spatial planning in climate change

8/12/2019 SPATIAL PLANNING IN CLIMATE CHANGE

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COMPACT NO 02/2010

SPATIAL PLANNING

IN CLIMATE CHANGE

A CIPRA BACKGROUND REPORT


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cc.alps in a ntsell

The Prect cc.alps climate change: thining ne step fr ther! is rganised b CIPRA,

the Internatinal Cmmissin fr the Prtectin f the Alps, and financed b MAVA Fn-

datin fr Natre. Thrgh the Prect, CIPRA is helping t ensre that climate respnse

measres in the Alpine regin are in harmn with the principle f sstainable develp-

ment.

www.cipa.o/e/cc.alps/eebnisse/compacts

Leal notice

Editr: CIPRA Internatinal,

Im Bretscha 22, FL-9494 Schaan

T +423 237 53 53, F +423 237 53 54

Athr: He lmt Hiess

Design: IDcnnect AG

Febrar 2010

CONTENTS

1

2

3

3.1

3.2

3.3

4

INTrOduCTION 3

CIPrA dEMANdS ON SPATIAL PLANNINg 4

CLIMATE ChANgE ANd SPATIAL PLANNINg 7

SPATIAL PLANNING AND AVoIDANCE STRATEGIES 8

SPATIAL PLANNING AND ADAPTIoN STEGIES 19

CoNFLICTS oF oBjECTIVES AND SoLuTIoNS 20

CONCLuSIONS 22

gOOd PrACTICE ExAMPLES 24

LARGE-SCALE DESIGN oF A TRAFFIC-REDuCING SETTLEMENTSTRuCTuRE 24

INTEGRATED oVERALL CoNCEPTS 25

DESIGN oF ARCHITECTuRAL PRoPoRTIoNS AND STRuCTuRES 26

SPATIAL DEVELoPMENT AND ENERGy PLANNING 28

SPATIAL PLANNING AND ADAPTIoN MEASuRES 29

BACkgrOuNd INfOrMATION 32

5

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

6


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1 INTrOduCTION

Within the framewr f the prect cc.alps - Climate Change: Thin

ahead!, the Internatinal Cmmissin fr the Prtectin f the Alps

(Cmmissin Internatinale pr la Prtectin des Alpes, CIPRA) investi-

gated climate prtectin measres in the Alps. CIPRA cmpiles infrma-

tin n climate prtectin activities and adaptatin t climate change in

the Alps (hereinafter referred t as climate measres) and analses the

impacts f these climate measres n the envirnment, ecnm and

sciet. CIPRAs aim is t mae the climate measres, which cmpl with

the principles f sstainable develpment, accessible t a brader pb-

lic and t warn the pblic f thse climate measres that have negative

effects n natre and the envirnment, bt als n scial chesin and

the ecnm.

The cc.alps cmpact series cmprises several thematic pblicatins

that tae a critical l at climate measres in the Alps. The series c-

vers the fllwing activities in additin t the sbect f spatial planning:

energ, cnstrctin and restratin, reginal energ atarch, transprt,

trism, natral threats, natre prtectin, agricltre, frestr and wa-

ter.

This isse f cc.alps-cmpact presents an verview f spatial planning-

related measres in the Alps t amelirate the effects f climate changeand prmte adstments t it. The secnd chapter explains CIPRAs

e cncerns: If spatial planning is t pla a e rle in climate prtectin,

a nmber f things have t change, becase in the case f cnflicts f

gals regarding the interests f individal sectrs, special interests and f

tilizatin ratinales, spatial planning is sall relegated t the bacseat.

Spatial planning and its instrments ma cntribte t secring swamps,

frests and river znes as well as areas fr the prdctin f renewable

energ srces. What is decisive, thgh, fr spatial planning decisins

with respect t spatial and settlement strctres is t shift decisin-ma-

ing frm the lcal t the reginal level. Apart frm the classic instr-ments f spatial planning, what is needed fr negtiating spatial interests

are new frms and mdels f cllabratin.

In Chapter Three the detailed relatins are analsed and described in

depth, and in Chapter Fr the athr smmarizes the mst imprtant

findings and cnclsins. Chapter Five presents exemplar prects fr

climate-friendl spatial planning measres in the Alps: fr example, the

spatial cncept f Switzerland that cntains elements t encrage

transprt-redcing settlement strctres; the new gidelines fr residen-

tial cnstrctin in Astria; intercmmnal cperatin mdels fr plantestablishments, and the Pret Village 2003-2013 in the French mni-

cipalit f Les Gets. These examples shw s hw it can be dne and

encrage thers t d the same. Chapter Six cntains literatre and

bacgrnd infrmatin fr frther reading.


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CC.ALPS: CIPrA dEMANdS ON SPATIAL PLANNINg

The Alps are different. The Alpine range is characterized b special fea-

tres that need t be taen int accnt in spatial develpment and cli-

mate prtectin.

The percentage f land that can be settled is ver limited de t the nat-ral landscape: in Trl, fr example, it is nl 8% f the land. It is mainl na-

tral hazards that limit the amnt f settlement space that can be pp-

lated permanentl. The higher ris as a cnseqence f climate change is

capable f restricting the space available fr permanent settlement even

frther.

The settlement f the Alps is widel dispersed. Fr this reasn, pblic

services can nl be prvided incrring high csts, time, fnding and per-

snnel. In areas affected b a high rate f t-migratin, it will becme

increasingl harder t garantee services fr everne.

Frward-ling spatial planning prepares the wa fr a ftre in which

fssil fels sch as petrlem and diesel will becme increasingl scarcer.

Rising energ prices are an additinal brden fr peple wh live in the

rral peripheral regins f the Alps. Increasing cmmting allwances d

nt help climate prtectin at all. Rather, the isse here is t mae the

rral areas fit fr srvival in the pst-fssil fel era.

In the rral peripheral areas twice as man peple se cars as the main

mde f transprt as in cities. Atmbile traffic can nl be redced if

settlements have a minimm size and densit and it is ecnmicall fea-sible t cnnect them t pblic transprt netwrs.

CIPRA demands:

TAkE ACCouNT oF RISkS!

Accrding t all experts, climate change will raise natral hazards, ava-

lanches and flding. In rder t prepare fr this, all Alpine regins need

t prepare binding ris plans. Bilding shld nt be permitted in ris

znes; new bilding znes shld nl be permitted if there are ris plans

and these d nt cntradict bilding.

SPACES fOr CLIMATEPrOTECTION

2


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HIGHER DENSITy INSTEAD oF SPRAWL!

Cmpact, densel bilt-p cities and twns have a lt f advantages. M-

bilit can be rganized b pblic transprt means and, mrever, it is ec-

nmicall feasible t ffer envirnmentall friendl distance heating and

cling. Instead f rral sprawl that eats awa at the landscape, densel

bilt-p settlements shld be prmted. Financial aid fr bsinessesshld favr lcatins that cstmers and emplees can reach b p-

blic transprt and where gds can be transprted b rail.

REGIoNAL CyCLES!

Reginal marets and ecnmies shld be prmted, becase the r-

ganize the prdctin and cnsmptin f gds sing less envirnmen-

tall-damaging transprt. Sbsidies shld nt be granted indiscriminate-

l thrght regins. Instead, small centres that prvide basic services

t the srrnding areas shld receive higher fnding within the scpe

f revene eqalizatin amng the territrial athrities. Reginalizatin

lwers mtrized transprt and the emissin f climate-damaging gases.

THINk IN LARGER SPATIAL DIMENSIoNS!

often, mre than ne mnicipalit within a single valle wrs witht

crdinating its actins with the thers and each prses gals that serve

nl individal prpses. There is n crdinatin as regards climate pr-

tectin at all. The scpes f cmpetence need t be transferred frm the

smallest cmmnal levels t a higher level. Gegraphicall-related mni-

cipalities shld plan spatial develpments tgether and als have intrespnsibilit. Ptential cnflicts cld be arbitrated b higher-raning

mediatin bdies. Shrinage scenaris mst als be prvided fr, be-

case it is bvis that there are areas in Alpine regins with pplatin

t-migratin. This prcess needs t be accmpanied intelligentl and

amelirated sciall.

