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Sign on Nobel Laureates Boulevard inRishon LeZion saluting Jewish NobelLaureates.
List of Jewish Nobel laureatesrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
he Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 forachievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature,and Peace. An associated prize in Economics has been awarded since
1969.[1]Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 850 individuals,[2]ofhom at least 20% were Jews or of Jewish descent, although Jews
comprise less than 0.2% of the world's population,[3](or 1 in every 500eople). Overall, Jews have won a total of 41% of all the Nobel Prizes in
economics, 28% of medicine, 26% of Physics, 19% of Chemistry, 13%
of Literature and 9% of all peace awards.[4]
ews havebeen recipients of all six awards. The first Jewish recipient,dolf von Baeyer, was awarded the prize in Chemistry in 1905. As of013, the most recent Jewish recipients were James Rothman and Randy
Schekman (Medicine); Arieh Warshel, Michael Levitt and Martin Karplus (Chemistry); and Franois Englert(Physics), all in 2013. Jewish laureates Elie Wiesel and Imre Kertsz survived the extermination camps during the
olocaust,[5]while Franois Englert survived by being hidden in orphanages and children's homes.[6]Others, suchas Walter Kohn, Otto Stern, Albert Einstein, Hans Krebs and Martin Karplus had to flee Nazi Germany to avoid
ersecution.[7][8][9]Still others, including Rita Levi-Montalcini, Herbert Hauptman, Robert Furchgott, Arthur
ornberg, and Jerome Karle experienced significant antisemitism in their careers.[8][10]
he oldest person ever to receive a Nobel Prize was Leonid Hurwicz, a Polish-American Jew who received the
007prize inEconomics when he was 90 years old.[11]
Contents
1 Literature
2 Chemistry
3 Physiology or Medicine
4Physics
5 Peace
6 Economics
7 Forced to decline prize
8 Nobel Laureates Boulevard
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Literature
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Year Laureate Country Rationale
1910Paul
Heyse[12][13][14]Germany
"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism,which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as alyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short
stories"[15]
1927Henri
Bergson[13][14]France
"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill
with which they have been presented"[16]
1958Boris
Pasternak[13][14]SovietUnion
"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical
poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[17]
1966
Shmuel Yosef
Agnon[13][14]Israel
"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from
the life of the Jewish people"[18]
Nelly
Sachs[13][14]Germany
"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets
Israel's destiny with touching strength"[18]
1976Saul
Bellow[13][14]UnitedStates
"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of
contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[19]
1978Isaac Bashevis
Singer[13][14]UnitedStates
"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to
life"[20]
1981 EliasCanetti[13][14]
UnitedKingdom
"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas andartistic power"[21]
1987Joseph
Brodsky[13][14]UnitedStates
"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought
and poetic intensity"[22]
1991 Nadine
Gordimer[13][14]SouthAfrica
"who through her magnificent epic writing has in the words of
Alfred Nobel been of very great benefit to humanity"[23]
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2002Imre
Kertsz[13][24][25]Hungary
"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual
against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"[26]
2004Elfriede
Jelinek[27]Austria
"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels andplays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of
society's clichs and their subjugating power"[28]
2005Harold
Pinter[13][29]UnitedKingdom
"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle
and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[30]
Chemistry
Year Laureate Country Rationale
1905 Adolf von Baeyer[14][31][32][33][34] Germany"[for] the advancement of organic chemistryand the chemical industry, through his work onorganic dyes and hydroaromatic
compounds"[35]
1906 Henri Moissan[14][31][32][33][34][36] France
"[for his] investigation and isolation of theelement fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace
called after him"[37]
1910 Otto Wallach[14][31][32][33][34] Germany"[for] his services to organic chemistry and thechemical industry by his pioneer work in the
field of alicyclic compounds"[38]
1915 Richard Willsttter[14][31][32][33][34] Germany"for his researches on plant pigments,
especially chlorophyll"[39]
1918 Fritz Haber[14][31][32][33][34][40] Germany"for the synthesis of ammonia from its
elements"[41]
1943 George de Hevesy[14][31][32][33][34] Hungary"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers
in the study of chemical processes"[42]
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1961 Melvin Calvin[14][31][32][33][34]UnitedStates
"for his research on the carbon dioxide
assimilation in plants"[43]
1962 Max Perutz[14][31][32][33][34][44] UnitedKingdom"for their studies of the structures of globular
proteins"[45]
1972
Christian B. Anfinsen[31][34][46]UnitedStates
"for his work on ribonuclease, especiallyconcerning the connection between the aminoacid sequence and the biologically active
conformation"[47]
William Howard Stein[14][31][32][34] UnitedStates
"for their contribution to the understanding of
