Download - Solar Thermal 050210
Low–Temperature Solar Thermal Systems Course for Installers
1. Introduction
• Energy System• Environmental Considerations• Economic and Market Aspects
Energy Routes
1-1Introduction
World Primary Energy Reserves
1-2Introduction
World Energy System
1-3Introduction
Energy Consumption
1-4Introduction
Solar–Thermal Facilities
1-5Introduction
2. Solar Resources – Solar Radiation
• The Sun as an Energy Source• Sun-Earth Geometry• Interaction Between Solar Radiation and Earth
Atmosphere• Solar Radiation Measurements• Solar Radiation Calculations• Charts and Tables
The Sun as an Energy Source
2-1Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Sun–Earth Geometry
2-2Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Solar Trajectory
2-3Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Angular Denomination
2-4Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Diagram of Solar Altitude with Silhouette of Obstacle
2-5Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Interaction Between Solar Radiation and Earth Atmosphere
2-6Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Solar Radiation on the Surface of the Earth
2-7Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Measurement of Solar Radiation
2-8Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
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Solar Radiation as a Function of the Weather
2-9Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Solar Radiation Calculations
2-10Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Daily Average Radiation per Month (kWh/m² d)City: London
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Annual radiation
2-11Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
3. Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
• Components of Solar Thermal Systems• Collectors• Storage Plan• Heat Exchangers• Expansion Chambers• Other Components• Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installations
Typical Solar Installations With Main Components – Forced Circulation
3-1Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Typical Solar Installations with Main Components – Thermosiphon Type
3-2Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Components of a Solar Thermal Installation – Forced Circulation
3-3Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Components of a Solar Thermal Installation – Thermosiphon Type
3-4Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Flat–Plate Solar Collector
3-5Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Flat–Plate Solar Thermal Collector – Cutaway View
3-6Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Vacuum Tube Collectors
3-7Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Vacuum Tube Collectors
3-8Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Principle of Solar Thermal Collection
3-9Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Transmissive Selectivity (Greenhouse Effect)
3-10Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Absorption – Emission Selectivity
3-11Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Efficiency of Solar Thermal Collector
3-12Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Efficiency Curves of Collectors and Application Areas
3-13Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Efficiency Curve of Solar Thermal Collector
3-14Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Collector Without Transparent Cover
3-15Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
"Normal" Solar–Thermal Collector
3-16Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Special Plate–Type Collectors
3-17Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
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Definition of Flat Collector Surfaces
3-18Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Most Common Forms of Absorber Plates
3-19Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermal Insulation of Collectors
3-20Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
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Storage Tanks
3-21Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Classification of Storage Tanks
3-22Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Technical Details of Storage Tanks
3-23Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
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Temperature Stratification
3-24Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Importance of Storage Tanks Insulation
3-25Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Twin–Wall Heat Exchangers
3-26Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Coil-Type Heat Exchangers
3-27Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Outdoor Heat Exchangers
3-28Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Expansion Chambers
3-29Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Operation of Expansion Chamber
3-30Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Piping
3-31Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Copper Tubing
3-32Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermal Insulation
3-33Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Circulation Pumps
3-34Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Valves: Definitions and Classification
3-35Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Check Valves
3-36Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Safety Valves
3-37Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Air Purge Valve
3-38Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Position of Purge Valves
3-39Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Prefabricated Units of Components
3-40Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Sensors
3-41Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Other Components of Installations
3-42Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
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Subsystems
3-43Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Collection
3-44Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Circulation
3-45Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Storage
3-46Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Back-up
3-47Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosiphon Control
3-48Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Control - Forced Circulation
3-49Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Control Operating Principle