GIVE THE WILDERNESS A CHANCE!

Nt all regins settled tda will be retained. This wld als have sme

advantages if peple were t migrate t f sme peripheral areas f the

Alps in the cming generatins. Bilgical diversit increases in areas inwhich natral frests are permitted t grw bac, becase permanent

hman settlements have been given p permanentl. And this is directl

sefl fr climate prtectin, becase sch areas bind mre carbn di-

xide (Co2) than bilt-p areas. Therefre, the shld be rewarded in

revene eqalizatin, and the strctral changes in the peripheral areas

als be sciall sftened.


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ENERGy CHANGE!

The Alps need t prepare fr the time after the il age. Renewable energ

srces are crcial fr climate prtectin the ftre belngs t them.

Frward-ling spatial planning mst tae this int accnt. It shld

cnsistentl prmte lw-energ bilding methds, define climate netral

pilt regins and reserve engh areas fr phtvltaic and wind pwer bt witht damaging natre r landscape.

MAkE RooM FoR THE SuN!

Bilding cdes shld define the lcatin and rientatin f bildings in

sch a manner as t ptimall se the sn fr heating, ht water prdc-

tin and electricit prdctin. Whenever it harmnizes with landscape

prtectin, znes shld be mared fr wind pwer and gethermal p-

wer.

TRuTH IN CoSTS MuST PREVAIL!

The expense f develping bilding land that needs infrastrctre fr

transprt, technical and scial facilities increases the greater the rral

sprawl. The tre csts mst be brne b the prpert wners. The pblic

sectr shld cease veiled sbsidizatin f cnstrctin that is damaging

t the climate.


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CLIMATE ChANgE hAS dIffErINg IMPACTS IN dIffErENT

gEOgrAPhICAL rEgIONS

The Alpine regins are affected differentl frm sthern r nrthern E-

rpe, the nrthern part f the Alps differentl frm the sthern part fthe Alps, high-ling regins differentl frm lw-ling regins. Abve all,

the small-scale effects f climate change have nt et been thrghl

investigated. It is evident that climate change is alread in prgress. The

flctatin margin f the pssible glbal temperatre increase b the ear

2100 lies between 1.1 6.4 C (IPCC, 2007). The Alpine area is liel t be

mre heavil affected than man ther areas.

Therefre, preventing climate change mst be ne f the central becti-

ves and tass f spatial planning in the ftre. Spatial planning ma have

effects in terms f

preventing emissins that affect the climate and

binding gases (sil, plants) that affect the climate.

At the same time, spatial planning mst react t the pssible ef fects f cli-

mate change: avalanches, mdslides, rcfall, flding, extreme weather

events, etc. Danger znes sddenl extend t bilt-p areas; develped

bilding land is expsed t higher, hard-t-assess riss that were nt fre-

seeable at the time zning decisins were made. Private insrance cm-

panies refse t insre bildings in endangered areas, r raise premims

t sch an extent that the becme naffrdable.

It is therefre the tas f spatial planning t anticipate hazards triggered

b climate change, integrate them int planning and see sltins fr

affected sers. Spatial planning is a field f activit in which preventin

and adaptatin strategies are eqall imprtant. Hwever, a differentia-

tin mst be made between plans and prects with spatial impact and

spatial planning as sch, since man imprtant tls fr the cntrl f

spatial develpment are nt within the decisin-maing athrit f spa-

tial planning: revene eqalizatin between lcal athrities, land transfer

tax reglatins, tax sbsidies fr hsing cnstrctin and bsiness de-

velpment. In these areas, spatial planning can frmlate reqests anddemands, bt is nt in a psitin t realise them. In the Alpine area, the

definitin f cmpetences differs frm cntr t cntr and frm regin

t regin.

CLIMATE ChANgE ANdSPATIAL PLANNINg

3

fie 1:

Reginal planning is called p n t

respnd t the grwing threat psedb natral hazards.


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In the fllwing, an attempt is made t describe the avidance and ad-

aptatin strategies that are within the immediate sphere f cmpetence

f spatial planning, pinting t e demands f spatial planning n tls

and instrments tside its direct sphere f inflence.

Spatial develpment is sbect t reglatin and cntrl at varis levels,

spranatinal, natinal, reginal and lcal. Basic principles, bectivesand gidelines, which are ften ver general in natre and nn-binding,

are frmlated at the spranatinal and natinal levels. The binding natre

and the relevance f plans fr the behavir f enterprises, hsehlds

and individals within a space increase as the planning and decisin-

maing level decreases. The mst imprtant spatial planning instrments

are fnd at the reginal and lcal levels. This is where cnflicts f bec-

tives and interests cme t the fre, and these cnflicts are the reasn

fr the nfrtnatel wide gap between the expectatins placed in spatial

planning and the reslts actall achieved.

The Alpine regin is nt an administrative entit with cmmn statistics;

ths there are hardl an data fr the Alpine regin as a whle. The figres,

data and research reslts sed in the fllwing were taen frm Alpine

cntries, as it ma be assmed that these data are transferable t the

Alpine regin verall.

SPATIAL PLANNINg ANd AvOIdANCE STrATEgIES

Spatial planning has a nmber f imprtant cmpetences as regards the

implementatin f avidance strategies:

(1) Develpment f spatial and settlement strctres that minimise distan-

ces travelled b car, enfrce energ-saving develpment strctres and

bilding design, reslt in a crdinatin f settlement strctres with dis-

trict heating and cling netwrs.

(2) Prtectin f real and ptential sins fr climate-relevant gases b se-

cring areas with high Co2-binding capacit (e.g. mrs, sils, frests,

green areas), minimal expansin f srfaces sealed b bildings and in-

frastrctre, enlargement f green areas b means sch as renatratin,

green rfs, planted ards, etc.

(3) Renewable energ zning: windmills, phtvltaic, water pwer plants,

bimass prdctin.

LARGE-SCALE DESIGN oF TRAFFIC-REDuCING SETTLEMENT

STRuCTuRES

The gal f rganising the spatial distribtin f inhabitants, wrplaces,

shpping and leisre time facilities in a manner that redces traffic t a

minimm reqires measres at bth the reginal and the lcal level. Ac-

tivit patterns need t be designed in a wa t eep the rtes betweendestinatins as shrt as pssible, while at the same time secring eas

access b pblic transprt at reasnable csts.

3.1

fie 2:

urban sprawl generates traffic and

greenhse gases that are harmfl

t the climate.

3.1.1


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Nmers mbilit stdies prvide clear evidence f the crrelatin bet-

ween spatial strctres and traffic develpment:

In small rbanised areas, the share f mtrised individal transprt (MIT)

is almst dble that f highl rbanised areas. The average distances

travelled b means f mtrised individal transprt als depend n the

spatial strctre:

Average MIT distances are the lngest in small rral cmmnities and the

shrtest in twns with 20,000 t 100,000 inhabitants. Man Alpine twns

lie in this categr. The significance f settlement strctres in terms f

car traffic vlmes is best shwn b an illstratin f distances cvered

b car per hsehld:

fie 3:

Mdal split f distances travelled b

rbanit classes in German in 2002.

Srce: oeltze S., Bracher T. . a. (2007): Mbilitt 2050 Szenarien der Mbilittsentwiclngnter Bercsichtigng vn Siedlngsstrtren bis 2050

fie 4:

Average dis tances travell ed bmeans f mtrised individal

transprt b mnicipalit size in

German in 2002.

