solar thermal 050210

Low–Temperature Solar Thermal Systems Course for Installers

1. Introduction

• Energy System• Environmental Considerations• Economic and Market Aspects

Energy Routes

1-1Introduction

World Primary Energy Reserves

1-2Introduction

World Energy System

1-3Introduction

Energy Consumption

1-4Introduction

Solar–Thermal Facilities

1-5Introduction

2. Solar Resources – Solar Radiation

• The Sun as an Energy Source• Sun-Earth Geometry• Interaction Between Solar Radiation and Earth

Atmosphere• Solar Radiation Measurements• Solar Radiation Calculations• Charts and Tables

The Sun as an Energy Source

2-1Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Sun–Earth Geometry


Solar Trajectory


Angular Denomination


Diagram of Solar Altitude with Silhouette of Obstacle


Interaction Between Solar Radiation and Earth Atmosphere


Solar Radiation on the Surface of the Earth


Measurement of Solar Radiation


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Solar Radiation as a Function of the Weather


Solar Radiation Calculations


Daily Average Radiation per Month (kWh/m² d)City: London

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Annual radiation


3. Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

• Components of Solar Thermal Systems• Collectors• Storage Plan• Heat Exchangers• Expansion Chambers• Other Components• Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installations

Typical Solar Installations With Main Components – Forced Circulation

3-1Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Typical Solar Installations with Main Components – Thermosiphon Type


Components of a Solar Thermal Installation – Forced Circulation


Components of a Solar Thermal Installation – Thermosiphon Type


Flat–Plate Solar Collector


Flat–Plate Solar Thermal Collector – Cutaway View


Vacuum Tube Collectors


Principle of Solar Thermal Collection


Transmissive Selectivity (Greenhouse Effect)


Absorption – Emission Selectivity


Efficiency of Solar Thermal Collector


Efficiency Curves of Collectors and Application Areas


Efficiency Curve of Solar Thermal Collector


Collector Without Transparent Cover


"Normal" Solar–Thermal Collector


Special Plate–Type Collectors


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Definition of Flat Collector Surfaces


Most Common Forms of Absorber Plates


Thermal Insulation of Collectors


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Storage Tanks


Classification of Storage Tanks


Technical Details of Storage Tanks


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Temperature Stratification


Importance of Storage Tanks Insulation


Twin–Wall Heat Exchangers


Coil-Type Heat Exchangers


Outdoor Heat Exchangers


Expansion Chambers


Operation of Expansion Chamber


Piping


Copper Tubing


Thermal Insulation


Circulation Pumps


Valves: Definitions and Classification


Check Valves


Safety Valves


Air Purge Valve


Position of Purge Valves


Prefabricated Units of Components


Sensors


Other Components of Installations


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Subsystems


Collection


Circulation


Storage


Back-up


Thermosiphon Control


Control - Forced Circulation


Control Operating Principle


4. Solar Thermal Installations

• Classification• Basic Configurations• Back–up System

Solar Thermal Installations

4-1Solar Thermal Installations

© www.solahart-europe.com © www.sole.gr © www.solarpraxis.com

Prefabricated Solar Systems


Custom–Built Solar Systems


Solar–Thermal Installations


Configuration No. 1: Indirect, with Thermosiphon and Heat Exchanger Jacketing Solar Tank


Configuration No. 2: Indirect, with Forced Circulation, with Heat Exchanger Incorporated into Solar Tank


Configuration No. 3: Indirect with Forced Circulation with External Heat Exchanger


Back–up System – Instant, in Series


Back-up SystemStorage Tank in Series


Back-up System – Electrical Resistance


5. Applications

• Hot Household Water• Pool Heating• Back–up System for Heating and Air–Conditioning• Other Applications

Solar Thermal Systems– Hot Water

5-1Applications

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Hot Household Water

5-2Applications

Pool Heating

5-3Applications

Pool Heating

5-4Applications

Hot Household Water and Pool Heating

5-5Applications

Solar Radiation, Solar Demand and Supply

5-6Applications

Backup for Heating – Heated Floor

5-7Applications

Backup for Heating Using Two Tanks

5-8Applications

Backup for Air–Conditioning and Heating

5-9Applications

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Process Heat

5-10Applications

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Installation Examples

5-11Applications

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5-12Applications

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5-13Applications

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6. Design and Sizing

• Design Criteria• Sizing

Planning of an Installation

6-1Design and Sizing

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Project Construction Process or Installation Memo


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Hot Household Water Consumption


Meteorological Data


Daily Average Radiation per Month (kWh/m² d)City: London

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Criteria: Collector Orientation and Inclination


Site Inspection


Initial Sizing of Installations


Sizing of Collector


Sizing of Storage Tank


Shade


Sizing of Installations


Solar Coverage


Changes in Solar Coverage Over the Year


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Connection Types of Collector Bank and Flow Rate


Pressure Loss in Collectors


Pressure Loss in Piping


Pressure Loss in Heat Exchangers (in This Case Coil Type)


Sizing of Pumps


Sizing of Heat Exchangers


Sizing of Expansion Chamber


7. Assembly of Installations

Safety during Assembly

7-2Assembly of Installations

Recommended Clearancebetween Collector Banks


Connection of a Tank Groupin Series and in Parallel


Piping


Thermal Expansion


Electrochemical Series


Expansion Chamber


Connection of Cold Waterto All Components


Assembly of other Components


Assembly of Sensors


Positioning of Sensors in Collector Bank


Positioning of Connections – Compact System


Positioning of Connection – Forced Circulation System


8. Operation and Maintenance

• Entry into Operation• Defects and Possible Causes• Maintenance

Entry into Operation

8-1Operation and Maintenance

Characteristics of Anti–Freeze Fluid


Boiling Temperature of Water–Glycol Mix


Defects and Possible Causes


Maintenance


Air Purging


Low–Temperature Solar Thermal Systems Course for Installers

Publisher: Solarpraxis AGwww.solarpraxis.de

In association with: European Copper Institutewww.eurocopper.org

Authors: Marcial Serrano, Valeriano Ruiz, Germán Lopez, Karl-Heinz Remmers, Michaela Fischbach, Falk Antony, Richard Schlicht, www.energiebuero-berlin.de

Layout: Solarpraxis AG Translation: pro-diction Copy editor: Nicholas Hay

Copper Development Associationwww.cda.org.uk

ISBN: 3-934595-35-9 Copyright © 2005 Solarpraxis AG

solar thermal 050210

Documents

thermal insulation components

diagram of solar altitude

circulation components

classification components

piping components

expansion chambers components

circulation pumps components

application areas components