– ground-level ozone.

In addition to the CAFE Directive, Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the

Council, which is also in force, relates to:

– arsenic,

– cadmium, mercury and

– benzo(a)pyrene (as an indicator of pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons).

Under Article 19(1) of the APA, the assessment of air quality in zones and agglomerations is carried out

for the following pollutants:

– sulphur dioxide,

– nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides,

– particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5),

– lead,

– benzene,

– carbon monoxide,

– ground-level ozone

– arsenic,

– cadmium,

– mercury,

– nickel and

– benzo(a)pyrene.

In accordance with Article 6(3) of the APA, the air quality assessment and modelling for the purpose of

estimation referred to in Articles 19-22 and reporting referred to in Article 120 in Croatia is undertaken

by the CMHS and provided for by the Ministry.

In accordance with Article 6(4), air quality monitoring, monitoring of pollutant emissions from stationary

sources into the air, verification of accuracy of the measurement system for continuous measurement of

emissions from stationary sources into the air and product quality monitoring is carried out by legal

persons – test laboratories. Some of the conditions to be met by legal person to conduct air quality

monitoring activities are:

– having the measurement equipment for engaging in air quality monitoring activities, in

accordance with the reference measurement methods laid down in the Rules on air quality

monitoring, and being accredited in accordance with the requirement of the harmonised standard

for testing and calibration laboratories for each individual reference measurement method , or

having a reference laboratory certificate of quality assurance of the measurements and air quality

data for each individual reference measurement method (Article 55(1), sub-paragraph 4 of the

APA);

– if using other measurement methods for which reference methods are laid down in the Rules on

air quality monitoring, the legal person must be accredited in accordance with the requirement of

the harmonised standard for testing and calibration laboratories or have a reference laboratory


70

certificate of quality assurance of the measurements and air quality data for each individual

reference measurement method, and also have a certificate of the reference laboratory confirming

that the other measurement methods were tested for equivalence with the reference methods in

accordance with European Commission standards (Article 55(2) of the APA).

– If using other measurement methods for which reference methods are not laid down in the Rules

on air quality monitoring, the legal person must be accredited for those methods in accordance

with the requirement of the harmonised standard for testing and calibration laboratories

(Article 55(3) of the APA).

The activity of quality assurance of the measurement and air quality data in Croatia is performed by the

reference laboratory (Article 60(1) of the APA). The reference laboratory issues a certificate to testing

laboratories for quality assurance of the measurements and air quality data for each measurement method

separately based on the verification of its measurement traceability (Article 60(3)). The Ministry provides

the funds necessary for participation of reference laboratories in international reference laboratory

proficiency tests and for cooperation with EU Member States and the European Commission for the

purpose of ensuring measurement comparability and quality (Article 62(1)). One of the conditions a legal

person must meet to engage in quality assurance of the measurements and air quality data is:

– being accredited in accordance with the requirement of the harmonised standard for testing

and calibration laboratories for one or more reference measurement methods laid down in the

Rules on air quality monitoring.

Under Article 23 of the CAFE Directive and Article 46 of the APA, if the levels of air pollutants in

certain zones and agglomerations exceed any limit value or target value or any margin of tolerance in any

of such cases, Member States provide for the preparation of air quality plans for those zones and

agglomerations to achieve the relevant limit value or target value specified in Annexes XI and XIV to

the CAFE Directive. In case of exceedance of the limit values in respect of which the time frame for

compliance has already expired, air quality plans set out appropriate measures to shorten the exceedance

period as much as possible. Air quality plans may additionally include specific measures aimed at

protecting sensitive population groups, including children. Those air quality plans include at least the

information referred to in section A of Annex XV to the CAFE Directive and in Article 46(3) of the APA,

and may include the measures under Article 24 of the CAFE Directive or Article 47(4) of the APA. These

plans are submitted to the Commission without delay, but no later than two years after the end of the year

in which the first exceedance has been recorded. If air quality plans for several pollutants need to be

prepared or implemented, the Member State prepares and implements, where appropriate, comprehensive

air quality plans covering all relevant pollutants. Member States ensure, to the extent feasible, compliance

with other plans required under Directive 2001/80/EC, Directive 2001/81/EC or Directive 2002/49/EC to

achieve the relevant environmental protection objectives.

According to the CAFE Directive, EU Member States are required to reduce population exposure

to PM2.5 particulate matter, and national-level targets are set based on the average exposure indicator

(PPI). PPI is defined as the mean PM2.5 concentration based on the measurements over a period of 3 years

at selected control stations in agglomerations and larger urban areas, set in urban background areas to best

assess PM2.5 exposure of the general population.

The document entitled ‘Air quality assessment in state territory and the application of Annex XIV to the

new Directive 2008/50/EC24 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe’ was prepared in 2010, as

the basis for negotiations regarding the base year for PPI calculation

(http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=30810). According to the EU Accession Treaty, the year 2015 was

officially defined as the base year for calculating PPI in Croatia; it means that PPI was set as the average

of PM2.5 values measured and amounts to 20.6 µg/m3.

The document proposed a PM2.5 concentration measurement programme with a view to reducing the

national-level exposure at four city background locations in Zagreb, Rijeka, Split and Osijek as well as at

one rural background location. The measurement programme proposed was implemented through the

Decree Determining a List of Measurement Sites for the Monitoring of Certain Air Pollutant

24 Air quality assessment in state territory and the application of Annex XIV to the new Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe; Client: the Ministry, Author: K. Šega, Zagreb, February 2010



71

Concentrations and Locations of Measurement Stations in the State Network for Continuous Air Quality

(NN No 65/16).

The four locations in the agglomerations necessary for PPI calculation are:

– HR ZG agglomeration: location Zagreb, Ksaverska cesta for PPI PM2.5,

– HR RI agglomeration: location Rijeka-2 for PPI PM2.5,

– HR ST agglomeration: location Split for PPI PM2.5,

– HR OS agglomeration: location Osijek for PPI PM2.5.

PM2.5 measurements at the location of ZAGREB PPI PM2.5 – Ksaverska cesta have been performed since

2005, while at Rijeka-2 the measurements PPI PM2.5 began on 13 May 2015. According to the

Programme of air pollution level monitoring in the state network for continuous air quality monitoring

(NN No 73/16), the measurements at Split and Osijek stations are required to start not later than

31 December 2019.

The document entitled ‘Study on the possibilities of achieving a targeted reduction in national-level

exposure based on the average PM2.5 exposure indicator for 2015’25

(http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=30809) was prepared in 2016, presenting an analysis of exposure

based on the measurements available at the stations: Ksaverska Cesta for PPI PM2.5 (urban area) and

Plitvice Lakes (rural area – national park).

According to the Study, the projected PM2.5 PPI for 2020 is 16.4 μg/m3. If the projection proves

correct, the targeted 20 % reduction in national -level exposure will not be achieved.

Based on the measurements at the location ZAGREB PPI PM2.5 – Ksaverska Cesta, concentrations

have been found to exhibit pronounced seasonal dependence, recording elevated values in the cold

part of the year and low levels in the warm part. Measurement results at the Plitvice Lakes rural

background measurement station indicate no seasonality in PM2.5 concentrations. An analysis of the

chemical composition of PM2.5 particles showed that the variability of anions, cations and organic

and inorganic carbon concentrations may be due to the contributions from multiple sources of

pollution, long-distance transport, physical and chemical properties of measured pollutants as well

as meteorological parameters. The most important sources may be fossil fuel and biomass

combustion processes, transport, re-suspension of particles from surfaces, secondary aerosols and

distance transport.

Table 2.4.2 below provides an overview of the progress made by current PAMs in improving air quality,

and the degree of compliance with national and EU obligations (M).

2.4.2. Progress made by current PaMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance with

national and EU obligations (M):

Describe progress

made by current

PaMs in improving

air quality, and the

degree of

compliance with

national and EU

legislation by, as a

minimum,

specifying the

number of air

quality zones (AQ

zones) in the total

number of air

quality zones, that

are (non)compliant

with EU air quality

objectives for NO2,

Measurement sites and programme in the national network for air quality monitoring are

laid down in the Decree Determining a List of Measurement Sites for the Monitoring of

Certain Air Pollutant Concentrations and Locations of Measurement Stations in the State

Network for Continuous Air Quality Monitoring (NN No 65/16) and in the Programme of

air pollution level monitoring in the state network for continuous air quality monitoring (NN

No 73/16).

An earlier Decree Determining a List of Measurement Sites for the Monitoring of Certain

Air Pollutant Concentrations and Locations of Measurement Stations in the State Network

for Continuous Air Quality Monitoring (NN No 22/14) and the accompanying Programme

of air pollution level monitoring in the state network for continuous air quality monitoring

(NN No 103/14, corr. 117/14) are no longer applicable.

The progress made by current PaMs in improving air quality, and the degree of compliance

with national and EU legislation is shown in the air quality reviews of 2013 (when Croatia

joined the EU) and 2016 (the latest annual report available).

List of measurement sites for pollution (compliance) assessment in zones and agglomerations

25 Study on the possibilities of achieving a targeted reduction in national-level exposure based on the average PM2.5 exposure indicator for 2015, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, October 2016

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka9id=30809


72

PM10, PM2.5 and O3,

and any other

pollutant(s) for

which there are

exceedances (M):

(colours indicate whether the data coverage was sufficient in 2013):

ZONA / AGLOMERACIJA ZONE / AGGLOMERATION ZONE / AGGLOMERATION

MJERNO MJESTO MEASUREMENT SITE MEASUREMENT SITE

KLASIFIKACIJA MJERNOG MJESTA MEASUREMENT SITE CLASSIFICATION MEASUREMENT SITE CLASSIFICATION

ONEČIŠĆUJUĆA TVAR POLLUTANT POLLUTANT

ruralna pozadinska rural background rural background

prigradska suburban suburban

gradska pozadinska city background city background

industrijska industrial industrial

prometna transport transport

i ostali PAU u PM10 and other PAU in PM10 and other PAU in PM10

teški metali heavy metals heavy metals

kemijski sastav chemical composition chemical composition

otok the island of the island of

Legenda Key Key

crveno red red

zeleno green green

plavo blue blue

nema podataka N/A N/A

mjerni podaci - zadovoljen obuhvat measurement data – coverage sufficient measurement data – coverage sufficient

mjerni podaci postoje, ali nije zadovoljen obuhvat measurement data exist, but coverage insufficient measurement data exist, but coverage insufficient

Source: 2013 Annual report on air quality monitoring in the territory of the Republic of Croatia,

CAEN, December 2014


73

List of measurement sites for pollution (compliance) assessment in zones and agglomerations

(colours indicate whether the data coverage was sufficient in 2016):

Source: 2016 Annual report on air quality monitoring in the territory of the Republic of Croatia,

CAEN, November 2017

An overview of exceedances for 2013-2016 provided below is based on the data published in

annual reports on air quality monitoring in the territory of the Republic of Croatia, available at

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/godizvrpt.htm?pid=0&t=0.

Exceedances in zones/agglomerations determined based on an analysis of measurement results

combined with an objective assessment in 2013-2016 are as follows:

Non-

Compliant NO2 benzene O3 PM10 PM2.5 BaP in PM10

2013 0 0 1 3 1 0

2014 0 0 2 3 0 2

2015 1 1 6 3 1 2

2016 1 0 5 3 2 2

NO2 exceedances were recorded only in the Zagreb agglomeration (HR ZG); benzene

exceedances only in the Industrial Zone (HR 2).

Benzo(a)pyrene exceedances were recorded in the Zagreb agglomeration (HR ZG) and in

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/godizvmt_htm?nid=0&t=0


74

the Industrial Zone (HR 2).

Compliant NO2 benzene O3 PM10 PM2.5 BaP in PM10

2013 8 8 2 1 1 6

2014 9 8 4 3 3 4

2015 8 8 2 6 8 4

2016 8 8 3 6 6 4

Zone/agglomeration compliance was not assessed if no measurements were performed or

data coverage was below 85 %. Furthermore, modelling data could not be used to assess

PM10 and PM2.5 compliance because pollution levels in all zones and agglomerations were

higher than the lower assessment threshold (LAT). Additionally, modelling data could not

be used to assess ground-level ozone compliance in zones and agglomerations because

pollution levels in all zones and agglomerations were higher than the long-term goal (LG).

The table below shows the number of zones/agglomerations which were not assessed:

Not assessed NO2 benzene O3 PM10 PM2.5 BaP in PM10

2013 1 1 6 5 7 3

2014 0 1 3 3 6 3

2015 0 0 1 0 0 3

2016 0 1 1 0 1 3

Ground-level ozone compliance assessment for each zone/agglomeration in 2013-2016 is shown

in the following table:

2013 2014 2015 2016

HR ZG

HR RI

HR ST

HR OS

HR1

HR 2

HR 3

HR 4

HR 5

Flags: compliant

non-compliant

not assessed

The difference in the number of ground-level ozone exceedances for 2013 and 2016 is the

result of data availability rather than a change in pollution level. Ground-level ozone

pollution is subject to natural inter-annual variability, as seen from the status in the

agglomerations of Zagreb (HR ZG) and Rijeka (HR RI). As can be expected in the rural

areas of coastal and upland regions of Croatia, i.e. HR 3, HR 4 and HR 5 zones, ground-

level ozone pollution is more pronounced than in agglomerations.

A more detailed overview of exceedances by measurement stations in zones/agglomerations in

2013-2016 is provided in tabular form:

Zone/agglomeration Measurement

station NO2 benzene O3 PM10 PM2.5

BaP in PM10

HRZG

Zagreb-1

2013NP

2015

2016

2016

2013

2014

2015 2016

2015

2016

Zagreb-3

2013 2014

2015

2016

2014 2015

2016

Velika Gorica* 2015 2016


75

HR OS Osijek-1

2013 2014

2015

2016

HRRI Rijeka-2

2013

2015

HR 1 Desinić

2015

2016

HR 2

Slavonski Brod- 1

2013

2014

2015 2016

Sisak-1

2015

2013 2014

2015

2016

2014

2015

2016

Kutina-1

2013NP 2014

2015

2016

HR 3 Parg

2014 2015

2016

HR 4 Pula Fižela*

2015

2016

HR 5

Hum (island of

Vis)

2013NP 2014

2015

2016

Žarkovica

(Dubrovnik)

2013NP

2015

2016

Note:

* measurement stations that are not part of the state network but are used for data exchange until new state network stations are established NP data coverage insufficient

Provide a complete

reference (chapter,

page) to support

publicly available

data sets (e.g. Air

quality plans,

quantitative

contributions –

source appointment)

(M):

All the information relating to air quality monitoring and action plans for improving air quality

are publicly available at the CAEN website: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/index.html

AIR QUALITY REPORTING

By accession to the EU, the Republic of Croatia has undertaken to submit air quality

information/data to the European Commission. For that reason, in 2014, the CAEN developed

the Air Quality in the Republic of Croatia portal, through which Croatia submits air quality data

to the European Commission since 2014 (data for 2013), thus fulfilling all its commitments

relating to air quality reporting required by the IPR Implementing Decision.

In that way, all relevant air quality data/information is provided:

– Data on zones and agglomerations (B),

– Data on the assessment system (C),

– Data on networks and stations (meta data) (D),

– Original and validated data (E),

– Pollution assessment with exceedances of limit and target values (G),

– Information on air quality plans (H),

– Information on source appointment (I),

– Information on scenarios by year of achievement (J),

– Information on air quality measures (K).

Within the IPA 2013 project named ‘Strengthening the environmental inspection to effectively

control air quality monitoring and the greenhouse gas emission allowances trading system in

order to achieve better air quality in the Republic of Croatia’, an analysis of the state of air

quality reporting was carried out, showing that the exchange of data with the EC takes place in a

satisfactory manner and according to the planned schedule.

Information from the Action Plans submitted to the European Commission:

In 2015, the information on 2013 exceedances was submitted to the EC from the following action

plans:



76

– Action Plan for Air Quality Improvement in the City of Zagreb – for exceedances of PM10

particulate matter LVs

– Action Plan for Reducing PM10 Particulate Matter Concentration Levels in the City of

Sisak – for exceedances of PM10 particulate matter LVs

– Action Plan for PM10 Emission Reduction in the City of Kutina – for exceedances of PM10

particulate matter LVs

– Action Plan for Particle (PM10) Pollution Reduction in the City of Osijek – for

exceedances of PM10 particulate matter LVs

– Ground-level ozone pollution measures from the Action Plan for Ground-level Ozone

Pollution Reduction in the City of Rijeka were submitted for the exceedances of ground-

level TVs in the City of Rijeka (the preparation and adoption of an Action Plan are laid

down in the APA, while only measure submission is required under

Directive 2008/50/EU).

In 2016, the information on action plan implementation was submitted for the 2014 exceedances.

Action plan implementation is reported by updating the information already sent on an annual

basis, where necessary. In 2016, the information on 2014 exceedances was submitted from:

– the Action Plan for Air Quality Improvement in the City of Zagreb - for exceedances of

BaP in PM10 LVs.

All current action plans prepared are available on the Air Quality in the Republic of Croatia

portal, on the CAEN website and at the link http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/godizvrpt.htm?pid=0&t=4.

All the information on action plans submitted to the EC are publicly available, also on the Air

Quality in the Republic of Croatia portal, on the CAEN website and at the following links (by

year of data submission):

– Information on air quality plans (H):

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/hPlan.htm,

– Information on source appointment (I):

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/iSourceAppointment.htm,

– Information on scenarios by year of achievement (J):

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/jEvaluation.htm.

– Information on air quality measures (K):

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/kMeasure.htm.

In 2017, the information on PM2.5 exceedances in 2013 was submitted for the City of Slavonski

Brod Action Plan, which was adopted in 2016.

– Action Plan for Air Quality Improvement in the City of Slavonski Brod

Include maps of

current

concentrations in air

(at least for the

following pollutants:

NO2, PM10, PM2.5

and O3 and for other

AAQD pollutants

posing a problem)

showing, for

example, the

number of zones

from the total

number of air

quality zones which

are (not) compliant

in terms of the base

year and the

reporting year:

Concentration maps for SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2,5, O3, heavy metals and B(a)P for the period 2001-

2015 are provided in the document named the Objective air quality assessment in the zones of

the Republic of Croatia for 2016 (CMHS, Zagreb, September 2017), which is available at the

link: http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=69590.

Objective air quality assessment is carried out for all the areas (zones) where air quality

measurements are not performed, measurements are performed using a non-standardised method

or are performed using a standardised method which was not tested for equivalence with the

reference method, but only where the levels of pollutant concentrations in the area observed are

lower than the lower assessment threshold (LAT) or long-term goal (LG) in accordance with

Articles 6 and 9 of Directive 2008/50/EC.

The results were obtained using the latest version of the EMEP model of 2016. The model used

was 50km x 50km spatial scale, which is intended to assess the impact of regional and remote

transfer of pollutants. The model’s resolution is not sufficiently fine to assess concentration

levels in cases of prevailing sources of local pollution. Fine resolution modelling (0.1 x 0.1) has

not yet been implemented at national and AQ-zone or agglomeration levels.

Maps for 2015 are shown below.

SO2

The modelled values of annual SO2 concentrations are less than 2 μg/m3 in the larger Croatian

area. Values in the range of 2-10 μg/m3 were measured in areas bordering Bosnia and

Herzegovina (BiH) (Republika Srpska) and the Republic of Serbia (RS), which is expected due

to large point sources of emissions in those countries.

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/godizvrpt.htm?pid=0&t=4

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/hPlan.htm

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/iSourceAppointment.htm

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/jEvaluation.htm

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/kMeasure.htm



77

Annual SO2 concentrations are below the lower assessment threshold value (50 μg/m3) with

respect to human health and the lower assessment threshold (8 μg/m3) with respect to the

protection of vegetation in the entire Croatian territory.

NO2

Annual NO2 concentrations are highest near the industrial sources, i.e. in agglomeration areas.

The calculated values of NO2 concentrations are within the range of 2-10 μg/m3, which is below

the lower assessment limit with regard to human health (26 μg/m3) as well as the lower

assessment limit for critical nitrogen oxide levels with respect to the protection of vegetation and

natural ecosystems (19.5 μg/m3).

Although the dominant sources of nitrogen oxides are included in the emission data, the large

spatial scale of the model does not allow precise determination of concentrations in the areas

with pronounced individual or isolated sources of nitrogen oxides emissions (cement plants,

thermal power plants, refineries, etc.).

PM10

Annual PM10 concentrations are within the range of 8-18 μg/m3. The calculated concentration

values are below the lower assessment limit with respect to human health (20 μg/m3). The spatial

distribution of annual PM10 concentrations changes from year to year, largely depending on

meteorological conditions. It can be noticed that the highest load of PM10 particulate matter is

found in zones HR01, HR04 and HR05, while zone HR02 measures slightly lower

concentrations.


78

The modelled values of PM10 concentrations are comparable only to the values measured at rural

stations and may be considered reliable within the required limits of uncertainty of PM10

particulate matter measurement/modelling (uncertainty limit is 50 %). Slightly higher deviations

in relation to the values measured were obtained at the Kopački Rit measurement station, where

the annual mean concentration values were 20.6 μg/m3, while calculation results are around

18 μg/m3, which is still within the limits of acceptability for model results.

PM 2.5

The modelled values of PM2.5 are within the 6-16 μg/m3 range and below the upper assessment

limit (16 μg/m3) in the entire Croatian territory.

PM2.5 concentration values measured at the Kopački Rit station are higher than those modelled,

pointing to an impact by a potential natural source of emission.

Ozone

The results of ground-level ozone concentration calculation indicate that daily mean values of

ground-level ozone are high and that there is a gradient of increasing concentrations, starting

from the continental part of Croatia towards the Adriatic. Daily mean concentration values are

within the 60-100 µg/m3 range, which is comparable to the values obtained by measurements.


79

Despite a slight decrease in the mean concentration values (primarily in the coastal area), the

values do not vary considerably from year to year.

Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) and persistent organic compounds (BaP)

The modelled values for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations are comparable to those

measured, while the values of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are underestimated considerably. However,

since measurements are performed in the centres with a high impact of local sources, it is

impossible to make a final conclusion on whether the modelled values are really underestimated

in the zones with no measurements.

Spatial distribution of annual mean concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) and persistent

organic compounds (BaP)

The spatial scale of the model is the largest obstacle to making the final assessment. However,

given that the values of B(a)P are highest in cities, agglomerations and industrial centres, we

estimate that the required target value of 1 µg/m3 for BaP is not exceeded in rural areas (zones

HR01, HR03, HR04 and HR05).

Where problems are

identified in (an) air

quality zone(s),

describe how

progress was made

in reducing the

reported maximum

concentrations:

The charts show changes in the pollution parameter in 2013-2016 based on data submitted to the

EC.

PM10 concentrations

Exceedances of limit values occur only in the lowland area of continental Croatia. The number of

daily concentration exceedances is considerably higher than permitted at the measurement

stations recording LV exceedances. Only a single location (Kutina-1) measured an average

annual concentration exceeding the LV. Measurements do not point to a downward trend in

annual PM10 concentrations or in the number of LV exceedances for daily PM10 concentrations.


80

In most cases, data suggest an inter-annual variability, as shown in the following figures.

Srednje godišnje koncentracije PM10 (µg/m3) PM10 annual mean concentrations (µg/m3)

Broj prekoračenja za dnevne koncentracije PM10 (µg/m3)

Number of exceedances for daily PM10 concentrations (µg/m3)

GV LV

The Zagreb-1 data point to an inter-annual variability in the annual concentration and the number

of exceedances at the location in question.

No major inter-annual exceedance variability was found at the Zagreb-3 station. Corrected

measurement data for the location obtained using the non-reference automatic method are shown

for 2013 and 2014, while the results of corrected gravimetric measurements collected at the same

location are shown for 2015 and 2016. Corrected measurement data for the Zagreb-3 station

obtained using the non-reference automatic method over a four-year period point to a

considerable inter-annual variability of the opposite sign to that at the Zagreb-1 station.

Annual concentrations at the Osijek-1 location vary very little, while the number of exceedances

exhibits inter-annual variability.

All the data for the Sisak-1 station refer to gravimetric measurements. The 2013-2016 data

measured using the non-reference automatic method at Osijek-1 and Kutina-1 locations have

been corrected using correction functions. Correction functions from the Zagreb-1 station were

used for Osijek-1, while those from the Sisak-1 station were used for Kutina-1.

The Sisak-1 data point to an inter-annual variability, i.e. they lack a clear trend.

The Kutina-1 data point to a substantial increase in LV exceedances of daily concentrations. A

LV exceedance of the annual PM10 concentration was recorded in 2015 and 2016.

PM2.5 concentrations

Measurements at the Slavonski Brod-1 location point to a pronounced exceedance of the PM2.5

limit value. As evident from the figure below, corrected data measured using the automatic non-

reference method show slightly higher values than those measured using the gravimetric method


81

in 2015 and 2016. PM2.5 measurements at the Velika Gorica location, which began in May 2015,

point to an LV exceedance in 2016. An action plan for that site has yet to be drawn up.

B(a)P in PM10 concentrations

Annual B(a)P concentrations at Zagreb-1 and Sisak-1 locations show an increase between 2013

and 2015, followed by a decrease in 2016. Measurements at the Zagreb-3 location began in June

2014, with a decline in concentrations in 2016. Variations in annual B(a)P in PM10

concentrations at Zagreb-1 and Sisak-1 locations are not accompanied by variability in annual

PM10 concentration.

NO2 concentrations

NO2 was exceeded at only one station used for reporting to the EC. The annual NO2

concentration was higher than the limit value at the Zagreb-1 station in 2015 and 2016, while in

2014 it measured at the very limit (40 μg/m3). Due to insufficient data coverage, no annual mean

concentration of NO2 is provided for 2015. The concentration values shown in the chart indicate

little variation around the limit value.

Benzene (C6H6)

Benzene was exceeded at only one station used for reporting to the EC – the Sisak-1 station. Data

coverage for all the years was below 90 %. Due to insufficient data coverage (20 %), no annual

mean concentration is provided for 2016. Data coverage was 86 % in 2013 and 2015, and 81 %

in 2014. The annual mean concentrations of benzene rose substantially in 2015, which was the

first and only year with a reported benzene exceedance.


82

Ozone (O3)

The number of measurement stations recording exceedances of ground-level ozone target values

rose in 2013-2016. During the four-year period considered, the largest data coverage was

achieved by the measurement stations in Rijeka and Zagreb agglomerations, exhibiting a

pronounced inter-annual exceedance variability for ground-level ozone. Despite the coverage of

less than 90 %, the number of TV exceedances at the rural stations (Desinić, Parg, Hum,

Žarkovica) for some years was higher than permitted.

As evident from the figure, the number of ground-level ozone exceedances exhibits considerable

inter-annual variability. The measured annual number of exceedances is also affected by the data

coverage, which was less than 90 % at some stations in the summer period, when all target value

exceedances occur. The three-year average values of the number of TV exceedances are also

affected by data coverage.

Godišnji broj dana prekoračenja ciljne vrijednosti za ozon Annual number of days with ozone target value exceedance

Obuhvat podataka u ljetnom periodu Data coverage in the summer period

Godišnji broj dana prekoračenja ciljne vrijednosti za ozon

usrednjen na tri godine

Annual number of days with ozone target value

exceedance, averaged over three years

Data coverage at rural stations also affects the value of the three-year average, as some

exceedances have possibly not been recorded. However, the level of ground-level ozone in the

rural areas of continental Croatia (HR 1), and particularly in coastal Croatia (HR 3, HR 4, HR 5),

is so high in the summer that even in cases where summer data coverage is less than 90 %, the

season records more than 25 TV exceedances.


83

3.3. CURRENT TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACT OF DOMESTIC EMISSION SOURCES

This section provides information on the overall transboundary impact of national emissions on other EU

Member States and vice versa.

An overview of the current transboundary impact of domestic emission sources is provided in Table 2.4.3

below.