0 % 20 %10 % 30 % 50 % 70 % 90 %40 % 60 % 80 % 100 %

PedestriansCclists

Pblic transprtMtrised individal transprt

38

29

23 9 6 62

10 10 52

10 15 37

> 500000

100000 - < 500000

50000 - < 100000

20000 - < 50000

5000 - < 20000

2000 - < 5000

< 2000

Political size classes of

municipalities by inhabitant

0 5 10 15 20

Distance travelled in km

Cre citiesin agglmeratin areas

Cre citiesin rbanised areas

Cndensed circlesin rbanised areas

Cndensed circlesin agglmeratin areas

Lw-densit rral circlesin rral areas

9127

9679

12975

15625

22508

Srce: Hatzinger N., Heidemann D. krmer B. (1999): Rmliche Strtr der Pw-Fahr-leistng in der Bndesrepbli Detschland Fahrleistngsatlas Institt fr angewandte

Verehrs- nd Trismsfrschng e. V. (IVT), i. A. d. Bndesamtes fr Bawesen nd Ram-rdnng (BBR), Bnn.

fie 5:

Settlement strctre and average

distances travelled b private car per

hsehld in m/ear i n German.

Srce: oeltze S., Bracher T. . a. (2007): Mbilitt 2050 Szenarien der Mbilittsentwiclngnter Bercsichtigng vn Siedlngsstrtren bis 2050

lw

middle

high


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Distances cvered b car per hsehld are perceptibl lwer in the

densel bilt-p cre cities with predminantl mlti-stre residential

bildings than in the afflent areas tside cre cit bndaries, which

are characterised b a high share f single-famil hmes. Even higher are

distances cvered b car per hsehld in lw-densit areas that are nt

in the immediate vicinit f large centres.

In a sciet based n the divisin f labr and characterised b a grwing

individalisatin f needs and wants, the gal f achieving traffic-redcing

settlement strctres can nl be reached with settlements answering

t minimm size and densit reqirements. Nmers stdies shw that

the decentralised cncentratin cncept is the ideal vehicle t reach

this gal. As the example f the Franfrt am Main regin illstrates, an

ptimised allcatin f living and wring infrastrctre based n ftre

settlement grwth within a cncept f decentralised cncentratin ena-

bled a redctin f distances travelled b atmbile (persn ilmetres)

b 63% as cmpared t the trend fr the ear 2025 (Mtzs 2002).

The significance f settlement strctres n car traffic vlmes is als

evidenced b Astrian cnsmer srve data: wing t the higher densit

f cars and mre extensive car se, transprt expenses f hsehlds in

sparsel pplated regins exceed thse f hsehlds in mre densel

pplated areas b abt ne third.

Hsehld spending in the sb-categr Pblic transprt, b cntrast,

is the highest in densel pplated areas. optimising the large-scale dis-

tribtin f inhabitants, bs and ther spheres f activit hence pens

p a hge ptential fr aviding individal car traffic and ths redcing

climate-effective emissins.

Expliting this ptential wld reqire a plic aimed twards the deve-

lpment f small and medim-sized twns instead f decentralised village

strctres with inadeqate pblic transprt cnnectins and lcated far

awa frm b centres. These demands are nt slel directed t spatial

planning as sch, bt als t the relevant sectral plicies (e.g. financial,

ecnmic, hsing plic):

(1) Revene eqalizatin

In Astria, the sstems f revene eqalizatin between lcal gvernment

athrities differ frm Land t Land. Arrangements mst therefre be

cnsidered individall fr each Land. Whatever the case, lcatins that

ffer cmprehensive services fr their envirns shld receive higher al-

lcatins in the prcess f revene eqalizatin amng lcal gvernment

athrities. Hwever, revene eqalizatin is a negtiatin prcess that is

cndcted b the financial departments f the lcal gvernment athri-

ties and is ths a pliticall sensitive matter.

(2) Hsing sbsidies and hmewner allwances

This is a cntrversial instrment, bth pliticall and in terms f cntent,

fie 6:

urban develpment strctre with

lw-impact traffic based n a decen-

tralised cncentratin.


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and in sme cntries, it has been scaled bac (Switzerland) r even

ablished (German). other cntries prefer targeted spprt prgrams

in hsing plic (France). This methd can be sed ver effectivel as a

means f inflencing residential lcatin develpment.

(3) Pblic sectr investments in the develpment f bsiness lcatins

and bsiness develpment

Mnicipalities ften cmpete fr bsinesses. This leads t plant and bsi-

nesses being set p at lcatins far awa frm railwa cnnectins and

reachable nl b car. The develpment f bsiness lcatins can be

made cntingent n a sstainable rganisatin f mbilit wherever pb-

lic sectr infrastrctre investments (r sbsidies) are invlved.

(4) Cntrlling the cnstrctin f secnd hmes

The prliferatin f secnd hmes is an isse f special relevance in the

Alpine regin. While st nder 12% f all residential nits are secnd h-mes n a general Swiss average, this share rises t 25-40% in the large

Alpine trist cantns (Grisns, Valais, Ticin). In cmmnities with ver

intensive trism, secnd hmes ften accnt fr mre than 50% f

ttal residential nits (Mhlinghas 2006).

Secnd hmes are an imprtant cmpnent f the range f trism pr-

dcts and services, bt their capacit tilisatin reaches a mere 10% t

15% (Mhlinghas 2006). At the same time, the cmpete with cmmer-

cial accmmdatin prviders and their cntribtin t reginal vale ad-

ded is lw. In terms f their climate relevance, these s-called cld bedshave an impact mainl in s far as the increasing develpment f the rral

landscape gives rise t sil sealing and additinal traffic. Reginal plan-

ning has practicall n fnctining interventin instrments at present, be-

case existing reglatins are easil bpassed r set aside (Seidenberger

2006, c.f. als Chapter 2.1.2).

(5) Better visibilit f tre csts and implementatin f the csts-b-case

principle in the prvisin f transprt and technical infrastrctre

A nmber f stdies prvide evidence that the develpment csts f traf-

fic, technical and scial infrastrctre increase maredl with lwer bil-ding densit and the greater the settlement sprawl int the cntrside.

The tre csts, hwever, are brne nl in part b the beneficiaries f the

infrastrctre. on the Astrian average, nl abt 37% f the investment

csts f rad, water sppl and sewage sstems are brne b their actal

sers (Dbe 1999).

16% f these csts are paid b the mnicipalit, which is respnsible

thrgh zning and develpment planning fr the settlement sprawl int

rral landscapes. The mar share f these csts, namel almst 50%,

is brne b the federal and Land gvernments. Mrever, federal andLand gvernments pa 82% f the csts f scial infrastrctre (transprt

spprt fr children, schl transprt and hme care services), while the

fie 7:

Secnd hmes are a principal case

f rban sprawl, especiall in trist

resrts.

fie 8:

Lw levels f bilding densit are

snnms with sbsidising climate

change.


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mnicipalities and the clients each pa fr nl 9% (Dbe et al 2001).

Fr Switzerland, a std cmpiled b Ecplan (Ecplan 2000) shws

that the spatiall dispersed sprawl f lw-densit settlements gives rise

t csts per head fr water sppl, wastewater dispsal, transprt and

electricit sppl infrastrctre that are p t three times higher than in

densel pplated settlements with inward develpment. Als in Switzer-land, the sstems f fees and charges in man cases d nt et sffici-

entl accnt fr the riginatrs f the csts, and the latter are therefre

sbsidized b the inhabitants f densel pplated areas.

A recent German research prect reprted similar reslts fr German

(Dittrich-Wesbaer et al 2008). The fllw-p csts fr the develpment

f dispersed lw-densit settlements in part even exceed the prdctin

csts, bt can hardl be allcated t the riginatr f the csts.

Hence, the inhabitants f less densel pplated areas are sbsidized

frm tw srces: firstl frm general tax fnds, secndl b the inhabi-

tants f densel pplated areas, becase the sstems fr calclating the

fees and charges fr pblic services (water, sewage, energ) fail t tae

the specific settlement cnditins int accnt. The higher csts f sp-

pl in thinl pplated areas are distribted amng all cnsmers. These

framewr cnditins encrage and prmte rban and rral sprawl

and essentiall translate int a sbsid fr climate change.

The behavir f the actrs nder these framewr cnditins is ratinal.

