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ALPHABET OF LINES
TYPES OF LINES
LETTERING
TRACING AND INKING
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Learn Lines And Lettering in Engineering Drawing!You will be able to identify the alphabet of lines in engineering drawing, draw lines correctly and use different lettering shapes.. More and more inside..
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1.1 ALPHABET OF LINES
1.1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF ALPHABET OF LINES
1.1.2 LINES IN ENGINEERING DRAWING
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ALPHABET OF LINES
TYPES OF LINES
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A. 3A. 3 characteristicscharacteristics of alphabet of lines are as follows:of alphabet of lines are as follows:A. 3A. 3 characteristicscharacteristics of alphabet of lines are as follows:of alphabet of lines are as follows:
₪ FormForm₪ Usage Usage ₪ Darkness and thicknessDarkness and thickness
B. To draw lines using the correctB. To draw lines using the correct darknessdarkness level, use:level, use:B. To draw lines using the correctB. To draw lines using the correct darknessdarkness level, use:level, use:
₪ HB grade – Dark and heavy linesHB grade – Dark and heavy lines
₪ H grade – dark and light linesH grade – dark and light lines
₪ 2H grade - light lines2H grade - light lines
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1.1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF ALPHABET OF LINES1.1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF ALPHABET OF LINES
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C. To draw lines must consider the C. To draw lines must consider the thicknessthickness of lines, use: of lines, use:C. To draw lines must consider the C. To draw lines must consider the thicknessthickness of lines, use: of lines, use:
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₪ A small point (0.25 – 0.3mm) for light linesA small point (0.25 – 0.3mm) for light lines
₪ Large point (0.5 – 0.7mm) for heavy linesLarge point (0.5 – 0.7mm) for heavy lines
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1.1.2 LINES IN ENGINEERING DRAWINGS1.1.2 LINES IN ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
Construction Line
Object Line
Hidden Line
Centre Line
Plane Cutting Line
Dimensional Line
Short Break Line
Long Break Line
Phantom Line
Additional/Projection Line
Light
Dark and heavy
Dark and light
Dark and light
Dark and heavy
Dark and light
Dark and light
Dark and light
Dark and light
Dark and light
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TYPE OF LINES
Short
Additional
Long
Plane Cutting
Dimension
Center
PhantomObject
Hidden
Construction
x
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A. Construction LineA. Construction Line
Info:
Use 2H/0.3mm pencil
Info:
Use 2H/0.3mm pencil
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TYPE OF LINES
Short
Additional
Long
Plane Cutting
Dimension
Center
PhantomObject
Hidden
Construction
x
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B. Center LinesB. Center Lines
Info:
Use H/0.3mm pencil
Info:
Use H/0.3mm pencil
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TYPE OF LINES
Short
Additional
Long
Plane Cutting
Dimension
Center
PhantomObject
Hidden
Construction
x
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C. Object LinesC. Object Lines
Info:
Use HB/ 0.5-0.7mm pencil
Info:
Use HB/ 0.5-0.7mm pencil
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TYPE OF LINES
Short
Additional
Long
Plane Cutting
Dimension
Center
PhantomObject
Hidden
Construction
x
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D. Phantom LinesD. Phantom Lines
Info:
Use H/0.3mm pencil
Info:
Use H/0.3mm pencil
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TYPE OF LINES
Short
Additional
Long
Plane Cutting
Dimension
Center
PhantomObject
Hidden
Construction
x
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E. Hidden LinesE. Hidden Lines
Info:
Use HB/ 0.3 -0.5mm pencil
Info:
Use HB/ 0.3 -0.5mm pencil
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TYPE OF LINES
Short
Additional
Long
Plane Cutting
Dimension
Center
PhantomObject
Hidden
Construction
x
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F. Dimension LinesF. Dimension Lines
Info:
Use H/0.25mm pencil
Info:
Use H/0.25mm pencil
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TYPE OF LINES
Short
Additional
Long
Plane Cutting
Dimension
Center
PhantomObject
Hidden
Construction
x
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G. Long Break LinesG. Long Break Lines
Info:
Use H/0.3mm pencil
Info:
Use H/0.3mm pencil
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TYPE OF LINES
Short
Additional
Long
Plane Cutting
Dimension
Center
PhantomObject
Hidden
Construction
x
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H. Short Break LinesH. Short Break Lines
Info:
Use H/0.3mm pencil
Info:
Use H/0.3mm pencil
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TYPE OF LINES
Short
Additional
Long
Plane Cutting
Dimension
Center
PhantomObject
Hidden
Construction
x
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I. Plane Cutting LinesI. Plane Cutting Lines
Info:
Use HB/0.5-0.7mm pencil
Info:
Use HB/0.5-0.7mm pencil
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TYPE OF LINES
Short
Additional
Long
Plane Cutting
Dimension
Center
PhantomObject
Hidden
Construction
x
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J. Additional/Projection LinesJ. Additional/Projection Lines
Info:
Use H/0.3mm pencil
Info:
Use H/0.3mm pencil
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TYPE OF LINES
Short
Additional
Long
Plane Cutting
Dimension
Center
PhantomObject
Hidden
Construction
x
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1.2 TYPES OF LINES
There are several types often used
in engineering drawing.