2.4.3. Current transboundary impact of domestic emission sources (M, where applicable)

Where applicable,

describe the current

transboundary

impact of domestic

emission sources on

air quality in the

neighbouring

Member States (M):

Each country contributes to transboundary pollution, which certainly has the greatest impact on

neighbouring countries. Specific reports for each individual state, prepared by the Norwegian

Meteorological Institute, provide an overview of transboundary pollution from major pollutants,

ground-level ozone and particles, forming an integral part of the EMEP Status Report. The

quantification of transboundary pollution contributions from individual states is based on the

source-receptor calculations carried out using the EMEP's unified model. Emissions and

meteorology data are used as model inputs, while modelling results are shown, among others, for

SO2, NOx and NH3.

Numerous countries contribute to pollution in Croatia. When it comes to the transboundary

transfer of sulphur compounds and their final deposition in Croatia, the biggest contribution

comes from the neighbouring Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Italy is the main

contributor to pollution caused by nitrogen compounds (NOx, NH3).

The share of transboundary deposition in total deposition suggests that almost all of the NOx

deposited in the entire area originates outside the Croatian borders. With regard to SOx, the

biggest share of transboundary deposition was recorded in the area of eastern Croatia and

Dalmatia. A major transboundary share in the total NH3 deposition (90 per cent and higher) was

found in Gorski Kotar and Dalmatia.

In case quantitative

data is used to

describe the results of

the assessment,

specify data and

methodologies used

to conduct the above

assessment:

[Translator’s note: the text in pie charts is unreadable, but some appears to refer to countries]

kt/god kt/year


84

The following report was used for quantitative analysis: Norwegian Meteorological Institute:

Transboundary air pollution by main pollutants (S, N, O3) and PM, Croatia, 2014.


85

4. PROJECTED FURTHER EVOLUTION ASSUMING NO CHANGE TO ALREADY

ADOPTED PaMs

This chapter corresponds to the Format Chapter 2.5 ‘Projected further evolution assuming no

change to already adopted policies and measures’.

It provides further levels of ambition that Croatia may achieve with a view to improving air pollutant

reduction.

The lists and descriptions of measures are based on the Report on PaMs for emission reduction and

increase in the removal by sinks of greenhouse gases (CAEN, 2017) with the addition of measures

relating solely to pollutant emissions and the elimination of measures relating solely to greenhouse gas

emissions.

PaMs are presented for the following sectors:

energy,

transport,

industrial processes and product use,

waste,

agriculture;

other (cross-cutting) PaMs.

The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), as a common EU, supranational, cross-

cutting PaM, is listed among other (cross-cutting) PaMs.

Table 4-1 provides an overview, while Annex 1 to the Programme provides descriptions of the

currently applied and adopted PaMs whose impact is integrated into the scenario ‘with existing

measures’ (WM scenario).

According to the definition (Para 11; UNFCCC, 2016; as quoted in Chapter 8 of the EMEP/EEA

Guidebook 2016):

– Applied measures are those to which the following applies:

a) national legal framework has been adopted;

b) OR one or several voluntary agreements are in place;

c) OR human resources have been allocated;

d) OR human resources have been mobilised.

– Measures adopted are those for which official national decisions exist, as well as clear

commitment towards further implementation.


86

Table 4-1: Overview of adopted and applied PaMs whose impact is integrated into the WM scenario

Name and brief description

(below the table) of

individual PaMs or

packages of PaMs:

Pollutant(s) affected:

SO2, NOx, NMVOC,

NH3, PM2.5, BC as a

component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG):

Objectives of an individual PaM

of package of PaMs:

Type(s) of

PaM:

Primary and

where appropriate

secondary

sector(s) affected:

Status

(applied/adop

ted):

Start of

applicatio

n:

Authority(-ies) responsible for the application: Refer to

those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary

Type Name

MEN-1: National Plan for Increasing in the Number of

Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings

all pollutants, CO2 efficiency improvement of buildings; increase in renewable

energy

regulatory, economic,

planning

energy consumption,

energy supply

applied 2014 national

authorities

Ministry of Construction and Physical

Planning

MEN-2: Energy renovation

programme for multi-

residential buildings

all pollutants, CO2

efficiency improvement of

buildings; increase in renewable

energy

economic

energy

consumption,

energy supply


authorities


Planning, Environmental Protection and

Energy Efficiency Fund

MEN-3: Programme of increase in energy efficiency

and use of renewable energy

sources in commercial non-residential building

all pollutants, CO2


buildings; increase in renewable

energy

economic

energy

consumption,

energy supply

applied 2017 national authorities

Ministry of Environment and Energy,

Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning, Environmental Protection and


MEN-4: Energy renovation programme for family homes

all pollutants, CO2


buildings; increase in renewable energy

economic

energy

consumption, energy supply


Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning, Ministry of Regional

Development and EU Funds, Environmental Protection and Energy

Efficiency Fund

MEN-5: Energy renovation programme for public

buildings

all pollutants, CO2 building efficiency increase,

increase in renewable energy economic

energy consumption,

energy supply


authorities


Planning, Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund, Agency for

Transactions and Mediation in Immovable

Properties

MEN-6: Public sector energy

management all pollutants, CO2

efficiency improvement in

services/tertiary sector; demand management/reduction

regulatory energy

consumption applied 2014

national

authorities

Agency for Transactions and Mediation in

Immovable Properties, National Energy Efficiency Authority

MEN-7: Measurement and informative calculation of

energy consumption

all pollutants, CO2 demand management/reduction regulatory, information

provision

energy


national

authorities


energy distributors

MEN-8: Energy efficiency

labelling of household appliances

all pollutants, CO2 efficiency improvement of

appliances

regulatory,

information provision

energy


national

authorities

Ministry of Environment and Nature

Protection

MEN-9: Eco-design of

energy-using products all pollutants, CO2


appliances

regulatory,


energy


national

authorities


Protection


87



individual PaMs or

packages of PaMs:


SO2, NOx, NMVOC,

NH3, PM2.5, BC as a

component of PM2.5, other

(e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG):


of package of PaMs:

Type(s) of

PaM:

Primary and

where appropriate

secondary

sector(s) affected:

Status

(applied/adop

ted):

Start of

applicatio

n:

Authority(-ies) responsible for the application: Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary

Type Name

MEN-10: Energy efficiency promotion and

implementation of measures

through an energy service model

all pollutants, CO2

efficiency improvements of buildings; efficiency improvement

in services/tertiary sector;

efficiency improvement in industrial end-use sectors


energy consumption


National Energy Efficiency Authority, ESCOs

MEN-11: Programme of

energy poverty reduction all pollutants, CO2


buildings; efficiency improvements

of vehicles; demand management/reduction

economic,

regulatory

energy

consumption adopted 2017

national

authorities


Ministry of Demographics, Family, Youth

and Social Policy, Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund

MEN-12: Education in the

area of energy efficiency all pollutants, CO2 demand management/reduction education

energy


national

authorities

Croatian Employment Service, Agency for

Vocational and Adult Education

MEN-13: National energy efficiency programme in

public lighting

all pollutants, CO2 efficiency improvement in

services/tertiary sector economic

energy


national

authorities


National Energy Efficiency Authority,

Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund and EU funds

MEN-14: Green public

procurement

all pollutants, CO2, CH4,

N2O


services/tertiary sector; efficiency

improvement of appliances;

increase in renewable energy; efficiency improvements of

vehicles

regulatory

energy

consumption,

energy supply, transport


authorities


Ministry of Economy, Entrepreneurship and Crafts, Central Government

Procurement Office, National Energy

Efficiency Authority

MEN-15: Energy audits in the industry

all pollutants, CO2, CH4, N2O


industrial end-use sectors; demand

management/reduction

regulatory,

information

provision

energy

consumption,

energy supply



Ministry of Economy, Entrepreneurship and Crafts, Environmental Protection and


MEN-16: Industrial Energy

Efficiency Network (IEEN)

all pollutants, CO2, CH4,

N2O

efficiency improvement in industrial end-use sectors; demand

management/reduction

voluntary energy consumption,

energy supply


authorities

Croatian Chamber of Economy, National

Energy Efficiency Authority,

Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund

MEN-17: Increase in the use

of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency in the

industrial sector



industrial end-use sectors; demand management/reduction; increase in

renewable energy

economic

energy

consumption;

energy supply



National Energy Efficiency Authority, Environmental Protection and Energy

Efficiency Fund


88



individual PaMs or

packages of PaMs:


SO2, NOx, NMVOC,

NH3, PM2.5, BC as a




of package of PaMs:

Type(s) of

PaM:

Primary and

where appropriate

secondary

sector(s) affected:

Status

(applied/adop

ted):

Start of

applicatio

n:


Type Name

MEN-18: Feed-in tariffs and premium system in support of

the use of renewable energy

sources in electricity generation and high-efficiency

cogeneration

all pollutants, CO2 increase in renewable energy economic,

regulatory energy supply applied 2007

national

authorities


Croatian Energy Market Operator

MEN-19: Energy efficiency programme in heating and

cooling

all pollutants, CO2


buildings; reduction of losses;

efficiency improvement in the energy and transformation sector

economic,

regulatory,


energy consumption;

energy supply

adopted 2016 national

authorities

Ministry of Environment and Energy, Ministry of Construction and Physical

Planning

MEN-20: Promotion of the use of renewable energy

sources and energy efficiency

in the industrial sector through CBRD


increase in renewable energy;


industrial end-use sectors

economic

energy

consumption;

energy supply


Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development

MEN-21: Promotion of the

use of renewable energy

sources and energy efficiency with Environmental Protection

and Energy Efficiency Fund resources


increase in renewable energy; efficiency improvement of

buildings; efficiency improvement

of appliances; efficiency improvement in services/tertiary

sector; efficiency improvement in

industrial end-use sectors; demand management/reduction; efficiency

improvements of vehicles; modal shift to public transport or non-

motorised transport; alternative

fuels / electric cars; demand

management/reduction; improved

behaviour

economic, regulatory

energy

consumption, energy supply,

transport



Environmental Protection and Energy

Efficiency Fund

MEN-22: CO2 emission tax on

non-EU ETS stationary sources

all pollutants, CO2


switch to less carbon-intensive fuels

fiscal

energy

consumption; energy supply


authorities


Ministry of Finance, Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund


89



individual PaMs or

packages of PaMs:


SO2, NOx, NMVOC,

NH3, PM2.5, BC as a




of package of PaMs:

Type(s) of

PaM:

Primary and

where appropriate

secondary

sector(s) affected:

Status

(applied/adop

ted):

Start of

applicatio

n:


Type Name

MEN-23: Revitalisation and

energy efficiency in existing

thermal and hydro power plants

all pollutants, CO2

increase in renewable energy; reduction of losses; efficiency

improvement in the energy and

transformation sector; installation of pollution abatement

technologies

voluntary,

regulatory energy supply applied 2014 other HEP-Proizvodnja d.o.o.

MEN-24: Reconstruction and renovation of the hot water

and steam network

all pollutants, CO2 reduction of losses; efficiency improvement in the energy and

transformation sector

regulatory,

economic energy supply applied 2014 other HEP-Toplinarstvo d.o.o.

MEN-25: Electricity system

operation, and transmission

and distribution network development

all pollutants, CO2


reduction of losses; efficiency

improvement in the energy and transformation sector

economic,

regulatory energy supply applied 2014 other

Croatian Transmission System Operator, HEP-Operator distribucijskog sustava

d.o.o.

MEN-26: Reduction of volatile organic compound

emissions from refuelling of

motor-powered vehicles at

service stations

NMVOC, CO2 reduction of losses; installation of pollution abatement technologies


energy, fugitive

emissions, road

transport


Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection

MEN-27: Reduction of

volatile organic compound

emissions from petrol storage and distribution

NMVOC, CO2 reduction of losses; installation of

pollution abatement technologies

economic,

regulatory

energy, fugitive

emissions applied 2007

national

authorities


Protection

MEN-28: Quality control of

liquid fossil fuels SO2, NMVOC other energy supply

economic,

regulatory energy applied 2002

national

authorities


Protection

MEN-29: Restriction of

pollutant emissions from non-road mobile machinery

CO, VOC, NOx, PM2.5,

PM10

installation of pollution abatement

technologies regulatory transport applied 2008

national

authorities State Office for Metrology

MTR-1: Information provision

to consumers about the fuel economy and CO2 emissions

of new cars

all pollutants, CO2

efficiency improvements of

vehicles; alternative fuels / electric

cars; improved behaviour


transport applied 2007 national authorities



90



individual PaMs or

packages of PaMs:


SO2, NOx, NMVOC,

NH3, PM2.5, BC as a




of package of PaMs:

Type(s) of

PaM:

Primary and

where appropriate

secondary

sector(s) affected:

Status

(applied/adop

ted):

Start of

applicatio

n:


Type Name

MTR-2: Eco-driving training

for road vehicle drivers all pollutants, CO2 improved behaviour education transport applied 2011

national

authorities

Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Energy, Environmental

Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund,

National Energy Efficiency Authority

MTR-3: Obligatory use of biofuels in transport

all pollutants, CO2 alternative fuels / electric cars

regulatory,

economic,

fiscal



MTR-4: Special

environmental charge on motor-powered vehicles

all pollutants, CO2


vehicles; alternative fuels / electric cars; improved behaviour

fiscal,

economic transport applied 2014

national

authorities


Ministry of Finance, Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund

MTR-5: Special tax on motorised vehicles

all pollutants, CO2



cars; improved behaviour

fiscal, economic


Ministry of Environment and Energy, Ministry of Finance

MTR-6: Financial incentives

for the purchase of hybrid and

electric vehicles

all pollutants, CO2



cars

economic transport applied 2014 national authorities



Efficiency Fund

MTR-7: Alternative fuels

infrastructure development all pollutants, CO2 alternative fuels / electric cars

regulatory,

economic transport applied 2014

national

authorities, regional

authorities,

local authorities

Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure, Ministry of Environment

and Energy, Ministry of Construction and

Physical Planning, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of the Interior, local and regional

self-government units, Energy Efficiency

Fund

MTR-8: Promotion of

integrated and intelligent

transport systems and alternative fuels in urban areas

all pollutants, CO2

alternative fuels / electric cars;

improved transport infrastructure;

modal shift to public transport or non-motorised transport

planning transport applied 2014

national authorities,

regional

authorities, local

authorities

Ministry of Environment and Energy, local

and regional self-government units,

Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund


91



individual PaMs or

packages of PaMs:


SO2, NOx, NMVOC,

NH3, PM2.5, BC as a




of package of PaMs:

Type(s) of

PaM:

Primary and

where appropriate

secondary

sector(s) affected:

Status

(applied/adop

ted):

Start of

applicatio

n:


Type Name

MTR-9: Monitoring, reporting

and verification of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions

from liquid fuels

all pollutants, CO2 alternative fuels / electric cars regulatory transport applied 2012 national authorities


Croatian Agency for Environment and

Nature

MTR-10: Prevention and control of vessel emissions to

air

SOx, NOx, VOC, ozone-

depleting substances other transport regulatory transport applied 2005

national

authorities

Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure, Ministry of Environment

and Nature Protection

MTR-11: Restriction of

pollutant emissions from road

vehicles

CO, VOC, NOx, PM2.5, PM10

deployment of emission reduction

technologies on vehicles; efficiency improvements of

vehicles

regulatory transport applied 2008 national authorities

State Office for Metrology

MIP-1: Reduction of volatile

organic compound emissions in the solvent use sector

NMVOC, CO2 reduce emissions economic,

regulatory

industrial processes

and product use applied 2014

national

authorities


Protection

MAG-7: Implementation of

the Rural Development

Programme 2014-2020

CH4, N2O

other activities to improve the

management of agricultural land, pasture improvement activities,

other agriculture

regulatory, economic

agriculture applied 2018 national authorities

Ministry of Agriculture, Paying Agency for

Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural

Development

MWM-1: Prevention and reduction of the amount of

municipal solid waste

NMVOC, PM2.5, CH4 demand management/reduction;

reduced landfilling

source-based pollution

control;

economic instruments,

regulatory

instruments, education,

planning

waste management / wast

e

applied 2013


regional

authorities, local

authorities

MEE, RSGUs, City of Zagreb and major

cities, LSGUs

MWM-2: Increase in the

amount of separately collected and recycled municipal solid

waste

NMVOC, PM2.5, CH4

demand management/reduction;

increased recycling; reduced

landfilling

source-based

pollution control;

economic

instruments, regulatory

instruments

waste

management / wast

e

applied 2013

national

authorities,

regional authorities,

local

authorities

MEE, RSGUs, City of Zagreb and major cities, LSGUs


92



individual PaMs or

packages of PaMs:


SO2, NOx, NMVOC,

NH3, PM2.5, BC as a




of package of PaMs:

Type(s) of

PaM:

Primary and

where appropriate

secondary

sector(s) affected:

Status

(applied/adop

ted):

Start of

applicatio

n:


Type Name

MWM-3: Methane and

NMVOC flaring NMVOC and CH4

improved treatment technologies;

improved landfill management

economic instruments,

regulatory

instruments

waste

management / waste

applied 2013

national

authorities, regional

authorities,

local authorities


cities, LSGUs

MWM-4: Reduction of the

amount of landfilled

biodegradable municipal solid

waste

NMVOC, PM2.5, NH3,

CH4

enhanced recycling; improved

treatment technologies; reduced landfilling

source-based

pollution

control, regulatory

instruments

waste

management / waste

applied 2013

national

authorities,

regional

authorities,

local authorities


cities, LSGUs

MWM-5: Use of biogas for electricity and heat generation

CO2, CH4 improved treatment technologies

economic

instruments, regulatory

instruments

waste

management / wast

e

applied 2013

national

authorities,

regional authorities,

local

authorities

MEE, RSGUs, City of Zagreb and major cities, LSGUs

MCC-1: Commission for

cross-sectoral coordination of climate change mitigation and

adaptation PaMs

all greenhouse gases multi-sectoral policy regulatory cross-cutting applied 2014 national authorities

Ministry of Environment and Energy, Ministry of Finance

MCC-2: Energy savings

measurement and verification

system

CO2, pollutants energy consumption; transport; power generation

Information

provision,

regulatory

cross-cutting applied 2015 national authorities

National Energy Efficiency Coordinating Authority

MCC-3: Promotion of the use

of innovative information and communication technologies

(ICT) to reduce greenhouse

gas emissions

CO2, pollutants multi-sectoral policy information

provision cross-cutting applied 2014

national

authorities

Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection, Ministry of Economy,

Entrepreneurship and Crafts, Ministry of

Construction and Physical Planning, Croatian Agency for Environment and

Nature

MCC-4: EU Emissions

Trading System CO2, N2O, pollutants

energy production; energy

consumption; industrial processes economic cross-cutting applied 2013

national

authorities

European Commission, Ministry of Environment and Energy, Croatian Agency

for Environment and Nature

MCC-5: Use of the revenues from auctioning of emission

allowances within the scope of

the EU ETS for GHG emission reduction measures

all greenhouse gases, pollutants

multi-sectoral policy economic cross-cutting applied 2013 national authorities



Efficiency Fund


93



individual PaMs or

packages of PaMs:


SO2, NOx, NMVOC,

NH3, PM2.5, BC as a




of package of PaMs:

Type(s) of

PaM:

Primary and

where appropriate

secondary

sector(s) affected:

Status

(applied/adop

ted):

Start of

applicatio

n:


Type Name

MCC-6: Preparation of a National feasibility study with

an action plan for carbon

capture and storage (CCS) projects in the Republic of

Croatia; Implementation of

interdisciplinary research of

the potential for CO2

geological storage in the

Republic of Croatia

CO2 multi-sectoral policy planning cross-cutting planned 2018 national

authorities


Protection

MCC-7: Energy efficiency obligation scheme

CO2, all pollutants energy consumption; energy production; transport

economic cross-cutting adopted 2018 national authorities


MCC-8: Environmental permit

All pollutants installation of pollution abatement technologies; multi-sectoral policy


energy; industrial processes and

product use;

agriculture (farms); waste (landfills)



MCC-9: Tax on SO2 and NOx

emissions for individual

sources

SO2, NOx multi-sectoral policy economic, regulatory

energy; industrial

processes and

product use



MCC-10: Specification and control of the limit values of

air pollutant emissions from

stationary sources

all pollutants multi-sectoral policy

source-based

pollution

control; economic;

regulatory

energy; industrial

processes and product use


authorities Ministry of Environment and Energy


94

4.1. EMISSION PROJECTIONS AND EMISSION REDUCTIONS (WM SCENARIO)

This chapter provides an overview of emission projections for 2020, 2025 and 2030 with the application

of existing measures (WM scenario) with regard to SO2, NOx, NMHOS, NH3 and PM2,5.

The existing PaMs integrated into the WM scenario are specified in Table 4-1 of Chapter 4, and their

description is provided in Annex 1 to the Expert background material.

Table 2.5.1 below provides projected emissions and reductions under the WM scenario.

2.5.1 Emission projections and emission reductions (WM scenario)

Pollutant (M): Total emissions (kt) consistent with

inventories for year x-3 (M):

% emission reduction

projection achieved

compared with 2005 (M):

Emission

reduction

commitment

for 2020-

2029 (%)

(M):

National

emission

reduction

commitmen

t from 2030

(%) (M):

20

05

Ba

se

yea

r:

20

20:

20

25:

20

30:

20

20:

20

25

20

30:

SO2 58.72 10.08 9.71 9.38 82.83 83.47 84.02 55 83

NOx 84.46 41.09 36.58 33.58 51.35 56.69 60.24 31 57

NMVOC 117.02 51.68 49.09 47.62 55.84 58.05 59.30 34 48

NH3 42.21 33.53 34.08 35.59 20.57 19.26 15.68 1 25

PM2.5 40.85 18.53 16.95 15.55 54.63 58.49 61.94 18 55

Specify uncertainties related to WM projections to

deliver the emission reduction commitment for 2020,

2025 and from 2030 onwards:

The uncertainty of WM projections is related to GDP

growth, impact of the change in temperature on heating

and cooling energy, hydrology in electricity generation at

hydro power stations and with agricultural development26,

as described below.

GDP growth

All the analysed scenarios assume GDP to grow by 2050,

by 1.66 % on average by 2050, equivalent to a nominal

increase by 78 % compared with 2010 (intermediate

scenario). Under the optimistic macroeconomic scenario,

the Croatian economy is expected to grow at an average

annual rate of 2.15 % (demographic projections remain

unchanged from the baseline scenario) until 2050. The

resulting GDP per capita increase until 2050 amounts to

138 % compared with 2012. The production gap would

also close faster than the EU average. Thus, under the

optimistic scenario, Croatia would reach 91 % of the EU

development level by 2050. On the other hand, under the

pessimistic scenario, the average annual growth rate 0.8 %

and cumulative real GDP per capita growth of just 44 %

[compared to the EU] would be achieved by 2050. Such

growth would be expected to be slower than in the EU as a

whole, so the Croatian real per capita income would fall

from the current level of approx. 60 % of the EU average

to 55 %.

26 Expert material for the drafting of a Low-Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to

2050, Green Book, 2015 /2017 (MEE) and expert background material for the drafting of a Low-Emission Development Strategy of the Republic

of Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to 2050, White Book, 2015/2017, (MEE)


95

Impact of the change in temperature on heating and

cooling energy

The change in temperature will lead to a reduction in

heating requirements while increasing cooling

requirements on the other hand. The climate policy

objective is to keep the global temperature increase below

2 °C. An increase in temperature has been found in the

Republic of Croatia since the measurements began. Here,

the assumed increase is around 1 °C by 2050.

Heating requirements: The indoor design heating

temperature in buildings in most cases is 20 °C, but

effectively the temperature of heated spaces is maintained

at up to 24 °C. Based on these assumptions, -20rmal

energy requirement for heating in the continental Croatia

could be reduced by between 7.7 % and 11.3 %, and in

coastal Croatia by between 12.7 % and 24.2 %.

Cooling requirements: Unlike the heating requirements,

there is no such pronounced dependence of the

comfortable cooling requirement on outdoor ambient air,

given the dominant impact of thermal gains due to solar

radiation. With the current state of data available, it is

impossible to estimate the impact of the change in outdoor

temperature on cooling requirements. What can be

estimated is that the impact will be less pronounced than is

the case with heating requirements.

Other impacts on energy: The changes in temperature,

amount of rainfall and wind energy will affect the

production of renewable energy sources. These impacts

need to be quantified and incorporated into operational

planning, particularly on the regional and local level,

where major differences are possible.

Hydrology in the electricity generation at hydro power

plants

The output from large hydro power stations varies between

4 TWh and 8 TWh, depending on hydrology. This

accounts for 20 % or 40 % of Croatia’s total electricity

generation.

Dry and wet year cycles may last for several years, so the

emissions of the electricity sector may vary considerably.

Any shortfalls in the electricity supply from hydro power

stations are compensated by increased generation at

thermal power plants or increased imports.

Agricultural development

Agriculture in Croatia is characterised by small size

holdings. An average family holding is just 2 hectares in

size. According to the Agricultural Census 2003, just 20 %

of cultivated land is privately owned with 159 hectares on

average. The situation in cattle farming is similar: 96 % of

all milk producers own just 15 cows [each]; 90 % of pigs

are reared at 200 000 small size holdings, with 170 000 of

holdings having fewer than 10 pigs.

Such fragmentation and old populations prevent faster

development. Therefore, agriculture will change slowly,

posing a challenge from the emissions perspective.


96

Graphical representations of emission projections and emission reductions for a WM scenario are

provided below.

SO2

Key: Commitment, 2030 onwards

Scenario with measures (WM) Quota, 2010 onwards

Historical trend Commitment, 2020 to 2029

Figure 4-1: Historical trend and SO2 emission projections, WM scenario

Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce SO2 emissions

for both projection periods. Emissions in 2016 were 44.3 % below the level of reduction commitment for

2020, with a continued implementation of measures expected to lead to further reductions, albeit at a

slower pace than in 2005-2016. Between 2020 and 2030, SO2 emissions are expected to be reduced by a

further 6.9 % under a WM scenario, leading to a reduction in 2030 emissions by 6 % below the level of

reduction commitment for 2030 under the WM scenario. The main impact on emission reductions comes

from fuel switching measures and use of desulphurisation technologies in the energy transformation

sector.

NOX




Figure 4-2: Historical trend and NOX emission projections, WM scenario

Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce NOX. Emissions

in 2016 were already 6.6 % below the level of reduction commitment for 2020; a further reduction is

expected from continued implementation of measures, primarily in the transport sector. Between 2020


97

and 2030, emissions are expected to be reduced by a further 18.3 % under a WM scenario, leading to a

reduction in 2030 emissions by 3.9 % below the level of reduction commitment for 2030 under the WM

scenario. The main impact on emission reductions comes from the implementation of measures to reduce

the permitted emission limits from vehicles, use of alternative fuels in the transport sector, increased

public transport and bicycle use and intermodal transport.

NH3




Figure 4-3: Historical trend and NH3 emission projections, WM scenario

The trend in the historical period is above the 30 kt quota, but 2016 emissions were 16.2 % below the

national reduction commitment for 2020. WM projections demonstrate the expected fulfilment of the

commitment to reduce NH3 emissions in 2020. However, given that the agricultural sector with an

expected increase in the number of cattle is the main source of NH3 emissions, no further major emission

decline is expected under the WM scenario. Between 2020 and 2030, emissions are expected to increase

by 6 %, leading to a 12 %-overshoot in emissions in 2030 compared to the 2030 commitment.

NMVOC




Figure 4-4: Historical trend and NMVOC emission projections, WM scenario

Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce NMVOC.

Emissions in 2016 were already 9.5 % below the level of reduction commitment for 2020; a further


98

reduction is expected from continued implementation of measures, primarily in the household sector.

Between 2020 and 2030, emissions are expected to be reduced by a further 7.8 % under a WM scenario,

leading to a reduction in 2030 emissions by 21.7 % below the level of reduction commitment for 2030

under the WM scenario. The main impact on emission reduction comes from building energy renovation

measures, leading to a reduced use of firewood for heating and replacement of inefficient stoves. The

production processes and solvent use sector is expected to be the dominant source of NMVOC emissions

in which only a minor reduction will occur.