The rral mnicipalities endeavr t retain inhabitants and bs and at-

tract new nes b prviding an excessive ffer f cheap bilding land, astax and financial eqalizatin revenes as well as the ecnmic viabilit f

technical and scial infrastrctre depend n the nmber f inhabitants

and bs. This apprach wrs as lng as a well-develped rad netwr

and cheap fel ensres that rban centres remain within eas reach; bt

settlements cntine t sprawl, distances travelled b car are still rising

and greenhse gas emissins increasing.

This gives rise t a central cnflict f spatial plic bectives: bectives

lie maintaining rral cmmnit strctres, preventing migratin frm r-

ral areas, pplatin drain and depletin necessaril clash with climateplic bectives as lng as car traffic is ne f the mar cases f clima-

te change and there is n verall cverage with adeqate pblic transprt

services (c.f. als cmpact Transprt).

CoMPACT DESIGN oF SET TLEMENTS

The adverse effects f dispersed settlement strctres, which are disad-

vantages bth in climate plic and macrecnmic terms, are frther

aggravated b nrganized bilding strctres lie the detached single-

famil hses, car-riented shpping centres and greenfield bsiness l-

catins. The largest avidance ptential and the lins share f snergies

with ther sstainabilit gals can be nlced b cmpact settlement

strctres, high densities, strctres riented n the availabilit f pblic

3.1.2


13/3213

transprt, a gd mix f fnctins and an energ-ptimised arrangement

f bildings:

the generate less car traffic and ths fewer climate-impacting emissi-

ns;

csts fr technical and scial infrastrctre are sbstantiall lwer;

the cmpl with the reqirement f ecnmical se f nsealed land,the preservatin f agricltral land and Co2sins;

the help t redce the energ cnsmptin f bildings and hence

climate-impacting emissins.

The cmparisn belw shws the mared difference made b a dense,

well-mixed settlement strctre in which inhabitants are nt cmpelled

t se cars:

A hsehld in a lw-energ hse lcated in the pen cntrside ge-

nerates mre Co2emissins if mbilit cnsmptin is taen int accnt

than a hsehld in a traditinal hse if the lcatin permits the inhabi-

tants t d witht a car.

Mtrisatin was the e factr that first triggered the rban and rral

sprawl f single famil hmes and the remte sppl instead f lcal

sppl with basic services. Between 1830 and 1950, the settlement areaper resident remained almst cnstant (Dbe 2002).

In Switzerland, the pplatin increased b 7.7% frm the end f the

1970s t the mid-1990s while the settlement area expanded b 13.3%

(BFS 2001). The main reasns fr the area increase were single and tw-

famil hmes (30.1% f the increase) and space sed fr traffic (23.4%).

This develpment is liel t cntine becase almst 25% f the land

zned fr bilding in Switzerland has nt et been bilt p. The main part

f these still ndevelped areas is zned fr hsing prpses and the

largest share f these areas is lcated in rral cmmnities. Frthermre,large areas f land zned fr bilding are ften lcated in nsitable lca-

tins (ARE 2007).

fie 9:

Annal energ cnsmptin fhsehlds.

Srce VC (2005): Fs Energieeffizienz im Verehr. Wien

TransprtHeatingHt water

AppliancesLightening

Nrmal hse with car

Lw-energ hse with car

Nrmal hse witht car

Lw-energ hse witht car

0 30 9060 120 150

In gigajoules

85,7

85,7

13,0 53,6 11,5

4,3

17,3

17,313,0

24,8

24,8

4,3 17,3

53,6 11,5 17,3 3,6

3,6

3,6

3,6


14/3214

In German, the settlement and traffic area per resident increased frm

498 m2at the beginning f the 1990s t 569 m2(+ 14.3%) b 2007. The

share f high-land cnsmptin f single and tw-famil hmes in the t-

tal area ccpied b new residential bildings srged frm 39.6% (1995)

t 66% (2007)!

Nmers empirical srves evidence the crrelatin between bilding

densit, bilding strctre and sil sealing.

fie 10:

Accessibil it f land zned fr bi ld-

ing b pblic transprt in Switzerland.

Srce: Bndesamt fr Ramentwiclng ARE (2007): Baznenstatisti 2007. Bern

fie 11:

Crrelatin between bilding densit

and size f develped area.

Srce: Dittrich-Wesbaer A., krase-jn k, osterhage F. (2008): ksten nd Ntzen derSiedlngsentwiclng. Hrsg.: Institt fr Landes- nd Stadtentwiclngsfrschng ndPlanersciett. Drtmnd

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

Large centres

Sb-centres f large centres

Belts f large centres

Medim-sized centres

Belts f medim-sized centres

Small centres

Peri-rban rral cmmnities

Agricltral cmmnities

Trist cmmnities

Ver gd accessibili tGd accessibilitMedim accessibilit

Lw accessibilitMarginal r n accessibilit

Settlement prects examinedCmparable prects (ERNA)

floor space index 0.4 - 0.6

Inward development areas

m2/resident ial un it

0 160140120100

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

080604020

Building density residential units/ha (net building land)


15/3215

The demand fr develpment land increases strngl as f a flr area

rati (ttal flr area/site area) f 0.4 t 0.6 (estates f terraced hses).

Detached hsing estates have a flr area rati f 0.1 t maximm 0.4

and are ths characterised b ver high land cnsmptin fr internal

develpment.

Bilding densit is als a decisive factr fr the affrdabilit f distantheating and cling sstems (heating in winter, cling in smmer), which

cntribte sbstantiall t imprving the efficienc f pwer plants.

The psitin, alignment and rientatin f the bildings are ver imprtant

frm the viewpint f passive and thermal slar energ tilisatin and the

se f phtvltaics.

A cmpact design f bilding strctres is assessed as psitive witht

qalificatin nt nl as per climate-related cnsideratins, bt als frm

the viewpint f ecnmic and scial sstainabilit:

Macrecnmic csts invlved in the develpment f traffic, technical

and scial infrastrctre are redced.

Energ prdctin facilities and pblic transprt sstems can be pera-

ted mre efficientl and at lwer cst.

Csts fr pblic sectr infrastrctre are distribted in a sciall mre

eqitable and fairer manner.

In cntrast t develpment planning f large-scale settlement strctres

(see Chapter 3.1.1), spatial planning has the necessar instrments t in-

flence develpment strctres: Reginal develpment prgrammes in-clding definitin f settlement bndaries, land se planning and zning,

rban land se planning and develpment planning.

In all Alpine cntries, a clear mandate fr a space-minimizing design f

settlement strctres can be derived frm plic definitins at the natinal

and spra-reginal level.

In the prtcls cncerning Spatial planning and sstainable develp-

ment and Sil prtectin fr the implementatin f the Alpine Cnven-

tin, the Alpine cntries declare their cmmitment t the prdent and

ratinal land se b space-saving and sil-cnserving bilding. Inwardsettlement develpment is t be prmted and tward expansin f re-

sidential areas restricted. Sme cntries have even defined binding and

nn-binding qantitative gals:

German: Redctin f land cnsmptin fr residential settlements

frm 90 ha in 2002 t 30 ha in 2020 (binding).

Switzerland: The settlement area is t stabilize at 400 m2/per resident

(nn-binding).

Astria: Redctin f land cnsmptin fr residential settlements t

10% f the 2002 level b 2010 (binding).

Bt these bectives will nt be attained and will even be missed tright

fie 12:

Cmpact settlement strctres are

nt st beneficial in terms f climate

plic; the als have an nreserv-

edl psitive effect n ecnmic and

scial sstainabilit.


16/3216

despite these basic and in sme cases binding cmmitments (reginal pl-

anning laws, gvernment resltins). Rather, the dnamics in the pp-

site directin have actall increased in sme areas as the figres abve

shw.

