Download - SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
1/32
COMPACT NO 02/2010
SPATIAL PLANNING
IN CLIMATE CHANGE
A CIPRA BACKGROUND REPORT
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
2/322
cc.alps in a ntsell
The Prect cc.alps climate change: thining ne step fr ther! is rganised b CIPRA,
the Internatinal Cmmissin fr the Prtectin f the Alps, and financed b MAVA Fn-
datin fr Natre. Thrgh the Prect, CIPRA is helping t ensre that climate respnse
measres in the Alpine regin are in harmn with the principle f sstainable develp-
ment.
www.cipa.o/e/cc.alps/eebnisse/compacts
Leal notice
Editr: CIPRA Internatinal,
Im Bretscha 22, FL-9494 Schaan
T +423 237 53 53, F +423 237 53 54
Athr: He lmt Hiess
Design: IDcnnect AG
Febrar 2010
CONTENTS
1
2
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
4
INTrOduCTION 3
CIPrA dEMANdS ON SPATIAL PLANNINg 4
CLIMATE ChANgE ANd SPATIAL PLANNINg 7
SPATIAL PLANNING AND AVoIDANCE STRATEGIES 8
SPATIAL PLANNING AND ADAPTIoN STEGIES 19
CoNFLICTS oF oBjECTIVES AND SoLuTIoNS 20
CONCLuSIONS 22
gOOd PrACTICE ExAMPLES 24
LARGE-SCALE DESIGN oF A TRAFFIC-REDuCING SETTLEMENTSTRuCTuRE 24
INTEGRATED oVERALL CoNCEPTS 25
DESIGN oF ARCHITECTuRAL PRoPoRTIoNS AND STRuCTuRES 26
SPATIAL DEVELoPMENT AND ENERGy PLANNING 28
SPATIAL PLANNING AND ADAPTIoN MEASuRES 29
BACkgrOuNd INfOrMATION 32
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
6
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
3/323
1 INTrOduCTION
Within the framewr f the prect cc.alps - Climate Change: Thin
ahead!, the Internatinal Cmmissin fr the Prtectin f the Alps
(Cmmissin Internatinale pr la Prtectin des Alpes, CIPRA) investi-
gated climate prtectin measres in the Alps. CIPRA cmpiles infrma-
tin n climate prtectin activities and adaptatin t climate change in
the Alps (hereinafter referred t as climate measres) and analses the
impacts f these climate measres n the envirnment, ecnm and
sciet. CIPRAs aim is t mae the climate measres, which cmpl with
the principles f sstainable develpment, accessible t a brader pb-
lic and t warn the pblic f thse climate measres that have negative
effects n natre and the envirnment, bt als n scial chesin and
the ecnm.
The cc.alps cmpact series cmprises several thematic pblicatins
that tae a critical l at climate measres in the Alps. The series c-
vers the fllwing activities in additin t the sbect f spatial planning:
energ, cnstrctin and restratin, reginal energ atarch, transprt,
trism, natral threats, natre prtectin, agricltre, frestr and wa-
ter.
This isse f cc.alps-cmpact presents an verview f spatial planning-
related measres in the Alps t amelirate the effects f climate changeand prmte adstments t it. The secnd chapter explains CIPRAs
e cncerns: If spatial planning is t pla a e rle in climate prtectin,
a nmber f things have t change, becase in the case f cnflicts f
gals regarding the interests f individal sectrs, special interests and f
tilizatin ratinales, spatial planning is sall relegated t the bacseat.
Spatial planning and its instrments ma cntribte t secring swamps,
frests and river znes as well as areas fr the prdctin f renewable
energ srces. What is decisive, thgh, fr spatial planning decisins
with respect t spatial and settlement strctres is t shift decisin-ma-
ing frm the lcal t the reginal level. Apart frm the classic instr-ments f spatial planning, what is needed fr negtiating spatial interests
are new frms and mdels f cllabratin.
In Chapter Three the detailed relatins are analsed and described in
depth, and in Chapter Fr the athr smmarizes the mst imprtant
findings and cnclsins. Chapter Five presents exemplar prects fr
climate-friendl spatial planning measres in the Alps: fr example, the
spatial cncept f Switzerland that cntains elements t encrage
transprt-redcing settlement strctres; the new gidelines fr residen-
tial cnstrctin in Astria; intercmmnal cperatin mdels fr plantestablishments, and the Pret Village 2003-2013 in the French mni-
cipalit f Les Gets. These examples shw s hw it can be dne and
encrage thers t d the same. Chapter Six cntains literatre and
bacgrnd infrmatin fr frther reading.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
4/324
CC.ALPS: CIPrA dEMANdS ON SPATIAL PLANNINg
The Alps are different. The Alpine range is characterized b special fea-
tres that need t be taen int accnt in spatial develpment and cli-
mate prtectin.
The percentage f land that can be settled is ver limited de t the nat-ral landscape: in Trl, fr example, it is nl 8% f the land. It is mainl na-
tral hazards that limit the amnt f settlement space that can be pp-
lated permanentl. The higher ris as a cnseqence f climate change is
capable f restricting the space available fr permanent settlement even
frther.
The settlement f the Alps is widel dispersed. Fr this reasn, pblic
services can nl be prvided incrring high csts, time, fnding and per-
snnel. In areas affected b a high rate f t-migratin, it will becme
increasingl harder t garantee services fr everne.
Frward-ling spatial planning prepares the wa fr a ftre in which
fssil fels sch as petrlem and diesel will becme increasingl scarcer.
Rising energ prices are an additinal brden fr peple wh live in the
rral peripheral regins f the Alps. Increasing cmmting allwances d
nt help climate prtectin at all. Rather, the isse here is t mae the
rral areas fit fr srvival in the pst-fssil fel era.
In the rral peripheral areas twice as man peple se cars as the main
mde f transprt as in cities. Atmbile traffic can nl be redced if
settlements have a minimm size and densit and it is ecnmicall fea-sible t cnnect them t pblic transprt netwrs.
CIPRA demands:
TAkE ACCouNT oF RISkS!
Accrding t all experts, climate change will raise natral hazards, ava-
lanches and flding. In rder t prepare fr this, all Alpine regins need
t prepare binding ris plans. Bilding shld nt be permitted in ris
znes; new bilding znes shld nl be permitted if there are ris plans
and these d nt cntradict bilding.
SPACES fOr CLIMATEPrOTECTION
2
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
5/325
HIGHER DENSITy INSTEAD oF SPRAWL!
Cmpact, densel bilt-p cities and twns have a lt f advantages. M-
bilit can be rganized b pblic transprt means and, mrever, it is ec-
nmicall feasible t ffer envirnmentall friendl distance heating and
cling. Instead f rral sprawl that eats awa at the landscape, densel
bilt-p settlements shld be prmted. Financial aid fr bsinessesshld favr lcatins that cstmers and emplees can reach b p-
blic transprt and where gds can be transprted b rail.
REGIoNAL CyCLES!
Reginal marets and ecnmies shld be prmted, becase the r-
ganize the prdctin and cnsmptin f gds sing less envirnmen-
tall-damaging transprt. Sbsidies shld nt be granted indiscriminate-
l thrght regins. Instead, small centres that prvide basic services
t the srrnding areas shld receive higher fnding within the scpe
f revene eqalizatin amng the territrial athrities. Reginalizatin
lwers mtrized transprt and the emissin f climate-damaging gases.
THINk IN LARGER SPATIAL DIMENSIoNS!
often, mre than ne mnicipalit within a single valle wrs witht
crdinating its actins with the thers and each prses gals that serve
nl individal prpses. There is n crdinatin as regards climate pr-
tectin at all. The scpes f cmpetence need t be transferred frm the
smallest cmmnal levels t a higher level. Gegraphicall-related mni-
cipalities shld plan spatial develpments tgether and als have intrespnsibilit. Ptential cnflicts cld be arbitrated b higher-raning
mediatin bdies. Shrinage scenaris mst als be prvided fr, be-
case it is bvis that there are areas in Alpine regins with pplatin
t-migratin. This prcess needs t be accmpanied intelligentl and
amelirated sciall.
GIVE THE WILDERNESS A CHANCE!
Nt all regins settled tda will be retained. This wld als have sme
advantages if peple were t migrate t f sme peripheral areas f the
Alps in the cming generatins. Bilgical diversit increases in areas inwhich natral frests are permitted t grw bac, becase permanent
hman settlements have been given p permanentl. And this is directl
sefl fr climate prtectin, becase sch areas bind mre carbn di-
xide (Co2) than bilt-p areas. Therefre, the shld be rewarded in
revene eqalizatin, and the strctral changes in the peripheral areas
als be sciall sftened.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
6/326
ENERGy CHANGE!