PM2.5




Figure 4-5: Historical trend and PM2.5 emission projections, WM scenario

Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce PM2.5.

Emissions in 2016 were already 45 % below the level of reduction commitment for 2020; a further

reduction is expected from continued implementation of measures, primarily in the household sector.

Between 2020 and 2030, emissions are expected to be reduced by a further 16.1 % under a WM scenario,

leading to a reduction in 2030 emissions by 15.4 % below the level of reduction commitment for 2030

under the WM scenario. The main impact on emission reduction comes from building energy renovation

measures, leading to a reduced use of firewood for heating and replacement of inefficient conventional

stoves.

PM10

Historical trend Scenario with measures (WM)

Figure 4-6: Historical trend and PM10 emission projections, WM scenario

No levels of reduction commitment have been determined for PM10 emissions, with the trends and causes

of emissions corresponding to those for PM2.5 emissions.


99

4.1.1. METHODOLOGIES AND MODELS, STARTING PARAMETERS AND

ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF PROJECTIONS (WM SCENARIO)

This chapter describes the methodology used to prepare WM and WAM scenario projections. Key

assumptions, and the associated uncertainties for the WM scenario are provided in tables A 2-1 through A

2-12 of Annex 2 to the Programme.

Details of the methodology/models used to

determine the impact

The NUSPCRO model, developed in the Long-Range Energy

Alternatives Planning (LEAP) software package, was used in preparing

the projections.

This LEAP software package was employed to create the Croatian

energy sector model for the purposes of energy and transport

projections, using specific methodologies and additional tools for

individual categories in the energy sector. Thus, a more advanced

model whose results were integrated into the electricity system model

were used for the purposes of detailed modelling of the electrical

system development and optimisation. The preparation of projections

for Industrial processes and product use, Waste and Agriculture sectors

relied on bottom-up engineering simulation models, which use sectoral

data and individual emission sources, to calculate greenhouse gas

emissions as well as pollutant emissions. In doing so, it used standard

methods, procedures and structures in line with an emissions inventory

of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and

the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. The 2006

IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories and the 2006 IPCC

Guidelines for National GHG Inventories were used as technical

background material. Individual sectoral models were also integrated in

the NUSPCRO model.

The integrated NUSPCRO model enables the calculation of greenhouse

gas emissions and pollutant emissions as well as technical and

economic indicators covering all sectors; the output model data are

structured to correspond to the structure of emission inventories

according to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change and the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air

Pollution. The projections cover the period until 2030, and indicatively

until 2050, with a one-year step.

Specify key assumptions and associated

uncertainties

Annex 2 to the Programme:

Table 5-1: Projection assumptions – Energy and Transport;

Table 5-2: Projections assumptions – Industrial processes and product

use;

Table 5-3: Projection assumptions – Agriculture;

Table 5-4: Projection assumptions – Waste;

Table 5-5 Projection parameters – general parameters

Table 5-6: Projection parameters – energy: total fuel consumption,

electricity generation, WM scenario

Table 5-7: Projection parameters – energy: final (end-use) energy

consumption

Table 5-8: Projection parameters – climate

Table 5-9: Projection parameters – industry

Table 5-10: Projection parameters – transport

Table 5-11: Projection parameters – agriculture

Table 5-12: Projection parameters – waste

The associated uncertainties are provided below.

4.1.2. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF PROJECTIONS

In addition to the sensitivity analysis depending on hydrological conditions, a sensitivity

analysis for other parameters crucial to the electricity system was also undertaken. The

sensitivity to changes of the following parameters was analysed:


100

for the WM scenario:

o constant prices of emission allowances at the level of EUR 15/EUA, instead of

a price increase as under the EU Reference scenario 2016;

o constant prices of emission allowances at the level of EUR 15/EUA, instead of

a price increase as under the EU Reference scenario 2016, with up to 30 % net

electricity imports (except from the Krško nuclear power station);

An overview of the analysis is provided in Table 4-2 and Figure 4-7.

Table 4-2: Overview of sensitivity analysis

Scenario against which

the projection

sensitivity was analysed

Changed

parameters

Impact on pollutant emissions

Constant prices Maintaining the price of emission allowances in EU ETS at a constant

level of EUR 15/EUA leads to higher pollutant emissions as a result

of increased operation of fossil fuel thermal power plants. SO2

emission are 4.7 % higher in 2030 than under a WM scenario, but the

difference falls to below 0.3 % in 2040 and 2050. Along with SO2, an

increase in NOx emissions by 0.5 % is also evident in 2030, by 2.9 %

in 2040 and by 6.7 % in 2050 compared to the WM scenario. Also,

NMVOC emissions are 0.2 % higher in 2030 and 2040 and 0.1 %

higher in 2050.

emission

allowances at

WM level at EUR 15/EUA,

instead

of price increase as

in

EU Reference

Scenario 2016

Key: Constant low emission allowance price in EU ETS

Emissions compared to WM scenario Constant low emission allowance price in EU

ETS and net import of up to 30 % of electricity

Figure 4-7: Emissions sensitivity analysis compared to WM scenario


101

4.2. PROJECTED IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY (WM) AND PROJECTED DEGREE

OF COMPLIANCE (projected number of compliant and non-compliant zones for AAQD

pollutants)

Table 2.5.2 below provides a projected improvement in air quality (WM) and a projected degree of

compliance (M).

In addition, a qualitative description of projected improvement in air quality i s p r o v i d e d i n as part of

the table in section 2.5.2.1.

2.5.2 Projected air quality improvement (WM) and projected degree of compliance (M)

2.5.2.1. Qualitative description of projected improvement in air quality

Provide a qualitative

description of

projected

improvement in air

quality and projected

further evolution of

degree of compliance

(WM scenario) with

EU air quality

objectives for NO2,

PM10, PM2.5 and O3

values, and any other

pollutant(s) that

present(s) a problem

by 2020, 2025 and

2030 (M):

Provide complete

references (chapter

and page) to support

publicly available data

sets (e.g. air quality

plans, source

apportionment)

describing the

projected

improvement and

further evolution of

degree of compliance

(M):

Information on scenarios of the implementation of action plan measures (form J in the e-

reporting system) are provided for each action plan in the tables below.

Action Plan for PM10 Emission Reduction in the City of Kutina

Pollutant Reporting year:

2015 2016 2017

PM10

The analysis and

calculation of data point

to the conclusion that

the application of

measures aimed at

reducing energy

consumption will lead to

a reduction in PM10

emissions by 50 t/year

by 2020. Out of

commercial interests,

industry and services

are expected to

increasingly undertake

energy efficiency

measures.

Comment: Data for the

projection scenario

have been derived from

the Programme of

progressive emission

reduction for certain

pollutants in the

Republic of Croatia for

the period up to end-

2010, with emission

projections for 2010-

2020 and the

Programme of energy

renovation of family

homes for 2014-2020.

For a more detailed

calculation of household

emission reductions a

detailed research/survey

is necessary to

determine the actual

consumption of energy

(gas, wood) in

households.

The data analysis and

calculation point to the

conclusion that the

application of measures

aimed at reducing

energy consumption will

lead to a reduction in

PM10 emissions by 50

t/year by 2020. Out of

commercial interests,

industry and services are

expected to increasingly

undertake energy

efficiency measures.

Comment: Data for the

projection scenario have

been derived from the

Programme of

progressive emission

reduction for certain

pollutants in the

Republic of Croatia for

the period up to end-

2010, with emission

projections for 2010-

2020 and the

Programme of energy

renovation of family

houses for 2014-2020.

For a more detailed

calculation of household

emission reductions a

detailed research/survey

is necessary to determine

the actual consumption

of energy (gas, wood) in

households.

N/A

Action Plan for Particle (PM10) Pollution Reduction in the City of Osijek


102


2015 2016 2017

PM10

In all the years under

observation, the WM

scenario emission is

higher than the BAU

scenario emission. In

2020, that difference is

48 % because of a

planned increase in the

share of biomass in

end-use consumption

sectors. The biomass

share in the industry

and construction sector

(taking into account

only the key sub-

sectors) is planned to

increase 9.6 times in

2020, and 4.8 times in

the household sector,

substantially

increasing particulate

matter emissions from

these sectors.

In all the years under

observation, the WM

scenario emission is

higher than the BAU

scenario emission. In

2020, that difference is

48 % because of a

planned increase in the

share of biomass in end-

use consumption sectors.

The biomass share in the

industry and

construction sector

(taking into account only

the key sub-sectors) is

planned to increase 9.6

times in 2020, and 4.8

times in the household

sector, substantially

increasing particulate


these sectors.

N/A

Action Plan for Reducing PM10 Particulate Matter Concentration Levels in the City of

Sisak


2015 2016 2017

PM10

No scenario The implementation efficiency of the measures laid down to reduce the concentrations of PM10 particulate matter will be monitored at automatic measurement stations set up in the City of Sisak. The action plan will be implemented until category I air quality with regard to PM10 particulate matter concentrations is achieved.

No scenario The implementation efficiency of the measures laid down to reduce the concentrations of PM10 particulate matter will be monitored at automatic measurement stations set up in the City of Sisak. The action plan will be implemented until category I air quality with regard to PM10 particulate matter concentrations is achieved.

N/A

Action Plan for Air Quality Improvement in the City of Slavonski Brod

Pollutant Reporting year: 2017

PM10

The baseline scenario of particulate matter emission reduction is the

energy renovation of family homes. The application of energy

efficiency measures and the use of low-emission wood-burning

combustion plants are aimed at reducing emissions in the heating

season.

This scenario is based on the application of energy efficiency

measures to the households using conventional wood-burning stoves.

By switching from conventional to energy-efficient stoves, it is

possible to reduce fire bed emission by 50 %. By switching from

conventional to ‘eco-label’ stoves, it is possible to reduce fire bed

emission by 87 %. This calculation is based on EMEP/EEA emission


103

factors.

If the energy renovation is presumed to cover 20 % of households

using firewood, a 10-17 % reduction in household sector emissions

can be expected, eventually producing a reduction in PM2.5

concentrations by approx. 1.5 µg/m3.

Particulate matter pollution in Slavonski Brod is to a large extent

affected by regional and transboundary air pollution. A high degree

of background concentrations means that it is necessary to achieve a

high reduction of local emissions, primarily the emissions from wood

burning in household fire beds, to achieve the limit value for PM2.5

particulate matter. The measures under this action plan are aimed at

cost efficiently channelling the energy renovation in Slavonski Brod

and promote those energy efficiency measures that produce the

highest particulate matter emission ‘savings’. The implementation

dynamics of energy renovation depends on available financial

resources and models of their use.

The Programme of energy renovation of family homes for 2014-2020

with a detailed plan of energy renovation for 2014-2016 (NN Nos

43/14 and 36/15) is being implemented at national level. Within the

scope of that programme, the EPEEF co-finances measures of the

energy renovation of family homes to achieve a better heat retention

of the residential space, increased energy efficiency of the heating

system and promote the use of renewable energy sources. The existing

model of co-financing energy renovation of family homes

implemented by the EPEEF applies to natural persons, while an

earlier financing model included local and regional self-governments

as intermediaries between the EPEEF and citizens.

The funding to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy

sources as well as environmental protection and the sustainability of

resources has been provided under the 2014-2020 Competitiveness

and Cohesion OP. As the method of use of that funding does not

provide for direct financing of individual action plan measures, the

possibility of financing energy renovation measures aimed at reducing

particulate matter emissions in the heating season need to be identified

in cooperation with the competent Ministry.

Action Plan for Air Quality Improvement in the City of Zagreb


2015 2016 2017

PM10

The analysis of the

level of PM10 pollution

highlights the need to

reduce ‘local

particulate matter

pollution’ by 30-50 %

to meet the limit value

for daily PM10

concentrations in the

City of Zagreb. 'Local

particulate matter

pollution’ means the

level of particulate

matter concentrations

that are affected by

direct particulate


energy and installation

plants, households and

road transport in the

territory of the City of

Zagreb.

The analysis of the

level of PM10

pollution highlights

the need to reduce

‘local particulate

matter pollution’ by

30-50 % to meet the

limit value for daily

PM10 concentrations

in the City of Zagreb.

'Local particulate

matter pollution’

means the level of

particulate matter

concentrations that

are affected by direct

particulate matter

emissions from

energy and

installation plants,

households and road

transport in the

The necessary

emission reduction

was determined

based on the

analysis of daily

PM10

concentrations at

all measurement

stations in the City

of Zagreb. The

contribution of

local sources for

each station was

determined by

subtraction of the

background

pollution (Iskrba,

Slovenia). A linear

extrapolation found

the percentage of

reduction in local

concentrations


104

BaP (PM10) N/A territory of the City of

Zagreb. Reducing the

sources of particulate

matter emissions will

reduce PM2.5

pollution sufficiently

to achieve limit values

and B(a)P pollution

sufficiently to achieve

target values.

necessary to

achieve the

permitted number

of exceedances

(35). It is expected

that a reduction in

PM10 emissions by

at least 30 % in the

City of Zagreb in

the heating season

may be achieved by

implementing all

the measures

aimed at

household, services

and transport

sectors. A

reduction in PM10

particulate matter

emissions will in

turn reduction

B(a)P pollution in

PM10 sufficiently to

achieve the target

value.

Comment:

Projections were

not based on

emissions but on

the analysis of the

number of

exceedances for

daily PM10

concentrations.

NO2 N/A N/A Proposed

measures are

aimed at achieving

the following

objectives: –

reduction in NOx

emissions by at

least 5 % at annual

level in the City of

Zagreb; –

reduction in NOx

emissions by

approx. 20 % in

the city centre.

A reduction in

transport

emissions is

expected thanks to

the expected fleet

renewal, i.e.

replacement of

some 2 % of old

vehicles (Euro 3

and older) by

newer vehicles

(Euro 5, Euro 6),

resulting in the

reduction of city

background

concentrations. On

the assumption


105

that the total

number of vehicles

does not increase,

the fleet renewal

that is practically

financed by

citizens

themselves, limit

values of the NOx

annual mean

concentration of

outside the inner

city centre may be

achieved in 2 to 5

years.

In the city centre,

NO2 limit values

will not be

achieved without

further road

transport

restrictions and

application of

action plan

measures. In

addition to

emissions, a

substantial impact

on exceedance of

the limit value in

the city centre

(Đorđićeva

measurement

station) comes from

pollution kept

within the urban

canyon and from

traffic congestions.

Table 2.5.2.2 The quantitative description of projected improvement of air quality is arbitrary at [...] the

Republic of Croatia has no data available to serve in its filling.

2.5.2.2 Qualitative description of projected improvement in air quality

Monitoring parameter Number of non-compliant air

quality zones:

Number of compliant air

quality zones:

Total number of air quality

zones:

Sp

ecif

y b

ase

yea

r:

20

20

:

20

25

:

20

30

:

Sp

ecif

y b

ase

yea

r:

20

20

:

20

25

:

20

30

:

Sp

ecif

y b

ase

yea

r:

20

20

:

20

25

:

20

30

:

PM2.5 (1 yr): – – – – – – – – – – – –

NO2 (1 yr): – – – – – – – – – – – –

PM10 (1 yr): – – – – – – – – – – – –

O3 (max. 8 hr

average): – – – – – – – – – – – –

Other (please

specify): – – – – – – – – – – – –


106

5. POLICY OPTIONS CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION

REDUCTION COMMITMENTS FOR 2020 AND 2030, INTERMEDIATE

EMISSION LEVELS FOR 2025, AND STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

This chapter corresponds to the Format Chapter 2.6 Policy options considered to comply with the

emission reduction commitments for 2020 and 2030, intermediate emission levels for 2025, and

stakeholder consultation.

5.1. DETAILS OF PaM OPTIONS CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION

REDUCTION COMMITMENTS (REPORTING AT PaM LEVEL) (point 2.6.1)

This section lists the details of PaM options considered to comply with the emission reduction

commitments (reporting at PaM level).

Table 2.6.1 below provides an overview of the details of PaM options considered to comply with the

emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (M).

The following main needs were recognised when specifying additional PaMs to comply with the emission

reduction and air quality improvement commitments:

ensure continued implementation of the measures in the period after 2020 with improvements

where necessary, given that the current PaMs are largely set for the period until the end of 2020;

stronger synergy in PaM planning to reduce pollutant emissions and improve air quality,

including PaMs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase in the share of renewable energy

sources and increase in energy efficiency;

the measures need to be customised and specially planned for the area where air quality is

affected.

The details of a particular PaM considered are listed below the table.


107

2.6.1 Details of PaM options considered to comply with the emission reduction commitments (reporting at PaM level) (M):

Name and brief

description of an

individual PaM or

package of PaMs27:

Select the

pollutant(s)

affected as

appropriate

(M):

SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5, BC as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxines, GHG)

Objectives of an

individual PaM or

package of PaMs (M):

Type(s) of

PaM (M):

Primary and

where

appropriate

secondary

sector(s)

affected† (M):

Application period

(M for measures

selected for

application):

Authority(-ies) responsible for

the application (M for

measures selected for the

application):

Refer to those stated in Table 2.3.2 where necessary

Details of

the

methodolo

gies used

for the

analysis

(e.g.

specific

models or

methods)

(M):

Quantify expected reductions

(for individual PaMs or packages

of PaMs as appropriate (kt, per

year or as a range, compared

with the WM scenario)) (M):

Qualitative

description of

uncertainty

(M, where

available):

Start End Type Name 2020 2025 2030

MEN-P-1: Integration of the

measures to reduce

pollutant emissions into planning

documents and

projects for the energy renovation of

buildings

NOx, PM10, PM2.5, CH4, SO2, NMVOC, NH3, CO2

efficiency improvement

of buildings; reduction of losses; efficiency

improvement of

appliances

economic, fiscal,

information,

regulatory, education,

planning

energy

consumption

2019,

planning,

2021 onwards

impacts

2030

national

authorities,

regional authorities

MEE, MCPP Chapter

4.1.1 –

NOx: 0.48 kt

PM10:

1.17 kt,

PM2.5:

1.14 kt,

SO2:

0.08 t,

NMVOC:

1.98 kt,

NH3:

0.28 kt

NOx: 0.92 kt,

PM10:

2.04 kt,

PM2.5:

1.99 kt,

SO2: 0.15 kt,

NMVOC:

3.27 kt,

NH3: 0.45 kt

Chapter 4.1.1

MTR-P-1:

Integration of the

measures to reduce pollutant emissions

into planning

documents and projects relating to

road transport

NOx, PM10, PM2.5, CH4, SO2, NMVOC, NH3, CO2

deployment of emission

reduction technologies on vehicles; efficiency

improvement of

vehicles; modal shift to public transport or non-

motorised transport;


demand

management/reduction;

improved behaviour;

improved transport

infrastructure; promoting the use of bicycles

economic,

fiscal, information,

regulatory,

education, planning

transport

2019,

planning,

2021

onwards

impacts

2030


regional

authorities

MEE, MSTI Chapter

4.1.1 –

NOx:

0.48 kt,

PM10:

0.05 kt,

PM2.5:

0.03 kt,

SO2:

0.01 kt,

NMVOC:

0.15 kt,

NH3:

0.02 kt

NOx:

0.81 kt,

PM10:

0.09 kt,

PM2.5:

0.05 kt,

SO2: 0.01 kt, NMVOC: 0.30 kt, NH3: 0.03 kt

Chapter 4.1.1

27 Descriptions are provided below the table


108


Name and brief

description of an

individual PaM or

package of PaMs27:

Select the

pollutant(s)

affected as

appropriate

(M):


Objectives of an

individual PaM or


Type(s) of

PaM (M):

Primary and

where

appropriate

secondary

sector(s)

affected† (M):

Application period

(M for measures

selected for

application):




application):


Details of

the

methodolo

gies used

for the

analysis

(e.g.

specific

models or

methods)

(M):






Qualitative

description of

uncertainty

(M, where

available):


MAG-1: Changes in

livestock and pig

nutrition and feed quality

NH3, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, NMVOC, CH4, N2O

improved livestock

management; improved

animal waste management systems

economic agriculture 2018 national

authorities

Ministry of

Agriculture

Chapter

4.1.1 Chapter 4.1.1

MAG-2: Anaerobic

decomposition of manure and biogas

production

NH3, CH4, N2O, CO2

improved animal waste management systems

economic agriculture 2018 national authorities

Ministry of

Agriculture,

advisory services

Chapter 4.1.1

Chapter 4.1.1

MAG-3: Improving

livestock facilities and animal waste

management systems

NH3, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, NMVOC, CH4, N2O, CO2

improved livestock

breeding management; improved animal waste

management systems

economic agriculture 2018 national authorities

Ministry of

Agriculture,

advisory services

Chapter 4.1.1

-

NOx:

0.01 kt,

PM10:

0.01 kt,

PM2.5:

0.00 kt,

NH3:

4.40 kt

NOx:

0.01 kt,

PM10:

0.02 kt,

PM2.5:

0.01 kt,

NH3: 8.55 kt

Chapter 4.1.1

MAG-4: Improving

the methods of

mineral fertiliser application

NH3, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, N2O

reduced mineral fertilisers on agricultural

land

economic, information,

planning

agriculture 2020 national

authorities

Ministry of Agriculture,

advisory services

Chapter

4.1.1 Chapter 4.1.1

MAG-5: Hydro-

technical interventions and

systems of protection

against natural disasters

NH3, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, N2O, CO2

reduced mineral

fertilisers and farmyard manure on agricultural

land; other activities to

improve agricultural land management

economic agriculture 2018 national

authorities

Ministry of

Agriculture, advisory services

Chapter

4.1.1 Chapter 4.1.1


109


Name and brief

description of an

individual PaM or

package of PaMs27:

Select the

pollutant(s)

affected as

appropriate

(M):


Objectives of an

individual PaM or


Type(s) of

PaM (M):

Primary and

where

appropriate

secondary

sector(s)

affected† (M):

Application period

(M for measures

selected for

application):




application):


Details of

the

methodolo

gies used

for the

analysis

(e.g.

specific

models or

methods)

(M):






Qualitative

description of

uncertainty

(M, where

available):


MAG-6: Introduction

of new cultivars,

varieties and species

NH3, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, N2O

reduced mineral

fertilisers / farmyard manure on agricultural

land, other activities

improving agricultural land management, other

agriculture

information, planning

agriculture 2020 national authorities

Ministry of Agriculture

Chapter 4.1.1

Chapter 4.1.1

MCC-1: Support to

increase the administrative,

technical and

management capacities of local

communities

NOx, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NMVOC, NH3, CO2, CH4

project to support local

communities financed

by the LIFE programme

planning multi-sectoral policy

2019 2030 national authorities

MEE – – – – –

MCC-2: Preparing

supporting documentation to

secure additional

financial resources for more effective

implementation of air

quality improvement action plans

NOx, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NMVOC, NH3, CO2, CH4

preparation of a project

proposal for the use of EU structural funds

planning multi-sectoral

policy 2019 2030

national

authorities MEE – – – – –


110


Name and brief

description of an

individual PaM or

package of PaMs27:

Select the

pollutant(s)

affected as

appropriate

(M):


Objectives of an

individual PaM or


Type(s) of

PaM (M):

Primary and

where

appropriate

secondary

sector(s)

affected† (M):

Application period

(M for measures

selected for

application):




application):


Details of

the

methodolo

gies used

for the

analysis

(e.g.

specific

models or

methods)

(M):






Qualitative

description of

uncertainty

(M, where

available):


MCC-3: Support for

surveys regarding the planning of PaMs

and monitoring of

their effects on emissions and air

quality

NOx, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NMVOC, NH3

laying down cost-

effective measures and

quantitative monitoring of emission reductions;

improved air quality and

environmental impact

planning, research

all sectors 2019 2025

Ministries,

authorised

entities

MEE, Ministry of

Science and

Education (MSE)

models, methods,

databases,

IT platforms

– – – –

The responses to the fields indicated with (*), (ᶺ) and (†) are filled in by using pre-defined reply options which are consistent with the reporting obligations under Regulation (EU) 525/2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 749/2014.


111

The responses to the field indicated with (*) are filled in by using the following pre-defined reply options, to be selected as appropriate (more than one objective can be selected, additional objectives could be added

and specified under ‘other’) (M):

1. Energy supply:


switch to less carbon-intensive fuels;

enhanced non-renewable low-carbon generation (nuclear);

reduction of losses;

efficiency improvement in the energy and transformation sector;

installation of pollution abatement technologies;

other energy supply.

2. Energy consumption:

efficiency improvement of buildings;

efficiency improvement of appliances;

efficiency improvement in services/tertiary sector;

efficiency improvement in industrial end-use sectors;


other energy consumption.

3. Transport:

deployment of emission reduction technologies on vehicles;

efficiency improvement of vehicles;

modal shift to public transport or non-motorised transport;



improved behaviour;

improved transport infrastructure;

other transport.

4. Industrial processes:

installation of pollution abatement technologies;

improved control of fugitive emissions from industrial processes;

other industrial processes.

5. Waste management / waste:


enhanced recycling;

improved treatment technologies;

improved landfill management;

waste incineration with energy use;

improved wastewater management systems;

reduced landfilling;

other wastes.

6. Agriculture:

reducing mineral fertilisers / farmyard manure on agricultural land;

other activities improving agricultural land management;

improved livestock breeding management;

improved animal waste management systems;

land or grassland pasture improvement activities;

improved organic soil management;

other agriculture.

7. Cross-cutting


112


Name and brief

description of

individual an PaMs

or package of PaMs

(M)27:

Select the

pollutant(s)

affected as

appropriate

(M):

SO2, NOx, NMVOC, NH3, PM2.5, BC as a component of PM2.5, other (e.g. Hg, dioxins, GHG)

Objectives of an

individual PaM or


Type(s) of

PaM (M):

Primary and

where

appropriate

secondary

sector(s)

affected †

(M):

Application period

(M for measures

selected for

application):




application):


Details of

the

methodolo

gies used

for the

analysis

(e.g.

specific

models or

methods)

(M):






Qualitative

description of

uncertainty

(M, where

available):


policy framework;

multi-sectoral policy;

other cross-cutting.

8. Other:

A Member State is required to provide a brief description of the objective.

The responses to the field indicated with (ᶺ) are filled in by using the following pre-defined reply options, to be selected as appropriate (more than one type of PaM can be selected, additional types of PaM could be

added and specified under ‘other’) (M):

source-based pollution control;

economic instruments;

fiscal instruments;

voluntary/negotiated agreements;

information;

regulatory;

education;

research;

planning;

other, specify.

The responses to the field indicated with (†) are filled in by using the following pre-defined reply options, to be selected as appropriate (more than one sectors can be selected, addition sectors could be added and

specified under ‘other’) (M):

energy supply (comprising oil and gas extraction, transmission, distribution and storage of fuels as well as energy and electricity production);

energy consumption (comprising consumption of fuels and electricity by end users such as households, services, industry and agriculture);

transport:

industrial processes (comprising industrial activities that chemically or physically transform materials leading to greenhouse gas emissions, use of greenhouse gases in products and non-energy uses of carbon fossil

fuels);

agriculture

waste management / waste;

cross-cutting;

other sectors, please specify.


113

Energy

MEN-P-1: Integration of the measures to reduce pollutant emissions into planning documents and

projects relating to energy renovation of building

Emission of pollutants from the household and service sector has been recognised as one of the main

causes of air quality deterioration in many areas. The use of firewood in conventional stoves is a key

cause of pollutant emissions (particularly PM2.5 and PM10 particles). Therefore, the implementation of

measures to renovate external building envelopes and replace conventional firewood stoves needs to be

accelerated in areas where air quality is affected.