There is n lac f cncrete measres develped and pt p fr discs-

sin b science and expert bdies. Mre than sevent measres cveringall interventin levels f the s-called bilding land steps are read fr

implementatin. A crdinated set f reglatr plicies and measres,

mnetar instrments and awareness-enhancing activities will be reqi-

red acrss all these levels t attain the bectives f prdent and ratinal

land se (Weber 2009):

Belw, pssible measres are listed b wa f example:

(1) Reglatr instrments

Time limits n the tilisatin f designated bilding land cmbined with

rezning t green land.

Mbilisatin f nsed bilding land b means f land se cntracts.

Definitin f bilding densities in land se plans.

(2) Mnetar instrments

Higher sbsidies fr space-minimizing residential bildings, redctin rablitin f hsing sbsidies and first-hme ber allwances fr single

famil hmes.

fie 13:

Interventin levels fr space-mini-

mizing spatial develpment.

Srce: Weber G. (2009a): Ramplanerische Interventinen nee orientierngen im Lab-rinth der Mglicheiten. In: Frm Wissenschaft & umwelt (Hrsg.): Wissenschaft & umwelt12/2009.

1

t (time)

5

6

6

Readiness level

4

3

2

Unsealed soil (Partly) sealed soil

Abandonedbuilt-upbuildingland

Built-upbuilding

land

Non-built-up,

bu

tdevelopedbuildingland

Zonedbuildingland

Futuredevelopm

entland

Greenland


17/3217

Intrdctin f cst-cvering develpment and maintenance cntrib-

tins fr develped bt nsed bilding land.

Intrdctin f land-se certificates: the mnicipalities are given limited

rezning rights and these can be traded n a bilding land exchange

(Seidl et al. 2009).

Intrdctin f a tax n vale added (lev n vale added): the tax n

vale added is cntractall fixed between the land wner and the m-

nicipalit. up t a predetermined share (in Switzerland p t a maximm

f 60% based n a Federal Spreme Crt rling), the increase in vale

de t a rezning f land can be levied b the mnicipalit. The Cantn

f Basel Cit fr instance levies 50%.

(3) Raising awareness and infrmatin

Dcmentatin f develpment csts fr land rezned as bilding land

b the mnicipalities.

Dcmentatin f minimm availabilit f pblic transprt fr land re-zned as bilding land.

Establishment f a register f vacant bilding land, management f va-

cant sites.

Preparatin f infrmatin material and awareness raising measres fr

lcal plitical representatives.

Wh have targets set b plitical bdies and the prpsals f experts s

far failed t have an effect? There are tw central cases:

(1)The macrecnmic, eclgical and climate-related csts f a space-

intensive settlement sprawl are pitted against nmers individal bene-fits and interests.

(2)The bl f imprtant land se plic decisins are taen at the small-

scale lcal gvernment level. on this level individal benefits and interests

verride macrecnmic and glbal (warming) cnsideratins.

Individal benefits and interests are factrs taen int accnt n bth the

demand and the sppl side f land:

Demand:

The free-standing single famil hme, vil la r chalet are the preferredtpe f hme in large parts f the Alpine regin.

Secnd hmes in attractive landscapes allw cmbining capital invest-

ment and wealth frmatin bectives with pprtnities fr additinal

earnings and persnal benefits.

The declining demand fr agricltral land entails higher availabilit f

cheap bilding land in greenfield lcatins.

The accessibilit f central instittins, facilities and bs b car (well de-

velped rad netwr, cheap fel, increasing mtrisatin) allws pep-

le t bild in lcatins awa frm existing cmpact bilding strctres.

Sppl:

The mnicipalities are interested in pplatin grwth and creating bs


18/3218

as the inflw f direct revenes (taxes, fees and charges) and indirect re-

venes (eqalizatin paments) depends n these factrs. Mnicipalities

cmpeting with each ther dedicate bilding land largel in cmpliance

with individal demands and abve and bend actal lcal reqire-

ments.

Bilding land is designated in the interest f agricltral enterprises:t allw fr settlements with heirs wh have rennced sccessin

rights and fr the cnstrctin f parental hmes (dwellings fr retired

farmers);

t allw fr capital prcrement and slving financial prblems (higher

sales prices fr bilding land, cllateral fr mrtgages).

In small cmmnities, in particlar, the prximit f the actrs gives rise

t incmpatibilities and cnflicts f interests. unsitable lcatins are re-

zned as bilding land, new reznings are apprved even thgh sffici-

ent reserves are still available. Cnsidering the cmplex cnstellatin fdifferent interests and individal benefits invlved at the small-scale deci-

sin-maing level, it is hardl srprising that n cmmn grnd can be

fnd t realise verall bectives. Reassigning cmpetences t the higher

spatial planning level, hwever, wld impl a seris interference in the

mnicipalities sphere f cmpetences. This is where demcratic cnflicts

f interest cme int pla.

In Switzerland, the Peples initiative fr man and natre (the s-called

landscape initiative) emerged in 2007 in respnse t the failre f spatial

planning plic. Its bective is t enfrce a cnstittinal garantee that

the verall size f land designated fr bilding will nt be expanded fr

a perid f 20 ears. Whatever its tcme, this initiative has helped t

enhance pblic discssin f this tpic and increase pressre n plitical

decisin maers.

PRoVISIoN oF SPACE FoR SouRCES oF RENEWABLE ENERGy

The prvisin f space fr renewable srces f energ sch as windmills,

phtvltaic facilities, water pwer plants as well as bimass is a new

tas fr spatial planning. The fllwing activities f spatial planning and

land se planning can spprt the reginalised sppl f energ frm

renewable srces:

Legal anchring f climate prtectin and energ secrit in spatial plan-

ning law t legitimate reginal and lcal activities.

Adapting bilding cdes and reglatins t ensre ptimm ti lisatin f

slar energ in new bilding and bilding refrbishment.

Preparing an imprved basis fr decisins regarding site assessments

fr energ prdctin plants.

Determining cncrete lcatins f energ prdctin plants in legall

binding plans.

Cperatin / crdinatin in drafting reginal / lcal energ cncepts /energ plic missin statements.

Cmpiling criteria fr decisin-maing in the case f disptes ver land

se and cnflicts f interest with ther prtectin gals.

3.1.3

fie 14:

Area-based slar thermal cl lectrs

pse new challenges t reginal

planning.


19/3219

SPATIAL PLANNINg ANd AdAPTATION STrATEgIES

Spatial planning mst als cntribte t the implementatin f measres

t adapt t climate changes that cannt be stpped and have becme

navidable. The rle f spatial planning, the tpe f measres, the mde

f interactin with ther sectrs are crrentl being stdied and discssed

in research prects fr the Alpine area (e.g. CLISP Climate Change Ad-aptatin b Spatial Planning). Spatial planning can and mst mae essen-

tial cntribtins with respect t the fllwing effects f climate change:

(1) Dealing with new and aggravated climate-related natral hazards n

the basis f hazard zne plans / hazard maps. This incldes the fllwing

measres:

Rezning f bilding land lcated in new hazard znes

Secring f areas fr additinal prtective measres: expanding water

retentin areas, fld dams, avalanche prtectin and trrent cntrl)

Specifing hazard prtectin reglatins in bilding reglatin plans: e.g.

rf inclinatins, rf lads, prhibitin znes fr strage and se f ha-

zards sbstances in basements and grnd flrs

(2) Preventin f heat islands in densel bilt-p cre cities. This incldes

the fllwing measres:

Std and frmlatin f basic micrclimatic cnditins in the cntext f

new planning fr large-scale develpment areas

Secring large-scale fresh-air crridrs

Secring green areas f sfficient size, prmtin f green rfs, plan-ting f inner crtards, facades and radside areas

Climate change as a ris factr reqires a fndamentall new apprach t

hazard zne planning. In the ftre, plans fr hazard znes mst be cn-

ceived as ris zne plans. The prbabilit that a hazard will actall ccr

cannt be assessed. Ris premims fr climate change mst be neg-

tiated (see Chapter 5.5). Planning decisins can n lnger be based n

past experience. This reqires a scial dialge in which spatial planning

is invlved as ne f man actrs (see als cmpact Natral Hazards).