Fives types:
ALPHABET OF LINES
TYPES OF LINES
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Perpendicular lines
Parallel lines
Inclined lines
Vertical lines
Horizontal lines
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Drawing Horizontal lines
The head of the T-square must always be placed closely against the drawing board
Horizontal lines
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Drawing Vertical linesTip:
You have to know the correct method of creating lines neat lines.
Make sure:
-The pencil point always sharp. If you are using a mechanical pencil, make sure the grade of darkness and size are appropriate. The usual sizes are 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7mm
-The pencil point must always be contact with the paper as to apply uniform pressure during line drawing.
-To obtain a uniform line darkness and thickness, turn the pencil body little (about half a turn) while drawing
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a) Drawing 15º inclined lines
Drawing inclined lines
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b) Drawing 30º inclined lines
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c) Drawing 45º inclined lines
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d) Drawing 60º inclined lines
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e) Drawing 75º inclined lines
75º
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f) Drawing 75º inclined lines on the AB line
75º
A
B
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Place the set square so that its parallel the inclined line
Drawing Parallel lines
Step 1
Step 2
Slide the set square to the position where theparallel lines are to be drawn
Step 3
Draw the parallel line
Notes :
Parallel lines are lines which have the same distance between them
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Place the set square at 45º so that it is parallel to the inclined line
.
Drawing Perpendicular lines
Step 1
Step 2
Slide the 45º square to that point where theperpendicular line is to be drawn.
Step 3
Draw the perpendicular line
Notes :
perpendicular lines are lines that have 90º angle between them
90º
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1.3 LETTERING
Used to document a drawing.
Must be done without the use of ruler.
Each letter is written in uniform size, height, width
and line thickness.
1.3.1 Types of Lettering
1.3.2 Lettering Techniques
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1.3.1 Types Of Lettering
i) The Standard upright letters
Written at 90° on the guide line.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
ii) The standard inclined letters.
Written according to a slant range of between
60° and 75° on the guide line.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910
1
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PAGE
1.3.2 Lettering Techniques
Use single stroke technique.
The arrows show the direction of the pencil
point while writing.
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PAGE
Use the same pressure while writing from top to
bottom and left to right.
Write carefully so the letters touch the guide lines.
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i) Guide Lines
Used to set the height of the letters.
Drawn by using 2H pencil grade.
Do not erase the guide line after the lettering is done.
The space between the lines is half the height of a letter.
ORTOGRAPHICISOMETRIC
H
H½ H
Guide Line
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PAGE
ii) Space Between Letters and Words
Space between letters must be about the same.
L I N E S
L
T T E R STo estimate distance between words, imagine the letter ‘O’ in between the words.
LINES AND LETTERINGS
E
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PAGE
iii) Lettering Uniformity
Important to produce good drawings.
Uniform in style, size, inclination,
weight and space.
Carelessness might result in mistakes.
ENGINEERING DRAWINGS
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PAGE
iv) Examples of Common Mistakes in Lettering
L E t T E r I N G
L E T T E R I N G
L E T T E R I N G
LET T E R ING
L E T T E R I N G
Lettering style not uniform
Lettering height not uniform
Lettering inclination not uniform
Lettering thickness not uniform
Lettering space not uniform
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1.4 TRACING AND INKING
The process of copying an original drawing onto a tracing paper using technical pen.
The product of tracing is called inked drawing.
Inked drawing may be printed using a blue printing machine.
1.4.1 Tracing and Inking Materials
1.4.2 Drawing Tracing and Inking Method
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1.4.1 Tracing and Inking Materials
a) Tracing Paper
A thin semitransparent paper.
Placed on top of the original drawing.
The drawing on the tracing paper is used as the
master copy for reprinting on the blue print machine.
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b) Technical pen
Used to ink drawing on the tracing paper.
Various pen point sizes from 0.1mm to 2mm.
Can be assembled with compass to draw arcs circles.
A technical has to be capped after used, if not its
ink will dry out.
Avoid dropping the technical pen so that the point
does not break.
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1.4.2 Drawing Tracing and Inking Method
Kept away all equipments and materials.
Use the sticky tape to set the position of the drawing.
Mistakes can be erased using a blade or ink eraser.
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Step 2Ink all horizontal lines.
Step 1Ink all centres, arcs andcircles.
Step 3Ink all vertical lines including hidden lines.
Step 4Ink all dimension linesIncluding all the details.
O 44
PAGE
O 30
60
30
15
i) Inking method
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ii) Inking Result
Examples of good and poor inking.
Good Poor
Suggestion
Make sure the pen point does not go beyond the line and in contact too long at the beginning and at the end of the line.