The Alps need t prepare fr the time after the il age. Renewable energ
srces are crcial fr climate prtectin the ftre belngs t them.
Frward-ling spatial planning mst tae this int accnt. It shld
cnsistentl prmte lw-energ bilding methds, define climate netral
pilt regins and reserve engh areas fr phtvltaic and wind pwer bt witht damaging natre r landscape.
MAkE RooM FoR THE SuN!
Bilding cdes shld define the lcatin and rientatin f bildings in
sch a manner as t ptimall se the sn fr heating, ht water prdc-
tin and electricit prdctin. Whenever it harmnizes with landscape
prtectin, znes shld be mared fr wind pwer and gethermal p-
wer.
TRuTH IN CoSTS MuST PREVAIL!
The expense f develping bilding land that needs infrastrctre fr
transprt, technical and scial facilities increases the greater the rral
sprawl. The tre csts mst be brne b the prpert wners. The pblic
sectr shld cease veiled sbsidizatin f cnstrctin that is damaging
t the climate.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
7/327
CLIMATE ChANgE hAS dIffErINg IMPACTS IN dIffErENT
gEOgrAPhICAL rEgIONS
The Alpine regins are affected differentl frm sthern r nrthern E-
rpe, the nrthern part f the Alps differentl frm the sthern part fthe Alps, high-ling regins differentl frm lw-ling regins. Abve all,
the small-scale effects f climate change have nt et been thrghl
investigated. It is evident that climate change is alread in prgress. The
flctatin margin f the pssible glbal temperatre increase b the ear
2100 lies between 1.1 6.4 C (IPCC, 2007). The Alpine area is liel t be
mre heavil affected than man ther areas.
Therefre, preventing climate change mst be ne f the central becti-
ves and tass f spatial planning in the ftre. Spatial planning ma have
effects in terms f
preventing emissins that affect the climate and
binding gases (sil, plants) that affect the climate.
At the same time, spatial planning mst react t the pssible ef fects f cli-
mate change: avalanches, mdslides, rcfall, flding, extreme weather
events, etc. Danger znes sddenl extend t bilt-p areas; develped
bilding land is expsed t higher, hard-t-assess riss that were nt fre-
seeable at the time zning decisins were made. Private insrance cm-
panies refse t insre bildings in endangered areas, r raise premims
t sch an extent that the becme naffrdable.
It is therefre the tas f spatial planning t anticipate hazards triggered
b climate change, integrate them int planning and see sltins fr
affected sers. Spatial planning is a field f activit in which preventin
and adaptatin strategies are eqall imprtant. Hwever, a differentia-
tin mst be made between plans and prects with spatial impact and
spatial planning as sch, since man imprtant tls fr the cntrl f
spatial develpment are nt within the decisin-maing athrit f spa-
tial planning: revene eqalizatin between lcal athrities, land transfer
tax reglatins, tax sbsidies fr hsing cnstrctin and bsiness de-
velpment. In these areas, spatial planning can frmlate reqests anddemands, bt is nt in a psitin t realise them. In the Alpine area, the
definitin f cmpetences differs frm cntr t cntr and frm regin
t regin.
CLIMATE ChANgE ANdSPATIAL PLANNINg
3
fie 1:
Reginal planning is called p n t
respnd t the grwing threat psedb natral hazards.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
8/328
In the fllwing, an attempt is made t describe the avidance and ad-
aptatin strategies that are within the immediate sphere f cmpetence
f spatial planning, pinting t e demands f spatial planning n tls
and instrments tside its direct sphere f inflence.
Spatial develpment is sbect t reglatin and cntrl at varis levels,
spranatinal, natinal, reginal and lcal. Basic principles, bectivesand gidelines, which are ften ver general in natre and nn-binding,
are frmlated at the spranatinal and natinal levels. The binding natre
and the relevance f plans fr the behavir f enterprises, hsehlds
and individals within a space increase as the planning and decisin-
maing level decreases. The mst imprtant spatial planning instrments
are fnd at the reginal and lcal levels. This is where cnflicts f bec-
tives and interests cme t the fre, and these cnflicts are the reasn
fr the nfrtnatel wide gap between the expectatins placed in spatial
planning and the reslts actall achieved.
The Alpine regin is nt an administrative entit with cmmn statistics;
ths there are hardl an data fr the Alpine regin as a whle. The figres,
data and research reslts sed in the fllwing were taen frm Alpine
cntries, as it ma be assmed that these data are transferable t the
Alpine regin verall.
SPATIAL PLANNINg ANd AvOIdANCE STrATEgIES
Spatial planning has a nmber f imprtant cmpetences as regards the
implementatin f avidance strategies:
(1) Develpment f spatial and settlement strctres that minimise distan-
ces travelled b car, enfrce energ-saving develpment strctres and
bilding design, reslt in a crdinatin f settlement strctres with dis-
trict heating and cling netwrs.
(2) Prtectin f real and ptential sins fr climate-relevant gases b se-
cring areas with high Co2-binding capacit (e.g. mrs, sils, frests,
green areas), minimal expansin f srfaces sealed b bildings and in-
frastrctre, enlargement f green areas b means sch as renatratin,
green rfs, planted ards, etc.
(3) Renewable energ zning: windmills, phtvltaic, water pwer plants,
bimass prdctin.
LARGE-SCALE DESIGN oF TRAFFIC-REDuCING SETTLEMENT
STRuCTuRES
The gal f rganising the spatial distribtin f inhabitants, wrplaces,
shpping and leisre time facilities in a manner that redces traffic t a
minimm reqires measres at bth the reginal and the lcal level. Ac-
tivit patterns need t be designed in a wa t eep the rtes betweendestinatins as shrt as pssible, while at the same time secring eas
access b pblic transprt at reasnable csts.
3.1
fie 2:
urban sprawl generates traffic and
greenhse gases that are harmfl
t the climate.
3.1.1
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
9/329
Nmers mbilit stdies prvide clear evidence f the crrelatin bet-
ween spatial strctres and traffic develpment:
In small rbanised areas, the share f mtrised individal transprt (MIT)
is almst dble that f highl rbanised areas. The average distances
travelled b means f mtrised individal transprt als depend n the
spatial strctre:
Average MIT distances are the lngest in small rral cmmnities and the
shrtest in twns with 20,000 t 100,000 inhabitants. Man Alpine twns
lie in this categr. The significance f settlement strctres in terms f
car traffic vlmes is best shwn b an illstratin f distances cvered
b car per hsehld:
fie 3:
Mdal split f distances travelled b
rbanit classes in German in 2002.
Srce: oeltze S., Bracher T. . a. (2007): Mbilitt 2050 Szenarien der Mbilittsentwiclngnter Bercsichtigng vn Siedlngsstrtren bis 2050
fie 4:
Average dis tances travell ed bmeans f mtrised individal
transprt b mnicipalit size in
German in 2002.
0 % 20 %10 % 30 % 50 % 70 % 90 %40 % 60 % 80 % 100 %
PedestriansCclists
Pblic transprtMtrised individal transprt
38
29
23 9 6 62
10 10 52
10 15 37
> 500000
100000 - < 500000
50000 - < 100000
20000 - < 50000
5000 - < 20000
2000 - < 5000
< 2000
Political size classes of
municipalities by inhabitant
0 5 10 15 20
Distance travelled in km
Cre citiesin agglmeratin areas
Cre citiesin rbanised areas
Cndensed circlesin rbanised areas
Cndensed circlesin agglmeratin areas
Lw-densit rral circlesin rral areas
9127
9679
12975
15625
22508
Srce: Hatzinger N., Heidemann D. krmer B. (1999): Rmliche Strtr der Pw-Fahr-leistng in der Bndesrepbli Detschland Fahrleistngsatlas Institt fr angewandte
Verehrs- nd Trismsfrschng e. V. (IVT), i. A. d. Bndesamtes fr Bawesen nd Ram-rdnng (BBR), Bnn.
fie 5:
Settlement strctre and average
distances travelled b private car per
hsehld in m/ear i n German.
Srce: oeltze S., Bracher T. . a. (2007): Mbilitt 2050 Szenarien der Mbilittsentwiclngnter Bercsichtigng vn Siedlngsstrtren bis 2050
lw
middle
high
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
10/3210
Distances cvered b car per hsehld are perceptibl lwer in the
densel bilt-p cre cities with predminantl mlti-stre residential
bildings than in the afflent areas tside cre cit bndaries, which
are characterised b a high share f single-famil hmes. Even higher are
distances cvered b car per hsehld in lw-densit areas that are nt
in the immediate vicinit f large centres.