As regards the implementatin f adaptatin measres t climate change,spatial planning still faces a nmber f challenges:

Existing climate mdels still fail t permit reginal and small-scale assess-

ments regarding the effects f climate change. Hwever, in the case f

cnflicts f interests legall binding decisins reqire sbstantiatin b

well-fnded expert pinins. Fr this reasn, hazard znes are still de-

fined n the basis f actal disaster recrds (30-ear fld ing recrds,

etc.).

Hazard zne and ris plans are cmpiled b experts and then incrp-rated int land se planning. Bt fr man areas there are still n hazard

zne plans (e.g. Switzerland: avalanches 90%, water 50%, mdslides

40%).

3.2


20/3220

Preventive prtectin measres (e.g. water retentin areas) mst be im-

plemented in areas and b cmmnities, which d nt benefit frm the-

se measres bt rather experience disadvantages (restrictins n se,

csts). What is needed are reginal cncepts at a level that extends ac-

rss cmmnities and which prvide fr an eqitable trade-ff between

csts and benefits. Hwever, generall applicable mdels are still lacing

(see als Chapter 3.4).

In recent ears it was mainl de t fld disasters that reginal planning

laws were amended and hazard zne plans have becme a mre r less

a binding standard in bilding land zning prcesses (e.g. Switzerland,

Sth Trl/Alt Adige, Bavaria, upper Astria, etc.). In the Prtcl n

the Implementatin f the Alpine Cnventin Relating t Spatial Planning

and Sstainable Develpment the Alpine natins als entered a cntrac-

tal cmmitment t determine the areas sbect t natral hazards, whe-

re bilding f strctres and installatins shld be avided as mch as

pssible.

An imprtant spplement wld be t inclde a binding prvisin ens-

ring that climate effects and measres are taen int accnt within the

cntext f a strategic envirnmental assessment f cncepts and plans.

Reginal spatial and develpment cncepts dealing with prtectin cn-

cepts and trade-ff mechanisms at a spra-mnicipal level cld serve as

additinal instrments fr integrating adaptatins t climate change (als

see Chapter 5.5).

CONfLICTS Of OBjECTIvES ANd SOLuTIONS

CoNFLICTS oF oBjECTIVES

The implementatin f spatial planning strategies t prevent climate

change and adapt t navidable effects f climate change gives rise t a

nmber f seris cnflicts f bectives:

Prmting traffic-redcing large-scale strctres ma well rn cnter t

the bective f redcing disparities between rban and rral areas, prs-

pering and disadvantaged regins. Mre than elsewhere, this cld entail

increased t-migratin and the ersin f services f general interest

in peripheral regins and small cmmnities. The tpics f retreat and

shrinage mst be increasingl discssed especiall against the bac-

grnd f climate change in the alpine regin. Spatial planning cld pla

a new rle here: as active cmpanin and designer f retreating prces-

ses as well as a mediatr n negtiatins n this tpic that reqire parti-

clar sensitivit (Weber 2009b).

Redcing the spatial planning cmpetences f cmmnities ma be in

cnflict with demcratic plic bectives and the mnicipalities right t

self-determinatin. An sch measre is liel t encnter fierce pp-

sitin especiall in the Alpine regin with its traditin f self-determinatin

and atnm f smaller spatial entities.

3.3

3.3.1

fie 15:

Reginal planning is called pn t

tae greater cnsideratin f the

threat psed b natral hazards.


21/3221

A cnversin f hazard zne plans int ris zne plans based n as-

smptins regarding ftre develpments is liel t cme p against

acceptance prblems.

Expanding the se f renewable energ ma be in cntradictin with

ther bectives: natre cnservatin bectives, bi-diversit bectives

and ther ses (e.g. fd prdctin).

PoSSIBLE SoLuTIoNS

T sme extent, Alpine settlement strctres prvide a gd basis fr

a lw-traffic develpment apprach. The linear Alpine valles ffer ideal

cnditins fr a pblic-transprt-based strctre. The Alpine cities and

twns are in line with the cncept f decentral cncentratin and are cha-

racterised b traditinall cmpact design f bilding strctres. The b-

ective mst be t strengthen these strctres and t prevent an frther

sprawl f single famil hses t areas that cannt be reached b means

f pblic transprt. In remte village strctres, an settlement expansin

shld be sbect t the mandatr reqirement f cmpact design f

bilding strctres.

In peripheral areas, a pririt gal mst be t frther reginal ecnmic

develpment t minimize cmmting t distant b lcatins. At the same

time, scial capital in these areas needs t be strengthened t ensre that

fnctining cmmnit instittins create the basis fr sstainable a-

tnms develpment. The mnicipalities right t self-determinatin in

matters related t spatial planning shld be lined t a strng incentive/

disincentive sstem. Financial assistance, bdget allcatins, permissinsgranted b higher administrative echelns mst be lined t prvisins t

ensre space-minimizing settlement develpment.

A hge challenge is psed b the cnflicts arising frm a clash f inte-

rests between the tilisatin f renewable energ srces (water, wind,

bimass), natre prtectin and ther ses (frestr, trism, hnting,

energ indstr, etc.). Here, spatial planning mst assme the rle f a

mediatr/cnflict manager and ensre a fair participatin f all interests

invlved. This als applies with respect t expanding hazard znes t

ris znes b taing int accnt nt nl prbabilities derived frm pastexperience bt als the ftre lielihd f natral disaster (ris premims

fr climate change).

A basic prereqisite fr the sccessfl implementatin f avidance as

well as adaptatin strategies in spatial planning is definitel t be seen in

pr-active pblic relatins wr that effectivel cmmnicates the need,

the prpse and the effects f strategies and measres.

3.3.2

fie 16:

Independent develpment is cntin-

gent pn regins strengthening their

capacit fr gvernance.


22/3222

4 CONCLuSIONSSpatial planning is an instrment that ma cntribte t preventing and

redcing climate-relevant emissins in ther sectrs (transprt, energ).

Spatial planning is als imprtant t ensre that Co2-binding capacit

is preserved (nsealed sil, green areas, plants). Finall, spatial planning

will have t assme an imprtant rle in spprting adaptatin t irre-versible climate changes b maing prvisins fr hazard zne planning

and micr-climatic reqirements (heat islands, fresh-air crridrs). The

reqired instrments are largel available and the measres are alread

nwn, since mst f these measres, apart frm serving climate pr-

tectin gals, have varis ther macrecnmic, scial and eclgical

advantages. In mst Alpine cntries and regins, the spatial plic b-

ectives relevant fr preventing climate change are alread laid dwn in

sperrdinate cncepts. Hwever, cnflicts f bectives with individal

ecnmic and persnal interests are sall decided t the disadvantage

f spatial plic bectives. The reasn fr this lies in the lgic n whichthe sstem as a whle is based, as in this sstem the main decisin ma-

ers in matters related t spatial plic the mnicipalities act ratinall

frm their pint f view if the d nt bserve the sperrdinate bectives

f spatial planning.

It ma snd paradxical, bt frm the viewpint f spatial planning the

need fr climate prtectin presents an pprtnit t implement meas-

res that have lng been n the agenda.

Hwever, there are a nmber f ver fndamental cnflicts f bectives.

Spatial planning that is fcsed n climate prtectin and hence n re-

dcing traffic and land cnsmptin cmes int cnflict with gals aimed

at redcing spatial disparities, abve all, between rban and rral areas,

centres and peripheral lcatins. The relcatin f decisin-maing cm-

petencies frm mnicipalities t sperrdinate instittins, thgh fnc-

tinall significant, invlves a demcratic dimensin.

What is needed in this sitatin are new instrments, abve all, new frms

f cperatin and tas-sharing between all the actrs invlved: higher-

level athrities, mnicipalities, real estate develpers, bilders and the

pplatin. Besides the classical spatial planning instrments (plans), new

appraches can be fllwed t reach ld gals: private law cntracts, re-

qirements lined t sbsidies, the granting f apprvals given sbect


23/3223

t cmpliance with qalit standards. Best practice examples shw that

sccessfl mdels are alread in se.

