![Page 1: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE BODY’S DEFENSE
CHAPTER 43
![Page 2: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system
![Page 3: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Figure 43.0 Specialized lymphocytes attacking a cancer cell
![Page 4: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Figure 43.2 First-line respiratory defenses. Inside the lining of the trachea.
Yellow cells are ciliated. Orange cells secrete mucus.
![Page 5: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Figure 43.1 An overview of the body's defenses
![Page 6: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE
•Skin•Mucus•Secretions
![Page 7: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
CELLS:Nonspecific
•Neutrophils - engulf microbes (phagocytosis); self-destruct after destroy microbes
•Monocytes - develop into macrophages which can migrate into tissues and engulf microbes
![Page 8: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Figure 43.x1 Anabaena (a blue-green algae that makes a toxin, which causes cell death)
phagocytosed by a human neutrophil
Anabaena
![Page 9: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Figure 43.3x Macrophage
![Page 10: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Figure 43.3 Phagocytosis by a macrophage
Bacilli
Pseudopodia of macrophage
![Page 11: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
•Esinophils - destroy parasitic worms
•Natural killer cells - destroy viral-infected cells
![Page 12: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
•Arterioles dilate to increase blood flow to damaged area
• Increased WBC in damaged area
•Histamine and prostaglandins released to dilate arterioles
•Chemokines - chemical signals for cells to follow
![Page 13: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Figure 43.5 A simplified view of the inflammatory response
![Page 14: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
SPECIFIC DEFENSE
•Response is to a specific microbe
•Antigen - foreign molecule•Antibody - proteins made to
attach to specific antigens
![Page 15: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
CELLS:Specific
•B lymphocytes - develop in bone marrow; differentiate into plasma cells which secrete antibodies; also make memory cells
•T lymphocytes - develop in thymus; activate B cells and other WBC; also make memory cells
![Page 16: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Figure 43.8 The development of lymphocytes
![Page 17: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Figure 43.8x B lymphocyte
![Page 18: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Figure 43.6 Clonal selection
![Page 19: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
•Primary immune response - first exposure; 10 - 17 days; make antibodies
•Secondary immune response - already been exposed; 2 - 7 days; memory cells make antibodies quickly
![Page 20: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Figure 43.7 Immunological memory
![Page 21: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
TOLERANCE FOR SELF•Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on cells–Class I MHC on all nucleated cells
–Class II MHC on macrophages, B cells and activated T cells
–Biochemical fingerprint–As your cells develop, if fingerprint is wrong then cell death occurs
![Page 22: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
–MHC molecules cradle foreign antigens. They present the antigen to other cells.•MHC I presents antigens to Cytotoxic T cells which kill bad cells
•MHC II presents antigens to Helper T cells
–Cells that present antigens are called antigen presenting cells. These include macrophages and B cells.
![Page 23: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Figure 43.9 The interaction of T cells with MHC molecules
![Page 24: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
HUMORAL VS. CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
•Humoral - B cells activated by free antigens (free bacteria, toxins, viruses)
•Cell mediated - depends on T cells; active against cells infected with viruses and bacteria; as well as free fungi, protozoa, and worms
![Page 25: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Figure 43.9 The interaction of T cells with MHC molecules
![Page 26: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Figure 43.10 An overview of the immune responses (Layer 4)
![Page 27: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
T Helper Cells•Antigen presenting cells (APC) include B cells and macrophages
•Present antigen on class II MHC
•T helper cell binds to MHC II with antigen
•CD4 on Th cell holds APC cell and Th cell together
![Page 28: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
•Th then activates T cytotoxic cells
•T cytotoxic cells can then lyse infected cells
![Page 29: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Figure 43.11 The central role of helper T cells: a closer look
![Page 30: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Figure 43.12a The functioning of cytotoxic T cells
![Page 31: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Figure 43.12b A cytotoxic T cell has lysed a cancer cell
![Page 32: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
•T-dependent antigens - B cell must be activated by Th cell; most protein antigens
•T-independent antigens - directly stimulate B cells to make antibodies; mostly polysaccharide antigens
![Page 33: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Figure 43.13 Humoral response to a T-dependent antigen (Layer 3)
![Page 34: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
ANITBODY MEDIATED DISPOSAL OF ANITGEN
•Opsonization - many antibodies bound to antigen enhance macrophage phagocytosis
•Agglutination - antibodies attach to many antigens; clumping them together to enhance phagocytosis
![Page 35: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Figure 43.16 Effector mechanisms of humoral immunity
![Page 36: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
•Depends on response of infected person’s immune system
•May be artificially induced by vaccinations
![Page 37: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Figure 43.x2 Vaccination
![Page 38: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
•Antibodies transferred from one individual to another
•Some antibodies can move across placenta to baby in pregnant women
•Nursing
![Page 39: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
HEALTH AND DISEASE•Review ABO blood types
and Rh•MHC causes tissue and
organ rejections•In bone marrow transplants,
donated marrow (with WBC) will react against recipient
![Page 40: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
•Allergies - overproduction of certain antibodies causes histamine to be released–Runny nose–Teary eyes–Smooth muscle contractions = hard breathing
![Page 41: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Figure 43.x4 Alternaria spores, a cause of allergies in humans
![Page 42: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
•Anaphylactic shock - life-threatening reaction; abrupt dilation of arteries causes serious drop in blood pressure
•Autoimmune diseases - attack own body–Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, MS
• Immunodeficiency Diseases –Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), Hodgkin’s
![Page 43: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Figure 43.x3 X-ray of hands with arthritis
![Page 44: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
•AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–Two major strain: HIV I and HIV II
–Bind to CD4 and therefore Th cells
–Insert its RNA and reverse transcriptase makes viral DNA that is inserted into host’s DNA
![Page 45: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
–Exists as provirus so antibodies can’t get rid of it easily
–Mutates often
–May cause Th cell death
–HIV positive = presence of HIV antibodies
![Page 46: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Figure 43.19 A T cell infected with HIV
![Page 47: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Figure 43.19x1 HIV on a lymphocyte, detail
![Page 48: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Figure 43.20 The stages of HIV infection
![Page 49: THE BODY’S DEFENSE CHAPTER 43. Figure 43.4 The human lymphatic system](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070415/56649d155503460f949eb496/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Figure 43.x5 AIDS posters