In a sciet based n the divisin f labr and characterised b a grwing
individalisatin f needs and wants, the gal f achieving traffic-redcing
settlement strctres can nl be reached with settlements answering
t minimm size and densit reqirements. Nmers stdies shw that
the decentralised cncentratin cncept is the ideal vehicle t reach
this gal. As the example f the Franfrt am Main regin illstrates, an
ptimised allcatin f living and wring infrastrctre based n ftre
settlement grwth within a cncept f decentralised cncentratin ena-
bled a redctin f distances travelled b atmbile (persn ilmetres)
b 63% as cmpared t the trend fr the ear 2025 (Mtzs 2002).
The significance f settlement strctres n car traffic vlmes is als
evidenced b Astrian cnsmer srve data: wing t the higher densit
f cars and mre extensive car se, transprt expenses f hsehlds in
sparsel pplated regins exceed thse f hsehlds in mre densel
pplated areas b abt ne third.
Hsehld spending in the sb-categr Pblic transprt, b cntrast,
is the highest in densel pplated areas. optimising the large-scale dis-
tribtin f inhabitants, bs and ther spheres f activit hence pens
p a hge ptential fr aviding individal car traffic and ths redcing
climate-effective emissins.
Expliting this ptential wld reqire a plic aimed twards the deve-
lpment f small and medim-sized twns instead f decentralised village
strctres with inadeqate pblic transprt cnnectins and lcated far
awa frm b centres. These demands are nt slel directed t spatial
planning as sch, bt als t the relevant sectral plicies (e.g. financial,
ecnmic, hsing plic):
(1) Revene eqalizatin
In Astria, the sstems f revene eqalizatin between lcal gvernment
athrities differ frm Land t Land. Arrangements mst therefre be
cnsidered individall fr each Land. Whatever the case, lcatins that
ffer cmprehensive services fr their envirns shld receive higher al-
lcatins in the prcess f revene eqalizatin amng lcal gvernment
athrities. Hwever, revene eqalizatin is a negtiatin prcess that is
cndcted b the financial departments f the lcal gvernment athri-
ties and is ths a pliticall sensitive matter.
(2) Hsing sbsidies and hmewner allwances
This is a cntrversial instrment, bth pliticall and in terms f cntent,
fie 6:
urban develpment strctre with
lw-impact traffic based n a decen-
tralised cncentratin.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
11/3211
and in sme cntries, it has been scaled bac (Switzerland) r even
ablished (German). other cntries prefer targeted spprt prgrams
in hsing plic (France). This methd can be sed ver effectivel as a
means f inflencing residential lcatin develpment.
(3) Pblic sectr investments in the develpment f bsiness lcatins
and bsiness develpment
Mnicipalities ften cmpete fr bsinesses. This leads t plant and bsi-
nesses being set p at lcatins far awa frm railwa cnnectins and
reachable nl b car. The develpment f bsiness lcatins can be
made cntingent n a sstainable rganisatin f mbilit wherever pb-
lic sectr infrastrctre investments (r sbsidies) are invlved.
(4) Cntrlling the cnstrctin f secnd hmes
The prliferatin f secnd hmes is an isse f special relevance in the
Alpine regin. While st nder 12% f all residential nits are secnd h-mes n a general Swiss average, this share rises t 25-40% in the large
Alpine trist cantns (Grisns, Valais, Ticin). In cmmnities with ver
intensive trism, secnd hmes ften accnt fr mre than 50% f
ttal residential nits (Mhlinghas 2006).
Secnd hmes are an imprtant cmpnent f the range f trism pr-
dcts and services, bt their capacit tilisatin reaches a mere 10% t
15% (Mhlinghas 2006). At the same time, the cmpete with cmmer-
cial accmmdatin prviders and their cntribtin t reginal vale ad-
ded is lw. In terms f their climate relevance, these s-called cld bedshave an impact mainl in s far as the increasing develpment f the rral
landscape gives rise t sil sealing and additinal traffic. Reginal plan-
ning has practicall n fnctining interventin instrments at present, be-
case existing reglatins are easil bpassed r set aside (Seidenberger
2006, c.f. als Chapter 2.1.2).
(5) Better visibilit f tre csts and implementatin f the csts-b-case
principle in the prvisin f transprt and technical infrastrctre
A nmber f stdies prvide evidence that the develpment csts f traf-
fic, technical and scial infrastrctre increase maredl with lwer bil-ding densit and the greater the settlement sprawl int the cntrside.
The tre csts, hwever, are brne nl in part b the beneficiaries f the
infrastrctre. on the Astrian average, nl abt 37% f the investment
csts f rad, water sppl and sewage sstems are brne b their actal
sers (Dbe 1999).
16% f these csts are paid b the mnicipalit, which is respnsible
thrgh zning and develpment planning fr the settlement sprawl int
rral landscapes. The mar share f these csts, namel almst 50%,
is brne b the federal and Land gvernments. Mrever, federal andLand gvernments pa 82% f the csts f scial infrastrctre (transprt
spprt fr children, schl transprt and hme care services), while the
fie 7:
Secnd hmes are a principal case
f rban sprawl, especiall in trist
resrts.
fie 8:
Lw levels f bilding densit are
snnms with sbsidising climate
change.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
12/3212
mnicipalities and the clients each pa fr nl 9% (Dbe et al 2001).
Fr Switzerland, a std cmpiled b Ecplan (Ecplan 2000) shws
that the spatiall dispersed sprawl f lw-densit settlements gives rise
t csts per head fr water sppl, wastewater dispsal, transprt and
electricit sppl infrastrctre that are p t three times higher than in
densel pplated settlements with inward develpment. Als in Switzer-land, the sstems f fees and charges in man cases d nt et sffici-
entl accnt fr the riginatrs f the csts, and the latter are therefre
sbsidized b the inhabitants f densel pplated areas.
A recent German research prect reprted similar reslts fr German
(Dittrich-Wesbaer et al 2008). The fllw-p csts fr the develpment
f dispersed lw-densit settlements in part even exceed the prdctin
csts, bt can hardl be allcated t the riginatr f the csts.
Hence, the inhabitants f less densel pplated areas are sbsidized
frm tw srces: firstl frm general tax fnds, secndl b the inhabi-
tants f densel pplated areas, becase the sstems fr calclating the
fees and charges fr pblic services (water, sewage, energ) fail t tae
the specific settlement cnditins int accnt. The higher csts f sp-
pl in thinl pplated areas are distribted amng all cnsmers. These
framewr cnditins encrage and prmte rban and rral sprawl
and essentiall translate int a sbsid fr climate change.
The behavir f the actrs nder these framewr cnditins is ratinal.
The rral mnicipalities endeavr t retain inhabitants and bs and at-
tract new nes b prviding an excessive ffer f cheap bilding land, astax and financial eqalizatin revenes as well as the ecnmic viabilit f
technical and scial infrastrctre depend n the nmber f inhabitants
and bs. This apprach wrs as lng as a well-develped rad netwr
and cheap fel ensres that rban centres remain within eas reach; bt
settlements cntine t sprawl, distances travelled b car are still rising
and greenhse gas emissins increasing.
This gives rise t a central cnflict f spatial plic bectives: bectives
lie maintaining rral cmmnit strctres, preventing migratin frm r-
ral areas, pplatin drain and depletin necessaril clash with climateplic bectives as lng as car traffic is ne f the mar cases f clima-
te change and there is n verall cverage with adeqate pblic transprt
services (c.f. als cmpact Transprt).
CoMPACT DESIGN oF SET TLEMENTS
The adverse effects f dispersed settlement strctres, which are disad-
vantages bth in climate plic and macrecnmic terms, are frther
aggravated b nrganized bilding strctres lie the detached single-
famil hses, car-riented shpping centres and greenfield bsiness l-
catins. The largest avidance ptential and the lins share f snergies
with ther sstainabilit gals can be nlced b cmpact settlement
strctres, high densities, strctres riented n the availabilit f pblic
3.1.2
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
13/3213
transprt, a gd mix f fnctins and an energ-ptimised arrangement
f bildings:
the generate less car traffic and ths fewer climate-impacting emissi-
ns;
csts fr technical and scial infrastrctre are sbstantiall lwer;
the cmpl with the reqirement f ecnmical se f nsealed land,the preservatin f agricltral land and Co2sins;
the help t redce the energ cnsmptin f bildings and hence
climate-impacting emissins.
The cmparisn belw shws the mared difference made b a dense,
well-mixed settlement strctre in which inhabitants are nt cmpelled
t se cars:
A hsehld in a lw-energ hse lcated in the pen cntrside ge-
nerates mre Co2emissins if mbilit cnsmptin is taen int accnt
than a hsehld in a traditinal hse if the lcatin permits the inhabi-
tants t d witht a car.
Mtrisatin was the e factr that first triggered the rban and rral
sprawl f single famil hmes and the remte sppl instead f lcal
sppl with basic services. Between 1830 and 1950, the settlement areaper resident remained almst cnstant (Dbe 2002).
