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Terrorism TrialsTerrorism TrialsStephen McManus
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Topic SelectionTopic Selection
I chose this topic because after September 11, 2001, I became interested in the United States’ foreign policy toward terrorist
suspects.
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Reason Reason
• Debate over where terrorist suspects should be tried
• 27 Terrorist attacks against the United States since 2000
• Other countries are after our world power
https://www.mipt.org/websites/overlay/img/9-11.jpg
"IMRA - Sunday, April 18, 2004 A Chronology of Terrorist Attacks Carried out by Hamas Since September 2000." IMRA - Middle East News & Analysis. Web. 09 Jan. 2012. <http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=20475>.
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MentorMentor
• Name: Patrick Hanley
• Relationship to Mentor: Teacher
• Education of Mentor: Business Teacher
• Teaches Law Classes at Lincoln High School
http://www.tampalawfoundation.org/Gavel.jpg
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Core QuestionCore Question
How should foreigners who commit attacks on United States’ soil be
tried in the court of law?
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TerrorismTerrorism
The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes
• 3 Elements: Fear, Violence, Intimidation
• Example: September 11, 2001
http://womensvoicesforchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/ny-times-september-12.jpg
Terrorism Research - What Is Terrorism? Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http://www.terrorism-research.com/>.
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Unlawful Enemy Unlawful Enemy CombatantsCombatants
• A person who has engaged in hostilities or who has purposefully and materially supported hostilities against the United States or its co-belligerents who is not a lawful enemy combatant
• Ex. Taliban; Al Qaeda
Democratic Underground Forums - Request Error." Democratic Underground. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. <http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all>.
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01750/taliban_1750024a.jpg
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Lawful Enemy Lawful Enemy CombatantsCombatants
• A member of the regular forces of a State party engaged in hostilities against the United States
• Ex. Member of the Armed Forces
• Ex. Another Specified Country (Germany)
Democratic Underground Forums - Request Error." Democratic Underground. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. <http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all>.
http://www.businesspundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/zzarmedforces.jpg
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Civilian CourtCivilian Court
A legal system compared to common law systems that gives great precedential weight to common law on the principle
that it is unfair to treat similar facts differently on different occasions
• Terrorists should be treated as criminals
"Terrorists Are Criminals and Should Be Tried in Civilian Court - US News and World Report." US News & World Report | News & Rankings | Best Colleges, Best Hospitals, and More. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2010/02/16/terrorists-are-criminals-and-should-be-tried-in-civilian-court>.
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Military TribunalMilitary Tribunal
Military court designed to try members of enemy forces during wartime, operating
outside the scope of conventional criminal and civil proceedings.
• Violators of the Rules of War
• Rules and Proceedings of Court Martial
• Classified as Enemy Combatants of an Enemy Force
Napolitano, Andrew P. "Military Tribunals | The Case against Military Tribunals - Los Angeles Times." Featured Articles From The Los Angeles Times. 29 Nov. 2009. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/29/opinion/la-oe-napolitano29-2009nov29>.
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Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay
• Detention Center 1903
• President Bush re- implemented this system
• Post 9/11 legislation
• Holds terrorism suspects until trial date
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base - Gitmo - News - The New York Times." Times Topics - The New York Times. 15 Nov. 2011. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/national/usstatesterritoriesandpossessions/guantanamobaynavalbasecuba/index.html>. http://www.alan.com/wp-content/
uploads/2011/04/guantanamo.jpg
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Geneva ConventionsGeneva Conventions
Four treaties, and three additional protocols, that establish the standards of international law for the humanitarian treatment of the
victims of war.
• Under de facto of the United States
• Freedom to exercise independent power and run Guantanamo Bay
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg
"The Geneva Conventions." United States Military Information. Web. 10 Jan. 2012. <http://usmilitary.about.com/ocontrol of United States Legal because it is not a sovereign territory d/deploymentsconflicts/l/blgenevaconv.htm>.
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Military Commissions Military Commissions Act of 2006Act of 2006
• Signed by President George W. Bush
• “To authorize trial by military commission for violations of the law of war, and for other purposes.”
• “Any alien unlawful enemy combatant is subject to trial by military commission under chapter 47A”
Democratic Underground Forums - Request Error." Democratic Underground. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. <http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all>.
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/history/us/symbols/presidentialseal/color.GIF
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StatisticsStatistics
• Rasmussen Poll
• 63 % of People prefer Military hearings
• 23% of People prefer Civil Hearings
• 14% of People are Undecided
"Poll: 63% Favor Military Tribunals over Civilian Trials - Josh Gerstein - POLITICO.com." Politics, Political News - POLITICO.com. Web. 09 Jan. 2012. <http://www.politico.com/blogs/joshgerstein/1210/Poll_63_favor_military_tribunals_over_civilian_trials.html>.