the connection between chemical structure andcatalytic activity of the active centre of the
ribonuclease molecule"[47]
1977 Ilya Prigogine[14][31][32][34][48] Belgium"for his contributions to non-equilibriumthermodynamics, particularly the theory of
dissipative structures"[49]
1979 Herbert C. Brown[14][31][32][34][50]UnitedStates
"for their development of the use of boron-and phosphorus-containing compounds,respectively, into important reagents in organic
synthesis"[51]
1980
Paul Berg[14][31][32][34][52]UnitedStates
"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistryof nucleic acids, with particular regard to
recombinant-DNA"[53]
Walter Gilbert[14][31][32][34]United
States
"for their contributions concerning thedetermination of base sequences in nucleic
acids"[53]
1981 Roald Hoffmann[14][31][32][34]UnitedStates
"for their theories, developed independently,concerning the course of chemical
reactions"[54]
1982 Aaron Klug[14][31][32][34]UnitedKingdom
"for his development of crystallographicelectron microscopy and his structuralelucidation of biologically important nucleic
acid-protein complexes"[55]
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1985
Jerome
Karle[10][14][31][32][34][56][57]UnitedStates
"for their outstanding achievements indeveloping direct methods for the
determination of crystal structures"[58]Herbert A.
Hauptman[8][14][31][32][34][59][60][61]UnitedStates
1989 Sidney Altman[14][31][32][34]CanadaUnitedStates
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of
RNA"[62]
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus[14][31][32][34]UnitedStates
"for his contributions to the theory of electron
transfer reactions in chemical systems"[63]
1994 George Andrew Olah[12][31][34] Hungary"for his contribution to carbocation
chemistry"[64]
1996 Harry Kroto[34][65] England "for the discovery of fullerenes"[66]
1998 Walter Kohn[7][8][14][31][34][67] United
States
"for his development of the density-functional
theory"[68]
2000 Alan J. Heeger[14][31][32][34][69]UnitedStates
"for the discovery and development of
conductive polymers"[70]
Aaron Ciechanover[34][71][72] Israel
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated
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2004
Avram Hershko[34][71] Israel
protein degradation"[73]
Irwin Rose[34][74][75] United
States
2006 Roger D. Kornberg[71][76][77]UnitedStates
"for his studies of the molecular basis of
eukaryotic transcription"[78][79]
2008 Martin Chalfie[80]United
States
"for the discovery and development of the
green fluorescent protein, GFP".
[81]
2009 Ada Yonath[71] Israel"for studies of the structure and function of the
ribosome"[82]
2011 Dan Shechtman[83] Israel "for the discovery of quasicrystals"[84]
2012 Robert Lefkowitz[85]UnitedStates
"for studies of G-protein-coupled
receptors"[86]
2013
Arieh Warshel[9][87] Israel
"for the development of multiscale models for
complex chemical systems"[88]Michael Levitt[9][87]
UnitedStates,Britain,Israel[89][90]
Martin Karplus[9][87]
UnitedStates,
Austria[91]
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hysiology or Medicine
Year Laureate Country Rationale
1908
lie
Metchnikoff[14][33][34][92]Russia
"in recognition of their work on immunity"[93]
Paul Ehrlich[14][33][34][92] Germany
1914 Robert Brny[14][33][34][92] Austria-Hungary
"for his work on the physiology and pathology ofthe vestibular apparatus"[94]
1922Otto Fritz
Meyerhof[14][33][34][92]Germany
"for his discovery of the fixed relationship betweenthe consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of
lactic acid in the muscle"[95]
1930Karl
Landsteiner[14][33][34][92]Austria "for his discovery of human blood groups"[96]
1931Otto Heinrich
Warburg[14][33][34]Germany
"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action
of the respiratory enzyme"[97]
1936 Otto Loewi[14][33][34][92] Austria"for their discoveries relating to chemical
transmission of nerve impulses"[98]
1944
JosephErlanger[14][33][34][92][99]
United "for their discoveries relating to the highly
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Erlangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Erlanger_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Loewihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_Loewi_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochromehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_Warburg.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_typehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Landsteinerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Landsteiner_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_apparatushttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1nyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Barany.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Ehrlich_4.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilya_Mechnikov_nobel.jpg -
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States differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[100]
Herbert Spencer
Gasser[14][33][34]
1945Ernst Boris
Chain[14][33][34][92]UnitedKingdom
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect
in various infectious diseases"[101]
1946Hermann Joseph
Muller[14][33][34][92]UnitedStates
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by
means of X-ray irradiation"[102]
1947 Gerty Cori[34][92]UnitedStates
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic
conversion of glycogen"[103]
1950Tadeusz
Reichstein[14][33][34][92]
Switzerland
/ Poland
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of theadrenal cortex, their structure and biological