In Switzerland, the pplatin increased b 7.7% frm the end f the
1970s t the mid-1990s while the settlement area expanded b 13.3%
(BFS 2001). The main reasns fr the area increase were single and tw-
famil hmes (30.1% f the increase) and space sed fr traffic (23.4%).
This develpment is liel t cntine becase almst 25% f the land
zned fr bilding in Switzerland has nt et been bilt p. The main part
f these still ndevelped areas is zned fr hsing prpses and the
largest share f these areas is lcated in rral cmmnities. Frthermre,large areas f land zned fr bilding are ften lcated in nsitable lca-
tins (ARE 2007).
fie 9:
Annal energ cnsmptin fhsehlds.
Srce VC (2005): Fs Energieeffizienz im Verehr. Wien
TransprtHeatingHt water
AppliancesLightening
Nrmal hse with car
Lw-energ hse with car
Nrmal hse witht car
Lw-energ hse witht car
0 30 9060 120 150
In gigajoules
85,7
85,7
13,0 53,6 11,5
4,3
17,3
17,313,0
24,8
24,8
4,3 17,3
53,6 11,5 17,3 3,6
3,6
3,6
3,6
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
14/3214
In German, the settlement and traffic area per resident increased frm
498 m2at the beginning f the 1990s t 569 m2(+ 14.3%) b 2007. The
share f high-land cnsmptin f single and tw-famil hmes in the t-
tal area ccpied b new residential bildings srged frm 39.6% (1995)
t 66% (2007)!
Nmers empirical srves evidence the crrelatin between bilding
densit, bilding strctre and sil sealing.
fie 10:
Accessibil it f land zned fr bi ld-
ing b pblic transprt in Switzerland.
Srce: Bndesamt fr Ramentwiclng ARE (2007): Baznenstatisti 2007. Bern
fie 11:
Crrelatin between bilding densit
and size f develped area.
Srce: Dittrich-Wesbaer A., krase-jn k, osterhage F. (2008): ksten nd Ntzen derSiedlngsentwiclng. Hrsg.: Institt fr Landes- nd Stadtentwiclngsfrschng ndPlanersciett. Drtmnd
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Large centres
Sb-centres f large centres
Belts f large centres
Medim-sized centres
Belts f medim-sized centres
Small centres
Peri-rban rral cmmnities
Agricltral cmmnities
Trist cmmnities
Ver gd accessibili tGd accessibilitMedim accessibilit
Lw accessibilitMarginal r n accessibilit
Settlement prects examinedCmparable prects (ERNA)
floor space index 0.4 - 0.6
Inward development areas
m2/resident ial un it
0 160140120100
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
080604020
Building density residential units/ha (net building land)
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
15/3215
The demand fr develpment land increases strngl as f a flr area
rati (ttal flr area/site area) f 0.4 t 0.6 (estates f terraced hses).
Detached hsing estates have a flr area rati f 0.1 t maximm 0.4
and are ths characterised b ver high land cnsmptin fr internal
develpment.
Bilding densit is als a decisive factr fr the affrdabilit f distantheating and cling sstems (heating in winter, cling in smmer), which
cntribte sbstantiall t imprving the efficienc f pwer plants.
The psitin, alignment and rientatin f the bildings are ver imprtant
frm the viewpint f passive and thermal slar energ tilisatin and the
se f phtvltaics.
A cmpact design f bilding strctres is assessed as psitive witht
qalificatin nt nl as per climate-related cnsideratins, bt als frm
the viewpint f ecnmic and scial sstainabilit:
Macrecnmic csts invlved in the develpment f traffic, technical
and scial infrastrctre are redced.
Energ prdctin facilities and pblic transprt sstems can be pera-
ted mre efficientl and at lwer cst.
Csts fr pblic sectr infrastrctre are distribted in a sciall mre
eqitable and fairer manner.
In cntrast t develpment planning f large-scale settlement strctres
(see Chapter 3.1.1), spatial planning has the necessar instrments t in-
flence develpment strctres: Reginal develpment prgrammes in-clding definitin f settlement bndaries, land se planning and zning,
rban land se planning and develpment planning.
In all Alpine cntries, a clear mandate fr a space-minimizing design f
settlement strctres can be derived frm plic definitins at the natinal
and spra-reginal level.
In the prtcls cncerning Spatial planning and sstainable develp-
ment and Sil prtectin fr the implementatin f the Alpine Cnven-
tin, the Alpine cntries declare their cmmitment t the prdent and
ratinal land se b space-saving and sil-cnserving bilding. Inwardsettlement develpment is t be prmted and tward expansin f re-
sidential areas restricted. Sme cntries have even defined binding and
nn-binding qantitative gals:
German: Redctin f land cnsmptin fr residential settlements
frm 90 ha in 2002 t 30 ha in 2020 (binding).
Switzerland: The settlement area is t stabilize at 400 m2/per resident
(nn-binding).
Astria: Redctin f land cnsmptin fr residential settlements t
10% f the 2002 level b 2010 (binding).
Bt these bectives will nt be attained and will even be missed tright
fie 12:
Cmpact settlement strctres are
nt st beneficial in terms f climate
plic; the als have an nreserv-
edl psitive effect n ecnmic and
scial sstainabilit.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
16/3216
despite these basic and in sme cases binding cmmitments (reginal pl-
anning laws, gvernment resltins). Rather, the dnamics in the pp-
site directin have actall increased in sme areas as the figres abve
shw.
There is n lac f cncrete measres develped and pt p fr discs-
sin b science and expert bdies. Mre than sevent measres cveringall interventin levels f the s-called bilding land steps are read fr
implementatin. A crdinated set f reglatr plicies and measres,
mnetar instrments and awareness-enhancing activities will be reqi-
red acrss all these levels t attain the bectives f prdent and ratinal
land se (Weber 2009):
Belw, pssible measres are listed b wa f example:
(1) Reglatr instrments
Time limits n the tilisatin f designated bilding land cmbined with
rezning t green land.
Mbilisatin f nsed bilding land b means f land se cntracts.
Definitin f bilding densities in land se plans.
(2) Mnetar instrments
Higher sbsidies fr space-minimizing residential bildings, redctin rablitin f hsing sbsidies and first-hme ber allwances fr single
famil hmes.
fie 13:
Interventin levels fr space-mini-
mizing spatial develpment.
Srce: Weber G. (2009a): Ramplanerische Interventinen nee orientierngen im Lab-rinth der Mglicheiten. In: Frm Wissenschaft & umwelt (Hrsg.): Wissenschaft & umwelt12/2009.
1
t (time)
5
6
6
Readiness level
4
3
2
Unsealed soil (Partly) sealed soil
Abandonedbuilt-upbuildingland
Built-upbuilding
land
Non-built-up,
bu
tdevelopedbuildingland
Zonedbuildingland
Futuredevelopm
entland
Greenland
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
17/3217
Intrdctin f cst-cvering develpment and maintenance cntrib-
tins fr develped bt nsed bilding land.
Intrdctin f land-se certificates: the mnicipalities are given limited
rezning rights and these can be traded n a bilding land exchange
(Seidl et al. 2009).
Intrdctin f a tax n vale added (lev n vale added): the tax n
vale added is cntractall fixed between the land wner and the m-
nicipalit. up t a predetermined share (in Switzerland p t a maximm
f 60% based n a Federal Spreme Crt rling), the increase in vale
de t a rezning f land can be levied b the mnicipalit. The Cantn
f Basel Cit fr instance levies 50%.
(3) Raising awareness and infrmatin
Dcmentatin f develpment csts fr land rezned as bilding land
b the mnicipalities.
Dcmentatin f minimm availabilit f pblic transprt fr land re-zned as bilding land.
Establishment f a register f vacant bilding land, management f va-
cant sites.
Preparatin f infrmatin material and awareness raising measres fr
lcal plitical representatives.
Wh have targets set b plitical bdies and the prpsals f experts s
far failed t have an effect? There are tw central cases:
(1)The macrecnmic, eclgical and climate-related csts f a space-
intensive settlement sprawl are pitted against nmers individal bene-fits and interests.
(2)The bl f imprtant land se plic decisins are taen at the small-
scale lcal gvernment level. on this level individal benefits and interests
verride macrecnmic and glbal (warming) cnsideratins.
Individal benefits and interests are factrs taen int accnt n bth the
demand and the sppl side f land:
Demand:
The free-standing single famil hme, vil la r chalet are the preferredtpe f hme in large parts f the Alpine regin.
Secnd hmes in attractive landscapes allw cmbining capital invest-
ment and wealth frmatin bectives with pprtnities fr additinal
earnings and persnal benefits.
The declining demand fr agricltral land entails higher availabilit f
cheap bilding land in greenfield lcatins.