3-50Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
4. Solar Thermal Installations
• Classification• Basic Configurations• Back–up System
Solar Thermal Installations
4-1Solar Thermal Installations
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Prefabricated Solar Systems
4-2Solar Thermal Installations
Custom–Built Solar Systems
4-3Solar Thermal Installations
Solar–Thermal Installations
4-4Solar Thermal Installations
Solar–Thermal Installations
4-5Solar Thermal Installations
Configuration No. 1: Indirect, with Thermosiphon and Heat Exchanger Jacketing Solar Tank
4-6Solar Thermal Installations
Configuration No. 2: Indirect, with Forced Circulation, with Heat Exchanger Incorporated into Solar Tank
4-7Solar Thermal Installations
Configuration No. 3: Indirect with Forced Circulation with External Heat Exchanger
4-8Solar Thermal Installations
Back–up System – Instant, in Series
4-9Solar Thermal Installations
Back-up SystemStorage Tank in Series
4-10Solar Thermal Installations
Back-up System – Electrical Resistance
4-11Solar Thermal Installations
5. Applications
• Hot Household Water• Pool Heating• Back–up System for Heating and Air–Conditioning• Other Applications
Solar Thermal Systems– Hot Water
5-1Applications
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Hot Household Water
5-2Applications
Pool Heating
5-3Applications
Pool Heating
5-4Applications
Hot Household Water and Pool Heating
5-5Applications
Solar Radiation, Solar Demand and Supply
5-6Applications
Backup for Heating – Heated Floor
5-7Applications
Backup for Heating Using Two Tanks
5-8Applications
Backup for Air–Conditioning and Heating
5-9Applications
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Process Heat
5-10Applications
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Installation Examples
5-11Applications
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Installation Examples
5-12Applications
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Installation Examples
5-13Applications
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6. Design and Sizing
• Design Criteria• Sizing
Planning of an Installation
6-1Design and Sizing
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Project Construction Process or Installation Memo
6-2Design and Sizing
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Hot Household Water Consumption
6-3Design and Sizing
Meteorological Data
6-4Design and Sizing
Daily Average Radiation per Month (kWh/m² d)City: London
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Criteria: Collector Orientation and Inclination
6-5Design and Sizing
Site Inspection
6-6Design and Sizing
Initial Sizing of Installations
6-7Design and Sizing
Sizing of Collector
6-8Design and Sizing
Sizing of Storage Tank
6-9Design and Sizing
Shade
6-10Design and Sizing
Sizing of Installations
6-11Design and Sizing
Solar Coverage
6-12Design and Sizing
Changes in Solar Coverage Over the Year
6-13Design and Sizing
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Connection Types of Collector Bank and Flow Rate
6-14Design and Sizing
Pressure Loss in Collectors
6-15Design and Sizing
Pressure Loss in Piping
6-16Design and Sizing
Pressure Loss in Heat Exchangers (in This Case Coil Type)
6-17Design and Sizing
Pressure Loss Due to Accessoriesand Other Components
6-18Design and Sizing
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Sizing of Pumps
6-19Design and Sizing
Sizing of Heat Exchangers
6-20Design and Sizing
Sizing of Expansion Chamber
6-21Design and Sizing
Final Design
6-22Design and Sizing
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7. Assembly of Installations
General Considerations
7-1
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Assembly of Installations
Safety during Assembly
7-2Assembly of Installations
Assembly on Level Roofs
7-3
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Assembly of Installations
Collector Assembly on Flat Roofs
7-4
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Assembly of Installations
Recommended Clearancebetween Collector Banks
7-5Assembly of Installations
Assembly of Collectors
7-6
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Assembly of Installations
Support Structure
7-7
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Assembly of Installations
Storage Tank
7-8
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Assembly of Installations
Connection of a Tank Groupin Series and in Parallel
7-9Assembly of Installations
Piping
7-10Assembly of Installations
Thermal Expansion
7-11Assembly of Installations
Jointing copper tubes
7-12
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Assembly of Installations
Electrochemical Series
7-13Assembly of Installations
Expansion Chamber
7-14Assembly of Installations
Connection of Cold Waterto All Components
7-15Assembly of Installations
Assembly of other Components
7-16Assembly of Installations
Assembly of Sensors
7-17Assembly of Installations
Positioning of Sensors in Collector Bank
7-18Assembly of Installations
Positioning of Radiation Sensors
7-19
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Assembly of Installations
Positioning of Connections – Compact System
7-20Assembly of Installations
Positioning of Connection – Forced Circulation System
7-21Assembly of Installations
Appearance and "Final" Comments
7-22
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Assembly of Installations
8. Operation and Maintenance
• Entry into Operation• Defects and Possible Causes• Maintenance
Entry into Operation
8-1Operation and Maintenance
Characteristics of Anti–Freeze Fluid
8-2Operation and Maintenance
Boiling Temperature of Water–Glycol Mix
8-3Operation and Maintenance
Defects and Possible Causes
8-4Operation and Maintenance
Maintenance
8-5Operation and Maintenance
Electrical Cabinet
8-6Operation and Maintenance
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Air Purging
8-7Operation and Maintenance
Low–Temperature Solar Thermal Systems Course for Installers
Publisher: Solarpraxis AGwww.solarpraxis.de
In association with: European Copper Institutewww.eurocopper.org
Authors: Marcial Serrano, Valeriano Ruiz, Germán Lopez, Karl-Heinz Remmers, Michaela Fischbach, Falk Antony, Richard Schlicht, www.energiebuero-berlin.de
Layout: Solarpraxis AG Translation: pro-diction Copy editor: Nicholas Hay
Copper Development Associationwww.cda.org.uk
ISBN: 3-934595-35-9 Copyright © 2005 Solarpraxis AG