At national level, energy renovation of buildings (including building envelope renovation and

replacement of thermo-technical systems) and the use of solar energy and heat pumps are planned under

several strategic and planning documents specified in the descriptions of the existing sectoral measures:

MEN-1: National Plan for Increasing in the Number of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings,

MEN-2: Energy renovation programme for multi-residential buildings,

MEN-3: Programme of increase in energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources in

commercial non-residential buildings,

MEN-4: Energy renovation programme for family homes,

MEN-5: Energy renovation programme for public buildings,

MEN-11: Programme of energy poverty reduction,

MEN-19: Energy efficiency programme in heating and cooling,

MEN-21: Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency through the

EPEEF,

and in coordination with cross-cutting PaMs, such as:

MCC-5: Use of the revenues from auctioning of emission allowances within the scope of the EU

ETS for GHG emission reduction measures,


For many measures, funding is provided through the EU SIF [5].

At the same time, LRSGU(s) prepare and implement local (regional) plans and programmes for energy

efficiency, renewable energy sources, air protection and the mitigation of and adaptation to climate

change.

The objective of this measure is to integrate the activities to reduce pollutant emissions in areas

where air quality is affected into national, regional and local plans, programmes and projects

relating to the energy renovation of buildings. Support instruments need to be provided, primarily to

natural persons, family home owners, to invest in:

improving the thermal insulation of envelope elements (walls, roofs, basements);

replacement of external carpentry, particularly windows;

replacement of existing heating systems by new, more energy-efficient ones with lower pollutant

emissions.

Therefore, when preparing new planning documents for energy renovation of buildings, cross-sectoral

coordination needs to be strengthened and instruments to encourage energy renovation of buildings (with

a focus on family homes) provided in areas where air quality is affected. In financial terms, support can

largely be secured through EU structural funds.

Transport

MTR-P-1: Integration of the measures to reduce pollutant emissions into planning documents and projects

relating to road transport

Transport and the need for mobility are major environmental burdens in urban areas. An increase in the

number of cars, the way they are used, the intensity of traffic and unstructured expansion of urban areas

are the sources of pollutant emissions which are one of the main causes of air quality deterioration in

many areas. Therefore, the implementation of measures to reduce pollutant emissions from road transport

needs to be accelerated in areas where air quality is affected.


114

A number of measures are implemented at national level to reduce transport emissions described under

the existing measures:

MTR-1: Information provision to consumers about the fuel economy and CO2 emissions of new

cars;

MTR-2: Eco-driving training for road vehicle drivers;

MTR-3: Obligatory use of biofuels in transport;

MTR-4: Special environmental charge on motor-powered vehicles;

MTR-5: Special tax on motorised vehicles;

MTR-6: Financial incentives for the purchase of hybrid and electric vehicles;

MTR-7: Alternative fuels infrastructure developments;

MTR-8: Promotion of integrated and intelligent transport systems and alternative fuels in urban

areas;

MTR-9: Monitoring, reporting and verification of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions from liquid

fuels;

MTR-11: Restriction of pollutant emissions from road vehicles

and in coordination with cross-cutting PaMs such as:

MCC-5: Use of the revenues from auctioning of emission allowances within the scope of the EU

ETS for GHG emission reduction measures;


for many measures, funding is provided through the EU SIF [5].

At the same time, the LRSGU prepare and carry out local (regional) plans and programmes for energy

efficiency, renewable energy sources, air protection and climate change mitigation/adaptation as well as

master plans for sustainable transport development.

The objective of this measure is to integrate the activities to reduce pollutant emissions in areas

where air quality is affected into national, regional and local plans, programmes and projects

affecting the emissions in the road transport sector.

This measure includes various methods to promote the reduction of the number of vehicles in urban areas

not having category I air quality, where the road transport sector is a key source of emissions, such as:

prohibition of entry in certain urban areas depending on the ecological standard of a vehicle;

freight transport optimisation;

integrated citizen transport;

intelligent transport management;

promoting car-sharing schemes;

promoting public bicycles;

measures to support alternative fuels infrastructure development in urban areas;

introduction of transport pollution fees in cities;

redirecting traffic from the city centre;

promoting the use of public transport;

infrastructure development and promoting the use of bicycle transport;

introducing systematic energy management in vehicles owned by the city, etc.

Therefore, when preparing new planning documents relating to energy efficiency, renewable energy

sources, air protection, climate change mitigation/adaptation and transport development, cross-sectoral

coordination needs to be strengthened and instruments need to be envisaged to encourage the measures to

reduce pollutant emission from road transport in areas where air quality is affected. These measures need

to be tailored to the circumstances of the areas where they are laid down.

Agriculture

MAG-1: Changes in livestock and pig diet and feed quality

Specific sub-measures within this group of measures relating to the improvement of the livestock

breeding system, production level and animal diet: changes in the ratio of certain types of fodder in the


115

diet, the use of supplements (fat, amino-silicate compounds, biological additives), the improvement of

fodder quality and the improvement of the pasture system. These measures relate to the potential

reduction of nitrogen compounds and ammonia emissions from enteric fermentation and farmyard

manure management. Expert literature suggests a possible reduction of ammonia emissions from the

liquid component of pig farmyard manure of up to 40 % [7]. Given the proportion of pigs in the

management systems suitable for the application of this measure [8], a conservative expert estimate

suggests a possible reduction of ammonia emissions from the pig farmyard manure management system

of 15 % until 2030.

MAG-2: Anaerobic digestion of manure and biogas production

Upon introduction of biogas plants, emission reduction is achieved by removing methane emissions

resulting from the disposal of used garbage and from renewable electricity production. The measure is

related to those listed under Renewable sources in the production of electricity and heat and Construction

of cogeneration plants from the energy sector. Anaerobic digestion not only assists biogas plants in

reducing the sources of easily degradable carbon in fertiliser applied to agricultural land, but also

potentially reduces N2O emissions generated in the nitrification process and ammonia emissions.

According to a conservative expert estimate, the reduction of ammonia emissions (based on the potential

for N2O emission reduction) is 5 % for emissions from the manure management system for dairy cows,

pigs, laying hens and broilers.

MAG-3: Improvement of livestock facilities, farmyard manure management systems and inorganic

fertiliser application methods

Covering the (slurry) storage site – creating a natural layer (crust) with natural (straw) or (porous)

artificial material. While this measure reduces direct methane and ammonia emissions, to a lesser extent it

improves the nitrification process (porous material), causing a slight increase in nitrogen oxide emissions.

Expert literature suggests a possible reduction of farmyard manure ammonia emissions within a range of

78-94 % (pigs), and 71-86 % (cattle) [7]. Given the proportion of cattle and pigs in the management

systems suitable for the application of this measure [8], a conservative expert estimate suggests a possible

reduction of sectoral ammonia emission of 30 % for cattle and 35 % for pigs until 2030. Additional

emission reduction is possible by injecting organic fertiliser instead of its spraying, which could mitigate

ammonia emissions up to 90 % when applying organic fertiliser [9]. According to expert estimates,

sectoral ammonia emissions from the source of farmyard manure management (for cattle and pigs) could

be reduced by additional 10 %, while particle emissions could be reduced by ~5 % by this method of

applying organic fertiliser to agricultural land.

MAG-4: Improvement of mineral fertiliser application methods

The use of new slow-release fertilisers suitable for corn and wheat cultivation (polymer-coated fertilisers)

allows for a reduced need for fertiliser application per hectare (due to lower nitrogen losses) with

unchanged or increased revenues. An additional reduction of NH3 emissions is possible by reducing the

use of urea in favour of other types of fertilisers.

MAG-5: Hydro-technical interventions and systems for protection against natural disasters

Apart from the direct benefits of reducing production costs and increasing harvest quality, the

construction of drainage and irrigation systems, and systems for protection against floods, droughts and

other natural disasters can cause a loss of nutrients due to filtering and rinsing, resulting in a reduced need

for using nitrogen and, consequently, mineral fertiliser. According to experts, the total reduction of

ammonia emissions from the sector is estimated to be 1 %.

MAG-6: Introduction of new cultivars, varieties and species

Promoting development, education and application of technology at the national and regional levels,

promoting the transition and adjustment of the entire production chain to producing new crops or enabling

and encouraging the use of cultivars and varieties that are more resistant to drought and disease and have

a lower carbon footprint. Along with other benefits, this is aimed at reducing the need to introduce

nitrogen, and consequently ammonia emissions, into the soil through fertilisers. Experts estimate a lower

ammonia emission of up to 1 % at the sector level.


116

Cross-cutting measures

MCC-P-1: Support for increasing the administrative, technical and management capacities of local

communities

Support for increasing the administrative, technical and management capacities of local communities

needs to be ensured when implementing air quality improvement action plans. This can be done through

the LIFE project which could help cities to implement the measures more efficiently, to follow the

progress and to strengthen the coordination between national and local activities. Additionally, members

of the public and stakeholders need to be more familiar with air pollution problems, possible emission

reduction measures and examples of good practice.

In order to actively involve local politics and facilitate financing, positive effects need to be expressed

through financial savings in health care; more specifically, awareness needs to be raised that significant

financial savings in health care could be achieved by improving air quality.

Coordinated cross-cutting activities pose a problem in cities due to closed nature and financial stiffness,

and the common lack of funding sources for an integrated approach.

Air quality progress achieved by reducing emissions at European and national levels is relatively poorly

visible at local levels when observed from a multi-annual perspective. Decision makers and the local

public believe that objectives need to be achieved by the equal efforts of all those contributing to

pollution, which is one of the reasons why the allocation of financial resources by local governments is

not sufficient for the required emissions reductions. Coordinated activities and financial contribution from

different levels, European funds, national co-financing and the local component are extremely important.

MCC-P-2: Preparing supporting documentation to provide additional financial resources for more

efficient implementation of air quality improvement action plans

As provided for by the NEC Directive, assistance in the planning and implementation of air quality

improvement action plans can be achieved by co-financing through the LIFE programme and EU

structural funds.

Consequently, there is a proposal to carry out the required technical analyses and to prepare project

documentation to apply for a grant from the structural funds for the period 2021-2027 financing cycle

(envelope). The project would serve to encourage the replacement of traditional (inefficient) firewood

combustion plants by efficient combustion plants with ECO standards, pellet systems or lower pollutant

emission fuel technologies, particularly in the zones/agglomerations where PM2.5 is exceeded.

MCC-3: Supporting research relating to PaM planning and monitoring their effects on emissions and air

quality

Research needs to help identify cost-effective measures, measures with a positive impact on economic

development, employment, research that help transfer knowledge about best available techniques and

good practice. Tools, emission and air pollution assessment models, techniques identifying the

contribution of individual air pollution sources, IT support and databases for quantitative progress

monitoring and reporting are needed. Synergic connection with measures from various sectors and

stimulating an integrated approach are needed.


117

5.2. AIR QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENT IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL PaMs OR

PACKAGES OF PaMs CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION

REDUCTION COMMITMENTS (point 2.6.2)

Table 2.6.2 below relates to the air quality and environment impact of individual PaMs or packages of

PaMs considered to comply with the emission reduction commitments.

The Republic of Croatia has no available data to support the assessment of the impact of PaMs or

packages of PaMs considered to comply with the emission reduction commitments on air quality and

environment.

2.6.2 Air quality and environment impact of individual PaMs or packages of PaMs considered to comply with the

emission reduction commitments

Where appropriate, impact on air quality (may be referenced to the recommended

air quality objectives according to the WHO) and the environment Not available.

Additional research required.

5.3. COST-BENEFIT CALCULATION FOR INDIVIDUAL PaMs OR PACKAGES OF PaMs

CONSIDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS

Member States are encouraged to report on projected cost estimates which should be in line with

reporting under the MMR (Monitoring Mechanism Regulation) to support climate change mitigation as

follows:

Cost in Euros per tonne of pollutant reduced

Absolute investment cost and annual benefits in Euros

Qualitative description and the ratio of cost-benefit calculation

Annual costs for reported costs

Year for which the estimates have been calculated.

Table 2.6.3 below only provides indicative costs of individual measures which could be estimated based

on available data.

2.6.3 Cost-benefit calculation for individual PaMs or packages of PaMs considered to comply with the emission

reduction commitments

Name and brief

description of

individual PaMs or

packages of PaMs:

Cost in EUR

per tonne of

pollutant

reduced

Absolute cost

of investments

(EUR):

Annual

benefits

(EUR):

Cost/bene

fit ratio:

Annual

costs

(EUR):

Qualitative description of the

cost-benefit calculation:

MEN-P-1:

Integration of the

measures to reduce

pollutant emissions

into planning

documents and

projects for the

energy renovation

of buildings

NO NO NO NO NO

At national level, there is a

coordinated design of measures

and priority allocation of funds

expected on the basis of PaMs

resulting from other

commitments.

At project and regional level,

costs and benefits need to be

estimated depending on the

measures selected for individual

areas.


118



Name and brief

description of

individual PaMs or

packages of PaMs:

Cost in EUR

per tonne of

pollutant

reduced

Absolute cost

of investments

(EUR):

Annual

benefits

(EUR):

Cost/bene

fit ratio:

Annual

costs

(EUR):



MTR-P-1:

Integration of the

measures to reduce

pollutant emissions

into planning

documents and

projects relating to

road transport

NO NO NO NO NO

At national level, there is a

coordinated design of measures

and priority allocation of funds

expected on the basis of PaMs

resulting from other

commitments.

At project and regional level,

costs and benefits need to be

estimated depending on the

measures selected for individual

areas.

MAG-1: Change in

livestock nutrition

and feed quality

NO 5 300 000 13 000 000 0.4 NO

estimate by Faculty of

Agriculture experts –

The absolute cost arises from the

application of all sub-measures to

all relevant groups of animals,

the resulting benefits include

increased competitiveness and

production.

MAG-2: Anaerobic

decomposition of

manure and biogas

production

NO NO NO NO NO unknown

MAG-3:

Improving

livestock facilities,

systems of animal

waste management

and methods of

organic fertiliser

application

NO 120 000 000 13 000 000 9.2 NO



The cost refers to the entire

period until 2050, for investment

in the facilities and equipment

used for more than one year. The

benefits include increased

competitiveness and production.

MAG-4:

Improving the

methods of mineral

fertiliser

application

NO NO 10 000 000 NO NO



The calculation is based on

savings in the total amount of

mineral fertiliser used.

MAG-5:

Hydro-technical

interventions and

systems of

protection against

natural disasters

NO 1 000 000 000 4 500 000 222.2 NO

The cost is the expert estimate

based on the starting points and

objectives (surface areas) set out

in the national irrigation

project28. The benefit is reduced

damage relating to the production

and consumption of protection

products and fertilisers.

28 National Project of Irrigation and Agricultural Land and Water Management in the Republic of Croatia, 2005


119



Name and brief

description of

individual PaMs or

packages of PaMs:

Cost in EUR

per tonne of

pollutant

reduced

Absolute cost

of investments

(EUR):

Annual

benefits

(EUR):

Cost/bene

fit ratio:

Annual

costs

(EUR):



MAG-6:

Introduction of new

cultivars, varieties

and species

NO NO 10 000 000 NO NO

Expert estimate was made using

the assumptions of negligible

input costs (relating to education

only, without incentives to

production) with enhanced

competitiveness, production and

expansion to currently poorly

suitable soils.

MCC-1: Support to

increase the

administrative,

technical and

management

capacities of local

communities

NO 5 000 000 NO NO NO estimation of administrative costs

of development

MCC-2: Preparing

supporting

documentation to

secure additional

financial resources

for more effective

implementation of

air quality

improvement

action plans

NO 1 000 000 NO NO NO estimation of administrative costs

of development

MCC-3: Support

for surveys

regarding the

planning of PaMs

and monitoring of

their effects on

emissions and air

quality

NO 1 000 000 NO NO NO

The benefits of this measure will

be manifold compared with the

investment thanks to the

selection of cost-effective

measures and monitoring of their

actual effect.

Funds will not be invested in

expensive measures, with

optimal implementation to the

extent necessary to achieve the

objectives.

5.4. ADDITIONAL DETAILS FOR POLICY OPTIONS FROM PART 2 OF ANNEX III TO

DIRECTIVE (EU) 2016/2284 TARGETING THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR TO

COMPLY WITH THE REDUCTION COMMITMENTS

With regard to the measures set out in Part 2 of Annex II to the NEC Directive, specific reporting is

required on whether the mandatory measures have been implemented, which optional measures have been

included in the Programme and whether any modifications have been made to them. The measures to

reduce ammonia emissions are laid down in Article 22 of the NEC Decree.

Table 2.6.4 below provides additional details for policy options from Part 2 of Annex III to the NEC

Directive targeting the agriculture sector to comply with the reduction commitments (M).


120

2.6.4 Additional details for policy options from Part 2 of Annex III to the NEC Directive targeting the agriculture

sector to comply with the reduction commitments (M).

The list of measures included in Annex III,

Part 2

Is the PaM

included in the Air

Pollution Control

Programme?

Yes/No (M):

If yes, specify

the

chapter/page

number in the

Programme:

(M):

Has the PaM been applied exactly?

Yes/No (M):

If not, describe the modifications

made (M):

A. Measures to control ammonia emissions

1. Member States shall establish a national

advisory code of good agricultural

practice to control ammonia emissions,

taking into account the UNECE

Framework Code for Good Agricultural

Practice for Reducing Ammonia

Emissions of 2014, covering at least the

following items (M):

a) nitrogen management, taking

account of the whole nitrogen cycle;

b) livestock feeding strategies;

c) low-emission manure spreading

techniques;

d) low-emission manure storage

systems;

e) low-emission animal housing

systems;

f) possibilities for limiting ammonia

emissions from the use of mineral

fertilisers.

Yes (measures:

MAG-1,

MAG-2,

MAG-3,

MAG-4)

No

Pursuant to Article 22 of the Decree on

National Commitments to Reduce

Certain Air Pollutant Emissions in the

Republic of Croatia (NN No 76/18),

the Ministry of Agriculture is currently

preparing the National advisory

principles of good agricultural practice,

in keeping with the 2014 Framework

principles of good agricultural practice

for reducing ammonia emissions of the

United Nations Economic

Commission, including:

– nitrogen management, taking

account of the whole nitrogen cycle;

– livestock feeding strategies;

– low-emission manure spreading

techniques;

– low-emission manure storage

systems;

– low-emission animal housing

systems;

– possibilities for limiting ammonia

emissions from the use of mineral

fertilisers.

2. Member States may establish a national

nitrogen budget to monitor the changes in

overall losses of reactive nitrogen from

agriculture, including ammonia, nitrous

oxide, ammonium, nitrates and nitrites,

based on the principles set out in the

UNECE Guidance on Nitrogen Budgets:

No – No

3. Member States shall prohibit the use of

ammonium carbonate fertilisers (M) and

may reduce ammonia emissions from

inorganic fertilisers by using the following

approaches:

a) replacing urea-based fertilisers by

ammonium nitrate-based fertilisers:

b) where urea-based fertilisers continue

to be applied, using methods that have

been shown to reduce ammonia

emissions by at least 30 % compared

with the use of the reference method,

as specified in the Ammonia Guidance

Document;

c) promoting the replacement of

inorganic fertilisers by organic

fertilisers and, where inorganic

fertilisers continue to be applied,

spreading them in line with the

foreseeable requirements of the

receiving crop or grassland with

Yes – Yes

Prohibition of the use of ammonium

carbonate fertilisers is laid down in

Article 22(2) of the Decree on National

Commitments to Reduce Certain Air

Pollutant Emissions in the Republic of

Croatia (NN No 76/18).

The possibility of reducing ammonia

emissions from inorganic fertilisers

using the approaches a) to c) has not

been transposed into the Croatian

legislation and is not applicable in this

context.


121




Part 2

Is the PaM

included in the Air

Pollution Control

Programme?

Yes/No (M):

If yes, specify

the

chapter/page

number in the

Programme:

(M):


Yes/No (M):


made (M):

respect to nitrogen and phosphorus,

also taking into account the existing

nutrient content in the soil and

nutrients from other fertilisers.

4. Member States may reduce ammonia

emissions from farmyard manure by using

the following approaches:

a) reducing emissions from solid manure

suspension and application to arable

land and grassland, by using methods

that reduce emissions by at least 30 %

compared with the reference method

described in the Ammonia Guidance

Document and on the following

conditions:

i. only spreading manures and slurries in

line with the foreseeable nutrient

requirements of the receiving crop or

grassland with respect to nitrogen and

phosphorous, also taking into account

the existing nutrient content in the soil

and the nutrients from other fertilisers;

ii. not spreading manures and slurries

when the receiving land is water

saturated, flooded, frozen or snow

covered;

iii. applying sludge on grassland using a

supporting hose, supporting shoe or

through a shallow or deep injection;

iv. incorporating manures and slurries

spread to arable land within the soil

within four hours of spreading;

b) reducing greenhouse gas emissions

outside animal housing using the

following methods:

i. for stacking stores constructed after

1 January 2022; use low emission

storage systems or techniques which

have been shown to reduce ammonia


with the reference method described

in the Ammonia Guidance

Document, and for existing slurry

stores at least 40 %;

ii. covering solid manure landfills;

iii. ensuring farms have sufficient

manure storage capacity to spread

manure only during periods that are

suitable for crop growth:

c) reducing emissions from animal

housing, by using systems which have

been shown to reduce ammonia


with the reference method described in

the Ammonia Guidance Document;

d) reducing emissions from farmyard

No – No

The possibility of reducing ammonia

emissions from inorganic fertilisers

using the approaches a) to d) will be an

integral part of the National advisory

principles of good agricultural practice,

currently being adopted.


122




Part 2

Is the PaM

included in the Air

Pollution Control

Programme?

Yes/No (M):

If yes, specify

the

chapter/page

number in the

Programme:

(M):


Yes/No (M):


made (M):

manure, by using low protein feeding

strategies which have been shown to

reduce ammonia emissions by at least

10 % compared with the reference

method described in the Ammonia

Guidance Document.

B. Measures to reduce emission and control fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) emissions

1. Without prejudice to Annex II on cross-

compliance of Regulation (EU)

No 1306/2013 (1) of the European

Parliament and of the Council (1),

Member States may ban open field

burning of agricultural harvest residue and

waste and forest residue. Member States

shall monitor and enforce the

implementation of any ban implemented

in accordance with the first sub/paragraph.

Any exemptions to such a ban shall be

limited to preventive programmes to avoid

uncontrolled wildfires, to control pest or

to protect biodiversity.

No – No

Good agricultural and environmental

condition GAEC 6 of the Rules on

cross-compliance (NN Nos 32/15,

45/16, 26/18, 84/18) lays down the

management of harvest residue and

preventing the encroachment of

unwanted vegetation on agricultural

land in order to preserve the soil and

carbon content in the soil.

Harvest residue from agricultural land

must not be burnt. The residue

generated by pruning permanent crops

is not considered harvest residue.

Harvest residue burning is only

permitted to prevent the spread of or to

combat organisms harmful to plants,

for which there is an official ordered

measure.

The fulfilment of this condition

maintains a favourable level of organic

matter in the soil, necessary for the

implementation of agricultural

production, prevents the risk of fire,

prevents smoke and ash pollution as

well as the destruction of micro and

macro-fauna by fire, enhances the

physical and chemical properties of the

soil, and stimulates biological activity

in the surface layer of the soil. For the

purpose of fulfilling this condition, it is

forbidden to burn harvest residue on

agricultural land.

2. Member States may establish a national

advisory code for good agricultural

practices to properly manage harvest

residue, on the basis of the following

approaches:

a) improvement of soil structure through

incorporation of harvest residue;

b) improved techniques for incorporation

of harvest residue;

c) alternative use of harvest residue;

improvement of the nutrient status and

soil structure through incorporation of

No – No

On 26 May 2015, the European

Commission approved the Rural

Development Programme of the

Republic of Croatia for 2014-2020,

prepared by the employees of the

Ministry of Agriculture and the Paying

Agency for Agriculture, Fisheries and

Rural Development.

The Programme defines 18 measures


123




Part 2

Is the PaM

included in the Air

Pollution Control

Programme?

Yes/No (M):

If yes, specify

the

chapter/page

number in the

Programme:

(M):


Yes/No (M):


made (M):

manure as required for optimal plant

growth, thereby avoiding burning of

manure (slurry and deep layer).

aimed at increasing the

competitiveness of Croatian

agriculture, forestry and processing

industry, and improving living and

working conditions in rural areas.

The Programme also includes measure

M2: Advisory services, farm

management and farm relief services,

whose implementation is regulated by

the Rules on the implementation of

Measure 02: Advisory services, farm

management and farm relief services

referred to in the Croatian Rural

Development Programme for 2014-

2020 (NN No 123/15).

C. Preventing impacts on small farms (M):

In taking the measures outlined in Sections A

and B, Member States shall ensure that

impacts on small and micro farms are fully

taken into account.

Member States may, for instance, exempt

small and micro farms from those measures

where possible and appropriate in view of the

applicable reduction commitments (M).

No – No


124

6. STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

Under Article 19(7), the Ministry undertakes a public consultation on the proposal for the Air Pollution

Control Programme and all essential amendments before its completion and adoption by the Croatian

Government, in accordance with national regulations governing public participation in environmental

protection issues and consultations with competent authorities which, because of their special

environmental responsibilities with regard to air pollution, quality and management at national level, are

subject to the NAPCP implementation. This is laid down in Article 5(5) of the NEC Directive. Where

necessary, transboundary consultations are also undertaken (Article 19(8) of the NEC Decree and

Article 5(6) of the NEC Directive).

Table 2.7.1 below provides the results of consultations – undertaken before the completion of the

programme – with the public and competent authorities which, because of their specific responsibility for

environmental protection with regard to air pollution, quality and management at all levels, are likely to

be interested in the results of implementation of the national air pollution control programme and, where

possible, in transboundary consultations.

Stakeholder consultations were conducted during the preparation of expert background material for the

Low-Emission Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to

2050, and are presented in the table below.

2.7.1 Results of consultations – undertaken before the completion of the programme – with the public and competent

authorities which, because of their specific responsibility for environmental protection with regard to air pollution,

quality and management at all levels, are likely to be interested in the results of implementation of the national air

pollution control programme and, where possible, in transboundary consultations

Consulta-

tions with

Consultation

procedure /

method:

Time period of

consultations:

Summary of the outcomes with regard to the

selection of PaMs:

Link to documents

arising from

consultations:

national

competent

authorities,

the public, in

accordance

with

Directive

2003/35

Workshops held

during the

‘Support to the

Republic of

Croatia in the

preparation of

the Low-

Emission

Development

Strategy

(LEDS)’ project

Sectoral

workshops

were held

between 14

September

2012 and 14

November

2012.

Sectoral workshops were held for the sectors

of energy transport (14/9/2012), agriculture

(20/9/2012), energy and industry

(24/9/20129), waste management (2/10/2012),

LULUCF (19/10/2012), building segment

(26/10/2012) and tourism (14/11/2012). The

workshops were attended by representatives of

national competent authorities, sectoral

experts, representatives of industrial

associations, non-governmental organisations

and the public concerned. Measures of long-

term low-emission development were

discussed. Key measures recognised by sector

are available at:

http://www.mzoip.

hr/doc/tranzicija_pr

ema_niskougljicno

m_razvoju_hrvatsk

e.pdf

national

competent

authorities,

the public, in

accordance

with

Directive

2003/35

Workshops held

during the

preparation of

expert

background

material for the

Low-Emission

Development

Strategy of the

Republic of

Croatia until

2030 with a

view to 2050

Sectoral

workshops

between 13

May and 3

July 2015;

Closing

conference

held on 18

December

2015;

Sectoral workshops were held for the sectors

of energy installations and industry

(13/5/2015), transport (22/5/2015), building

segment (29/5/2015), agriculture and forestry

(9/6/2015), waste management (3/u/2015).

The workshops were attended by

representatives of national competent

authorities, sectoral experts, representatives of

industrial associations, non-governmental

organisations and the public concerned.

Analyses of the status and requirements were

presented. and measures for long-term low-

emission development were discussed.