The accessibilit f central instittins, facilities and bs b car (well de-
velped rad netwr, cheap fel, increasing mtrisatin) allws pep-
le t bild in lcatins awa frm existing cmpact bilding strctres.
Sppl:
The mnicipalities are interested in pplatin grwth and creating bs
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
18/3218
as the inflw f direct revenes (taxes, fees and charges) and indirect re-
venes (eqalizatin paments) depends n these factrs. Mnicipalities
cmpeting with each ther dedicate bilding land largel in cmpliance
with individal demands and abve and bend actal lcal reqire-
ments.
Bilding land is designated in the interest f agricltral enterprises:t allw fr settlements with heirs wh have rennced sccessin
rights and fr the cnstrctin f parental hmes (dwellings fr retired
farmers);
t allw fr capital prcrement and slving financial prblems (higher
sales prices fr bilding land, cllateral fr mrtgages).
In small cmmnities, in particlar, the prximit f the actrs gives rise
t incmpatibilities and cnflicts f interests. unsitable lcatins are re-
zned as bilding land, new reznings are apprved even thgh sffici-
ent reserves are still available. Cnsidering the cmplex cnstellatin fdifferent interests and individal benefits invlved at the small-scale deci-
sin-maing level, it is hardl srprising that n cmmn grnd can be
fnd t realise verall bectives. Reassigning cmpetences t the higher
spatial planning level, hwever, wld impl a seris interference in the
mnicipalities sphere f cmpetences. This is where demcratic cnflicts
f interest cme int pla.
In Switzerland, the Peples initiative fr man and natre (the s-called
landscape initiative) emerged in 2007 in respnse t the failre f spatial
planning plic. Its bective is t enfrce a cnstittinal garantee that
the verall size f land designated fr bilding will nt be expanded fr
a perid f 20 ears. Whatever its tcme, this initiative has helped t
enhance pblic discssin f this tpic and increase pressre n plitical
decisin maers.
PRoVISIoN oF SPACE FoR SouRCES oF RENEWABLE ENERGy
The prvisin f space fr renewable srces f energ sch as windmills,
phtvltaic facilities, water pwer plants as well as bimass is a new
tas fr spatial planning. The fllwing activities f spatial planning and
land se planning can spprt the reginalised sppl f energ frm
renewable srces:
Legal anchring f climate prtectin and energ secrit in spatial plan-
ning law t legitimate reginal and lcal activities.
Adapting bilding cdes and reglatins t ensre ptimm ti lisatin f
slar energ in new bilding and bilding refrbishment.
Preparing an imprved basis fr decisins regarding site assessments
fr energ prdctin plants.
Determining cncrete lcatins f energ prdctin plants in legall
binding plans.
Cperatin / crdinatin in drafting reginal / lcal energ cncepts /energ plic missin statements.
Cmpiling criteria fr decisin-maing in the case f disptes ver land
se and cnflicts f interest with ther prtectin gals.
3.1.3
fie 14:
Area-based slar thermal cl lectrs
pse new challenges t reginal
planning.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
19/3219
SPATIAL PLANNINg ANd AdAPTATION STrATEgIES
Spatial planning mst als cntribte t the implementatin f measres
t adapt t climate changes that cannt be stpped and have becme
navidable. The rle f spatial planning, the tpe f measres, the mde
f interactin with ther sectrs are crrentl being stdied and discssed
in research prects fr the Alpine area (e.g. CLISP Climate Change Ad-aptatin b Spatial Planning). Spatial planning can and mst mae essen-
tial cntribtins with respect t the fllwing effects f climate change:
(1) Dealing with new and aggravated climate-related natral hazards n
the basis f hazard zne plans / hazard maps. This incldes the fllwing
measres:
Rezning f bilding land lcated in new hazard znes
Secring f areas fr additinal prtective measres: expanding water
retentin areas, fld dams, avalanche prtectin and trrent cntrl)
Specifing hazard prtectin reglatins in bilding reglatin plans: e.g.
rf inclinatins, rf lads, prhibitin znes fr strage and se f ha-
zards sbstances in basements and grnd flrs
(2) Preventin f heat islands in densel bilt-p cre cities. This incldes
the fllwing measres:
Std and frmlatin f basic micrclimatic cnditins in the cntext f
new planning fr large-scale develpment areas
Secring large-scale fresh-air crridrs
Secring green areas f sfficient size, prmtin f green rfs, plan-ting f inner crtards, facades and radside areas
Climate change as a ris factr reqires a fndamentall new apprach t
hazard zne planning. In the ftre, plans fr hazard znes mst be cn-
ceived as ris zne plans. The prbabilit that a hazard will actall ccr
cannt be assessed. Ris premims fr climate change mst be neg-
tiated (see Chapter 5.5). Planning decisins can n lnger be based n
past experience. This reqires a scial dialge in which spatial planning
is invlved as ne f man actrs (see als cmpact Natral Hazards).
As regards the implementatin f adaptatin measres t climate change,spatial planning still faces a nmber f challenges:
Existing climate mdels still fail t permit reginal and small-scale assess-
ments regarding the effects f climate change. Hwever, in the case f
cnflicts f interests legall binding decisins reqire sbstantiatin b
well-fnded expert pinins. Fr this reasn, hazard znes are still de-
fined n the basis f actal disaster recrds (30-ear fld ing recrds,
etc.).
Hazard zne and ris plans are cmpiled b experts and then incrp-rated int land se planning. Bt fr man areas there are still n hazard
zne plans (e.g. Switzerland: avalanches 90%, water 50%, mdslides
40%).
3.2
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
20/3220
Preventive prtectin measres (e.g. water retentin areas) mst be im-
plemented in areas and b cmmnities, which d nt benefit frm the-
se measres bt rather experience disadvantages (restrictins n se,
csts). What is needed are reginal cncepts at a level that extends ac-
rss cmmnities and which prvide fr an eqitable trade-ff between
csts and benefits. Hwever, generall applicable mdels are still lacing
(see als Chapter 3.4).
In recent ears it was mainl de t fld disasters that reginal planning
laws were amended and hazard zne plans have becme a mre r less
a binding standard in bilding land zning prcesses (e.g. Switzerland,
Sth Trl/Alt Adige, Bavaria, upper Astria, etc.). In the Prtcl n
the Implementatin f the Alpine Cnventin Relating t Spatial Planning
and Sstainable Develpment the Alpine natins als entered a cntrac-
tal cmmitment t determine the areas sbect t natral hazards, whe-
re bilding f strctres and installatins shld be avided as mch as
pssible.
An imprtant spplement wld be t inclde a binding prvisin ens-
ring that climate effects and measres are taen int accnt within the
cntext f a strategic envirnmental assessment f cncepts and plans.
Reginal spatial and develpment cncepts dealing with prtectin cn-
cepts and trade-ff mechanisms at a spra-mnicipal level cld serve as
additinal instrments fr integrating adaptatins t climate change (als
see Chapter 5.5).
CONfLICTS Of OBjECTIvES ANd SOLuTIONS
CoNFLICTS oF oBjECTIVES
The implementatin f spatial planning strategies t prevent climate
change and adapt t navidable effects f climate change gives rise t a
nmber f seris cnflicts f bectives:
Prmting traffic-redcing large-scale strctres ma well rn cnter t
the bective f redcing disparities between rban and rral areas, prs-
pering and disadvantaged regins. Mre than elsewhere, this cld entail
increased t-migratin and the ersin f services f general interest
in peripheral regins and small cmmnities. The tpics f retreat and
shrinage mst be increasingl discssed especiall against the bac-
grnd f climate change in the alpine regin. Spatial planning cld pla
a new rle here: as active cmpanin and designer f retreating prces-
ses as well as a mediatr n negtiatins n this tpic that reqire parti-
clar sensitivit (Weber 2009b).
Redcing the spatial planning cmpetences f cmmnities ma be in
cnflict with demcratic plic bectives and the mnicipalities right t
self-determinatin. An sch measre is liel t encnter fierce pp-
sitin especiall in the Alpine regin with its traditin f self-determinatin
and atnm f smaller spatial entities.
3.3
3.3.1
fie 15:
Reginal planning is called pn t
tae greater cnsideratin f the
threat psed b natral hazards.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
21/3221
A cnversin f hazard zne plans int ris zne plans based n as-
smptins regarding ftre develpments is liel t cme p against
acceptance prblems.
Expanding the se f renewable energ ma be in cntradictin with
ther bectives: natre cnservatin bectives, bi-diversit bectives
and ther ses (e.g. fd prdctin).