effects"[104]
1952Selman
Waksman[14][33][34][92]UnitedStates
"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic
effective against tuberculosis"[105]
1953
Hans AdolfKrebs[8][14][33][34][92]
UnitedKingdom
"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[106]
Fritz Albert Lipmann[14][92]UnitedStates
"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its
importance for intermediary metabolism"[106]
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_Ahttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Fritz_Albert_Lipmann_(1899-1986),_Biochemist_(2551001689).jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cyclehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Adolf_Krebs.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomycinhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selman_Waksmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selman_Waksman_NYWTS.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeus_Reichsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thadeus_Reichstein_ETH-Bib_Portr_10137.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogenhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerty_Corihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Mullerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermann_Joseph_Muller.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillinhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ernst_Boris_Chain_1945.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_Spencer_Gasser_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_fibre -
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1958Joshua
Lederberg[14][33][34][92]UnitedStates
"for his discoveries concerning geneticrecombination and the organization of the genetic
material of bacteria"[107]
1959
Arthur
Kornberg[10][14][33][34][92]
United
States
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the
biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid anddeoxyribonucleic acid"[108]
1964Konrad Emil
Bloch[14][33][34][92][109]UnitedStates
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism andregulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid
metabolism"[110]
1965
Franois Jacob[14][33][34][92]
France"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of
enzyme and virus synthesis"[111]
Andr Michel
Lwoff[14][33][34][92]
1967 George Wald[14][33][34][92]UnitedStates
"for their discoveries concerning the primaryphysiological and chemical visual processes in the
eye"[112]
1968Marshall Warren
Nirenberg[14][33][34][92]UnitedStates
"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its
function in protein synthesis"[113]
1969 Salvador Luria[14][33][34][92]UnitedStates,Italy
"for their discoveries concerning the replication
mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[114]
1970Julius Axelrod[14][34][92]
UnitedStates
"for their discoveries concerning the humoraltransmittors in the nerve terminals and themechanism for their storage, release and
inactivation"[115]
Bernard Katz[14][33][34][92]UnitedKingdom
United "for their discoveries concerning the chemical
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Katzhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Axelrod01.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Luriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salvador_E._Luria_ca.1969.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_codehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MNirenberg.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Waldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Wald_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Blochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konrad_Bloch.JPGhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonucleic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleic_acidhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Kornberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arthur_Kornberg.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombinationhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Lederberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joshua_Lederberg.jpg -
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1972 Gerald Edelman[14][34][92] States structure of antibodies"[116]
1975
David Baltimore[14][34][92]UnitedStates "for their discoveries concerning the interaction
between tumor viruses and the genetic material of
the cell"[117]Howard Martin
Temin[14][34][92]
United
States
1976Baruch Samuel
Blumberg[14][34][92]UnitedStates
"for their discoveries concerning new mechanismsfor the origin and dissemination of infectious
diseases"[118]
1977
Andrew
Schally[34][92][119][120]
United
States
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide
hormone production of the brain"[121]
Rosalyn Sussman
Yalow[14][34][52][92]UnitedStates
"for the development of radioimmunoassays of
peptide hormones"[121]
1978 Daniel Nathans[14][34][92]UnitedStates
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their
application to problems of molecular genetics"[122]
1980 Baruj Benacerraf[14][34][92]United
States
"for their discoveries concerning genetically
determined structures on the cell surface thatregulate immunological reactions"[123]
1984 Csar Milstein[14][34][52][92] Argentina
"for theories concerning the specificity indevelopment and control of the immune system andthe discovery of the principle for production of
monoclonal antibodies"[124]
1985
Michael Stuart
Brown[14][34][92]UnitedStates
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of
cholesterol metabolism"[125]
Joseph L.