1.
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Suggestion
Make sure the pen point is really in the middle of the tracing paper.
Suggestion
Make sure the pen point is not in contact too long at the beginning and at the end of line.
Good Bad
Good Bad
2.
3.
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Suggestion
Make sure the arrow head is sharp and pointed.
Suggestion
Make sure the tangent line is connected neatly.
Good Bad
Good Bad
4.
5.
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Suggestion
Make sure the hidden lines are neat and uniform.
Good Bad
6.
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1. What is the lines that is used in the early stages of drawing?
A. Construction line
B. Short break line
C. Object line
D. Centre line
Your answer is CORRECT!!
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1. What is the lines that is used in the early stages of drawing?
A. Construction line
B. Short break line
C. Object line
D. Centre line
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1. What is the lines that is used in the early stages of drawing?
A. Construction line
B. Short break line
C. Object line
D. Centre line
2. What is the lines that is used to show
dissected plane?
A. Additional/ Projection line
D. Hidden line
B. Long break line
C. Cutting line
Your answer is CORRECT
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2. What is the lines that is used to show
dissected plane?
A. Additional/ Projection line
D. Hidden line
B. Long break line
C. Cutting line
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2. What is the lines that is used to show
dissected plane?
A. Additional/ Projection line
D. Hidden line
B. Long break line
C. Cutting line
3. Which characteristics of alphabet of lines are correct?
I. Darkness and thickness
II. Area
III. Usage
IV. Form
A. I and II only
C. I, II and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV
B. I, II and III only
Your answer is CORRECT!!
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3. Which characteristics of alphabet of lines are correct?
I. Darkness and thickness
II. Area
III. Usage
IV. Form
A. I and II only
C. I, II and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV
B. I, II and III only
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3. Which characteristics of alphabet of lines are correct?
I. Darkness and thickness
II. Area
III. Usage
IV. Form
A. I and II only
C. I, II and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV
B. I, II and III only
4. Which form of line best described phantom line?
A.B.
C.
D.
Your answer is CORRECT
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4. Which form of line best described phantom line?
A.B.
C.
D.
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4. Which form of line best described phantom line?
A.B.
C.
D.
5. Table above shows types of pen point
sizes and their uses. Which of the following is correct?
A. I and II only
C. I, II and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV only
B. I and IV only
Your answer is CORRECT
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5. Table above shows types of pen point
sizes and their uses. Which of the following is correct?
A. I and II only
C. I, II and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV only
B. I and IV only
5. Table above shows types of pen point sizes and their uses. Which of the following is correct?
A. I and II only
C. I, II and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV only
B. I and IV only
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6. Which phrases below best described the definition of Tracing and Inking?
A. Tracing and inking are the process of copying an original drawing onto a tracing paper using technical pen.
B. Tracing and inking are the process of drawing onto a tracing paper using technical pen.
C. Tracing and inking are the process of copying an original drawing onto a tracing paper .
D. Tracing and inking are the process of copying an original drawing using technical pen.
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6. Which phrases below best described the definition of Tracing and Inking?
A. Tracing and inking are the process of copying an original drawing onto a tracing paper using technical pen.
B. Tracing and inking are the process of drawing onto a tracing paper using technical pen.
C. Tracing and inking are the process of copying an original drawing onto a tracing paper .
D. Tracing and inking are the process of copying an original drawing using technical pen.
Your answer is CORRECT!!
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6. Which phrases below best described the definition of Tracing and Inking?
A. Tracing and inking are the process of copying an original drawing onto a tracing paper using technical pen.
B. Tracing and inking are the process of drawing onto a tracing paper using technical pen.
C. Tracing and inking are the process of copying an original drawing onto a tracing paper .
D. Tracing and inking are the process of copying an original drawing using technical
pen.
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7. The product of tracing is called ______.
A. Tracing drawing
B. Inked drawing
C. Printing drawing
D. Technical drawing
7. The product of tracing is called______.
A. Tracing drawing
B. Inked drawing
C. Printing drawing
D. Technical drawing
Your answer is CORRECT!!
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7. The product of tracing is called______.
A. Tracing drawing
B. Inked drawing
C. Printing drawing
D. Technical drawing
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8. What are the materials specifically used for tracing and
inking process?
I. Tracing paper
II. Technical pen
III. Mechanical pencil
IV. Liquid paper
A. I and II only
C. I, II and IV only
D. I, III and IV only
B. I, II and III only
8. What are the materials specifically used for tracing and inking process?
I. Tracing paper
II. Technical pen
III. Mechanical pencil
IV. Liquid paper
A. I and II only
C. I, II and IV only
D. I, III and IV only
B. I, II and III only
Your answer is CORRECT!!
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8. What are the materials specifically used for
tracing and inking process?
I. Tracing paper
II. Technical pen
III. Mechanical pencil
IV. Liquid paper
A. I and II only
C. I, II and IV only
D. I, III and IV only
B. I, II and III only
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