PoSSIBLE SoLuTIoNS
T sme extent, Alpine settlement strctres prvide a gd basis fr
a lw-traffic develpment apprach. The linear Alpine valles ffer ideal
cnditins fr a pblic-transprt-based strctre. The Alpine cities and
twns are in line with the cncept f decentral cncentratin and are cha-
racterised b traditinall cmpact design f bilding strctres. The b-
ective mst be t strengthen these strctres and t prevent an frther
sprawl f single famil hses t areas that cannt be reached b means
f pblic transprt. In remte village strctres, an settlement expansin
shld be sbect t the mandatr reqirement f cmpact design f
bilding strctres.
In peripheral areas, a pririt gal mst be t frther reginal ecnmic
develpment t minimize cmmting t distant b lcatins. At the same
time, scial capital in these areas needs t be strengthened t ensre that
fnctining cmmnit instittins create the basis fr sstainable a-
tnms develpment. The mnicipalities right t self-determinatin in
matters related t spatial planning shld be lined t a strng incentive/
disincentive sstem. Financial assistance, bdget allcatins, permissinsgranted b higher administrative echelns mst be lined t prvisins t
ensre space-minimizing settlement develpment.
A hge challenge is psed b the cnflicts arising frm a clash f inte-
rests between the tilisatin f renewable energ srces (water, wind,
bimass), natre prtectin and ther ses (frestr, trism, hnting,
energ indstr, etc.). Here, spatial planning mst assme the rle f a
mediatr/cnflict manager and ensre a fair participatin f all interests
invlved. This als applies with respect t expanding hazard znes t
ris znes b taing int accnt nt nl prbabilities derived frm pastexperience bt als the ftre lielihd f natral disaster (ris premims
fr climate change).
A basic prereqisite fr the sccessfl implementatin f avidance as
well as adaptatin strategies in spatial planning is definitel t be seen in
pr-active pblic relatins wr that effectivel cmmnicates the need,
the prpse and the effects f strategies and measres.
3.3.2
fie 16:
Independent develpment is cntin-
gent pn regins strengthening their
capacit fr gvernance.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
22/3222
4 CONCLuSIONSSpatial planning is an instrment that ma cntribte t preventing and
redcing climate-relevant emissins in ther sectrs (transprt, energ).
Spatial planning is als imprtant t ensre that Co2-binding capacit
is preserved (nsealed sil, green areas, plants). Finall, spatial planning
will have t assme an imprtant rle in spprting adaptatin t irre-versible climate changes b maing prvisins fr hazard zne planning
and micr-climatic reqirements (heat islands, fresh-air crridrs). The
reqired instrments are largel available and the measres are alread
nwn, since mst f these measres, apart frm serving climate pr-
tectin gals, have varis ther macrecnmic, scial and eclgical
advantages. In mst Alpine cntries and regins, the spatial plic b-
ectives relevant fr preventing climate change are alread laid dwn in
sperrdinate cncepts. Hwever, cnflicts f bectives with individal
ecnmic and persnal interests are sall decided t the disadvantage
f spatial plic bectives. The reasn fr this lies in the lgic n whichthe sstem as a whle is based, as in this sstem the main decisin ma-
ers in matters related t spatial plic the mnicipalities act ratinall
frm their pint f view if the d nt bserve the sperrdinate bectives
f spatial planning.
It ma snd paradxical, bt frm the viewpint f spatial planning the
need fr climate prtectin presents an pprtnit t implement meas-
res that have lng been n the agenda.
Hwever, there are a nmber f ver fndamental cnflicts f bectives.
Spatial planning that is fcsed n climate prtectin and hence n re-
dcing traffic and land cnsmptin cmes int cnflict with gals aimed
at redcing spatial disparities, abve all, between rban and rral areas,
centres and peripheral lcatins. The relcatin f decisin-maing cm-
petencies frm mnicipalities t sperrdinate instittins, thgh fnc-
tinall significant, invlves a demcratic dimensin.
What is needed in this sitatin are new instrments, abve all, new frms
f cperatin and tas-sharing between all the actrs invlved: higher-
level athrities, mnicipalities, real estate develpers, bilders and the
pplatin. Besides the classical spatial planning instrments (plans), new
appraches can be fllwed t reach ld gals: private law cntracts, re-
qirements lined t sbsidies, the granting f apprvals given sbect
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
23/3223
t cmpliance with qalit standards. Best practice examples shw that
sccessfl mdels are alread in se.
A central factr in this cntext is that the reqired nwledge and infrma-
tin be made available. We mst scceed in getting the message acrss
t the plaers invlved mnicipalities, investrs, real estate develpers,
hsehlds that sstainable spatial develpment is nt nl imprtantfr climate prtectin, bt ma even generate sbstantial additinal bene-
fits, lead t material cst-ctting and cntribte t scial stice.
Since the Alpine regin mre heavil affected b climate change than
thers, it is challenged t assme a pineering rle in this respect.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
24/3224
gOOd PrACTICEExAMPLES
The fllwing presents a nmber f select examples that illstrate hw
climate prtectin can be integrated explicitl r implicitl int spatial pl-anning instrments r instrments with high spatial relevance. Whether
these are transferable t ther regins will have t be examined in the
individal cases as the legal sstems differ frm ne Alpine cntr t
anther. Since an evalatin f the cncepts r measres is available
nl in a ver few cases, effects achieved and csts incrred can nl be
presented in qalitative terms.
LArgE-SCALE dESIgN Of A TrAffIC-rEduCINg SETTLE-
MENT STruCTurE
The new Swiss spatial develpment cncept cntains several elementsthat spprt the develpment f a traffic-redcing settlement strctre:
A plcentric netwr f rban and rral centres with strng metrpli-
tan regins;
A dnamic directed twards cnrbatins.
This cncept, hwever, is nl fr rientatin. Its peratinalizatin is
largel left t the individal cantns, mnicipalities and different fields f
sectral plic.
5
5.1
fie 17:
Man plaers are wring tgether
t achieve an rban develpment
strctre with lw-impact traffic.
F
rankSchultze,Zeitensp
iegel
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
25/3225
INTEgrATEd OvErALL CONCEPTS
BoLZANo: STRATEGIC DEVELoPMENT PLAN FoR A SuSTAINAB-
LE FuTuRE AND CLIMATE PACkAGE
The Cit f Blzan has agreed n a climate pacage which defines at-
taining climate netralit within the next ten ears as a pririt gal. Thismeans that the cit will then be allwed t generate st the amnt f Co2
which it is able t bind b natral prcesses within the cit bndaries. T
this end, the Strategic Develpment Plan fr the Cit f Blzan defines a
nmber f imprtant reqirements cncerning spatial develpment:
Creating a mltiplar and mltifnctinal cit thrgh measres sch as
develping the area f the railwa statin t a mdel climate district,
recvering abandned strctres fr residential prpses (internal deve-
lpment).
Realising a sn cit thrgh measres sch asdevelping a distant heating /distant cling netwr,
revising the bilding cde.
Creating the Climate Cit/Citt Clima thrgh measres sch as
cnstrcting new bildings nder strict adherence t the Climate
Hse standards,
prmting the adaptatin f existing bildings t Climate Hse stan-
dards.
Measres aimed at prmting sstainable mbilit sch as
prmting car-sharing and car-pling mdels,
implementing cllective n-demand mbilit services,
establishing a prfessinal mbilit management.
In recgnitin f this ambitis prect and the measres alread imple-
mented Blzan was awarded the title f Alpine twn f the ear 2009.
www.alpenstaedte.rg (de/fr/it/sl/en)
Cit f Blzan: Strategic Develpment Plan fr the Cit f Blzan
LES GETS PRojECT VILLAGE
A best practice example fr an integrated apprach t climate change is
the Les Gets Prect Village 2003 2013:
Les Gets in the French Alps has develped an actin plan fr climate pr-
tectin and started t implement it. The actin plan incldes a three-ear
mratrim fr bilding permits. Strict eclgical standards were defined
with regard t scial hsing and a wd-fired pwer statin was bilt
tgether with a distant heating netwr.
www.cipra.rg/ccalpsresearch/LesGetspret-village-2003-2013 (de/fr/it/sl/en)
5.2.2
5.2
5.2.1
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
26/3226
dESIgN Of ArChITECTurAL PrOPOrTIONS ANd STruC-
TurES
The architectral prprtins and strctres f bildings are sall de-
cided at the mnicipal level within the cntext f land se and bilding
reglatin planning. The sectin belw presents a nmber f examples
that have an inflence n the behavir f mnicipalities, bt als f realestate and prpert develpers.