Presentations are available at:

http://www.mzoip.

hr/hr/klima/strategi

je-planovi-i-

programi.html


125





Consulta-

tions with

Consultation

procedure /

method:

Time period of

consultations:


selection of PaMs:

Link to documents

arising from

consultations:

National

competent

authorities,

the public in

accordance

with

Directive

2003/35,

local

competent

authorities,

regional

competent

authorities

Public

consultation on

the Draft Low-

Emission

Development

Strategy of the

Republic of

Croatia until

2030 with a

view to 2050,

and on Strategic

environmental

impact studies

The Ministry

of

Environment

and Energy put

the Draft Low-

Emission

Development

Strategy of the

Republic of

Croatia until

2030 with a

view to 2050

to e-

consultation

between 15

June and 16

July 2017.

A public

presentation

and discussion

of the Draft

Strategy was

held at the

Croatian

Chamber of

Economy on

14 July 2017.

A total of 12 natural and legal persons

submitted their comments on the Draft

Strategy, of whom six were natural persons,

two public institutions, one public company,

two non-governmental organisations and one

joint stock company.

We make note of some of the most important

recurring questions and comments made:

The Low-Emission Development Strategy

should be developed after the completion of

the Energy Strategy.

Will the indicative targets for RES shares

become binding on the Republic of Croatia?

What will happen if they cannot be

achieved?

Increased demand for electricity is

overrated.

Statistical revisions to the energy balance

with regard to the use of biomass for heating

purposes in the household sector affect the

change of the total RES share; uncertainties

and the consequences of data changes should

be further examined.

The strategy is too detailed, the document

should be shorter.

The strategy is not detailed enough – further

clarifications regarding methodology,

models, inputs, implementing measures are

necessary.

How will a planned increase in the share of

district heating systems in heating supply be

achieved?

The question of evaluating hydro-electric

power plants as multi-purpose projects?

Consistency in the application of the circular

economy with regard to the energy use of

waste.

Most of the questions concerned energy, and

there were several questions about waste

management, agriculture, and the land use and

land use change (LULUCF) sector.

The Ministry of Environment and Energy has

decided to postpone the adoption of the Low-

Emission Strategy until the Energy Strategy

has been drawn up. The Draft Low-Emission

Strategy and the new Energy Strategy will be

used in developing a National Integrated

Energy and Climate Plan, a document in

which Croatia will set out its binding targets

as part of the common EU policy aimed at

meeting commitments under the Paris

Agreement until 2030.

https://esavjetovanj

a.gov.hr/ECon/Mai

nScreen?entityId=5

575


126





Consulta-

tions with

Consultation

procedure /

method:

Time period of

consultations:


selection of PaMs:

Link to documents

arising from

consultations:

National

competent

authorities,

transboun-

dary

consultation

Consultations

and workshops

held as part of

the ‘Assistance

to MS in

implementation

of GHG

projections

guidelines’

project. The

consortium

consisted of the

companies TNO,

Aether, Uba

Vienna, Amec,

Öko-Institut,

ICCS

(E3MLab),

CITEPA and

VITO.

Years 2014

and 2015, with

workshops in

Croatia held

on 16-17

December

2014 and 25

February 2015

The purpose of the project was to provide

capacity building and technical assistance for

the preparation of national greenhouse gas

emission projections, which were to be

submitted in 2015 pursuant to Regulation

(EU) 525/2013 on a mechanism for

monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas

emissions and for reporting other information

at national and Union level relevant to climate

change (MMR). Over the course of 18

months, the project team initiated a series of

bilateral consultations and workshops. The

action plan consisted of 14 points, some of

which related to technical and general issues

regarding the preparation and submission of

projections (macroeconomic data projections,

models used, submission of projections, PaM

impact modelling, sensitivity analysis, etc.),

while others related to energy projections

(methodology), emission sharing, input

assumptions) and some to projections for non-

energy sectors. The project resulted in system

improvement and capacity building for the

preparation of projections of greenhouse gas

emissions.

The results of the

project itself are

not publicly

available, but the

Reports are

available at

http://www.haop.hr

/hr/tematska-

podrucja/zrak-

klima-

tlo/klimatske-

promjene/izvjesca.

National

competent

authorities,

transboun-

dary

consultation

Consultations

and workshops

held as part of

the ‘Assistance

to MS in

implementation

of GHG

projections’

project. The

consortium

consisted of the

companies ICF,

Aether, E4SMA

and IIASA.

Years 2016

and 2017, with

workshops in

Croatia held

on 16-17

December

2014 and 25

February 2015

The purpose of the project was to provide

capacity building and technical assistance for

the preparation of national greenhouse gas

emission projections, which were to be

submitted in 2015 pursuant to Regulation

(EU) No 525/2013 on a mechanism for

monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas

emissions and for reporting other information

at national and Union level relevant to climate

change (MMR). The project team initiated a

series of bilateral consultations and

workshops.

The action plan consisted of 6 points, of which

4 related to the LULUCF sector, one to

general issues of integrity and transparency,

and the last point related to energy projections.

During the project, two workshops on the

LULUCF sector in Croatia were held, and

representatives of Croatia participated in two

workshops in Brussels. The project resulted in

system improvement and capacity building for

the preparation of projections of greenhouse

gas emissions.

The results of the

project itself are

not publicly

available, but the

Reports are

available at

http://www.haop.hr

/hr/tematska-

podrucja/zrak-

klima-

tlo/klimatske-

promjene/izvjesca.

National

competent

authorities

Working

meetings and

consultations

with the

Croatian

Agriculture and

Forestry

Advisory

Coordination with the rural development

programme and consideration of potential

additional measures that do not fall within the

scope of agri-environment-climate measures

(AECM) or other measures; discussion on the

adoption of recommendations set out in the

rules and guidance on good agricultural

practice in the form of mandatory measures.


127





Consulta-

tions with

Consultation

procedure /

method:

Time period of

consultations:


selection of PaMs:

Link to documents

arising from

consultations:

3Service

National

competent

authorities:

Ministry of

Agriculture,

Ministry of

the Sea,

Transport

and

Infrastruc-

ture,

Ministry of

Economy,

Ministry of

Foreign and

European

Affairs,

Directorate

of the

Ministry of

Environment

and Energy –

ex-CAEN, e-

consultation

with the

public

concerned.

E-mail

communication

and a technical

meeting with the

Ministry of

Agriculture, the

e-Consultations

portal

Between 5

February and

12 March

2019, the draft

Programme

proposal was

submitted to

the state

administration

authorities

mentioned

above

(Ministry of

Agriculture,

Ministry of the

Sea, Transport

and

Infrastructure,

Ministry of

Economy,

Ministry of

Foreign and

European

Affairs, and

Directorate of

the Ministry of

Environment

and Energy –

ex-CAEN).

An e-

consultation

was held with

the public

concerned

during a period

of 30 days

from the

receipt of

opinions of all

state

administration

authorities.

The Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs

and the Ministry of Economy had no

objections to the draft Proposal for the Air

Pollution Control Programme.

Comments from the Ministry of the Sea,

Transport and Infrastructure, the Ministry of

Agriculture and the Directorate of the Ministry

of Environment and Energy – ex-CAEN were

accepted and included in the Programme

proposal.

On 12 March 2019, an additional meeting was

held with the Ministry of Agriculture at which

all comments and proposals were included in

the Programme proposal.

Not available to the

public


128

7. MEASURES AND POLICIES SELECTED FOR ADOPTION BY SECTOR,

INCLUDING A TIMETABLE FOR THEIR ADOPTION,

IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW AND THE COMPETENT

AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE

This chapter corresponds to Chapter 2.8 ‘The policies selected for adoption by sector, including a

timetable for their adoption, implementation and review and the competent authorities responsible’.

7.1. INDIVIDUAL PaM OR PACKAGE OF PaMs SELECTED FOR ADOPTION AND THE

COMPETENT AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE

Member States have an obligation to select the most promising additional measures and include them in

the NAPCP. They are required to provide additional information on selected additional individual PaMs

or packages of PaMs selected for inclusion in the NAPCP as follows (see Format Table 2.8.1):

- planned year for adoption and; timetable for implementation (year(s))

- planned timetable for review (year);

- competent authorities responsible for PaM implementation and regulation.

The PaMs selected for adoption and the competent authorities are provided in Table 2.8.1 below.

2.8.1 Individual PaM or package of PaMs selected for adoption and competent authorities responsible (M)

Name and brief

description of an

individual PaM or

package of PaMs

(M):

Curren-

tly

planned

year of

adoption

(M):

Relevant

comments

arising from

consultations

with regard to

the individual

PaM or

package of

PaMs:

Currently planned

timetable for

implementation

(M)

Interim targets and indicators

selected to monitor progress

in implementation of the

selected PaMs:

Currently

planned

timetable

for review

(in case

different

from

general

update of

the

NAPCP

every four

years) (M):

Competent

authorities

responsible for

the individual

PaM or

package of

PaMs (M): Start

year

(M):

End year

(M):

Interim

targets

Indicators

MEN-P-1:

Integration of the

measures to reduce

pollutant emissions

into planning

documents and

projects for the

energy renovation

of buildings

2019 – 2021 2030 adopt

measure

number of

energy

renovated

houses in the

areas where air

quality has been

affected

2023 MEE, MCPP

MTR-P-1:

Integration of the

measures to reduce

pollutant emissions

into planning

documents and

projects relating to

road transport

2019 – 2021 2030 adopt

measure

number of

electric vehicles

in the areas

where air

quality has been

affected

2023 MEE, MSTI

MAG-1:

Change in

livestock nutrition

2019 – 2021 2030 –

analyses of the

quality of

livestock feed

2023 MAF


129

and feed quality and feed

supplements

MAG-2:

Anaerobic

decomposition of

manure and biogas

production

2019 – 2021 2030 –

Share of

livestock on

digesters

2023 MAF

MAG-3:

Improving

livestock facilities,

systems of animal

waste management

and methods of

organic fertiliser

application

2019 – 2021 2030 –

Share of

livestock (pigs,

cattle, poultry)

on farms with

biofilters,

covered lagoons

and inside

livestock

facilities with

appropriate

microclimate

conditions

2023 MAF

MAG-4:

Improving the

methods of mineral

fertiliser

application

2019 – 2021 2030 –

Quantity of urea

and slow-release

nitrogen mineral

fertilisers

applied

2023 MAF

MAG-5:

Hydro-technical

interventions and

systems of

protection against

natural disasters

2019 – 2021 2030 –

Area of the

cultivated land

with systems of

irrigation,

drainage and

protection

against natural

disasters

2023 MAF

MAG-6:

Introduction of

new cultivars,

varieties and

species

2019 – 2021 2030 –

Land area and

yields of new

cultivars,

varieties and

crops

2023 MAF

MCC-1: Support to

increase the

administrative,

technical and

management

capacities of local

communities

2019 – 2021 2030 adopt

measure

number of

workshops held;

number of new

portals, new

promotional

materials,

number of

information

campaigns;

number of

projects

submitted for

2023 MEE, MSTI


130

financing under

the LIFE

programme;

number of

EPEEF tenders;

number of other

programmes and

funds activated

to ensure

implementation

of the measure

MCC-2: Support to

secure additional

financial resources

for more effective

implementation of

air quality

improvement

action plans

2019 – 2021 2030 adopt

measure

number of

projects

submitted for

financing under

the LIFE

programme;

number of

EPEEF tenders;

number of other

programmes and

funds activated

to ensure

implementation

of the measure

2023 MEE, MSTI

MCC-3: Support

for surveys

regarding the

planning of PaMs

and monitoring of

their effects on

emissions and air

quality

2019 2019 2025

adopt

measure,

include in

financing

plans

number of

projects 2023 MEE, MSE


131

7.2. ASSESSMENT OF HOW SELECTED PaMs ENSURE COHERENCE WITH PLANS

AND PROGRAMMES SET IN OTHER RELEVANT POLICY AREAS

After additional PaMs for inclusion in the initial NAPCP were selected for adoption, the competent

authorities carried out a comprehensive assessment of coherence to ensure coherence of the NAPCP with

other relevant policies and programmes.

An explanation of the selection of the measures and assessments of how selected PaMs ensure coherence

with plans and programmes set in other relevant policy areas (M) is provided Table 2.8.2 below.

2.8.2 Explanation of the selection of the measures and assessments of how selected PaMs ensure coherence with

plans and programmes set in other relevant policy areas (M)

Explanation of the choice made among the measures

considered under 2.6.1 to determine the final set of selected

measures

All proposed measures have been selected.

Coherence of the selected PaMs with air quality objectives

at national level and, where appropriate, in neighbouring

Member States (M):

The PaM package is coherent with air quality objectives

at national and local levels because it has been

estimated that they will contribute the most to

improving air quality in areas where it has been

affected.

Coherence of the selected PaMs with other relevant plans

and programmes established by virtue of the requirements

set out in national or EU legislation (e.g.

national energy and climate plans) (M):

The PaM package is fully coherent with relevant plans

and programmes established by virtue of the

requirements set out in national legislation and

encourages synergy in the preparation and

implementation of measures coherent with other

relevant plans and programmes established by virtue of

the requirements set out in national or EU legislation.


132

8. PROJECTED COMBINED IMPACTS OF PAMS ('WITH ADDITIONAL

MEASURES' – WAM) ON EMISSION REDUCTIONS, AIR QUALITY AND

THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTIES.

This chapter corresponds to the Format Chapter 2.9 Projected combined impacts of PaMs ('With

Additional Measures' – WAM) on emissions reductions, air quality and the environment, and the

associated uncertainties.

8.1. PROJECTED ATTAINMENT OF EMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTS

This chapter provides an overview of pollutant emission projections under all NEC Directives for 2020,

2025 and 2030, and the application of selected PaMs for the WAM scenario, presented in Chapter 5.1.

Projected emissions and reductions under the WM scenario are provided in Table 2.9.1 below.

2.9.1 Projected attainment of emission reduction commitments (WAM) (M)

Pollutant (M)

Total emissions (kt) consistent

with inventories for year x-3

(M):

% emission reduction

achieved compared

with 2005 (M):

National

emission

reduction

commitment

for 2020-2029

(%) (M):

National

emission

reduction

commitment

from 2030 (%)

(M):

Ba

se y

ear

20

05

20

20

20

25

20

30

20

20

20

25

20

30

SO2 58.72 7.52 6.99 6.52 87.20 88.09 88.90 55 83

NOx 84.46 40.94 34.78 30.60 51.53 58.83 63.77 31 57

NMVOC 117.02 50.80 45.56 41.54 56.59 61.07 64.50 34 48

NH3 42.21 32.58 29.48 26.70 22.81 30.15 36.73 1 25

PM2.5 40.85 18.33 15.66 13.31 55.14 61.67 67.42 18 55

Graphical representations of emission projections and emission reductions for WM and WAM scenarios

are provided below.

SO2

Historical trend Quota, 2010 onwards

Scenario with measures (WM) Commitment, 2020 to 2029

Scenario with additional measures (WAM) Commitment, 2030 onwards

Figure 8-1: Historical trend and SO2 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario


133

Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilment of the quota and commitments to reduce SO2 emissions

for both scenarios. The WAM scenario until 2030 envisages a further emission reduction in SO2 by

2.87 kt compared to the WM scenario, bringing the emission reduction to 34.7 % below the 2030

commitment (under the WM scenario, the emission level is 6.0 % below the 2030 commitment). The

main impact on the SO2 emission reduction comes from additional incentives to stimulate renewable

energy sources and, consequently, lower electricity generation from fossil fuels and lower fugitive

emissions.

NOX




Figure 8-2: Historical trend and NOX emission projections, WM and WAM scenario

Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce SO2 emissions

for both scenarios. The WAM scenario until 2030 envisages a further reduction in NOx by 2.98 kt

compared to the WM scenario, bringing the emission reduction to 12.5 % below the 2030 commitment

(under the WM scenario, the emission level is 3.9 % below the 2030 commitment). The main impact on

the NOx emission reduction comes from transport measures, building renovation and the replacement of

stoves and fuels in the household sector.


134

NH3




Figure 8-3: Historical trend and NH3 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario

Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce NH3 only under

the WAM scenario. The WAM scenario until 2030 envisages a further emission reduction in NH3 by

8.89 kt compared to the WM scenario, bringing the emission reduction to 15.6 % below the 2030

commitment (under the WM scenario, the emission level is 12.4 % below the 2030 commitment). The

main impact on the NH3 emission reduction comes from measures in the agricultural sector.

NMVOC




Figure 8-4: Historical trend and NMVOC emission projections, WM and WAM scenario

Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilments of the quota and commitments to reduce NMVOC for

both scenarios. The WAM scenario until 2030 envisages a further reduction in NMVOC by 6.08 kt


135



the NMVOC emission reduction comes from building renovation measures, the replacement of stoves and

fuels in the household sector and measures in the waste management sector.

PM2.5




Figure 8-5: Historical trend and PM2.5 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario

Projections demonstrate the expected fulfilment of the quota and commitments to reduce PM2.5 for both

scenarios. The WAM scenario until 2030 envisages a further emission reduction in PM2.5 by 2.24 kt



the emission reduction comes from building renovation measures and the replacement of stoves and fuels

in the household sector.

PM10




Figure 8-6: Historical trend and PM10 emission projections, WM and WAM scenario


136

No levels of reduction commitment have been determined for PM10 emissions, with the trends and causes

of emissions being similar to those for PM2.5 emissions.

8.2. NON-LINEAR EMISSION REDUCTION TRAJECTORY

Where WaM emission projections do not result in a linear trajectory between 2020 and 2030., the

Member State is required to ensure supporting information to confirm that the measures adopted will lead

to the attainment of emission reduction commitments for 2030. The non-linear trajectory is acceptable

only in the circumstances where there is evidence showing that this is economically and technically more

efficient to follow the non-linear trajectory and that it does not affect the attainment of any emission

reduction commitment for 2030 (Article 4(2) of the NEC Directive).

In addition, the Member State must demonstrate that as from 2025 the non-linear trajectory converges on

the linear trajectory to attain the same emission reduction commitments for 2030. Information on the

projections of the emission reduction trajectory, including the 2025 status, should be included in the

NAPCP proposal made available for public consultation, as provided for in Article 6(5) of the NEC

Directive.

Croatia’s emission projections under both WM and WAM scenario do not show non-linear emission

reduction trajectories for the period between 2020 and 2030 (see chats in Table 2.9.2 of the Format).

Table 2.9.2 provides the non-linear emission reduction trajectories (M, where appropriate).


137

2.9.2 Non-linear emission reduction trajectories (M, where appropriate)

Where the non-linear

emission reduction trajectory

is evident, demonstrate that it

is technically or economically

more efficient (in case of

alternative measures

including non-proportional

costs) and will not

compromise the attainment

of any reduction commitment

in 2030, and that the

trajectory will converge on

the linear trajectory from

2025 onwards (M, where

appropriate):

The projections show no non-linear emission reduction trajectories between 2020

and 2030 above the linear emission reduction trajectory, as evident in the figures

for each pollutant below.

SO2

Historical trend With measures (WM)

With additional measures (WAM) Commitment, 2020 to 2029

Commitment, 2030 onwards Non-linear emission reduction trajectory

NOX

NH3

Historical trend With measures (WM)

With additional measures (WAM) Quota in 2020

Quota in 2030 Non-linear emission reduction trajectory


138

NMVOC

PM2.5

PM10


139

8.3. USE OF FLEXIBILITIES

The NEC Directive includes a provision enabling the use of flexibilities with regard to reporting on

national emission inventories in special circumstances (Article 5 of the NEC Directive and Article 23 of

the NEC Decree). In respect of the flexibilities which existed in the (revised) GP, the conditions in the

NEC Directive have been aligned with those already established under the CLRTAP, even though the

NEC Directive introduced some additional restrictions. In addition, the use of flexibilities requires an

annual approval by the European Commission.

Flexibilities set out in Article 5(2) and (4) Pursuant to Article 23(4) and (6) of the NEC Directive (and

Article 23(4) and (6) of the NEC Decree mostly apply to the cases in which extraordinary circumstances

(e.g. exceptionally cold winters or exceptionally dry summer, sudden and exceptional interruption or loss

of capacity in the power and/or heat supply or production system, which could not reasonably have been

foreseen) result in unplanned non-compliances with the emission reduction commitments, hence they are

not relevant when first formulating the NAPCP (but may be relevant for later updates).

However, the flexibility mechanism described in Article(3) of the NEC Directive and Article 23(5) of the

NEC Decree is that which can be taken into account in the planning: ‘If in a given year a Member State,

for which one or more reduction commitments laid down in Annex II are set at a more stringent level than

the cost-effective reduction identified in TSAP 16, cannot comply with the relevant emission reduction

commitment after having implemented all cost-effective measures, it shall be deemed to comply with that

relevant emission reduction commitment for a maximum of five years, provided that for each of those

years it compensates for that non-compliance by an equivalent emission reduction of another pollutant

referred to in Annex II.’

A Member State satisfying the conditions in Article 5(3) of the NEC Directive and Article 23(5) of the

NEC Decree which wishes to make use of the flexibility should make sure that the NAPCP includes

measures which ensure that:

it complies with the emission reduction commitment within five years and

compensates for the non-compliance for each of those years by an equivalent emission reduction

of another pollutant

Member States intending to apply Article 5 (1), (2), (3) or (4) of the NEC Directive (paragraphs 9 through

6 of the NEC Decree) need to inform the Commission thereof by 14 February of the reporting year

concerned.

The possibility of making use of flexibilities is provided in Table 2.9.3 below.

Croatia will not be making use of flexibility in the first submission.

2.9.3 Flexibility (M, where appropriate)

Where making use of flexibility, please provide a

calculation for its use (M, where appropriate)

Not used

8.4. PROJECTED IMPROVEMENT IN AIR QUALITY

For the purposes of drafting this Programme, projected improvements in air quality were not prepared.

To demonstrate a projected improvement in air quality under the WAM scenario, it is necessary to make a

quantitative analysis of initial values (WAM) to provide the following results:

projected number of non-compliant and compliant aid quality zone (of the total number of zones)

for the years 2020, 2025 and 2030;

projected maximum exceedances of air quality limit values and average exposure indicators for

the years 2020, 2025, and 2030;

where quantitative data is not available, qualitative projected improvement in air quality (WAM)

and degree of compliance.


140

Projected improvements in air quality (WAM) are not available at national or local level because of the

absence of expertise and tools to prepare them.

2.9.4 Projected improvement in air quality (WAM)

A. Projected number of compliant and non-compliant air quality zones:

AAQD values: Projected number of non-

compliant air quality zones:

Projected number of

compliant air quality zones:

Total number of air quality

zones:

Sp

ecif

y b

ase

yea

r:

20

20

:

20

25

:

20

30

:

Sp

ecif

y b

ase

yea

r:

20

20

:

20

25

:

20

30

:

Sp

ecif

y b

ase

yea

r:

20

20

:

20

25

:

20

30

:

PM2.5 (1 yr): – – – – – – – – – – – –

NO2 (1 yr): – – – – – – – – – – – –

PM10 (1 yr): – – – – – – – – – – – –

O3 (max. 8 hr

average): – – – – – – – – – – – –

Other (please

specify): – – – – – – – – – – – –

B. Maximum exceedances of air quality limit values and average exposure indicators:

AAQD values: Projected maximum exceedances of air quality limit

values across all zones:

Projected average exposure indicator

(only for PM2.5 (1 year)):

Sp

ecif

y b

ase

yea

r:

20

20

:

20

25

:

20

30

:

Sp

ecif

y b

ase

yea

r:

20

20

:

20

25

:

20

30

:

PM2.5 (1 yr): – – – – – – – –

NO2 (1 yr): – – – –

NO2 (1 yr): – – – –

PM10 (1 yr): – – – –

PM10 (24 yr): – – – –

O3 (max. 8 hr

average):

– – – –

Other (please

specify): – – – –

C. Illustrations demonstrating planned air quality improvements and degree of compliance

Maps or histograms illustrating the projected evolution of ambient aid concentrations

(for at least NO2, PM10, PM2,5 and O3 as well as any other pollutant(s) that present(s) a

problem) and which show, for instance, the number of zones, out of the total air

quality zones, that will be (non)compliant by 2020, 2025 and 2030, the projected

maximum national exceedances, and the projected average exposure indicator.

Not available

D. Quantitative projected improvement in air quality and degree of compliance (WAM) (in case no quantitative

data is provided in the tables above)


141

Qualitative projected improvement in air quality

and degree of compliance (WAM):

Not available

It has been concluded that the WAM implementation could improve

air quality with regard to NO2 so that there would be no exceedance,

which is currently the case in one agglomeration.

A reduction in particulate matter emissions will probably not suffice

to avoid LV exceedance for PM10 and PM2.5 (daily values) because

of a high contribution of the transboundary remote transfer. A much

greater emission reduction will be necessary to achieve WHO values.

Air quality with regard to ground-level ozone could improve but not

significantly, so the exceedances and non-compliance will persist.

Over the course of the next reporting period, the Programme chapter Projected Improvement in Air

Quality will be updated through amendments to the Programme in line with the degree of improvement in

expert knowledge and tools for the estimation, modelling and drafting of projected improvements in air

quality in Croatia.

8.5. PROJECTED IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Member States should report projected WAM impacts on the environment for 2020, 2025 and 2030. The

indicators should be harmonised with those applying to the ecosystem exposure to acidification,

eutrophication and ground-level ozone based on the LRTAP Convention29. Member States may provide a

qualitative description of these impacts or quantify the impacts in terms of share (%) of Member State

territory exposed to:

acidification in exceedance of the critical level threshold;

eutrophication in exceedance of the critical level threshold;

ground-level ozone in exceedance of the critical level threshold.

The Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in the Republic of Croatia for

2013-2017 (NN No 139/13) provided for the implementation of measure MPR-13 ‘Mapping of the

thresholds of adverse nitrogen deposition effect’ to determine the degree of threat to biological diversity

in Croatia’s protected areas. That measure was not implemented, creating no precondition for projecting

the WAM scenario impact on the environment.

Table 2.9.5 Projected impacts on the environment (WAM) is not available at national or local level.

2.9.5 Projected impacts on the environment (WAM)

Base year used

to assess

impacts on the

environment

(specify)

2020: 2025: 2030: Description:

National territory exposed to acidification in

exceedance of the critical load threshold (%) – – – – –

National territory exposed to eutrophication in

exceedance of the critical load threshold (%) – – – – –

National territory exposed to ground-level ozone

in exceedance of the critical load threshold (%) – – – – –

29 https://www.rivm.nl/media/documenten/cce/manual/Manual_UBA_Texte.pdf

https://www.rivm.nl/media/documenten/cce/manual/Manual_UBA_Texte.pdf


142

8.6. METHODOLOGIES AND UNCERTAINTIES OF WAM PaM OPTIONS

The association between methodologies and uncertainties of WAM PaM options is provided in Table

2.9.6 below.

2.9.6 Methodologies and uncertainties of WAM PaM options

Report on details of the methodology/models used to

determine the impact

See Chapter 4.1 1.

Specify key assumptions and associated uncertainties

for the WAM PaM option:

See Chapter 4.1 1.

The sensitivity analysis has also been undertaken. In addition to the sensitivity analysis depending on

hydrological conditions, a sensitivity analysis for other parameters crucial to the electricity system was

also undertaken. The sensitivity to changes of the following parameters was analysed:

for the WAM scenario:

o up to 30 % net electricity imports, instead of the scenario without net imports (except from

the Krško nuclear power station);

o up to 30 % net electricity imports, instead of the scenario without net imports (except from

the Krško nuclear power station) but combined with a natural gas price that is 30 % lower

(than the prices in the EU Reference scenario 2016);

An overview of the analysis is provided in Table 8-1 and Figure 8-7.

Table 8-1: Overview of sensitivity analysis

Scenario

against which

the projection

sensitivity was

analysed

Changed parameters Impact on pollutant emissions

WAM

up to 30 % net electricity imports,

instead of the scenario without net

imports (except from the Krško nuclear

power station)

Providing for net electricity imports while maintaining

other parameters unchanged would result in reduced

operation of fossil fuel thermal power plants, thus also

reducing pollutant emissions. A reduction SO2 emissions

by up to 3 % is evident, with a reduction by up to

1.5% with respect to NOx and below 1% for NMVOC in

2030.