Goldstein[14][34][92]UnitedStates
1986
Stanley Cohen[14][34][52][92] UnitedStates
"for their discoveries of growth factors"[126]
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factorhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanley_Cohen-Biochemist.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joe_Goldstein.JPGhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mike_Brown_2003.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milstein_lnp.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complexhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruj_Benacerrafhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_enzymehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Nathanshttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioimmunoassayhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosalyn_Yalow.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_hormonehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Schallyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schally_portrait.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg_by_Tom_Trower_(NASA).jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Martin_Teminhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_virushttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DavidBaltimore2008.JPGhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodieshttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman -
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Rita Levi-
Montalcini[14][34][92][127]Italy
1988 Gertrude B. Elion[14][34][92] UnitedStates
"for their discoveries of important principles fordrug treatment"[128]
1989Harold E.
Varmus[14][34][52][92]UnitedStates
"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral
oncogenes"[129]
1994
Alfred G. Gilman[14][34][92]
UnitedStates
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of
these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[130]Martin Rodbell[14][34][92]
1997Stanley B.
Prusiner[14][34][92]UnitedStates
"for his discovery of prions a new biological
principle of infection"[131]
1998Robert F.
Furchgott[8][34][92]UnitedStates
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a
signalling molecule in the cardiovascularsystem"[132]
2000
Paul Greengard[34][92]UnitedStates
"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction
in the nervous system"[133]
Eric Kandel[14][34][92]UnitedStates
2002
Sydney Brenner[34][92]UnitedKingdom "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation
of organ development and programmed cell
death'"[134]H. Robert Horvitz[34][92]UnitedStates
2004Richard Axel[34][92][99][135] United
States
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the
organization of the olfactory system"[136]
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorant_receptorhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Axelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Axel.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitzhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosishttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brennerhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Kandelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eric_Richard_Kandel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transductionhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Greengard.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxidehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drfurchgott.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusinerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prusiner_1.JPGhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rodbell,_Martin_(1925-1998).jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-proteinhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilmanhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirushttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_E._Varmushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Varmus,_Harold_Elliot_(1939).jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacologyhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nci-vol-8236-300_Gertrude_Elion.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rita_Levi_Montalcini.jpg -
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from them"[151]
1925
James Franck[14][32][146] Germany "for their discoveryof the lawsgoverning theimpact of anelectron upon an
atom"[152]Gustav Hertz[14][32][33]
Germany
1943 Otto Stern[14][32][146] United States
"for his contributionto the developmentof the molecular raymethod and hisdiscovery of themagnetic moment of
the proton"[153]
1944Isidor Isaac
Rabi[14][32][33][146]United States
"for his resonancemethod forrecording themagnetic propertiesof atomic
nuclei"[154]
1945 Wolfgang Pauli[14][146][155] Austria
"for the discovery ofthe ExclusionPrinciple, also calledthe Pauli
principle"[156]
1952 Felix Bloch[14][32][33][146] United States
"for theirdevelopment of newmethods for nuclearmagnetic precisionmeasurements and
discoveries inconnection
therewith"[157]
1954 Max Born[14][32][33][146] United Kingdom
"for his fundamentalresearch in quantummechanics,especially for hisstatisticalinterpretation of the
wavefunction"[158]
Ilya Frank[14][146] Soviet UnionSoviet
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Frankhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Bornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Born.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Blochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felix_Bloch,_Stanford_University.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_principlehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ernst_Paulihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolfgang_Pauli_young.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isidor_Isaac_Rabi.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_momenthttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Sternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_Stern.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gustav_Hertz.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Franck.jpghttp://-/?- -
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1965 electrodynamics,with deep-ploughingconsequences forthe physics ofelementary
particles"[169]
JulianSchwinger[14][32][33][146] United States
1967 Hans Bethe[14][146] United States
"for his contributionsto the theory ofnuclear reactions,especially hisdiscoveriesconcerning the
energy production instars"[170]
1969Murray Gell-
Mann[14][32][33][146][171]United States