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Rene MenardRene Menard
• Rhode Island Representative
• Phone conversation over jurisdiction
• Explained court system
• Re-directed to David Cicilline’s office
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David CicillineDavid Cicilline
• United States Congressman
• In favor of trials in Civilian Court
• World War II background information
http://cicilline.house.gov/sites/cicilline.house.gov/files/styles/section_front_boilerplate/public/Cicilline_headshot_color_0.jpg
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Cases and LegislationCases and Legislation
• Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld: Bush Administration could not try foreigners in military tribunals because of Congress rule
• National Defense Authorization Act: 2011 Amendment
• Cicilline Voted against but passed House of Representatives 246-173
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Core QuestionCore Question
How should foreigners who commit attacks on United States’ soil be
tried in the court of law?
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Answer to Core Answer to Core Question Question
• Military Tribunals
• Enemy Combatant
• Poses threat to nation and humanity
• Higher conviction rate
http://reddogreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Gavel-and-Flag-600x398.jpg
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Application of LearningApplication of Learning
• Letter to Senator Jack Reed, Representative Jim Langevin, Representative David Cicilline, and Representative Rene Menard
• Recommendations to United States Government
• Decision on Debate: Civilian Court- Military Tribunals
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Works Cited Works Cited • Guantanamo Bay Naval Base - Gitmo - News - The New York Times." Guantanamo Bay Naval Base - Gitmo - News - The New York Times." Times Topics Times Topics
- The New York Times. 15 Nov. 2011. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. - The New York Times. 15 Nov. 2011. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/national/usstatesterritoriesandpossessions/<http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/national/usstatesterritoriesandpossessions/guantanamobaynavalbasecuba/index.html>.guantanamobaynavalbasecuba/index.html>.
• "IMRA - Sunday, April 18, 2004 A Chronology of Terrorist Attacks Carried out by "IMRA - Sunday, April 18, 2004 A Chronology of Terrorist Attacks Carried out by Hamas Since September 2000." Hamas Since September 2000." IMRA - Middle East News & AnalysisIMRA - Middle East News & Analysis. Web. 09 . Web. 09 Jan. 2012. <http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=20475>.Jan. 2012. <http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=20475>.
• Napolitano, Andrew P. "Military Tribunals | The Case against Military Tribunals - Napolitano, Andrew P. "Military Tribunals | The Case against Military Tribunals - Los Angeles Times." Los Angeles Times." Featured Articles From The Los Angeles Times. 29 Nov. Featured Articles From The Los Angeles Times. 29 Nov. 2009. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/29/opinion/la-2009. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/29/opinion/la-oe-napolitano29-2009nov29>.oe-napolitano29-2009nov29>.
• "Poll: 63% Favor Military Tribunals over Civilian Trials - Josh Gerstein - "Poll: 63% Favor Military Tribunals over Civilian Trials - Josh Gerstein - POLITICO.com." POLITICO.com." Politics, Political News - POLITICO.comPolitics, Political News - POLITICO.com. Web. 09 Jan. 2012. . Web. 09 Jan. 2012. <http://www.politico.com/blogs/joshgerstein/1210/Poll_63_favor_military_tri<http://www.politico.com/blogs/joshgerstein/1210/Poll_63_favor_military_tribunals_over_civilian_trials.html>.bunals_over_civilian_trials.html>.
• "The Geneva Conventions." United States Military Information. Web. 10 Jan. "The Geneva Conventions." United States Military Information. Web. 10 Jan. 2012. 2012. <http://usmilitary.about.com/od/deploymentsconflicts/l/blgenevaconv.htm>.<http://usmilitary.about.com/od/deploymentsconflicts/l/blgenevaconv.htm>.
• Terrorism Research - What Is Terrorism? Web. 15 Nov. 2011. Terrorism Research - What Is Terrorism? Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http://www.terrorism-research.com/>.<http://www.terrorism-research.com/>.
• "Terrorists Are Criminals and Should Be Tried in Civilian Court - US News and "Terrorists Are Criminals and Should Be Tried in Civilian Court - US News and World Report." World Report." US News & World Report | News & Rankings | Best Colleges, Best US News & World Report | News & Rankings | Best Colleges, Best Hospitals, and More. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. Hospitals, and More. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2010/02/16/terrorists-are-criminals-<http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2010/02/16/terrorists-are-criminals-and-should-be-tried-in-civilian-court>.and-should-be-tried-in-civilian-court>.