WAM

up to 30 % net electricity imports,

instead of the scenario without net

imports (except from the Krško nuclear

power station) but combined with a

natural gas price that is 30 % lower

(than the prices in the EU Reference

scenario 2016)

In the event of a further change in the import price of

natural gas (price decrease), the difference compared to

the WAM scenario would be smaller because electricity

generation from natural gas would be cheaper; however,

emissions still exhibit lower values than under the WAM

scenario.


143

Emissions compared to the WAM scenario Up to 30 % net electricity imports

Up to 30 % net electricity imports and 30 % decrease in imported

natural gas

Figure 8-7: Emissions sensitivity analysis compared to WAM scenario

8.7. MONITORING THE PROGRESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

MEASURES AND NATIONAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME

IMPLEMENTATION

The procedures for determining the progress achieved by current PaMs are described in Chapter 3.2.

When elaborating the NAPCP, Member States must ensure that progress in implementation of the

NAPCP as a whole, as well as for individual additional PaMs, is monitored by continuous and systematic

data collection. Intermediate targets should be established where applicable to ensure that any issues with

implementation and application of the NAPCP and PaMs are detected early. For the NAPCP as a whole,

monitoring of progress must be undertaken relative to the trajectory of emission reductions established in

the initial NAPCP.

Monitoring of the NAPCP and individual PaMs should be undertaken throughout their life

cycle and at the relevant levels of implementation (i.e. national/regional/local):

Implementation: incorporation of PaM into laws, plans and programmes at the local, regional

and/or national level, as defined in the NAPCP;

Application: monitoring the progress made by PaMs against their initial objectives. It should be

supported by monitoring individual indicators, as describe below:

Compliance and enforcement: monitoring specific actions undertaken by operators, authorities

and agencies, monitoring of all inspections undertaken and enforcement measures implemented.

When defining indicators for NAPCP and individual PaMs, Member States should ensure that they are

relevant (linked to NAPCP and PaMs objectives), accepted (by relevant stakeholders), credible (easy to

interpret), easy (to monitor) and robust (against manipulation). Indicators may be both quantitative and

qualitative. Exact selection of indicators depends on the content and administrative framework in which

the NAPCP and individual PaMs are established. For PaMs intended to directly reduce emissions, change

in annual emissions and contribution to concentrations from key (relevant) sources should be monitored

as a minimum.

The method of monitoring progress in the implementation of PaMs and the National Air Pollution Control

Programme is provided in Table 2.9.7 below.


144

2.9.7 Monitoring progress in the implementation of the PaMs and the National Air Pollution Control Programme

Indicators selected to monitor progress

in PaM application and/or

implementation

- reports on the implementation of each plan and programme at national

and local level (plans, action plans and Programmes)

- vehicle-kilometres reduced

- number of low-emission vehicles

- share of facilities implementing advanced mitigation schemes

- number of inefficient household stoves and boilers

- number of houses fitted with insulation

- annual emissions from the source

- contribution of the source to pollutants concentrations in air

Indicators selected to monitor progress

in PaM application and/or

implementation

- Report on the implementation of measures envisaged under the NAPCP

WM and WAM scenario

- update to relevant laws and regulations

- PaM incorporation into laws, plans and programmes at local and national

level

- number of LGSUs updating their air quality plans

- reduction in annual emissions achieved compared with planned emission

reduction trajectory

- reduction in concentrations of air pollutants (based on measurements and

model application)

Interim targets set out at PaM and/or

NAPCP level

- supervision of the implementation of specific actions defined in this

Programme to be undertaken by operators, competent authorities, agencies

- monitoring of action plan implementation

- monitoring of inspection work and actions it has undertaken

One of the measures to monitor progress in the implementation of air improvement action plans is:

Setting up progress assessment tools/systems by applying air pollution modelling in cities, which includes

a more precise determination of the contribution of transboundary air pollution, regional contribution and

contribution of any individual group of sources. The measurements of air quality over a period of one

year or several years may exhibit a deterioration in air quality even though emissions have been reduced.

Ground-level concentrations depend pronouncedly on meteorological and climate conditions, so e.g. the

number of day with air mass stagnation and pollution accumulation may be higher in certain years;

similarly, the pollution transfer may vary greatly from year to year. Thanks to the application of models,

it will be possible to determine for each emission reduction the resulting improvement in air quality.

Models may be robust to make them practical to use, but what matters is the comparison with the base

year of implementation of a particular air quality improvement plan, so the respective assessment

provides solid information.

In the zones contributing most to pollutant matter pollution (household furnaces), it is necessary

to determine accurately the technologies and fuels used. This will enable the impact assessment

of measures and the planning of incentive schemes, as well as the amount of funding necessary.

Special attention in strategic environmental impact studies and in the studies of the environmental

impact of undertakings should be paid to the sections concerning particulate matter emissions and

their impact on air quality.


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9. DISSEMINATION OF THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMME

This chapter corresponds to Chapter 2.10 Dissemination of the national air pollution control

programme of the common format for reporting on national air pollution control programmes under the

NEC Directive of the European parliament and of the Council on the reduction of national emissions of

certain atmospheric pollutants.

This chapter and Table 2.10 of the Format are not mandatory but option part of the Programme.

This chapter contains proposed guidelines on the dissemination of the Air Pollution Control Programme.

Croatia, as well as other EU Member States, must actively and systematically disseminate their NAPCP

to the public by publishing it on a publicly accessible internet site (Article 14(1) of the NEC Directive).

Under Article 19(10) of the NEC Decree, the Air Pollution Control Programme and its updates are

published in Narodne novine and on the website of the Ministry. This is in keeping with the requirements

of the UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and

Access to Justice in Environmental Matter (the Aarhus Convention30), under which the EU is obliged to

ensure public access to environmental information,

That Directive also requires Member States to provide datasets and data reported in accordance with

Article 10 of the NEC Directive and Article 12 of the NEC Decree on a publicly accessible internet site.

Accordingly, and to facilitate the use of all data reported under the NEC Directive, Croatia has included

in the Background material for the [Air] Pollution Control Programme and in the Format for reporting on

the Programme, along with the NAPCP, all available links to datasets and reports including the links to:

national emission inventories,

national emission projections,

the informative inventory report and

additional reports and information to be provided to the Commission in accordance with Article

10 of the NEC Directive and Article 12 of the NEC Decree, including the position of monitoring

sites and associated indicators used for the monitoring of impacts of air pollution on ecosystems,

followed by monitoring data referred to in Article 9 of the NEC Directive and Article 24 of the

NEC Decree.

2.10 Dissemination of the national air pollution control programme

30 Aarhus Convention – the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice

in Environmental Matters, of which Croatia has been a signatory since 1998 and which was ratified in December 2006 Directive

2003/4/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2003 on public access to environmental information and

repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC



146

Active and systematic of the national air pollution control programme to the public

Overview of the steps undertaken

to actively and systematically

disseminate the NAPCP:

1. Checking of all the links set out in the NAPCP, and whether they work,

before any release or submission

2. Publication in newspapers

3. Publications on the MEE website

Link to the web page on which the

NAPCP is published:

https://www.mzoip.hr/hr/okolis/zrak.html

Link(s) to available databases,

main analyses and reports

supporting the NAPCP:

Link to national emission inventories and projections:

http://www.haop.hr/hr/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u-zrak-na-podrucju-

republike-hrvatske/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u

http://www.haop.hr/hr/tematska-podrucja/zrak-klima-tlo/klimatske-

promjene/izvjesca

Link to the spatial distribution of emissions: https://emep.haop.hr/

Link to data and reports supporting air quality in Croatia:

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/datoteka?id=74786 http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/index.html







http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/jEvaluation.htm http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/kMeasure.htm


Link to data related to the position of monitoring sites and associated

indicators used for the monitoring of impacts of air pollution on ecosystems

and monitoring data:

http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/hr/eu/nec_revised/sites/envwzyyww/

Document entitled ‘Guidance on the elaboration and implementation of the initial National Air Pollution

Control Programmes under the new National Emissions Ceilings Directive (2016/2284/EU)’, D 61728,

Issue Number 6, Date 02/02/2018, Ricardo), provides additional proposals as the best practice for NAPCP

dissemination:

develop a communication plan which supports NAPCP dissemination;

o identify target audiences and stakeholders for NAPCP (e.g. key competent authorities,

agencies, cities, reference and test laboratories, etc.) and

o a list of media contacts and the time frame for the issuing of press releases with regard to

the NAPCP;

include indicators for determining the level of public engagement with the with the NAPCP (such

as setting a counter for the number of visits to the webpage on which the NAPCP has been

published);

publish non-technical summaries for the public to explain the purpose of the NAPCP and its

content.

https://www.mzoip.hr/hr/okolis/zrak.html

http://www.haop.hr/hr/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u-zrak-na-podrucju-republike-hrvatske/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u

http://www.haop.hr/hr/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u-zrak-na-podrucju-republike-hrvatske/emisije-oneciscujucih-tvari-u

http://www.haop.hr/hr/tematska-podrucja/zrak-klima-tlo/klimatske-promjene/izvjesca

http://www.haop.hr/hr/tematska-podrucja/zrak-klima-tlo/klimatske-promjene/izvjesca










http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/jEvaluation.htm

http://iszz.azo.hr/iskzl/kMeasure.htm


http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/hr/eu/nec_revised/sites/envwzyyww/


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ANNEX 1. DESCRIPTION OF CURRENTLY APPLIED AND ADOPTED PaMs

Energy

Important current strategies and plans include: the Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of

Croatia (NN No 130/09), the Long-Term Strategy to Promote the Renovation of Croatia’s National

Building Stock (NN No 74/14), the Air Protection, Ozone Layer and Climate Change Mitigation Plan in

the Republic of Croatia for 2013-2017 (NN No 139/13), National Renewable Energy Action Plan

(Ministry of Economy, 2013), Energy efficiency programme in heating and cooling (Ministry of

Economy 2016); Plan for the use of the revenues from auctioning EU ETS emission allowances for 2014-

2016 (NN No 140/14, 12/17), the new Plan for the use of the revenues from auctioning EU ETS emission

allowances until 2020 (NN No 19/18), a set of national programmes and plans to renovate existing

buildings and increase the number of nearly zero-energy buildings (see explanation below) and national

Operational programmes for the use of EU funds.

The planning period of some of the existing plans has expired, but new, very important PaM documents

are available in draft versions or are being developed. These include: the Low-Emission Development

Strategy of the Republic of Croatia until 2030 with a view to 2050, the Energy Development Strategy of

the Republic of Croatia, the Fourth National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for 2017-2019, the Action

Plan for the Implementation of the Low-Emission Development Strategy for a period of 5 years, the

National Energy Efficiency Programme in Public Lighting until 2025 and the Integrated Energy and

Climate Plan for 2021-2030.

The measures described below are taken from the documents above, as well as from other Croatian or EU

legislation that contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

MEN-1: National Plan for Increasing the Number of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings

Under Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings, Member States need to ensure that

after 31 December 2020 all new buildings are built to the nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) standard,

and after 31 December 2018 all public buildings occupied or owned by public authorities must be built to

the nZEB standard.

The calculation of cost-optimal minimum criteria for the energy performance of all types of buildings was

undertaken in 2013 and 2014. The Technical regulation on energy economy and heat retention in

buildings (NN No 128/15) sets outs definitions of nZEB buildings to ensure compliance with the

requirements of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD).

The national plan for increasing the number of nZEB buildings was adopted in December 2014. A

development programme for promoting the construction of new and the renovation of existing buildings

to the nZEB standard is being developed. Also, the Decision to adopt the Long-Term Strategy for

Mobilising Investment in the Renovation of Croatia’s National Building Stock was adopted in 2014 (NN

No 74/14).

MEN-2: Energy renovation programme for multi-residential buildings

This measure provides for continued implementation of the Energy Renovation Programme for Multi-

Residential Buildings 2014-2020 (NN No 78/14) with a detailed plan for 2014-2020; it focuses on the

buildings built before 1987 to be upgraded to energy performance Class B, A or A+.

EU structural and investment funds (EU SIF), namely the European Regional Development Fund, is the

main source of funding. The objective is to increase the annual share of renovation from 1 % to 2 % of

the surface area of residential buildings. The plan is to reallocate available ESIF funding so that

renovation can take place within the planned time frame. Revenues from the auctioning of greenhouse gas

emission allowances have been an important source of funding for the renovation of residential buildings

in Croatia.

MEN-3: Programme of increase in energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources in commercial

non-residential buildings

This measure is based on the Energy Renovation Programme for Commercial Non-Residential Buildings


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for 2014-2020, along with a detailed plan for the energy renovation of commercial non-residential

buildings for 2014-2016 (NN No 98/14), which includes a plan for the allocation of available EU SIF

funding for the implementation of measures, focusing on tourism and trade sectors. Funds will be

allocated in the form of grants and through advanced financial instruments, in accordance with EU

regulations, [Commission Regulation (EU) No] 651/2014 and [Commission Regulation (EU) No]

1407/2013 on state aid in the EU.

Revenues from the auctioning of greenhouse gas emission allowances have been an important source of

funding the use of renewable energy sources in commercial non-residential buildings in Croatia.

MEN-4: Energy renovation programme for family homes

This measure is based on the Energy Renovation Programme for Family Homes for 2014-2020 with a

detailed plan for 2014-2016 (NN Nos 43/14 and 36/15); it includes a plan for the allocation of EU SIF

funds and to improve financial models for mobilising private capital. The objective is to support the

renovation of 4 000 family homes in Croatia annually. Revenues from the auctioning of greenhouse gas

emission allowances have been an important source of funding the renovation of family homes in Croatia.

MEN-5: Energy renovation programme for public buildings

This measure is based on the Energy Renovation Programme for Public Buildings for 2014-2015

(Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning, 2014) and the Energy Renovation Programme for

Public Buildings for 2016-2020 (NN No 22/17). The objective of the Energy Renovation Programme for

Public Sector Buildings is to raise the level of energy renovation activity to 3 % of the total public

building stock annually, reduce the consumption of energy used for cooling/heating renovated public

buildings by up to 70 %, saving some 50 GWh annually, and meet energy saving targets for public

buildings, including alternative policy measures set out in the Third National Energy Efficiency Action

Plan for 2014-2016.

The main source of funding in 2016-2020 will be the EU SIF, Competitiveness and Cohesion Operational

Programme 2014-2020 under Priority Axis 4 – Promoting Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Sources. Funds will be set aside for mobilising private capital and the ESCO market. Revenues from the

auctioning of greenhouse gas emission allowances have been an important source of funding for the

renovation of public buildings in Croatia [10].

MEN-6: Public sector energy management

Public sector energy management includes continuous and systematic measurement, planning and

improvement of energy use in the public sector. It includes the use of the national energy management

information system [11]. The energy management information system (EMIS), which was supported and

established by the UNDP, GEF, EPEEF and the Croatian Government, is used as a national tool for

systematic energy and water management in public buildings. The responsibility for it lies with the

Ministry of Construction and Physical Planning and the Agency for Transactions and Mediation in

Immovable Properties.

The measure is governed by the Energy Efficiency Act (NN No 127/14), Directive 2012/27/EU on energy

efficiency, the Rules on systematic public sector energy management (NN No 18/15) and the

Methodology for systematic energy management (NN No 18/15). Between 2017 and 2019, the focus will

be on automating the collection of energy and water consumption data, energy saving reporting and

verification, and training of collaborators.

MEN-7: Measurement and informative calculation of energy consumption

The Energy Efficiency Act (NN No 127/14) provides for energy distributors to ensure that, to the extent

that is technically feasible, financially justified and proportionate with regard to potential energy savings,

end-customers for energy and hot water in households are supplied with individual meters at competitive

prices to accurately reflect the actual energy consumption by end-customers. At the request of the end-

customer at least once a year, the energy supplier is required to supply, free of charge, information on the

electricity, heat or gas billing and on previous consumption of the final customer.

Energy distributors and suppliers have an obligation to ensure that energy (electricity, heat and natural


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gas) bills are clear and comprehensible and that consumption is metered individually. This increases

consumer awareness of how they themselves consume energy. Bills themselves should include a

comparison of consumption in the billing period for the current year and for the corresponding period of

the previous year.

MEN-8: Energy efficiency labelling of household appliances

A labelling scheme for the energy efficiency of household appliances is laid down by law. Rules on the

energy efficiency labelling of household appliances (NN No 130/07), Rules on the energy efficiency

labelling of household washing machines (NN No 101/11), Rules on the energy efficiency labelling of

household dishwashers (NN No 101/11), Rules on the indication by labelling and standard product

information of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related product resources (NN

No 101/11), Rules on the energy efficiency labelling of household refrigerating appliances (NN No

101/11), Rules on the energy efficiency labelling of television sets (NN No 101/11), Rules on the energy

efficiency labelling of air conditioners (NN No 48/13) require that all electricity-powered household

appliances marketed in Croatia, irrespective of whether they are made in Croatia or imported, must have

an indication of energy efficiency.

Energy labels provide information to customers on the energy consumption of the given product and

guide their choice towards those with greater efficiency. Continuous efforts are being made to increase

public awareness and provide education for the application of this measure; also, the purchase of

household appliances is being co-financed with EPEEF funds to increase the market share of energy

performance Class A, A+ and A++ household appliances and reduce the market share of those below

Class C.

MEN-9: Eco-design of energy-using products

Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a

framework for the setting of eco-design requirements for energy-related products (OJ L 285, 31.10.2009)

and Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy

efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and

2006/32/EC (OJ L 315, 14.11.2012) have been transposed by the Rules laying down requirements for

energy-related eco-design products (NN No 50/15).

These Rules establish a framework for the setting of European Union eco-design requirements for energy-

related products with the aim of ensuring the free movement of such products within the internal market.

The Rules provide for setting out requirements that must be met by energy-related products covered by

implementing measures so that they can be put on the market and/or to use; this contributes to sustainable

development by increasing energy efficiency and the level of environmental protection while also

providing for greater energy security.

These Rules provide for the implementation of the European Commission regulations that constitute

implementing measures under Directive 2009/125/EC for individual groups of products. The Rules came

into force on the day of Croatia’s accession to the EU.

MEN-10: Energy efficiency promotion and implementation of measures through an energy service model

The objective of promoting energy efficiency is to raise the awareness of people and companies about the

possibilities and advantages of energy efficiency improvements. The lead authority is the National

Energy Efficiency Authority, which manages and promotes the national energy efficiency portal

www.enu.hr [12].

Energy efficiency projects implemented through energy services include modernisation, reconstruction

and renovation of the existing installations and buildings to ensure energy economy by achieving a return

on investment through savings on energy and maintenance costs. These projects include development,

implementation and funding for energy efficiency improvements and reduced operation and maintenance.

Business areas include the public and the private sector, e.g. buildings (schools and kindergartens, offices,

hotels, universities, hospitals), public lighting, industry and supply systems (cogeneration, district

heating).

http://www.enu.hr/

http://www.enu.hr/


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MEN-11: Programme of energy poverty reduction

Energy poverty in Croatia will be reduced through three activities: development of the Programme of

energy poverty reduction; strengthening the institutional capacity to reduce energy poverty;

implementation of measures for energy and water savings in households that meet energy poverty criteria

[13] [6].

The funding for these measures is based on the revenues from auctioning EU ETS emission allowances.

The objective is to implement them in around 330 households a year.

MEN-12: Education in the area of energy efficiency

The objective of this measure is to establish a system of energy efficiency education and certification of

workers,

The Rules on a system of education and certification of construction workers who install building

elements affecting energy efficiency in the building segment (NN No 67/17) have been developed in line

with the project named CROSKILLS [14]. The purpose of the Rules is to promote said education and

professional development of the workforce for more energy-efficient building construction and

renovation to improve the quality of work performed.

An important source of funding for this measure is through EU SIF, Operational Programme Efficient

Human Resources.

MEN-13: National energy efficiency programme in public lighting

Public lighting uses up around 3 % of total end-use electricity consumption in Croatia, so there is

considerable potential for increasing energy efficiency, in accordance with the Draft 4th National Energy

Efficiency Action Plan for 2017-2019 [13]. The objective of this measure is to develop and subsequently

implement the National energy efficiency programme in public lighting. The Programme should elaborate

innovative financing models for the implementation of energy efficiency projects in public lighting,

focusing on a more efficient distribution of available EU SIF funds based on the Competitiveness and

Cohesion Operational Programme, 2014-2020. Quantified energy savings targets under the Programme

include achieving demonstrable public lighting system savings exceeding 30 GWh each year by 2020 and

covering more than 50 % of the public lighting system.

MEN-14: Green public procurement

Green public procurement (GPP) is a voluntary environmental instrument that promotes environmental

protection and sustainable consumption and production. It is defined as the process in which contracting

entities purchase goods, works and services under the criteria that address key environmental pressures,

relating to the consumption of resources and energy, impact on biodiversity and eutrophication, toxicity,

pollutant, greenhouse gas and CO2 emissions, and [separate collection] of waste at the point of origin. The

objective of this measure is to incorporate the environmental criteria into public procurement. Entities

subject to public procurement need to incorporate environmental criteria under the National Action Plan

for Green Public Procurement for 2015-2017 with a view to 2020 (Ministry of Environment and Energy,

2015). The target is for a minimum of 50 % of public procurement to include environmental criteria by

2020. A GPP national action plan covering the period between 2018 and 2020, with a view to 2023 is

currently being drafted.

The Public Procurement Act (NN No 120/16) lays down the obligation of economic assessment of bids,

including the assessment of social and environmental criteria, as a strong incentive for GPP.

MEN-15: Energy audits in the industry

This measure is to provide support for the estimation of potential energy savings at industrial installations

by co-financing energy audits. The energy audits scheme in the industry includes:

mandatory energy audits of large enterprises (those meeting at least two of the following criteria: a

minimum of HRK 130 000 000.00 in total assets, minimum annual revenues of

HRK 260 000 000.00, at least 250 employees on average in the course of the financial year). The

obligation is regulated by the Energy Efficiency Act (NN No 127/14);


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voluntary energy audit scheme for small and medium-sized enterprises. Energy audits on a

voluntary basis are supported by funding provided by the EPEEF.

MEN-16: Industrial Energy Efficiency Network

The Industrial Energy Efficiency Network (IEEN) is a national energy programme promoting energy

efficiency in the economy – small, medium-sized and large enterprises. It is an instrument of voluntary

cooperation among energy consumers, experts, state institutions and interested parties in functional

structure aimed at improving energy economy, that is promoting energy efficiency in the industrial sector,

supporting process synergies where possible and facilitating the access to available funding through

various options.

MEN-17: Increase in the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency in the industrial sector

This measure is planned to reallocate funds available under EU SIF, based on the Competitiveness and

Coherence Operational Programme, as well as funds available from emission allowance auctioning within

the scope of the EU ETS and channel them into the use of renewable energy sources and energy

efficiency in the industrial sector.

The allocation of funds must be compliant with the rules of Commission Regulations (EU) Nos 651/2014

and 1407/2013 on state aid.

Under a grant contract signed on 18 June 2018 between the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the

EPEEF, 77 beneficiaries received grants as part of a call for tenders ‘Increase in energy efficiency and use

of renewable energy sources’. The initially planned amount of HRK 114 million in grants was increased

because of a great number of good quality project proposal, so the value of granted allocated totalled

HRK 269 327 760.66. The funds were provided under the Competition and Coherence Operational

Programme 2014-2020. After planned activities spurred by this call are implemented, CO2 emissions will

be reduced by 17 125 tonnes a year. In addition, the total requirement for energy from renewable source

in the industrial sector without food industry will be reduced by 83.7 million kWh, accounting for 0.97 %

of the total energy consumed annually by that sector in Croatia.

MEN-18: Feed-in tariffs and premium system in support of the use of renewable energy sources in

electricity generation and high-efficiency cogeneration

The principal mechanism driving all previous development renewable energy sources (RES) are feed-in

tariffs. The feed-in-tariff (FiT) system of incentives is typically used for RES-fuelled power plants, small

cogeneration installations etc. The government regulated [the system] in which distribution or

transmission network operators enter into agreements with power plant operators, under which they pay a

fixed price for each unit of electricity supplied over a certain number of years. Feed-in-tariffs depend on

the type of source, size of the power plant and quantity of electricity produced.

Thanks to the electricity incentives, the production at cogeneration installations enables the adopting of

relevant regulations to promote heat cogeneration (defining the status of heat producer).

In the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (Ministry of Economy, 2013), Croatia has set the targets

and a policy of increasing the share of RES to 20 % of total energy consumption, 35 % of electricity

production, to 10 % in transport and 20 % in heating and cooling by 2020.

The Renewable Energy Sources and High-Efficiency Cogeneration Act (NN No 100/15) modified the

existing FiT to a premium system while also harmonising the incentive system with the Guidelines on

State aid for environmental protection and energy 2014-2020 (2014/C 200/01). Given that the documents

are still undergoing the adoption procedure, there have been no tenders yet under the new model.

MEN-19: Energy efficiency programme in heating and cooling

The potential for developing a district heating system has been analysed under the Energy efficiency

programme in heating and cooling (Ministry of Economy, 2014), which has mapped energy consumption

and heat production while also looking into the potential for additional high-efficiency cogeneration and

assessing possible mechanisms of support for high-efficiency cogeneration. The Programme defines

guidelines for the heating and cooling system development, and primary energy savings.


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MEN-20: Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency through CBRD

The Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development (CBRD) grants loans to finance environmental

projects under a Loan programme for environmental protection, energy efficiency and renewable energy

projects.

This programme is aimed at the implementation of investment projects focusing on environmental

protection, improved energy efficiency and promotion of the use of RES. Loan proceeds are intended for

investment in land, buildings, equipment and tools. Loan beneficiaries may include local and regional

authorities, utilities, companies, small craft businesses and other legal persons.

MEN-21: Promotion of the use of RES and energy efficiency through EPEEF

The EPEEF provides funds to finance the preparation, implementation and development of programmes

and projects in the field of environmental protection, improvement of energy efficiency, use of

renewables and mitigation of climate change.

The funds are provided from special-purpose EPEEF revenue collected via charges payable by

environmental polluters, including charges for emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and carbon

dioxide, for polluting the environment with waste, for use of the environment, and special environmental

charges payable in respect of motor-powered vehicles.

EPEEF funds are provided for energy efficiency improvement projects, including cogeneration

installations, district heating systems, energy audits and demonstration activities; public lighting projects,

fuel switching and exploitation of waste heat, as well as projects in the building segment and sustainable

construction projects.

RES projects funded by the EPEEF include solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, energy from

small hydro-electric power plants and geothermal energy.

The EPEEF awards funds to local and regional authorities, companies, small craft businesses, NGOs, not-

for-profit organisations and natural persons through loans, interest subsidies, financial aid and donations.

The operators of installations within the scope of EU ETS may also apply to some tenders planned by the

EPEEF.

MEN-22: CO2 emission tax on non-EU ETS stationary sources

The Decree on Unit Charges, Corrective Factors and More Specific Criteria and Benchmarks for

Determining the Charge on Emissions to the Environment of carbon dioxide (NN Nos 73/07, 48/2009 and

2/2018) lays down the obligation of paying a charge on CO2 emissions for all sources emitting more than

30 tonnes of CO2 a year, and 450 tonnes of CO2 a year starting from 1 January 2018. Any charge paying

entities that invest in energy efficiency, renewable energy sources and other measures to reduce CO2

emissions and other greenhouse gas emissions pay a reduced amount. The EPEEF is authorised to

calculate and collect the charge.

The Act amending the EPEEF Act (NN No 144/12) says that, as of J January 2013, legal and natural

persons possessing of using at least one CO2 source, for which greenhouse gas emission permits have

been obtained but which have been excluded from the EU ETS pursuant to a decision issued under a

special regulating governing air protection, need to pay a special annual greenhouse gas emission charge.

Charges are payable to the EPEEF. The size of the unit charge is determined by the Croatian Government

every year, by 31 March of the current year for the previous calendar year.