HouSING SuBSIDIES IN AuSTRIA
In Astria hsing sbsidies are a pwerfl cntrl instrment which hea-
vil inflences the behavir f real estate and prpert develpers. The
award f sbsidies, their vlme and the raning f prects b tempral
eligibilit can be lined t prect standards. In man cases, eligibilit crite-
ria in Astrian federal states are alread lined t the energ cnsmptin
f bildings. Sme states have als intrdced standards aimed at achie-
ving a higher develpment densit:
Salzbrg
Hsing sbsidies are graded b tpe f bilding. The highest rates
are granted fr the acqisitin f apartments and terraced hses in
bildings with a minimm f three residential nits and a maximm land
cnsmptin f 350 m2per nit. Independent single-famil hmes are
sbsidised at the lwest rate. Premims are granted fr energ-related
eclgical measres, e.g. fr se f bimass r waste heat tilisatin
and cnnectin t a distant heating netwr.
www.salzbrg.gv.at/themen/sir_hapt/sir_whnen/sbg_whnbaferde-
rng.htm(de)
CASSINETTA DI LuGAGNANo (PRoVINCE oF MILANo): SoIL PRo-
TECTIoN THRouGH ZERo GRoWTH oF BuILDING LAND
The mnicipalit Cassinetta di Lgagnan (1800 inhabitants) in the catch-
ment area f the metrplis f Milan exhibits high in-migratin pressre.
In 2007, the mnicipalit apprved a plan which prvides fr n frther
zning f bilding land. Instead the mnicipalit prmtes renvatin and
cndensatin within existing settlement limits. This zer grwth plicwas pt p fr discssin in pblic meetings with the inhabitants. The
plitical decisin-maers respnsible fr the plan were cnfirmed in their
ffices b a large marit f vtes.
Srce: CIPRA Italia
INTERCoMMuNITy CooPERATIoN
An imprtant factr frthering rral sprawl is cmpetitin between mni-
cipalities fr inhabitants and bs and the crrespnding revenes. C-
peratin between mnicipalities aimed at an eqitable distribtin f re-
venes, csts and brdens can cntribte t the gal f achieving mre
cmpact settlement strctres accmpanied b less traffic and lwer
5.3.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.3
fie 18:
Zning and land-se plans are an
effective develpment instrment.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
27/3227
land cnsmptin.
Financial eqalizatin between cmmnities
In 2005, the Astrian Financial Eqalizatin Act fr the first time created
the basis fr several mnicipalities t enter an agreement regarding a
distribtin f mnicipal tax revenes frm int investments made t
attract new bsiness establishments r retain existing nes.
Srce: Astrian Financial Eqalizatin Act 2005, 17, para. 1
INkoBA Inter-cmmnal bsiness lcatin in upper Astria
The gvernment f upper Astria isses land se permits fr new bsi-
ness and indstr lcatins cntingent n inter-cmmnal lcatin
develpment. Several mnicipalities set p an assciatin f lcal a-
thrities which is respnsible fr selecting, develping and mareting the
lcatins. The assciatin is als charged with handling cst and prfit-
sharing matters.
www.inba.at(de/en)
PRIVATE LAW MECHANISMS
Drnbirn (Vrarlberg), Astria
The mnicipal land se plic f the mnicipalit f Drnbirn lins the
award f bilding permits r the sale f land t energ and settlement
strctre-related criteria: minimm standards in terms f energ cn-
smptin, sparing se f bilding land and traffic develpment reqire-
ments (e.g. ccle path sstems). Cncrete agreements are laid dwn in
sales cntracts and bilding rights agreements.
Srce: Rok (2009): Energie nd Ramentwiclng.
In: Schriftenreihe Nr. 178.
5.3.4
fie 19+20:
In upper Astria decisins gverning
the settlement f new bsinesses
is taen intl b several mnicipa-
lities.
FrankSchultze,Z
eitenspiegel
F
rankSchultze,
Zeitenspiegel
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
28/3228
LINkING oF DISTANT HEAT uTILISATIoN AND LoCAL DEVELoP-
MENT PLANNING
Blle/kantn Freibrg, Switzerland
The mnicipalit f Blle in the Cantn f Fribrg has drawn p a mni-
cipal energ plan that incldes a distant heat sstem in cnnectin with
a wd-fired plant with a capacit f 50 MW. Cnnectin t the sstemma be made mandatr fr new bildings.
Srce: Bschng S. (2005): Freibrg lanciert mmnale Energieplne.
In: ARE (Hrsg.) Frm Ramentwiclng 1/2005. Bern.
SPATIAL dEvELOPMENT ANd ENErgy PLANNINg
INTEGRATING SPATIAL DEVELoPMENT PLANNING AND
ENERGy SuPPLy
Swiss energ planThe Swiss Energ Act (EnG f 26 jne 1998; as amended 1 Ma 2008)
prvides fr energ planning at cantnal level. The energ plan is t
serve as a decisin-maing basis fr measres regarding spatial pl-
anning, planning and design f plant and facilities and sbsidisatin
measres. The cantnal energ master plans are binding fr athrities,
pblic bdies and state enterprises. Cmmnal energ master plans are
drafted n the basis f the cantnal energ plans.
Minergie prmtin prgramme in the Cantn f Valais
The Cantn f Valais has intrdced the Minergie energ efficienc stan-
dard fr all pblic sectr bildings. A planning bns f 15% per site
area is t create an incentive fr private sectr develpers t appl this
standard. Additinal investments f 5% t 10% pa ff thans t this
incentive.
Chripell,flickr
p
g
5.3.5
5.4
5.4.1
fie 21:
Reginal planning is als an impr-
tant planning instrment when it
cmes t energ.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
29/3229
Srce:www.minergie.ch(de/fr/it/en)
Cmpilatin and prvisin f spatial infrmatin fr planning prpses
Slar cadastres enable the sitabilit f lcatins fr tilising slar energ
t be assessed. Their infrmatin cntent ranges frm a rgh brea-
dwn in snn and shadw settlement areas (Trl 2008, Salzbrg
2008) t an evalatin b glbal radiatin criteria (Vrarlberg 2008) tprecise rf-area evalatins f phtvltaic inclinatins (osnabrc
2008).
Srce: Rok (2009): Energie nd Ramentwiclng. In: Rok-Schrif-
tenreihe Nr. 178
www.snabrec.de/snarea
www.vrarlberg.at/slarataster
Land Salzbrg (2008): GIS-online, Snnenscheindaer
Swiss basic cncept fr wind par lcatins
A ttal f 110 ptential lcatins were identified n the basis f a GIS
analsis. The will be frther filtered in the cntext f a bradl-based
participatin prcess. The selected lcatins will then be presented at
the cantnal and the cmmnal level.
Srce: BFE, BuWAL, ARE (Hrsg.) (2004): knzept Windenergie
Schweiz. Bern.
Baden-Wrttemberg: Pririt and exclsin areas fr wind pwer plants
The State Planning Act fr the Federal State f Baden-Wrttemberg
cmmissins the cmpetent reginal assciatins in Baden-Wrttem-berg t determine reginall significant wind pwer plant lcatins.
These are then defined as pririt areas, whereas the remaining areas
are designated as exclsin areas fr reginall significant wind pwer
plants.
Srce: State Planning Act 2003 fr the Federal State f Baden-Wrt-
temberg (11, para. 3 n. 11)
Land se categr wind pwer plants in green land in Lwer Astria
The Lwer Astrian Spatial Planning Act prvides fr a separate zning
categr fr wind pwer plants, which is lined t the fllwing criteria:
A defined minimm wind pwer densit at the lcatin and defined distan-
ces t individal bilding land/green land categries, mnicipal bndari-
es, residential farm bildings and bildings wrth f preservatin lcated
in green land.
Srce: State f Lwer Astria: RoG-N 1976, State Law Gazette N.
13/77 as amended b State Law Gazette N. 72/07
SPATIAL PLANNINg ANd AdAPTATION MEASurES
T date, there are hardl an cncepts and plans that integrate definite
measres fr climate adaptatin. A psitive example is the Landscape
fie 22:
Wind farms need t be planned
sensibl.
5.5
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
30/3230
Strctre Plan f Hchrhein-Bdensee. This plan cntains a classifica-
tin f micr-climaticall relevant znes:
Prtectin znes fr areas that are relativel naffected b bi-climatic
impacts and air plltin as well as climate and immissin prtectin
frests
Preserving and develping the air circlatin sstems f climatic cm-pensatin areas and slpe wind sstems.
Restrctring and pgrading f areas affected b cld air cngestin,
malfnctining air circlatin sstems and malfnctining aeratin crri-
drs within settlement areas.
Climate redevelpment areas.
Frther measres are being defined fr these znes.
There is als best practice that ma be seen as indirect climate adapta-
tin. This relates especiall t prtectin cncepts implemented in reac-
tin t recent disaster events.
