the lymphatic system by-design-v1/the-lymphatic- system.html
TRANSCRIPT
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The Lymphatic System
http://www.faqs.org/health/Body-by-Design-V1/The-Lymphatic-
System.html
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The Lymphatic System
• The body is constantly in contact with bacteria, fungi, and viruses (all considered pathogens)
• The body has two defense systems for foreign materials
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Types of Defense
• Non-Specific Defense
– First & Second Line of Defense
– Doesn’t care what the pathogen is – your body will be defended!
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Non-Specific Defense
• Non-Specific Defense Mechanisms Include…– Skin: mechanical barrier, acidic skin secretions
can also defend– Mucous Membranes: Mucus and nasal hairs
trap microorganisms; Cilia move mucus out of body; Gastric juice, saliva, and tears have enzymes that destroy microorganisms
– Skin and Mucous Membranes are the first line of defense against pathogens
– Cellular & Chemical Defense: Second line of defense; includes…
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Non-Specific Defense
• Phagocytes: • Cell that engulfs a
foreign particle, enclosing it in a vacuole; destroyed with enzymatic contents of lysosomes
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Non-Specific Defense
• Examples of phagocytes include macrophages (in body tissues, developed from monocyte WBC), and neutrophils (WBC)
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Macrophage engulfing E-Coli
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Non-Specific Defense
• Natural Killer Cells: • Defensive cells that
can kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells
• Release chemicals to destroy invader’s cell membrane and nucleus
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Non-Specific Defense
• Inflammatory Response:• Non-specific response triggered whenever body
tissues are injured
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Non-Specific Defense
• Benefits of inflammatory response include:– Preventing the spread of damaging agents to
nearby tissues– Disposes of cell debris and pathogens– Sets the stage for repair
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Non-Specific Defense
• 4 Signs of Inflammatory Response:• Redness – due to dilation of blood vessels
in area, bringing more clotting proteins/ oxygen/nutrients to the area
• Heat – due to dilation of blood vessels in area, helps increase metabolic rate of cells
• Swelling – due to plasma (lymph) leaking from blood stream into tissue spaces
• Pain – pain receptors activated by plasma leaking
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Non-Specific Defense
• All of the above symptoms are due to the inflammatory chemicals (including histamine and kinins) that are released when cells are damaged
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Non-Specific Defense
• Fever: response to invading pathogens
• Hypothalamus will reset internal temperature based on presence of pyrogens (chemicals secreted by WBC exposed to foreign substances)
• Fever inhibits the release of iron and zinc from liver and spleen needed by bacteria
• Fever also increases the speed of tissue repair, but if fever gets too high, it can screw up enzymes and proteins
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Specific Defense• Specific Defense
– Third line of defense
– AKA immune system
– Plans defense based on specific type of pathogen/antigen (The antigen is a marker on the pathogen!)
– Must first have an initial exposure before it can protect the body against the pathogen
– Involves the Lymph Vessels/Nodes and Lymphoid Organs (Tonsils, Thymus, Spleen, and Peyer’s Patches)
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Specific Defense
• 2 Types of Response: Humoral and Cell-Mediated
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Specific Defense
• 3 important aspects of immune response:
• Antigen specific – recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances
• Systemic – not restricted to the initial infection site
• Has memory – recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens
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Specific Defense
• Antigens: any substance capable of exciting our immune system and provoking an immune response
• A foreign signal on the outside of a pathogen!• Examples of common pathogens/antigens
– Foreign proteins (ex: blood typing)– Pollen grains– Microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, virus)
• Side Note: Our immune cells do not attack our own proteins, but our cells in another person’s body can trigger an immune response because they are foreign (think: organ transplants, blood donation)
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Immune System Review
– Types of cells involved
• Lymphocytes (WBC): two types…
–B Cells: help with humoral defense, produce antibodies
–T Cells: help with cell-mediated defense, do not produce antibodies
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Specific Defense
• Both types of lymphocytes originate from red bone marrow
• What determines if it will be a B or T cell is where in the body it becomes immunocompetent (capable of responding to a specific antigen)– T Cells: lymphocytes migrating to thymus– B Cells: lymphocytes develop in bone marrow
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Specific Defense
• Our genes determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist – they only become “activated” once exposed to the antigen
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• FYI: Because of the structure of human DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material determining the makeup of all cells), humans are not subject to certain diseases that dogs and other animals are, and vice-versa. For example, humans cannot contract distemper; however, dogs and cats can. Conversely, humans can suffer from measles; dogs and cats cannot. The genetic makeup of human cells (and of animal and plant cells, also) makes it impossible for certain pathogens to infect and reproduce in those cells.