The amount of charge payable by the operators of installations excluded from the EU ETS under Article

27 of Directive 2003/87/EC [of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003]

establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community is

determined by Decision on the amount of unit charge for greenhouse emissions for the operators of

installations excluded from emission allowance trading system. Unit charge for 2013 was HR 32.78 for

emitting one tonne of CO2 in 2013 (NN No 105/14), HRK 45.40 in 2014 (NN No 96/15), HRK 58.29 in

2015, HRK 39.53 in 2016 and HRK 58.29 in 2017.

The price for the current year is determined based on the average price of European Emission Allowances

(EUA) within the EU ETS in the previous year.


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MEN-23: Revitalisation and energy efficiency in existing thermal and hydro power plants

The activities under this measure refer to HEP-Proizvodnja d.o.o., a subsidiary of HEP d.d. as the

governing entity of the national energy company HEP Group. As set out in the 4th National Energy

Efficiency Action Plan [13], revitalisation plans and implementation of energy efficiency measures at

existing thermal and hydro power plants in the coming years include: a reconstruction of the water

management system, a new steam boiler, the optimisation and automation of hydro power plants, a

revitalisation of hydro power plans, a reduction of their own use of heat, new measurement systems etc.

MEN-24: Reconstruction and renovation of the hot water and steam network

The aging and damage to hot water and steam pipelines leads to great energy losses. Under the Thermal

Energy Market Act (NN Nos 80/13, 14/14, 102/14 and 95/15), LSGUs and energy entities distributing

thermal energy are required, among other things, to ensure that the energy activity of thermal energy

distribution is performed to a high quality standard on the principles of sustainable development, provide

for the distribution network maintenance and take account of the energy efficiency and environmental

protection and nature protection.

Between 2014 and 2020, the co-financing for a considerable portion of necessary investment has been

provided within the scope of the Competitiveness and Coherence Operational Programme 2014-2020.

MEN-25: Electricity system operation, and transmission and distribution network development

The Croatian Transmission System Operator (CTSO) is responsible for reducing losses in the

transmission network, developing the transmission network and managing the electricity system. As set

out in the 4th National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, the CTSO will focus on the optimisation of

network topology and loss reduction and on the development of network capacities.

The distribution system operator HEP-Operator distribucijskog sustava d.o.o. (HEP-ODS) is responsible

for reducing distribution network losses and introducing advanced meters for final consumers in Croatia.

Funds for a pilot project to introduce ‘advanced networks’ are available within the scope of the

Competitiveness and Coherence Operational Programme 2014-2020.

MEN-26: Reduction of volatile organic compound emissions from refuelling of motor vehicles at service

stations

The Decree on Environmental Technical Standards for Reducing Volatile Organic Compound Emissions

From Refuelling of Motor Vehicles at Service Stations (NN No 44/16) lays down environmental technical

standards ensuring a reduction in air pollution from volatile organic compound emissions occurring as a

result of refuelling of motor vehicles with petrol at service stations. The Decree says that each (new or

existing) service station must be equipped with a system of petrol vapour recovery with specified

parameters and conditions. All existing service stations with a flow-rate greater than 3 000 m3 a year must

be equipped with such a system not later than 31 December 2018.

MIP-3: Reduction of volatile organic compound emissions from petrol storage and distribution

The Decree on Environmental Technical Standards for Reducing Volatile Organic Compound Emissions

From Petrol Storage and Distribution (NN No 135/06) lays down environmental technical standards for

storage installations at terminals and service stations as well as for mobile containers used for transporting

petrol from one terminal to another or from a terminal to a petrol station, and time limits for achieving

those standards.

MIP-5: Quality control of liquid fossil fuels

The quality of petroleum-derived liquid fuels is regulated by the Decree on the Quality of Liquid Fossil

Fuels and on the Monitoring and Reporting Method and Methodology for the Calculation of the Life

Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of all Fuels and Energy Supplied (NN No 57/17) and annual

programmes for monitoring the quality of liquid fossil fuels placed on the Croatian market or used for

own purposes.

This Decree lays the limit values of the components and/or characteristics of the quality of liquid fossil


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fuels, the method of determining and monitoring the quality of liquid fossil fuels, the conditions for the

operation of sampling laboratories and laboratory analysis of the quality of liquid fossil fuels, the method

of demonstrating conformity, product names and labelling, the method and time limits for the submission

of reports on the quality of liquid fossil fuels and reports on the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of

fuels and energy to CAEN, monitoring and reporting methods, the methodology for the calculation of the

life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of fuels and energy, the methodology for determining the level of life

cycle greenhouse gas emissions of fuels and energy by unit of energy for the base year 2010, the

methodology for calculating the contribution of electric road vehicles to a reduction in greenhouse gas

emissions, the report format and length of retention period, and the method of data submission to

competent EU authorities.

The annual programmes for monitoring the quality of liquid fossil fuels specify the method of liquid

fossil fuel sampling, particularly for service stations, storages and tankers for transport, the number and

frequency of taking the samples of liquid fossil fuels, the sampling locations, depending on the quantity

of liquid fossil fuels placed on the Croatian market or used by the supplier for its own purpose, as well as

the method of conducting laboratory analyses of the samples of liquid fossil fuels and reporting on the

results of analyses.

This measure has a direct impact on the sulphur, lead, olefines, aromatics, benzene, oxygen, policyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons, oxigenates and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the following fuels: petrol,

diesel fuel, gas oil, fuel oil, marine fuel and petroleum, which also means an impact on reducing SO2 and

NMVOC.

MEN-29: Restriction of pollutant emissions from non-road mobile machinery

A restriction of pollutant emissions from non-road mobile machinery is regulated by the Rules on the

measures to prevent the emissions of gaseous pollutant and pollutant particles from internal combustion

engines installed in TPV 401 non-road mobile machinery (Issue 02) (NN No 113/15).

These Rules are applied for the type approval of internal combustion engines installed in non-road mobile

machinery with regard to pollutant emissions; they also specify limit values and the methods of emission

measurement, type of labelling, type-approval procedures and certification for internal combustion

engines installed in non-road mobile machinery and the conditions for the conformity of production

(COP) of such engines. New engines and non-road mobile machinery in which they are installed may be

put on the market and to use only if they have a valid approval certificate. These Rules also lay down the

obligation to establish the conformity of internal combustion engines installed in non-road mobile

machinery and the conditions to be met by legal persons to carry out certain operations in the procedure

for establishing conformity.

Regulated pollutants are: carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and pollutant particles.

Transport

MTR-1: Information provision to consumers about the fuel economy and CO2 emissions of new cars

Under the Rules on availability of data on the fuel economy and CO2 emissions from new passenger

vehicles (NN No 7/15), each supplier of new cars intended for sale is required to make available to

consumers data on the level of fuel consumption and specific CO2 emissions of vehicles used for the

carriage of passengers. Under the Rules, once a year and not later than 31 March of the current year, the

Ministry of the Interior as the central state administration authority responsible for road safety prepares a

Guide on the fuel economy and CO2 emissions of new cars available for purchase in the Croatian market.

The guide includes data necessary for each model of new cars available in the domestic market.

MTR-2: Eco-driving training for road vehicle drivers

Pilot projects have been implemented and systematic eco-driving training delivered to road vehicle

drivers. This saves energy and increases the level of awareness of all citizens and drivers in Croatia about

the advantages of this modern, intelligent and environmentally friendly driving style. Special elements are

dedicated to education about eco-driving for drivers of cars, buses and trucks [13].

Education about the elements of eco-driving takes place via two short training sessions (of up to 60-120


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minutes long per candidate) for drivers who received their driving licence before the entry into force of

the Rules on the training of candidates for drivers (NN No 13/09), which require all driving schools and

instructors to provide training about the elements of eco-driving during the standard training of driver

candidates. It should be noted that the proposed measure does not refer to new drivers who receive eco-

driving training in accordance with the legal obligations set out in the Rules above.

Approximately 1 000 drivers completed eco-driving training in 2015. This measure saved 17 513 TJ in

2015. Most of the drivers trained are truck and bus drivers (as many as 645 drivers trained), who at the

same time are the biggest consumers, so their training has saved 14.6 TJ. In Croatia, there is an estimated

1 500 000 drivers who obtained their driving licence before the entry into force of the Rules on the

training of candidates for drivers (NN No 13/09), i.e. drivers who received no or insufficient eco-driving

training.

MTR-3: Obligatory use of biofuels in transport

The basic document governing and promoting the use of biofuels is the Transport Biofuels Act (NN Nos

65/09, 145/10, 26/11, 144/12 and 14/14).

The National Action Plan promoting the production and use of biofuels in transport for 2011-2020 was

prepared in 2010 pursuant to this Act. The Plan sets out a policy that promotes increased production and

use of biofuels in transport in Croatia. The Plan includes an overview and assessment of the situation in

the transport fuels market and air protection, a comparative analysis, long-term goals, including the target

market for biofuels and measures to promote the increased production and use of biofuels in transport.

The measures specified in the Action Plan include those promoting the production of biofuel feed stocks,

the measures promoting biofuel production with regard to the fee for production promotion, the measures

promoting biofuel consumption with regard to distributors of liquid petroleum products for placing

biofuels on the market, administrative measures, and research and development activities. The National

Renewable Energy Action Plan (Ministry of Economy, Entrepreneurship and Crafts, 2013) identified the

goals and policies to increase the RES share in final (end-use) energy consumption until 2020, and a

separately estimated contribution of the energy of biofuels in transport.

The national system was modified in 2014 to support only the use of biofuels in transport, but not their

production. Croatia was to modify the system again in 2017 to include the provisions of Directive

2015/1513 (ILUC Directive) for biofuels in transport, but that will be done in 2018.

The limit values for the quality characteristics of biofuels being placed on the domestic market, the

method of determining the quality of biofuels and the method of demonstrating conformity are laid down

in the Decree on the Quality of Biofuels (NN Nos 141/05 and 33/11). The Decree is aimed at placing on

the domestic market biofuels and other renewable fuels of the required quality as substitutes for diesel

fuel or petrol for transport purposes, to achieve the objectives of compliance with the commitments

related to climate change, the security of supply of environmentally friendly energy and the promotion of

renewable energy sources.

MTR-4: Special environmental charge on motor-powered vehicles

The existing system of payment of a special environmental charge on motor-powered vehicles is

regulated by the Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund Act (NN Nos 107/03 and 144/12),

the Decree on Unit Charges, Corrective Factors and More Specific Criteria and Benchmarks for

Determining the Special Environmental Charge on Motor-Powered Vehicles (NN Nos 114/14 and

147/14) and the Rules governing the method and time limits for the calculation and payment of the

special environmental charge on motor-powered vehicles (NN No 20/04). The special environmental

charge on motor-powered vehicles means a charge payable by legal and natural persons as the owner or

holders of the right to motor-powered vehicles. The special charge is levied and paid at the time of

vehicle registration or of the inspection of the vehicle’s roadworthiness based on an EPEEF decision. The

special charge is levied by taking into account the types of engine and fuel, the engine capacity, the

vehicle type, CO2 emissions and the age of the vehicle.

MTR-5: Special tax on motorised vehicles

The special tax on motorised vehicles is laid down in the Special Tax on Motorised Vehicles Act (NN


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Nos 15/13, 108/13, 115/16 and 127/17). The tax applies to the vehicles intended for use on the roads in

Croatia at the time of their first registration in Croatia. The tax [amount] depends on the price of the

vehicle, fuel type and CO2 emissions. Hybrid and electric vehicles are not subject to this tax.

MTR-6: Financial incentives for the purchase of hybrid and electric vehicles

Because of the cost of technological development, electric and hybrid vehicles are currently still more

expensive than conventional vehicles using internal combustion engines. Electric vehicles are

considerably more efficient than conventional ones from the standpoint of primary energy consumption

and are almost neutral from the standpoint of CO2 emissions, provided that they are powered by

electricity generated from RES.

In order to increase the share of electric and hybrid vehicles, subsidies for the purchase of electric and

hybrid vehicles have been introduced through the allocation of grants. These funds are paid from the

EPEEF revenue generated, among other things, by collecting the special environmental charge on motor-

powered vehicles and from revenues from the auctioning of emission allowances [13] [6].

MTR-7: Alternative fuels infrastructure development

Pursuant to Directive 2014/94/EU on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, Croatia has

adopted the National Policy Framework for the deployment of infrastructure and development of the

market for alternative fuels in transport (NN No 34/17) and the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure

Development Act (NN No 120/16) with the aim of promoting and providing for the development of

infrastructure for alternative fuels in order to reduce oil dependence to the minimum and mitigate the

negative environmental impact of transport.

This measure also includes the development of infrastructure for the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in

maritime transport. The measures will be financed based on various models: by utility companies, with

available revenue from the auctioning of EU ETS emission allowances and from the EU SIF based the

Competitiveness and Cohesion Operational Programme 2014-2020 under Priority Axis 7 – Connectivity,

in coordination with local administration etc.

MTR-8: Promotion of integrated and intelligent transport systems and alternative fuels in urban areas

Transport and the need for mobility are major environmental burdens in urban areas. The increased

number of passenger care, the way they are used, the traffic intensity and the unstructured expansion of

urban areas have largely reversed technological progress with regard to the energy efficiency of vehicles

and emission intensity, including noise.

This measure includes promoting the optimisation of goods transport, integrated public transport,

intelligent transport management, promoting car-sharing schemes, promoting public bicycles and

measures to support the development of alternative fuels infrastructure in urban areas.

It ensures gradual development of sustainable transport systems in urban areas of Croatia where plans for

sustainable transport development should be drawn up as basic documents. These plans include an

analysis of the current situation, defining vision and objectives, an impact analysis and adoption of

measures for all modes of transport, distribution of responsibilities, method of implementation and a

monitoring mechanism. The plans should be adopted at the level of major cities; they should be prepared

in accordance with the EC guidelines and financed through EU programmes and funds.

In addition, incentives are expected from the EU SIF under the Competitiveness and Cohesion

Operational Programme 2014-2020, where the development of a low-carbon public transport system is

planned under Priority Axis 7 – Connectivity and Mobility.

MTR-9: Monitoring, reporting and verification of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from liquid fuels

Under the Air Protection Act (NN Nos 130/11, 47/14 and 61/17), any supplier placing fuel on the

domestic market is required to monitor greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy during the fuel life

cycle. Suppliers are required to compile a report that needs to be certified and submitted to the CAEN.

Under the Act, the Croatian Government Decree on the Quality of Liquid Fossil Fuels and on the

Monitoring and Reporting Method and Methodology for the Calculation of the Life Cycle Greenhouse


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Gas Emissions of all Fuels and Energy Supplied (NN No 57/17) lays down lays the limit values of the

components and/or characteristics of the quality of liquid fossil fuels, the method of determining and

monitoring the quality of liquid fossil fuels, the conditions for the operation of sampling laboratories and

laboratory analysis of the quality of liquid fossil fuels, the method of demonstrating conformity, product

names and labelling, the method and time limits for the submission of reports on the quality of liquid

fossil fuels and reports on the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of fuels and energy to CAEN,

monitoring and reporting methods, the methodology for the calculation of the life cycle greenhouse gas

emissions of fuels and energy, the methodology for determining the level of life cycle greenhouse gas

emissions of fuels and energy by unit of energy for the base year 2010, the methodology for calculating

the contribution of electric road vehicles to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, the report format and

length of retention period, and the method of data submission to competent EU authorities.

MTR-10: Prevention and control of vessel emissions to air

The Decree publishing the Protocol of 1997 which amends the International Convention for the

Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78) (NN –

International treaties, No 4/05). It lays down requirements for the application of special mandatory

measures for SOx emissions from ships to prevent, reduce and control air pollution from SOx and its

attendant adverse impacts on land and sea areas. In addition to SOx, nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone-

depleting substances and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are also controlled. Apart from pollutants,

this Protocol also regulates on-board incineration, which is allowed only in the shipboard incinerator, the

quality of fuel allowed for use and the areas of the sea where fuel of a certain quality is allowed to be

used. In addition to ships, the 19 rules stipulated therein also apply to fixed and floating rigs, as well as to

drilling platforms, which must meet the requirements under this Protocol, except for emissions associated

directly with exploration, exploitation and associated offshore processing of sea-bed minerals, or to the

use of hydrocarbons produced and later used on the platform as fuel.

The Rules for the statutory certification of seagoing ships and pollution prevention (NN No 32/18) lay

down technical requirements for ships of Croatian nationality with regard to preventing sea and air

pollution from ships and include the provisions which are in keeping with the International Convention

for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78)

with regard to Annex VI – Prevention of Air Pollution.

MTR-11: Restriction of pollutant emissions from road vehicles

The restriction of pollutant emissions for non-road mobile machinery is regulated by: the Rules on the

approval of motor vehicles with regard to reducing pollutant emissions from TPV 102 engines (Edition

02) (NN Nos 49/13 and 57/13) and the Rules on the approval of motor vehicles with regard to the

measures for reducing pollutant emissions from engines TPV 102 (Edition 00) (NN No 17/08).

The Rules (Edition 00) regulate the approval of M and N (1) category vehicles with regard to the measures

for reducing the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from their engines and replacement

catalysts intended for such vehicles.

The Rules (Edition 02) apply to the emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and

Euro 6).

The regulated pollutants are: carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx),

hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx) and particles.

Industrial processes and product use

The Industrial Strategy of the Republic of Croatia 2014-2020 defines the objectives of industrial

development and key indicators of the Croatian industry in 2014-2020. Under the ‘realistic scenario’, by

2020 the physical volume of industrial production is expected to reach its 2008 level, marking the peak in

Croatia’s economic activity.

Measures relating to the EU ETS sector are included in the chapter Other (cross-cutting) PaMs under the

measure ‘MCC-4 EU Emissions Trading System’ (the measures are described below):


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reduction of the share of clinker in cement production – the share of additives in cement ranges

from 15 % to 30 %, depending on the composition of the raw material, the availability of additives

of appropriate composition on the market and market demand for individual types of cement (the

share of clinker in cement is defined by the standards HRN EN 197-1);

increase of recycled glass in glass production – returning glass containers that lost their utility

value to the production process (depending on the efficiency of the glass collection system in

Croatia and the possibility of importing waste glass);

reduction of emissions in nitric acid production (catalytic decomposition). With the installation of a

secondary catalyst under the catalytic nets of the primary catalyst for N2O decomposition, it is

possible to reduce N2O emissions by up to 88 %; the measure is cost-effective because of relatively

low marginal costs and a high potential for reducing N2O emissions. For NOx removal, a unit for

low-temperature catalytic reduction has been installed in a nitric acid production plant – selective

catalytic reduction, which is being applied.

In addition to cement, nitric acid, sulphuric acid and ammonia production, the key source in the

Production processes and product use sector is the manufacture of petrochemical products and, over the

historical period, of soot, the non-energy use of fuels, the use of products and consumption of halogenated

hydrocarbons in cooling and air-conditioning systems. The following measures are included:

MIP-1: Reduction of volatile organic compound emissions in the solvent use sector

The Decree on Limit Values for the Content of Volatile Organic Compounds in Certain Paints and

Varnishes Used in the Construction Sector and Vehicle Refinishing Products (NN No 69/13) lays down

limit values for the content of volatile organic compounds in certain paints and varnishes used in the

construction sector and vehicle refinishing products which may be placed on the market, the method of

determining and monitoring product quality, the method of demonstrating conformity, the name and

labelling of products, the method and time limit for the submission of product quality reports to the

CAEN and the method of data submission to competent EU authorities. The users of solvent-containing

products may draw up and implement an annual solvent management plan to reduce volatile organic

compound emissions as well as carbon dioxide emissions.

Agriculture

The positive impact of measure implementation on pollutant emissions (NH3, NMVOC, NOx, PM2.5 and

PM10) and total greenhouse gas emissions in the agriculture sector results in a direct reduction of

emissions of these pollutants, methane and nitrogen compounds. The measures included in developing the

gradual transition scenario for agriculture compared to the reference scenario:

MAG-7: Implementation of the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is one of the most important activity areas of EU institutions,

both in terms of the scope of the acquis communautaire and in terms of its share in the EU budget. Rural

development, as the second pillar of the CAP, is financed from the European Agriculture Fund for Rural

Development (EAFRD). The preparation of the Croatian Rural Development Programme for 2014-2020

(RDP 2014-2020) is a prerequisite for the possibility of using EAFRD funds in the next programming

period. The goals set in the ‘European strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth –

Europe 2020’, economic, environmental and territorial challenges of the EU, are also reflected in three

CAP goals, namely: agricultural competitiveness, sustainable resource management and balanced

development of rural areas. This Programme provides for achieving CAP objectives by implementing

selected measures through six action priorities:

fostering knowledge transfer and innovation in agriculture, forestry, and rural areas;

improving sustainability and competitiveness of agriculture in all regions and promoting

innovative agricultural technologies and sustainable forest stewardship;

promoting food chain organisation, including processing and marketing of agricultural products,

animal welfare and risk management in agriculture;

restoring, preserving and enhancing ecosystems related to agriculture and forestry;


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promoting resource efficiency and supporting the shift towards a low-carbon and climate resilient

economy in agriculture, food and forestry sectors;

promoting social inclusion, poverty reduction and economic development in rural areas.

Waste

For the purpose of efficient implementation of Waste sector measures, along with the sectoral legislation

already adopted, a considerable number of other subordinated acts need to be adopted, particularly with

regard to commitments under new EU rules and legally binding targets for waste recycling and reduction

of waste disposal. According to these rules, fixed time limits have been defined for the Member States

that have to adjust their national legislation for switching to the circular economy. This will primarily

affect the projections beyond 2020 for measures MWM-1, MWM-2 and MWM-4, described below.

Quantitative targets and time limits for reducing the total amount of waste disposed of in non-compliant

landfills have been defined in accordance with the law. Until the end of 2017, the maximum mass of

waste to be disposed of in non-compliant landfills was 800 000 tonnes. Waste disposal in non-compliant

landfills was prohibited after 31 December 2017.

MWM-1: Prevention and reduction of the amount of municipal solid waste

This is the top priority in municipal waste management, under the Sustainable Waste Management Act.

This measure should be achieved by means of cleaner production, education, economic instruments,

implementation of regulations governing integrated environmental protection and investment into modern

technologies. The Waste Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for 2017-2022 (NN No 3/17)

defines the objectives to be achieved by 2022 compared with 2015. The objective relating to the

improvement in the municipal waste management system includes the target to reduce total amount of

municipal waste produced by 5 %.

MWM-2: Increase in the amount of separately collected and recycled municipal solid waste

In addition to the Sustainable Waste Management Act, quantitative targets and time limits for increasing

the total amount of separately collected and recycled municipal waste are also defined by the Waste

Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for 2017-2022. By 2020, the preparations for reuse and

recycling of a minimum of 50 % of the mass of the following several waste materials should be made:

household paper, metal, plastic and glass and, if possible, from other sources if such waste flows are

similar to household waste.

MWM-3: Methane and NMVOC flaring

The Rules on the ways and conditions of waste disposal, categories and operating conditions for landfills

(NN No 114/15) and the Rules on waste management (NN No 117/17) lay down strict technical operating

conditions for landfills which reduce possible harmful consequences of landfills on the environment.

Landfills producing landfill gas need to provide a collection system enabling the gas treatment and use. If

landfill gases collected cannot be used for energy production, they should be burnt at the landfill while

preventing the emission of methane and NMVOC into the atmosphere.

MWM-4: Reduction of the amount of landfilled biodegradable municipal solid waste

The objective of this measure is to reduce the amount of the biodegradable fraction of waste landfilled

which needs to be processed by composting and anaerobic digestion in biogas installations.

The Sustainable Waste Management Act lays down quantitative targets relating to the reduction of the

biodegradable fraction of municipal waste going to landfills. The biodegradable fraction of municipal

waste going to landfills must be reduced to 35 % mass share of the biodegradable municipal waste

produced in 1997.

MWM-5: Use of biogas for electricity and heat generation

This measure is related to that concerning feed-in tariffs and premium system in support of the use of

renewable energy sources in electricity generation and high-efficiency cogeneration in the Energy sector.


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The main mechanism for promoting the application of biogas for electricity generation and for the

promotion of the construction of cogeneration biogas installations consist in feed-in tariffs, depending on

source type, power plans size and quantity of the electricity produced. Considering the Waste sectors, the

potential of this measure to reduction greenhouse gas emissions consist in the potential of reducing the

emission of methane (resulting from anaerobic digestion of the biodegradable fraction of waste), which is

used in electricity and heat generation.

Other (cross-cutting) PaMs

MCC-1: Commission for cross-sectoral coordination of climate change mitigation and adaptation PaMs

In accordance with the Air Protection Act (NN Nos 130/11, 47/14 and 61/17), a Commission for cross-

sectoral coordination of climate change mitigation and adaptation PaM was established by a 2014

Decision of the Croatian Government (NN No 114/14). The Commission was responsible for monitoring

and evaluating the implementation and planning of climate change mitigation and adaptation PaMs in

Croatia. Representatives of competent state administration authorities and other relevant institutions,

agencies and non-governmental associations were appointed to the Commission. Its composition,

activities and work methods are determined by the Croatian Government at the proposal of the ministry

competent for environmental protection. The Commission consists of a Coordination Group and a

Technical Working Group.

MCC-2: Energy savings measurement and verification system

The energy savings measurement and verification system (Cr. Abbr. SMIV) was established by virtue of

the Rules governing the energy savings monitoring, measuring and verification system (NN 71/15). Since

June 2014, it has enabled the monitoring via the SMIV application of energy savings (resulting from the

incentive measures defined in the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP) and reductions

achieved in greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. The SMIV application allows for the monitoring of

implementation of energy efficiency measures in four end-use consumption sectors: Services (public and

commercial) sector, Industry, Transport and Households. This web application uses the bottom-up

methodology, which is part of the Rules governing the energy savings monitoring, measuring and

verification system. It should be noted that, in the cases where the results of measurement before and after

the implementation of a measure are available, such exact data may be entered through the software’s

graphic interface. Otherwise, where the [results of] measurements before and after the measure is

implemented are not available, reference values specified in the Rules are to be used. SMIV, administered

by the National Energy Efficiency Authority (NEEA), is an important component of the future system of

energy efficiency commitments in Croatia.

MCC-3: Promotion of the use of innovative information and communication technologies (ICT) to reduce

pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions

ICTs play an increasingly important role in reducing pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions and

increasing energy efficiency. Their increased use in public administration, services and production

processes will lead to an increase in the productivity and efficiency of work while simultaneously

reducing energy consumption and resulting pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. This measure is

expected to increase the use of innovative ICTS and the monitoring of actual energy savings and reduced

pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions.

MCC-4: EU Emissions Trading System

The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) includes all the activities set out in Annex I to the Decree

on the Method of Trading in Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowances (NN Nos 69/12 and 154/14); the

responsibility for reducing greenhouse gas emissions lies with the operators of installations included in

the trading system. Through an even allocation of greenhouse gas emissions, the reduction commitments

are distributed among all Member States to contribute to a reduction in emissions by 21 % by 2020

compared to 2005. Thus, it can be concluded that a reduction in emissions through activities within the

EU ETS is regulated at EU level.

Since 1 January 2013, the operators of installations in Croatia included in the EU ETS have obtained


164

greenhouse gas emission permits and established a system of emission monitoring and reporting to the

competent authority. Greenhouse gases covered by the EU ETS are: carbon dioxide (CO2) for all

activities and, additionally, for certain activities, nitrous oxide (N2O) and perfluorocarbons (PFC).

Aircraft operators are also subject to the monitoring and reporting, namely of carbon dioxide emissions.

The official start date of aircraft emission monitoring and emission reporting for aircraft operators in

Croatia was 1 July 2013. However, due to certain specific circumstances related to the competence for

flight administration before Croatia’s accession to the EU, aircraft operators have been required to submit

annual reports on aircraft emissions since 2010.

All operators, with the exception of the producers of electricity for sale to third parties, have submitted

their applications for allocation of emission allowances free of charge. Emission allowances are

distributed free of charge to the installations exposed to the risk of carbon leakage to third countries,

based on the criteria determined in accordance with the reference values for 10 % of the most efficient

installations in the same sector. Any operators lacking sufficient allowances to cover their greenhouse

gases have the option to buy emission allowances via auctions.

