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Bob Critoph, University of Warwick
Warwick Gas Heat Pump and Thermal
Transformer Update, October 2017
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• Box-for-box exchange for
conventional gas boiler
Retrofit market (> 90% of
annual sales)
• Air source
• 7kW (3 bedroom semi-
detached house)
30 - 40% reduction in
gas consumption
The vision:
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
CO
2 E
missions
(Mt per annum
)
Year
Status Quo
70% Market Share
100% Market Share
Market Scenarios:
Two scenarios are considered:
▶The first assumes that the market for Gas Heat Pumps will saturate at a 70% share of gas heating appliances annual sales after approximately 12 years (the rest of the market remaining as condensing boilers).
▶The second assumes that after 7 years on the market, the cost of Gas Heat Pumps reaches the point wherelegislation requiring their use is introduced, in much the same way as was carried out for condensing boilers replacing non condensing boilers.
▶A 2.6% reduction in UK annual CO2
emissions by 2040 is possible.
▶There is a potential for an eventual 4.2% reduction in annual CO2 emissions if all gas boilers were replaced by gas heat pumps
Study of potential impact on emissions in the UK
Mean GUE = 1.37
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R&D at Warwick:
1: Carbon –ammonia
adsorption
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Experimental Results (June 2016)
Experiment Model
Cycle
Time
[s]
Load
Inlet
[°C]
Load
Outlet
[°C]
Evaporating
Temperature
[°C]
COP COP
480 26.2 31.7 3.2 1.34 1.33
420 27.1 33.1 0.1 1.32 1.31
420 28.2 34 3.7 1.33 1.3
480 28.8 35.1 -1.6 1.3 1.3
420 32.9 37.9 3.9 1.255 1.29
360 33.4 38.8 4 1.23 1.27
540 37.6 42.7 1.9 1.244 1.25
480 38 43.4 1.8 1.233 1.25
300 40.5 46.7 3.5 1.19 1.21
Heating Power: 7.5 – 9 kWCOP: 1.19 – 1.34
Conclusion:
Machine performed as predicted,however, high manufacturing cost of the generators prohibited further development.
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6
New Generator Design
Shell and Finned Tube
Design Parameters:
• Tube diameter
• Tube pitch
• Carbon thickness
• Fin thickness
• Turbulator tube insert
Detailed simulations in Matlab
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Large Temperature Jump Test
100 mm Long Test Sample
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Match obtained between experiment and model predicted pressure rise
Time constant
~50 seconds
Large Temperature Jump Test
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9
Machine Construction
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1
Performance Predictions
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2
4
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18
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Pre
ssu
re [b
ar]
Time [s]
Pressure
P Bed A P Bed B P Cond P Evap
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100
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160
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Tem
per
atu
re [
C]
Time [s]
Bed Water Temperatures
Bed A In Bed A Out Bed B In Bed B Out
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Test results analysis
• Heat transfer as predicted
• Desorption as predicted
• Adsorption slower than predicted
• Mass transfer being improved by material tweak
• On course to publish full performance map by end of year.
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BEIS Low Carbon Technolgy Heating
Innovation Fund
• Funding awarded provisionally to develop to a product
• 2½ years from July??
• Working with Dynamiq Engineering
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R&D at Warwick: 2: Salt –ammonia adsorption – joint
project with ECN
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Desorption
at low
pressure
Heat out at
150°C
Adsorption
at high
pressure
Phase 1: Storage of heat at
90°C
Phase 2: Discharge of heat at
150°C
1-Salt Thermal Transformer (TT)
Salt 1 Condenser
Salt 1 Evaporator
16
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Heat out at
150°C
Low
pressure
Phase 2: LT salt desorbs,
HT salt adsorbs
Phase 1: HT salt desorbs,
LT salt adsorbs
• 2 salts have lower pressures
compared to 1 salt with
condenser/evaporator
• less susceptible to sensible
heat thermal mass losses
2-Salt Thermal Transformer (TT)
(CaCl2 & MgCl2?)
High
pressure
LT SaltHT Salt
17
LT SaltHT Salt
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Low
pressure
Phase 2: LT salt desorbs,
HT salt adsorbs
Phase 1: LT salt adsorbs,
HT salt desorbs
2-Salt heat pump
We can also have heat
pumps, refrigerators, etc.
18
High
pressure
LT SaltHT Salt
LT SaltHT Salt
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Thank you for your attention
• Any questions?