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Specific Defense
• After becoming immunocompetent, both T and B cells migrate to the lymph nodes and spleen, but can be found throughout lymphatic vessels
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Specific Defenses
• Macrophages:
• Arise from monocytes (WBC) formed in the bone marrow
• Job is to engulf foreign particles (part of non-specific defense) and present fragments of these antigens on their surface (so T Cells can recognize them and become activated, helping out specific defense!)
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Humoral Defense
• Making the Antibodies
– B Cells with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen
– …which causes the B Cell to undergo “clonal selection” – a whole bunch of clones are made!
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Humoral Defense
– Most of the clones will become “plasma cells”, which are responsible for producing specific antibodies!
– A few of the clones will become “memory cells”, which will be ready to bind with the antigen if it should come around again
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Humoral Defense
• Antibodies– Soluble proteins
secreted by B cells (plasma cells)
– Carried in blood plasma
– Usually has a T or Y shape formed by amino acid chains
– Capable of binding specifically to an antigen
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Humoral Defense
• When antibodies attach to antigens, it can have different effects…
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Humoral Defense
– Complement Fixation: antibody will join with a “complement protein” on the invader; which will allow holes on the invader surface; will result in cell lysis (bursting of cell)
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Humoral Defense
– Neutralization: surrounds antigen to mask its effects
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Humoral Defense
– Agglutination: clumping of antigens; will allow macrophages to easily catch and engulf invaders
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Cell Mediated Defense
• Begins with macrophages destroying an antigen
• Macrophage will then put fragments of the destroyed antigen on the outside
• T Cells will recognize the antigen being presented by the macrophage and bind with the antigen (Antigen Presentation)
• After binding, T Cell clones form, but different classes of cells are produced
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Cell Mediated Defense
• Cytotoxic T Cell: “killer” cells, specialize in killing virus-infected, cancer, and foreign cells, often by inserting toxic chemicals, causing the pathogen cell to “blow up”
Note: basically does the same thing as a Natural Killer Cell, but does it to a specific pathogen!
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http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter24/animation__cytotoxic_t-cell_activity_against_target_cells__quiz_2_.html
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Cell Mediated Defense
• Helper T Cell: “regulator/conductor” cells, encourages cloning of B cells, stimulates Cytotoxic T Cells to grow and divide, enhances eating capabilities of macrophages
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Cell Mediated Defense
• Supressor T Cell: helps to stop immune response once an antigen has been inactivated or destroyed
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• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter24/animation__the_immune_response.html
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Viruses
• Not considered “living” because has no cytoplasm or organelles
• Needs a living host cell to survive
• Will take over host cell to replicate
• Virus infections cannot be treated with antibiotics
• Some can be prevented with vaccines
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Viruses• Common Cold• Varicella - Chicken Pox – rarely fatal• Variola – Smallpox – often fatal – but now
eliminated thanks to vaccinations!• Influenza – MANY different strains!• Human Papillomavirus – HPV – can lead to
warts, cervical cancer, and some other genital cancers
• Rotavirus – leading cause of diarrhea among infants and young children
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Smallpox
Chicken Pox
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Viruses
• Mumps – swelling of salivary glands, and testicular swelling
• Measles – can lead to diarrhea, pneumonia, encephalitis, and eye infections
• Rubella – rash• Poliomyelitis – in less than 1% of polio cases, virus
enters the CNS, destroying motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis; highly contagious
• Rabies – causes encephalitis; extremely fatal• HIV
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Rubella
Measles
Mumps
MMR Vaccination protects against
all three!