A central factr in this cntext is that the reqired nwledge and infrma-

tin be made available. We mst scceed in getting the message acrss

t the plaers invlved mnicipalities, investrs, real estate develpers,

hsehlds that sstainable spatial develpment is nt nl imprtantfr climate prtectin, bt ma even generate sbstantial additinal bene-

fits, lead t material cst-ctting and cntribte t scial stice.

Since the Alpine regin mre heavil affected b climate change than

thers, it is challenged t assme a pineering rle in this respect.


24/3224

gOOd PrACTICEExAMPLES

The fllwing presents a nmber f select examples that illstrate hw

climate prtectin can be integrated explicitl r implicitl int spatial pl-anning instrments r instrments with high spatial relevance. Whether

these are transferable t ther regins will have t be examined in the

individal cases as the legal sstems differ frm ne Alpine cntr t

anther. Since an evalatin f the cncepts r measres is available

nl in a ver few cases, effects achieved and csts incrred can nl be

presented in qalitative terms.

LArgE-SCALE dESIgN Of A TrAffIC-rEduCINg SETTLE-

MENT STruCTurE

The new Swiss spatial develpment cncept cntains several elementsthat spprt the develpment f a traffic-redcing settlement strctre:

A plcentric netwr f rban and rral centres with strng metrpli-

tan regins;

A dnamic directed twards cnrbatins.

This cncept, hwever, is nl fr rientatin. Its peratinalizatin is

largel left t the individal cantns, mnicipalities and different fields f

sectral plic.

5

5.1

fie 17:

Man plaers are wring tgether

t achieve an rban develpment

strctre with lw-impact traffic.

F

rankSchultze,Zeitensp

iegel


25/3225

INTEgrATEd OvErALL CONCEPTS

BoLZANo: STRATEGIC DEVELoPMENT PLAN FoR A SuSTAINAB-

LE FuTuRE AND CLIMATE PACkAGE

The Cit f Blzan has agreed n a climate pacage which defines at-

taining climate netralit within the next ten ears as a pririt gal. Thismeans that the cit will then be allwed t generate st the amnt f Co2

which it is able t bind b natral prcesses within the cit bndaries. T

this end, the Strategic Develpment Plan fr the Cit f Blzan defines a

nmber f imprtant reqirements cncerning spatial develpment:

Creating a mltiplar and mltifnctinal cit thrgh measres sch as

develping the area f the railwa statin t a mdel climate district,

recvering abandned strctres fr residential prpses (internal deve-

lpment).

Realising a sn cit thrgh measres sch asdevelping a distant heating /distant cling netwr,

revising the bilding cde.

Creating the Climate Cit/Citt Clima thrgh measres sch as

cnstrcting new bildings nder strict adherence t the Climate

Hse standards,

prmting the adaptatin f existing bildings t Climate Hse stan-

dards.

Measres aimed at prmting sstainable mbilit sch as

prmting car-sharing and car-pling mdels,

implementing cllective n-demand mbilit services,

establishing a prfessinal mbilit management.

In recgnitin f this ambitis prect and the measres alread imple-

mented Blzan was awarded the title f Alpine twn f the ear 2009.

www.alpenstaedte.rg (de/fr/it/sl/en)

Cit f Blzan: Strategic Develpment Plan fr the Cit f Blzan

LES GETS PRojECT VILLAGE

A best practice example fr an integrated apprach t climate change is

the Les Gets Prect Village 2003 2013:

Les Gets in the French Alps has develped an actin plan fr climate pr-

tectin and started t implement it. The actin plan incldes a three-ear

mratrim fr bilding permits. Strict eclgical standards were defined

with regard t scial hsing and a wd-fired pwer statin was bilt

tgether with a distant heating netwr.

www.cipra.rg/ccalpsresearch/LesGetspret-village-2003-2013 (de/fr/it/sl/en)

5.2.2

5.2

5.2.1


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dESIgN Of ArChITECTurAL PrOPOrTIONS ANd STruC-

TurES

The architectral prprtins and strctres f bildings are sall de-

cided at the mnicipal level within the cntext f land se and bilding

reglatin planning. The sectin belw presents a nmber f examples

that have an inflence n the behavir f mnicipalities, bt als f realestate and prpert develpers.

HouSING SuBSIDIES IN AuSTRIA

In Astria hsing sbsidies are a pwerfl cntrl instrment which hea-

vil inflences the behavir f real estate and prpert develpers. The

award f sbsidies, their vlme and the raning f prects b tempral

eligibilit can be lined t prect standards. In man cases, eligibilit crite-

ria in Astrian federal states are alread lined t the energ cnsmptin

f bildings. Sme states have als intrdced standards aimed at achie-

ving a higher develpment densit:

Salzbrg

Hsing sbsidies are graded b tpe f bilding. The highest rates

are granted fr the acqisitin f apartments and terraced hses in

bildings with a minimm f three residential nits and a maximm land

cnsmptin f 350 m2per nit. Independent single-famil hmes are

sbsidised at the lwest rate. Premims are granted fr energ-related

eclgical measres, e.g. fr se f bimass r waste heat tilisatin

and cnnectin t a distant heating netwr.

www.salzbrg.gv.at/themen/sir_hapt/sir_whnen/sbg_whnbaferde-

rng.htm(de)

CASSINETTA DI LuGAGNANo (PRoVINCE oF MILANo): SoIL PRo-

TECTIoN THRouGH ZERo GRoWTH oF BuILDING LAND

The mnicipalit Cassinetta di Lgagnan (1800 inhabitants) in the catch-

ment area f the metrplis f Milan exhibits high in-migratin pressre.

In 2007, the mnicipalit apprved a plan which prvides fr n frther

zning f bilding land. Instead the mnicipalit prmtes renvatin and

cndensatin within existing settlement limits. This zer grwth plicwas pt p fr discssin in pblic meetings with the inhabitants. The

plitical decisin-maers respnsible fr the plan were cnfirmed in their

ffices b a large marit f vtes.

Srce: CIPRA Italia

INTERCoMMuNITy CooPERATIoN

An imprtant factr frthering rral sprawl is cmpetitin between mni-

cipalities fr inhabitants and bs and the crrespnding revenes. C-

peratin between mnicipalities aimed at an eqitable distribtin f re-

venes, csts and brdens can cntribte t the gal f achieving mre

cmpact settlement strctres accmpanied b less traffic and lwer

5.3.2

5.3

5.3.1

5.3.3

fie 18:

Zning and land-se plans are an

effective develpment instrment.


27/3227

land cnsmptin.

Financial eqalizatin between cmmnities

In 2005, the Astrian Financial Eqalizatin Act fr the first time created

the basis fr several mnicipalities t enter an agreement regarding a

distribtin f mnicipal tax revenes frm int investments made t

attract new bsiness establishments r retain existing nes.

Srce: Astrian Financial Eqalizatin Act 2005, 17, para. 1

INkoBA Inter-cmmnal bsiness lcatin in upper Astria

The gvernment f upper Astria isses land se permits fr new bsi-

ness and indstr lcatins cntingent n inter-cmmnal lcatin

develpment. Several mnicipalities set p an assciatin f lcal a-

thrities which is respnsible fr selecting, develping and mareting the

lcatins. The assciatin is als charged with handling cst and prfit-

sharing matters.

www.inba.at(de/en)

PRIVATE LAW MECHANISMS

Drnbirn (Vrarlberg), Astria

The mnicipal land se plic f the mnicipalit f Drnbirn lins the

award f bilding permits r the sale f land t energ and settlement

strctre-related criteria: minimm standards in terms f energ cn-

smptin, sparing se f bilding land and traffic develpment reqire-

ments (e.g. ccle path sstems). Cncrete agreements are laid dwn in

sales cntracts and bilding rights agreements.

Srce: Rok (2009): Energie nd Ramentwiclng.