MCC-5: Use of the revenues from auctioning of emission allowances within the scope of the EU ETS for

GHG emission reduction measures

A portion of the total number of allowances set for allocation to operator and aircraft operators is

distributed free of charge in each trading year according to the method set out above. The remaining

portion is distributed to EU Member States and is subject to public auctioning.

The Air Protection Act (NN No 130/11, 57/14, 61/17) provides for Croatia to use 95 % of the funds

received and paid into a special EPEEF account, while paying the remaining 5 % into Croatia’s state

budget. The funds paid into the special EPEEF account should be used for:

greenhouse gas emissions reduction,

climate change adaptation,

financing climate change abatement measures and adaptation in third countries,

financing renewable energy sources with the objective of achieving the share of renewable energy

sources of the Republic of Croatia in 2020,

forest resources improvement and reports on the forestry sector,

promoting low-emission transport and public transport,

financing research and development intended for climate change abatement and climate change

adaptation, including aeronautics and air transport,

ecologically safe carbon dioxide capture and storage, particularly from fossil fuel power plants

and certain industrial sectors and sub-sectors, including those in third countries,

financing research and development in the area of energy efficiency and clean technology,

financing research and development in the area of reporting on greenhouse gas emissions,

promoting energy efficiency measures in the sectors of construction (particularly energy

efficiency building renovation), industry, transport and services, and

ensuring financial support for measures contributing to addressing energy poverty.

The funds paid to the state budget should be used to cover the costs of managing the emission allowance

trading system, for administration activities, for the function of the EU Register, for auction operators, for

the national greenhouse gas emission monitoring system and other issues related to the climate change.

The Croatian Government adopted a plan for the use of the revenues from auctioning of emission

allowances in Croatia for 2014-2016 (NN Nos 140/14 and 12/17). Between 2014 and 2016, total revenues

amounted to HRK 733 984 921.23 and were used for renewable energy sources, energy efficiency,

transport, waste management and research, development and expert support.

The plan for the use of the revenues from auctioning of emission allowances until 2020, adopted in

February 2018, is to generate revenues of HRK 825 000 000.00. These funds will be spent on the measure

of climate change mitigation and adaptation.

MCC-6: Implementation of interdisciplinary research of the potential for CO2 geological storage in the

Republic of Croatia


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The technology of carbon collection and storage (CCS) for large emission sources is not commercially

available yet. The possibility of its commercial application is expected in the period from 2020 onwards.

In accordance with Directive 2009/31/EC on the geological storage of carbon dioxide, and Article 36 of

the Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU), the combustion plants with a rated electrical output of

300 MW or more for which the original construction licence was granted after the entry into force of

Directive 2009/31/EC need to have assessed whether the following conditions are met:

suitable storage sites are available;

transport facilities are technically and economically feasible;

it is technically and economically feasible to retrofit the installation for CO2 capture.

If these conditions are met, the competent authority must ensure that suitable space on the installation site

for the equipment necessary to capture and compress the extracted CO2 is set aside.

A National feasibility study with an action plan or preparatory activities for CCS projects is to be drafted

because of plans for new thermal power plants. The study is to cover the phases of [CO2] capture at

emission sources, transport, compression and storage.


Under the provisions of Directive 2012/27/EU, the Energy Efficiency Act (NN Nos 127/14), the 3rd and

4th National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, Croatia plans to establish an energy efficiency obligation

scheme for energy suppliers. They are to contribute to energy savings in end-use energy consumption.

MCC-8: Environmental permit

The Decree on Environmental Permit (NN Nos 8/14, 5/18) regulates the activities which may cause

emissions polluting the soil, air, waters and the sea, the application and criteria for the grant of

environmental permits, method of providing monitoring data on emissions to elements of the

environment, conditions where environmental techniques stated in the permit for an installation need to

be renewed or amended, exemptions from the application of reference documents on best available

techniques (hereinafter referred to as: BAT), the method of determining emission limit values, the method

of applying equivalent parameters and other technical measures and exemptions from their application,

the definition of the process and industrial emission monitoring according to BAT requirements, the

method of applying general binding rules for the activities in respect of which the environmental permit is

obtained, the forms that are part of the environmental permit application, the content of the Baseline

report, the list of pollutants, the criteria and methods used for determining BATs, the time limits for BAT

application and other related issues.

MCC-9: Tax on SO2 and NOx emissions for individual sources

The Decree on Unit Charges, Corrective Factors and More Specific Criteria and Benchmarks for

Determining the Charge on Emissions to the Environment of Sulphur Oxides Expressed as Sulphur

Dioxide (SO2), and Nitrogen Oxides (NN Nos 71/14 and 115/15) lays down the amount of unit charge,

corrective factors and more specific criteria and benchmarks used to determine the fee charged for

emissions to the environment of sulphur oxides expressed as sulphur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides

expressed as nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Individual sources of SO2 air emissions are technological sources,

industrial installations, machines and buildings from which SO2 in excess of 100 kg a year is released to

the air through the end of 2014, and in excess of 3 000 kg a year starting from 2015. Individual sources of

NO2 air emissions are technological sources, industrial installations, machines and buildings from which

NO2 in excess of 30 kg a year is released to the air through the end of 2014, and in excess of 600 kg a

year starting from 2015.

MCC-10: Specification and control of the limit values of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources

The specification and control of the limit values of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources is

regulated by the Decree on Limit Values of Air Pollutant Emissions From Stationary Sources (NN No

87/17) and the Rules on monitoring air pollutant emissions from stationary sources (NN Nos 129/12 and

97/13).


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The Decree on Limit Values of Air Pollutant Emissions From Stationary Sources (NN No 87/17)

specifies the limit values of air pollutant emissions from stationary sources; it also regulates the emission

monitoring and evaluation, the entry of data on stationary sources using organic solvents or products

containing volatile organic compounds into the REGVOC Register, the method of reducing air pollutant

emissions from stationary sources, the method and time line for submitting emission reports to the CAEN,

the method of information provision to the public and of data submission to EU competent authorities,

and the level of permitted limit value exceedance for existing sources, for a given period of time.

The method of monitoring air pollutant emissions from stationary sources (NN Nos 129/12, 97/113), the

scope and type of measurement, reference measurement methods, the method of demonstrating the

equivalence of other measurement methods, the manner of verifying the accuracy and calibrating

measuring instruments, manner of verification of the accuracy of the measurement system for continuous

measurement of emissions from stationary sources into the air, procedure for sampling and evaluation of

measurement results, manner of submitting data on emissions for the needs of the air protection

information system and the manner of regular provision to the public of information on emission

monitoring are specified in the Rules on monitoring of pollutant emissions from stationary sources.


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ANNEX 2. STARTING PARAMETERS AND ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE PROJECTIONS

Table P 2-1: Projection assumptions – Energy and Transport

ENERGY AND TRANSPORT

As specified in Chapter 3, projections of greenhouse gas emissions for this report are taken from the draft Low-

Emission Strategy of the Republic of Croatia for the period until 2030 with a view to 2050. A more detailed

description of the methodology used is given below.

1. Final (end-use)

energy

consumption

Final (end-use) energy consumption is projected for each consumption sector – industry,

transport, services, households, agriculture, fisheries and forestry. The projections are based on

the macroeconomic parameters and guidance provided by the EC to Member States to harmonise

the key parameters. Detailed sectoral models with a bottom-up approach were used for the

modelling of final (end-use) energy consumption. These models make it possible to simulate

impacts of energy efficiency measures [15] [16] [17] and were calibrated with 2014

consumption.

The results of energy consumption modelling were used as inputs for the analysis of energy

transformations. In addition, the modelling also included interdependence between demand and

energy generation from variable renewable energy sources; this primarily refers to simulations of

the advanced use of electric vehicle batteries to optimise the operation of the electric power and

transport system, and to the use of electric boilers with heat storage tanks to optimise the

operation of the electricity-powered heating system.

The impacts of each measure were modelled under ‘with measures’ (WM) and ‘with additional

measures’ (WAM) scenarios. The analyses were carried out by sub-sector:

– industry – by industrial branch and type of fuel used;

– transport – by type of transport (road, air, water and rail) and the type of means of transport

(car, bus, motorcycle, light and heavy commercial vehicles) or purpose (passenger and freight)

as well as by type of technology and fuel used;

– services – by branch (tourism, trade, education, health, administration), climate zone (coastal

and continental Croatia), purpose (heating, domestic hot water (DHW) preparation, cooking,

cooling, electrical equipment and lighting) and by the type of fuel used. Heating energy

consumption was modelled at the level of useful and end-use energy:

– households – by climate zone (coastal and continental Croatia), by purpose (heating, DHW

preparation, cooking, cooling, electrical equipment and lighting) and by type of fuel used.

Heating energy consumption was modelled at the level of useful and end-use energy:

– agriculture, fisheries and forestry – by type of fuel used.

Demographic trends – a scenario of average fertility and average migration was taken into

account, in accordance with the EC guidelines.

WM scenario

1.1.1 Energy

consumption

in industry

Assumptions:

– industrial production development will not be based on energy-intensive branches, with market

mechanisms directing development in a balanced way towards a less energy-intensive industry

in which Croatia does not lack resources;

– trends in gross value added in industry are based on harmonised parameters for projections

given by the EC [21];

– market-driven improvements of energy efficiency and fuel switching in the industrial sector;

– emissions in certain sub-sectors are growing along with economic growth, but their growth is

moderate as a result of a decreasing connection between GDP growth and energy consumption,

and the assumption that there will be no construction of new large energy-intensive industries.

1.1.2 Energy

consumption

in transport

Assumptions:

– the number of vehicles per 1 000 inhabitants will increase from 328 in 2012 [ODYSSEE] to

520 in 2050;

– the existing road infrastructure has mainly been built;

– in passenger transport, air transport will see the fastest growth;

– emissions from new vehicles will be in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 333/2014 for

passenger cars, i.e. average emissions from new vehicles will be below 95 g CO2/km, and in

accordance with Regulation (EU) No 510/2011, under which emissions from new light

commercial vehicles must be below 174 g CO2/km after 2017 and below 147 g CO2/km after

2020;

– stagnation in the use of rail transport and internal waterways;

– 6 % of passenger cars will be electric vehicles in 2050 (according to the EU Reference scenario 2016).


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1.1.3 Energy

consumption

in general

consumption

Assumptions:

Households and services:

– according to data available, Croatia had 142.2 million m2 of residential buildings and houses in

2012 (Long-Term strategy for mobilising investment in the renovation of the national building

stock, NN No 74/14). It is presumed that, despite the projected population decline, on the back

of economic recovery the dwelling floor space will increase gradually by 8.5 % by 2030 and by

10.6 % by 2050. Multi-dwelling buildings in urban areas will account for most of the new area;

– renovation of 0.5 % of the area of the residential building stock annually to the standards set

out in the Technical regulation on energy economy and heat retention in buildings (NN Nos

128/15, 70/18, 73/18);

– all new buildings built in accordance with the same Regulation;

– reduction of the share of electricity and liquid fuels for heating;

– electricity consumption to power household appliances and cooling (air-conditioning) devices

will grow;

– specific energy consumption for food preparation in households will stagnate.

Agriculture, forestry and fisheries:

– energy intensity decline in view of the market development.

1.2 WAM scenario

Further promotion of energy efficiency beyond 2020 on the following key assumptions:

– renovation of 2 % of buildings annually to the nearly zero-energy standard (including the use of

renewable energy sources);

– aid to support an increase in the share of electric vehicles in passenger cars to 25 % in 2050;

– intermodal switching involving 7 % of passenger and freight transport from road to rail

transport in 2030 and 20 % in 2050;

– energy efficiency improvements in industry together with fuel switching with a view to a

greater use of renewable energy sources.

2. Energy

transformations

and resources

The electricity system was analysed by simulating market development using the software for

hourly operational and development optimisation software. The same price of emission

allowances within the EU ETS has been presumed as in the EU Reference scenario 2016.

A simulation of the operation of refineries was carried out to meet domestic demand as much as

possible with the existing capacity, which means without building new refineries in a ‘without

measures’ scenario and by reducing production in WM and WAM scenarios.

2.1 WM scenario

Assumptions:

– the capacity of power plants using renewable energy sources installed by 2020, in accordance

with the National Renewable Energy Action Plan until 2020 (2013) and the Renewable energy

sources and efficient Cogeneration tariff system (NN Nos 133/13, 151/13, 20/14, 107/14 and

100/15) (Note: ceased to have effect on 1/1/2016, except for project operators which had

concluded an agreement on the purchase of electricity with an electricity market operator

before the entry into force of the Renewable Energy Sources and High-Efficiency Cogeneration

Act (NN No 100/15);

– market development for the post-2020 period simulated using the software for hourly

operational and development optimisation of the electricity system;

– the price of emission allowances presumed as in the EU Reference scenario 2016;

– the analysis showed that renewable energy sources would be competitive, without need for

public aid for solar and wind power plants;

– no new coal-fired capacities;

– all electricity requirements to be met from domestic sources (except for the Krško nuclear

power plant) beyond 2030, significantly increasing the electricity production requirement given

that the Croatia has imported 25-35 % of its consumption;

– plans to apply measures for a reduction in fugitive emissions by the companies responsible for

the control of fugitive emissions taken into account.

2.2 WAM scenario

Assumptions include development of the policy for the promotion renewable energy sources to

continue beyond 2020:

– market development simulated using the software for hourly operational and development

optimisation of the electricity system,

– the price of emission allowances presumed as in the EU Reference scenario 2016;


169


– as a result of lower energy consumption compared to the WM scenario due to increased energy

efficiency, the costs of achieving a higher share of renewable energy sources in gross final

consumption are lower;

– no new coal-fired capacities;

– no net imports (except from the Krško nuclear power plant) beyond 2030.

Table P 2-2: Projection assumptions – Industrial processes and product use

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND SOLVENT USE

The projections were based on the expected development of individual industrial branches,

including targets until 2035, on GDP trends and demographic trends.

Emission projections use as inputs the status and projections of 2015 macroeconomic parameters

(The 2015 Ageing Report) – the annual GDP and gross added value growth rates and the

population decline, as well as the results of sectoral analyses and studies (production of cement,

lime, ammonia, sulphuric acid, nitric acid).

WM scenario assumptions:

– no installation of additional capacities;

– production will reach maximum values by 2035;

– population decline;

– moderate GDP growth.

The Industrial Strategy of the Republic of Croatia 2014-2020 defines industrial development

targets and key indicators of the Croatian industry in the period 2014-2020. Under the ‘realistic

scenario’, by 2020 the physical volume of industrial production is presumed to reach its 2008

level, marking the peak in Croatia’s economic development.

Process emissions from economic activities, which are included in the industrial processes and

product use sector, in accordance with the IPCC methodology, were estimated based on detailed

sectoral projections of cement, ammonia and nitric acid production and projected

macroeconomic indicators of gross value added by other industrial branches, annual GDP

growth rate and population decline. The scenario covers the application of measures defined by

strategic and sectoral planning documents included in the business policy of cement and nitric

acid producers, which is subject to market requirements, laws and subordinate regulations, and

requirements for the use of the best available technologies in production processes.

WAM scenario assumptions:

– application of cost-effective measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in cement, glass

and nitric acid production, and to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds, controlled

substances and fluorinated greenhouse gases.

Following good practice, projections were prepared for activity data and emission factors:

– activity data – Tier 1, 2 and 3 methods were used for the preparation of projections

(projection of macroeconomic parameters, impact of PaMs, sectoral analyses and studies);

– emission factors – Tier 1 and 2 methods were used for the preparation of projections

(projection based on average values for the previous five-year period, impact of PaMs,

sectoral analyses and studies).

Table P 2-3: Projection assumptions – Agriculture

AGRICULTURE

The projections were based on the expected future status of key parameters.

To identify key parameters for the preparation of projections (number and type of livestock, plant

production), historical input data were extrapolated and an expert assessment was made,

including historical data and sectoral strategic and development documents.

An increase in agricultural production (i.e. the beginning of livestock revitalisation between 2015

and 2020, with further population growth until 2035, and crop production based on an indicative

trend between 2000 and 2009) and sustainable mineral fertiliser consumption (at the level of the

mean value for 2007-2014) is presumed.

PaMs included in the development of the WM scenario imply:

– implementation of the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020, including changes to the

beef management system (manure disposal systems and genetic improvements) and animal

nutrition (feed processing to enhance digestibility, improving forage quality and upgrading

grazing systems, feed processing to enhance digestibility, use of additives in animal feed),


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AGRICULTURE

The WAM scenario implies the use of the following measures:

– additional improvements to the quality of livestock feed and nutrition of cattle and pigs;

– changes to manure management systems, including aerobic decomposition and biogas

production;

– improvement of mineral fertiliser application methods;

– hydro-technical interventions;

– introduction of new cultivars, varieties and species.

Table P 2-4: Projection assumptions – Waste

WASTE

The projections were based on the expected development and future status of parameters for the

preparation of projections:

– Solid waste disposal – the quantity of solid waste produced and landfilled, the share of

biodegradable organic waste;

– Composting – the quantity of waste processed by composting;

– Waste incineration – the quantity of clinical waste incinerated and the number of human

bodies cremated;

– Waste water management – the quantity of household and industrial waste waters treated,

industrial production, number of inhabitants using an individual waste water disposal system

(septic tanks), number of inhabitants in households without sanitation facilities.

Emission projections use as inputs the status and projections of 2015 macroeconomic parameters

(The 2015 Ageing Report) – the annual GDP and gross added value growth rates and the

population decline, including targets until 2050.

WM scenario assumptions:

the projections of greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions from solid waste disposal, solid waste

composting, waste incineration and waste water management are included;

– Solid waste disposal – a continued increase in the quantity of solid waste produced and

landfilled is presumed until 2050 because of increasing living standards, despite the effects

of waste avoidance/reduction and recycling measures undertaken. Targets were defined by

sectoral strategic documents – the Sustainable Waste Management Act and the Waste

Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for 2017-2022;

– Composting – a continued increase in the quantity of solid waste processed by composting is

presumed;

– Waste incineration – a continued increase in the quantity of clinical waste incinerated is

presumed, with a decline in the number of human bodies cremated;

– Waste water management – a continued increase in the quantity of industrial waste waters is

presumed, with a decrease in the quantity of household waste waters treated, the number of

inhabitants with an individual waste water disposal system (septic tanks) and the number of

inhabitants in households without sanitation facilities;

– Other waste – a continued mild increase in the number of fires is presumed in almost all

categories.

Greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions included in the Waste sector (according to the IPCC and

EMEP/EEA methodology) were estimated based on sectoral analyses and projected

macroeconomic indicators of the annual GDP growth rate and the population decline. The

scenario covers the application of measures defined by strategic and sectoral planning

documents.

WAM scenario assumptions:

The scenario includes the projections of greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions from solid waste

disposal and solid waste composting.

– Solid waste disposal – a decrease in the quantity of solid waste produced and landfilled is

presumed as a result of the application of measures defined by strategic documents

harmonised with EU legislation. Quantitative targets for the quantity and composition of

solid waste and other parameters in the models used for the assessment of emissions from

solid waste disposal not defined by strategic documents were estimated by expert

assessment.

– Composting – a continued increase in the quantity of solid waste processed by composting is

presumed as a result of the application of measures defined by strategic documents

harmonised with EU legislation (depending on the reduction of the quantity of biodegradable


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WASTE

waste landfilled).

Following good practice, projections were prepared for activity data, emission factors and

parameters included in the models used for the assessment of greenhouse gas and pollutant

emissions:

– Tier 1, 2 and 3 methods were used for the preparation of projections (projection of

macroeconomic parameters, impact of PaMs, sectoral analyses and studies, expert

assessment).

Table P 2-5: Projection parameters – general parameters

Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

GDP – annual growth rate % -0.4 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.3 1.9

Population (mil.

inhabitants) 4 238 4 229 4 194 4 140 4 081 4 018

Coal price EUR/GJ 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.6 3.2 3.4

Heavy fuel oil price (1 % S) EUR/GJ 8.1 7.8 11.6 13.2 14.5 15.1

Gas price EUR/GJ 6.5 6.7 7.5 8.1 8.8 9.4

Data source: [18], [19], [20]

Table P 2-6: Projection parameters – energy: total fuel consumption, electricity generation, WM scenario

Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Total fuel consumption

Coal and coke PJ 31.6 31.7 24.3 23.1 22.0 16.5

Liquid fossil fuels PJ 125.8 130.7 125.9 122.3 118.5 116.2

Gas PJ 84.6 91.8 104.7 109.2 118.7 119.7

Renewables PJ 146.0 137.8 171.2 198.1 218.9 239.4

Electricity generation

Coal TWh 2.0 2.2 1.5 1.4 1.3 0.7

Liquid fossil fuels TWh IE IE IE IE IE IE

Gas TWh 1.5 1.8 2.4 2.6 1.6 3.4

Renewables TWh 10.1 7.2 9.5 12.2 14.3 16.4

Electricity imports TWh 4.0 6.8 6.4 4.6 2.9 2.6

Data source: [21]

Table P 2-7: Projection parameters – energy: (final) end-use energy consumption

Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Final (end-use) energy consumption

Industry PJ 40.6 10.9 44.9 46.4 48.0 50.4

Transport PJ 84.5 84.5 87.3 89.8 92.9 93.3

Households PJ 92.0 112.5 11.9 112.0 111.9 111.6

Agriculture, forestry and fisheries PJ 9.7 9.4 9.5 9.2 8.9 8.7

Services PJ 29.5 31.3 33.1 35.1 37.0 38.9

Other PJ 4.2 4.2 4.7 4.7 4.8 5.0

Data source: [21]


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Table P 2-8: Projection parameters – climate

Parameter

Heating degree days 2228

Number of cooling degree days NO

Data source: [22]

Table P 2-9: Projection parameters – industry

Parameter 1990 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Production growth index:*

Cement production % 2 643 kt 5 -4 33 36 40 41

Glass production: 275 kt -16 2 14 21 29 41

Nitric acid production % 332 kt 1 -13 -13 -13 -10 -10

CO2 emissions**

Solvent use % 93.99 kt

CO2e 49 62 58 56 54 50

HFC emissions***

HFC consumption in cooling and A/C

systems

(1995)

29,32 kt

CO2e

1 292 1 431 1 582 1 658 1 743 1 885

*, **, *** percentage change compared to 1990 (1995)

Source of data: cement, glass and nitric acid producers, [23], [19], [8]

Table P 2-10: Projection parameters – transport

Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Number of passenger-

kilometres, all forms 109 pkm 40.56 40.98 43.09 45.32 47.58 49.05

Freight transport 109 tkm 11.59 11.64 11.90 12.16 12.42 12.69

Energy consumption in road

transport PJ 74.17 75.59 76.84 78.73 80.61 80.45

Data source: [22], [21]

Table P 2-11: Projection parameters – agriculture

Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Dairy cows 1000 head 179 165 168 175 180 185

Non-dairy cattle 1000 head 264 240 270 285 320 340

Sheep 1000 head 605 590 620 650 675 700

Goats 1000 head 65 65 68 70 72 75

Equine 1000 head 20 20 22 23 24 25

Mules/hinnies/asses 1000 head 4 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.0 3.5

Pigs 1000 head 551 480 504 528 600 672

Poultry 1000 head 5327 6048 6231 6414 6597 6719

Wheat t 648 917 758 638 879 847 1 002 001 1 042 030 1 178 645

Maize t 2 046 966 1 709 152 2 187 640 2 205 554 2 239 040 2 256 114

Potatoes t 160 847 171 179 203 239 160 630 132 738 104 879

Sugar beet t 1 392 000 756 509 1 428 948 1 408 317 1 471 355 1 497 069

Tobacco t 9 164 10 132 11 766 12 041 12 794 13 712

Sunflower t 99 489 94 075 92 333 109 745 114 592 129 556


173

Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Oilseed rape t 71 228 56 783 70 866 70,933 90,782 99,821

Tomatoes t 19 374 36,273 44,884 41,278 50,494 53,804

Barley t 175,592 193,451 228,296 243,098 250,955 278,746

Oats t 56 555 71,743 61,295 76,089 74,009 82,453

Cabbage and other

cruciferous t

24,703 38,413 61,109 57,412 63,091 63,099

Garlic t 4,272 4,634 4,912 4,534 5,288 5,757

Onion t 24 160 26,204 33,438 33,475 40,069 44,763

Rye t 2,800 3,356 0 0 0 0

Sorghum t 1 205 1,205 1,554 1,891 2,357 2,761

Watermelon t 25 598 15,771 32,599 31,346 33,683 35,274

Soy t 131,424 196,431 153,926 174,867 185,521 190,140

Beans, dry t 1 329 1,156 0 0 0 0

Field pea, dry t 1 413 1,346 2,210 3,050 3,903 4,708

Lentils t 83 83 13 0 0 0

Peas, dry t 579 194 356 98 0 0

Vetches t 1,500 1,500 1,923 1,585 1,512 1,462

Clover t 70,873 82,992 147,241 143 473 148,600 157,171

Alfalfa t 128,702 112,876 226,824 247,731 283,849 317,840

Nitrogen applied kg 80 707 112 99 000 000 99,000,000 99 000 000 99 000 000 99 000 000

Data source: [18], [19], [24], [23]

Table P 2-12: Projection parameters – waste

Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

SCENARIO WITH MEASURES (WM)

Solid waste disposal on land

Quantity of solid waste

produced

tonnes of

dry

matter

0.386 0.393 0.436 0.463 0.494 0.542


landfilled kt 1349 1361 1463 1533 1612 1743

Share of biodegradable

organic waste % 68 65 65 65 65 65

Composting of solid waste


composted kt 29 62 83 87 91 99

Waste incineration

Quantity of clinical waste

incinerated t 51 52 54 56 59 64

Number of human bodies

cremated 4803 5373 5094 5028 4957 4880

Waste water management

Quantity of household and

services waste waters

treated

106 m3 268 257 266 263 2.59 255

Quantity of industrial waste

waters treated 106 m3 13 13 13 13 14 15

Industrial production (food

and beverages, paper,

chemicals)

kt 6 586 6 692 8 236 8 743 9 326 10 246


174

Parameter 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Number of inhabitants with

an individual disposal

system (septic tanks)

103 inh. 2 254 2 232 2 231 2 203 2 172 2 138

Number of inhabitants in

households without

sanitation facilities

103 inh. 380 378 367 356 344 333

Protein consumption t/inh. 0.031 0.032 0.034 0.035 0.037 0.040

Other waste

Number of fires on road

vehicles 314 433 335 350 364 377

Number of fires on

detached houses 767 845 767 767 767 767

Number of fires on terraced

and semi-detached houses 89 98 100 104 111 119

Number of fires on

buildings 19 21 21 22 24 26

Number of fires on

industrial buildings 626 690 702 731 780 841

SCENARIO WITH ADDITIONAL MEASURES (WAM)

Solid waste disposal on land


produced t/inh. 0.386 0.393 0.380 0.371 0.363 0.356


landfilled kt 1 349 1 361 797 298 148 107

Share of biodegradable

organic waste % 65 65 24 18 12 9

Composting of solid waste


composted kt 29 62 277 537 753 975

Data sources:

Report on greenhouse gas inventories in the territory of the Republic of Croatia for 1990-2016 (NIR 2018),

CAEN, 2018

2018 Report on the calculation of air pollutant emissions in the territory of the Republic of Croatia (1990-2016),

CAEN, 2018

Report on greenhouse gas emission projections of the Republic of Croatia, CAEN, 2017

Report on PaMs for emission reduction and increase in the removal by sinks of greenhouse gases of the Republic

of Croatia, CAEN, 2017

Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (NN No 130/05)

Sustainable Waste Management Act (NN Nos 94/13 and 73/17)

Waste Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2017-2022 (NN No 3/17)

Recommended parameters for reporting on GHG projections in 2015, Final after consultation, 17 June 2014, EC

draft national air pollution control programme, 2019 ... · air pollution control programme mee 1...

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