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Vaccination
• Administration of antigenic material to produce immunity to a disease
• Can be live but weakened, dead, or inactivated form of pathogen (virus or bacteria)
• Pathogens are grown in culture and killed/weakened, but surface proteins are intact enough to be recognized
• When injected, immune system will evoke a response
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• Are considered a “living” prokaryotic cell
• Does not need a living host cell to survive
• Most (99%) are good, but a few are harmful– Good ones help us with digestion, releasing
vitamins, eliminating body toxins, preventing fungal growth
Bacteria
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• Harmful bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics
• Some can live harmlessly, but develop into an infection if immune system has had its resistance lowered (ex: AIDS)
• A few infections can be prevented with vaccines
Bacteria
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Bad Bacteria
• Tuberculosis – affects lungs• Streptococcus – affects throat (pharynx,
larynx, tonsils)• Botulism – weakens muscles, prevents
breathing• Bubonic Plague – spread by fleas that live
on rats; damages lymph notes• Cholera – affects small intestine, causes
diarrhea, vomiting, and rapid dehydration
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Bad Bacteria
• Salmonella – can cause digestive issues
• Escherichia Coli – aka E.Coli – some strains are good, but the bad strains can cause lower digestive issues or UTIs
• Syphilis – STD that causes lesions; if left untreated, it can cause issues with the heart and brain
• Impetigo – skin infection
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Bad Bacteria
• Diphtheria – causes upper respiratory issues
• Pertussis – whooping cough
• Tetanus – causes muscle spasms
• These last three can be quite harmful (even deadly) that we are given the DPT vaccination
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Antibiotics
• A substance or compound that kills or inhibits growth of bacteria
• Can either be made synthetically from chemicals or produced by fermenting different fungus molds
• Unfortunately, bacteria can mutate to become resistant to antibiotics
• EX: penicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, sulfa drugs, cefzil
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Fungus
• Are considered a “living” eukaryotic cell
• Includes molds and yeasts
• Some are good, such as fungi used to make antibiotics (penicillin) or baker’s yeast
• Infections can spread very easily!
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Bad Fungi
• Candida – Yeast Infection
• Tinea Pedis – Athlete’s Foot
• Tinea Cruris – Jock Itch
• Tinea Unguium – Nail Fungus
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Immune System Diseases
• Allergies– Abnormally vigorous immune responses– Different types…
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Immune System Diseases - Allergies
– Acute hypersensitivity
• Pathogen & resulting antibodies cause release of histamine…
• Which causes small blood vessels to become dilated and leaky
• Symptoms include runny nose, watery eyes, itching, reddened skin (hives), bronchial constriction (asthma)
• Antihistamine drugs can reverse effects
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Immune System Diseases - Allergies
– Anaphylactic Shock
• Allergen directly enters the blood and circulates rapidly throughout the body
• Examples: Bee stings, spider bites, drug injections
• Dilated & leaky blood vessels throughout body can be life-threatening
• The drug Epinephrine can reverse effects
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Immune System Diseases
• Immunodeficiencies
– Production or function of immune cells is abnormal
– May be congenital or acquired
– Examples include…
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Immune System Diseases - Immunodeficiencies
• Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCIDS)
– Deficit of both B and T cells
– Have no immune response
– “Bubble Boy” Disease
– Some success with bone marrow transplants
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For twelve years David Vetter, born with combined immune deficiency, lived inside this plastic bubble at
Texas Children's Hospital in Houston, Texas, waiting for a cure to the disease that kept him prisoner.
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Immune System Diseases - Immunodeficiencies
• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
– The virus (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV) destroys Helper T Cells & Macrophages
– Cell-mediated immunity is reduced
– Virus then begins to multiply in lymph nodes – which takes longer in some than in others
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Immune System Diseases - Immunodeficiencies
– A patient is diagnosed with AIDS when the lymph nodes are destroyed & symptoms begin
– Symptoms include severe weight loss, night sweats, swollen lymph nodes, and increasingly frequent infections (gastrointestinal, pneumonia)
– Some of the drugs that are used to help act by inhibiting the enzymes the HIV virus needs in order to multiply, or helps to boost number of Helper T Cells
– THERE IS NO CURE OR VACCINE.
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Immune System Diseases - Immunodeficiencies
• Facts:
– 33.2 million worldwide have AIDS; 2.5 million are children under age 15
– 1.9 million died of AIDS in 2010; 330,000 were children under age 15
– Sub-Sahara Africa contains 68% of the AIDS population
– The median survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype
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Immune System Diseases
• Autoimmune Diseases– The immune system does not distinguish
between self and non-self– The body produces antibodies and T Cells
that attack its own tissues– Examples Include…
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Immune System Diseases - Autoimmune Diseases
– Multiple sclerosis: myelin sheaths in the white matter of brain & spinal cord are destroyed
– Type 1 diabetes: destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin
– Rheumatoid arthritis: destroys joints– Lupus: affects kidney, heart, lung and skin