In: Schriftenreihe Nr. 178.

5.3.4

fie 19+20:

In upper Astria decisins gverning

the settlement f new bsinesses

is taen intl b several mnicipa-

lities.

FrankSchultze,Z

eitenspiegel

F

rankSchultze,

Zeitenspiegel


28/3228

LINkING oF DISTANT HEAT uTILISATIoN AND LoCAL DEVELoP-

MENT PLANNING

Blle/kantn Freibrg, Switzerland

The mnicipalit f Blle in the Cantn f Fribrg has drawn p a mni-

cipal energ plan that incldes a distant heat sstem in cnnectin with

a wd-fired plant with a capacit f 50 MW. Cnnectin t the sstemma be made mandatr fr new bildings.

Srce: Bschng S. (2005): Freibrg lanciert mmnale Energieplne.

In: ARE (Hrsg.) Frm Ramentwiclng 1/2005. Bern.

SPATIAL dEvELOPMENT ANd ENErgy PLANNINg

INTEGRATING SPATIAL DEVELoPMENT PLANNING AND

ENERGy SuPPLy

Swiss energ planThe Swiss Energ Act (EnG f 26 jne 1998; as amended 1 Ma 2008)

prvides fr energ planning at cantnal level. The energ plan is t

serve as a decisin-maing basis fr measres regarding spatial pl-

anning, planning and design f plant and facilities and sbsidisatin

measres. The cantnal energ master plans are binding fr athrities,

pblic bdies and state enterprises. Cmmnal energ master plans are

drafted n the basis f the cantnal energ plans.

Minergie prmtin prgramme in the Cantn f Valais

The Cantn f Valais has intrdced the Minergie energ efficienc stan-

dard fr all pblic sectr bildings. A planning bns f 15% per site

area is t create an incentive fr private sectr develpers t appl this

standard. Additinal investments f 5% t 10% pa ff thans t this

incentive.

Chripell,flickr

p

g

5.3.5

5.4

5.4.1

fie 21:

Reginal planning is als an impr-

tant planning instrment when it

cmes t energ.


29/3229

Srce:www.minergie.ch(de/fr/it/en)

Cmpilatin and prvisin f spatial infrmatin fr planning prpses

Slar cadastres enable the sitabilit f lcatins fr tilising slar energ

t be assessed. Their infrmatin cntent ranges frm a rgh brea-

dwn in snn and shadw settlement areas (Trl 2008, Salzbrg

2008) t an evalatin b glbal radiatin criteria (Vrarlberg 2008) tprecise rf-area evalatins f phtvltaic inclinatins (osnabrc

2008).

Srce: Rok (2009): Energie nd Ramentwiclng. In: Rok-Schrif-

tenreihe Nr. 178

www.snabrec.de/snarea

www.vrarlberg.at/slarataster

Land Salzbrg (2008): GIS-online, Snnenscheindaer

Swiss basic cncept fr wind par lcatins

A ttal f 110 ptential lcatins were identified n the basis f a GIS

analsis. The will be frther filtered in the cntext f a bradl-based

participatin prcess. The selected lcatins will then be presented at

the cantnal and the cmmnal level.

Srce: BFE, BuWAL, ARE (Hrsg.) (2004): knzept Windenergie

Schweiz. Bern.

Baden-Wrttemberg: Pririt and exclsin areas fr wind pwer plants

The State Planning Act fr the Federal State f Baden-Wrttemberg

cmmissins the cmpetent reginal assciatins in Baden-Wrttem-berg t determine reginall significant wind pwer plant lcatins.

These are then defined as pririt areas, whereas the remaining areas

are designated as exclsin areas fr reginall significant wind pwer

plants.

Srce: State Planning Act 2003 fr the Federal State f Baden-Wrt-

temberg (11, para. 3 n. 11)

Land se categr wind pwer plants in green land in Lwer Astria

The Lwer Astrian Spatial Planning Act prvides fr a separate zning

categr fr wind pwer plants, which is lined t the fllwing criteria:

A defined minimm wind pwer densit at the lcatin and defined distan-

ces t individal bilding land/green land categries, mnicipal bndari-

es, residential farm bildings and bildings wrth f preservatin lcated

in green land.

Srce: State f Lwer Astria: RoG-N 1976, State Law Gazette N.

13/77 as amended b State Law Gazette N. 72/07

SPATIAL PLANNINg ANd AdAPTATION MEASurES

T date, there are hardl an cncepts and plans that integrate definite

measres fr climate adaptatin. A psitive example is the Landscape

fie 22:

Wind farms need t be planned

sensibl.

5.5


30/3230

Strctre Plan f Hchrhein-Bdensee. This plan cntains a classifica-

tin f micr-climaticall relevant znes:

Prtectin znes fr areas that are relativel naffected b bi-climatic

impacts and air plltin as well as climate and immissin prtectin

frests

Preserving and develping the air circlatin sstems f climatic cm-pensatin areas and slpe wind sstems.

Restrctring and pgrading f areas affected b cld air cngestin,

malfnctining air circlatin sstems and malfnctining aeratin crri-

drs within settlement areas.

Climate redevelpment areas.

Frther measres are being defined fr these znes.

There is als best practice that ma be seen as indirect climate adapta-

tin. This relates especiall t prtectin cncepts implemented in reac-

tin t recent disaster events.

Integral fld prtectin in the Mangfall Valle (Rsenheim/Bavaria)

42 000 inhabitants live in the inndatin area f the River Mangfall in the

lwer Mangfall Valle. The fld prtectin infrastrctre is dimensined

fr a 30-ear fld (HQ 30). The ptential damage given a HQ 100 event

is ne billin ers and hence the highest b far in Bavaria. In view f

the increasing ris cased b climate change a cmprehensive fld

prtectin cncept has been drawn p fr the valle regin. Envisaged

measres inclde:

Cnstrctin f a retentin basin with a capacit that exceeds the HQ100 vlme and hence incldes a climate change ris premim (pls

15% f HQ 100). beinhaltet (15 % zm HQ 100).

Spplementar measres b means f fld cntrl measres at lae

Tegernsee (lae retentin thrgh ptimised cntrl), retentin in all

pstream areas, decentral retentin in the entire catchment area.

fie 23:

Fld prtectin in fld plains -

adapting indirectl t the ef fects f

climate change.

CIPRAInternational


31/3231

Relcatin f des bac t the alignment line.

Spplementar eclgical measres (reactivatin f ld arms, renatra-

tin, etc.)

An imprtant prereqisite fr sccessfl implementatin f the measres

was targeted awareness-raising and invlvement f the pplatin as well

as f the dwnstream and pstream mnicipalities in the planning pr-cess. The cncrete measres inclde the intrdctin f the Fld Frm

Mangfall Valle, target-prect-specific cmmnit meetings and the Ble

Riband initiative. 120 high water mars were set p thrght the settle-

ment area with a view t achieving lasting ris awareness.

Srces: http://www.cipra.rg/cmpetitin-cc.alps/WWARo(de)

Fld ris management-based spatial develpment plan (Schtzwasser-

wirtschaftlicher RamEntwiclngsPlan (SREP)

A tp-dwn instrment fr the integratin f f ld ris management and

spatial planning was develped in Carinthia. It simltanesl serves as

a tl fr handling cnflicts at inter-mnicipal and reginal level, as fr

instance between pstream and dwnstream mnicipalities.

Srce: BMVIT, Lebensministerim (2009): Fld Ris II, Vertiefng nd

Vernetzng znftsweisender umsetzngsstrategien zm integrierten

Hchwasserschtz. Wien.Abbiln 24:

Raising the pbl ics awareness f

specific isses and invlving i t in

the planning prcess are ften e

t the sccessfl implementatin fan planning measre.


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INfOrMATION

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baufoerderung.htm (de)

www.inkoba.at (de)

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A current listing of links, furtherexamples, and compacts on other

topics available on www.cipra.org/

cc.alps (de/en/fr/it/sl)

spatial planning in climate change

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