Integral fld prtectin in the Mangfall Valle (Rsenheim/Bavaria)
42 000 inhabitants live in the inndatin area f the River Mangfall in the
lwer Mangfall Valle. The fld prtectin infrastrctre is dimensined
fr a 30-ear fld (HQ 30). The ptential damage given a HQ 100 event
is ne billin ers and hence the highest b far in Bavaria. In view f
the increasing ris cased b climate change a cmprehensive fld
prtectin cncept has been drawn p fr the valle regin. Envisaged
measres inclde:
Cnstrctin f a retentin basin with a capacit that exceeds the HQ100 vlme and hence incldes a climate change ris premim (pls
15% f HQ 100). beinhaltet (15 % zm HQ 100).
Spplementar measres b means f fld cntrl measres at lae
Tegernsee (lae retentin thrgh ptimised cntrl), retentin in all
pstream areas, decentral retentin in the entire catchment area.
fie 23:
Fld prtectin in fld plains -
adapting indirectl t the ef fects f
climate change.
CIPRAInternational
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
31/3231
Relcatin f des bac t the alignment line.
Spplementar eclgical measres (reactivatin f ld arms, renatra-
tin, etc.)
An imprtant prereqisite fr sccessfl implementatin f the measres
was targeted awareness-raising and invlvement f the pplatin as well
as f the dwnstream and pstream mnicipalities in the planning pr-cess. The cncrete measres inclde the intrdctin f the Fld Frm
Mangfall Valle, target-prect-specific cmmnit meetings and the Ble
Riband initiative. 120 high water mars were set p thrght the settle-
ment area with a view t achieving lasting ris awareness.
Srces: http://www.cipra.rg/cmpetitin-cc.alps/WWARo(de)
Fld ris management-based spatial develpment plan (Schtzwasser-
wirtschaftlicher RamEntwiclngsPlan (SREP)
A tp-dwn instrment fr the integratin f f ld ris management and
spatial planning was develped in Carinthia. It simltanesl serves as
a tl fr handling cnflicts at inter-mnicipal and reginal level, as fr
instance between pstream and dwnstream mnicipalities.
Srce: BMVIT, Lebensministerim (2009): Fld Ris II, Vertiefng nd
Vernetzng znftsweisender umsetzngsstrategien zm integrierten
Hchwasserschtz. Wien.Abbiln 24:
Raising the pbl ics awareness f
specific isses and invlving i t in
the planning prcess are ften e
t the sccessfl implementatin fan planning measre.
-
8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE
32/32
BACkgrOuNd
INfOrMATION
6
Aademien der Wissenschaf ten Schweiz(Hrsg.) (2007): Den-Schrift Energie.Energie effizient ntzen nd wandeln.
Beitrag zr nachhaltigen Entwiclng inder Schweiz, Bern. www.aademien-schweiz.ch/Pbliatinen/Denschrift_detsch_mplett.pdf
ARE Bndesamt fr Ramentwiclng(Hrsg.) (2007): Baznenstatisti 2007.Bern.
BFE, BuWAL, ARE (Hrsg.) (2004): kn-zept Windenergie Schweiz. Bern.
BFS Bndesamt fr Statisti (Hrsg.)2001): Bdenntzng im Wandel; Areal-statisti Schweiz, Nechtel.
BMVIT Lebensministerim (Hrsg.)
(2009a): Fld Ris II TP9.3.2 Prati-sche umsetzng nftiger Strategiengefhrdngsarmer Ramntzng In-termmnale kperatin. Wien.
BMVIT Lebensministerim (Hrsg.)(2009b): Fld Ris II, Vertiefng nd
Vernetzng znftsweisender umset-zngsstrategien zm integrierten Hch-wasserschtz. Wien.
Bschng, S. (2005): Freibrg lan-ciert mmnale Energieplne. In:
ARE Bndesamt fr Ramentwic-lng (Hrsg.): Frm Ramentwiclng1/2005. Bern.
Bcar, G. . a. (2005): Dezentraleerneerbare Energie fr bestehendeFernwrmenetze, Energiessteme derZnft. Wien.
Dittrich-Wesbaer, A., krase-jngk., osterhage, F. (2008): ksten ndNtzen der Siedlngsentwiclng. Hrsg:Institt fr Landes- nd Stadtentwic-lngsfrschng nd Planersciett.Drtmnd.
Dbe, C., Zanetti, G. (1999): Sied-lngsstrtr nd ffentliche Hashalte.In: Rok (Hrsg.): Schriftenreihe Nr. 143.
Wien. Dbe, C., Hiebl, u. (2000): Sziale
Dbe, C. (2002): krfteverschiebn-gen am Bden. In: RAuM: sterreichi-sche Zeitschrift fr Ramplanng ndReginalpliti, Nr. 46, S. 20 - 23.
Ecplan (2000): Siedlngsentwiclngnd Infrastrtrsten. Bericht zHnden des Bndesamtes fr Rament-
wiclng (ARE), des Staatsseretariatsfr Wirtschaft (SECo) nd des Amtesfr Gemeinden nd Ramrdnng deskantns Bern (AGR).
Friedwanger, A. . a. (2005): koRS Verehrsredtin drch mpateRamstrtren. Wien.
Hatzinger, N., Heidemann, D., kr-mer, B. (1999): Rmliche Strtr derPw-Fahrleistng in der BndesrepbliDetschland Fahrleistngsatlas In-stitt fr angewandte Verehrs- nd
Trismsfrschng e. V. (IVT), i. A. d.Bndesamtes fr Bawesen nd Ram-
rdnng (BBR), Bnn. Land Salzbrg (2008): GIS-online, Sn-
nenscheindaer.
Land Vrarlberg (2009): Whnbafr-derng: Whnbafrderngsrichtlinien2009/2010, Beschlss der VrarlbergerLandesregierng.
Mez . a. (1999): Was ann Detschlandhinsichtlich eines frcierten Asbasder kraft-Wrme-kpplng vn anderenLndern lernen? Dsseldrf.
Mtzs, A. (2002a): Dezentrale kn-zentratin Leitbild fr eine Regin der
rzen Wege? Af der Sche nach einerverehrssparsamen Siedlngsstrtrals Beitrag fr eine nachhaltige Gestal-tng des Mbilittsgeschehens in derMetrplregin Rhein-Main. BnnerGegraphische Abhandlngen 107.
Mtzs, A. (2002b): Verehrsvermei-dng drch Ramplanng Red-tinsptenziale vn Siedlngsstr-trnzepten in Metrplreginen. In:Internatinales Verehrswesen 54/3, S.82 - 87.
Mhlinghas, S. (2006): Massnahmender Ramplanng zr Lenng des
Zweitwhnngsbas. In: ARE Bn-desamt fr Ramentwiclng (Hrsg.):
oeltze, S., Bracher, T. . a. (2007): M-bilitt 2050 Szenarien der Mbilitts-entwiclng nter Bercsichtigng vnSiedlngsstrtren 2050. Editin DifStadt Frschng Praxis Band 1. Berlin.
Rok (2009): Energie nd Rament-wiclng. Schriftenreihe Nr. 178. Wien.
Seidenberger, Ch. (2006): Tris-mstrb der Wildwchs rampla-nerische Chancen nd Herasfrde-rngen des Trisms in krnten. In:
ARE Bndesamt fr Ramentwiclng(Hrsg.): Frm Ramentwiclng2/2006 Trisms im Alpenram.Bern.
Seidl, I., Schltz, B., Gellrich, M. (2009):Flchenzertifiate. Ein Instrment zrSenng der Flcheninansprchnahme?In: Frm fr Wissenschaft nd um-welt (Hrsg.): Wissenschaft nd umwelt12/2009.
Statisti Astria (2006): knsmerhe-bng 2004/2005. Wien.
VC (2005): Fs Energieeffizienz imVerehr, In: VC (Hrsg.): VC Schrif-tenreihe Mbilitt mit Znft 4/2006.Wien.
Weber, G. (2009a): RamplanerischeInterventinen nee orientierngen imLabrinth der Mglicheiten. In: FrmWissenschaft nd umwelt (Hrsg.): Wis-senschaft & umwelt 12/2009.
Weber, G. (2009b): Schrmpfng alsPlanngsaftrag? Der gestaltete Rc-
zg als nee Planngsafgabe. Vrtragan der CIPRA jahresfachtagng am18.9.2009, Gamprin (FL).
Wegelin F. (2009): RamnzeptSchweiz. Prsentatin bei der 13.Rok-Enqete zm Aftat des ster-reichischen Ramentwiclngsnzep-tes REk 2011. 17.6.2009. Wien.
www.salzburg.gv.at/themen/sir-haupt/sir/wohnen/sbg-wohn-
baufoerderung.htm (de)
www.inkoba.at (de)
www.osnabrueck.de/sunarea (de)
www.vorarlberg.at/solarkataster (de)
A current listing of links, furtherexamples, and compacts on other
topics available on www.cipra.org/
cc.alps (de/en/fr/it/sl)