"for his contributionsand discoveriesconcerning theclassification ofelementary particlesand their
interactions"[172]
1971 Dennis Gabor[14][32][146] United Kingdom
"for his inventionand development ofthe holographic
method"[173]
1972Leon
Cooper[146][146][174][175]United States
"for his jointly
developed theory ofsuperconductivity,usually called the
BCS-theory"[176]
1973
Brian David
Josephson[14][32] United Kingdom
"for his theoreticalpredictions of theproperties of asupercurrentthrough a tunnel
barrier, in particularthose phenomenawhich are generallyknown as theJosephson
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephson_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephson_effecthttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_David_Josephsonhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCS-theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivityhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_Laureate_Leon_Cooper_in_2007.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographyhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Gaborhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murray_Gell-Mann.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bethehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Bethe.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schwinger.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Feynman.png -
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1988 Melvin Schwartz[14][32][146] United States the doublet structureof the leptonsthrough thediscovery of the
muon neutrino"[183]Jack Steinberger[14][32][146] United States
1990Jerome Isaac
Friedman[14][146]United States
"for his pioneeringinvestigationsconcerning deepinelastic scatteringof electrons on
protons and boundneutrons, whichhave been ofessential importancefor the development
of the quark modelin particle
physics"[184]
1992 Georges Charpak[14][146] France / Poland
"for his inventionand development of
particle detectors, inparticular themultiwire
proportionalchamber"[185]
1995
Martin Lewis Perl[14][146] United States
"for the discovery ofthe tau lepton" and"for pioneeringexperimentalcontributions to
lepton physics"[186]
Frederick Reines[14][146] United States
"for the detection ofthe neutrino" and"for pioneeringexperimentalcontributions to
lepton physics"[186]
1996
David Morris Lee[12][146] United States
"for their discoveryof superfluidity in
helium-3"[187]
Douglas D. Osheroff[12] United States
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroffhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_M_Lee_Dec_2008.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrinohttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Reineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frederick_Reines.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_leptonhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Perl_-_tau.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiwire_proportional_chamberhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Charpakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CHARPAK_Georges-24x50-2005_cropped.JPGhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_inelastic_scatteringhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedmanhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Steinbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPGhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptonhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz -
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1997
Claude Cohen-
Tannoudji[14][146] France
"for development ofmethods to cool and
trap atoms withlaser light"[188]
2000 Zhores Alferov[12][146] Russia
"for developingsemiconductorheterostructuresused in high-speed-and
optoelectronics"[189]
2003
Alexei Alexeyevich
Abrikosov[146]RussiaUnited States "for pioneering
contributions to thetheory ofsuperconductors
and superfluids"[190]
Vitaly Ginzburg[146] Russia
2004David Gross[71][146][191] United States
"for the discovery ofasymptotic freedomin the theory of the
stronginteraction"[192]
H. David Politzer[146] United States
2005 Roy J. Glauber[146] United States
"for his contributionto the quantumtheory of optical
coherence"[193]
2010 Andre Geim[194] RussiaNetherlands
"for groundbreakingexperiments
regarding the two-dimensional material
graphene"[195]
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphenehttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Geimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_(physics)http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_J._Glauberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roy_Glauber_Dec_10_2005.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._David_Politzerhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_freedomhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Gross_cropped.JPGhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivityhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AA_Abrikosov_ANL1.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhores_Alferov.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudjihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_Osheroff.jpg -
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2011
Adam
Riess[83][146][196][197][198]United States
"for providingevidence that theexpansion of theuniverse is
accelerating"[193]
Saul
Perlmutter[83][146][199][200] United States
2012 Serge Haroche[201] France
"for ground-breakingexperimentalmethods that enablemeasuring andmanipulation of
individual quantumsystems"[193]
2013Franois
Englert[6][9][202][203]Belgium
"for the theoreticaldiscovery of amechanism thatcontributes to ourunderstanding of theorigin of mass ofsubatomic particles,
and which recentlywas confirmedthrough thediscovery of the
predictedfundamental
particle, by theATLAS and CMSexperiments atCERN's Large
HadronCollider"[204]
eace
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francois_Englert.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Harochehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serge_Haroche_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Commune_d%27Aubervilliers_-_4_mai_2009.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Perlmutterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_2011-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7744.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Riesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adam_Riess_Agr_cover.jpg -
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Year Laureate Country Rationale
1911
Tobias MichaelCarel
Asser[14][205]
TheNetherlands
"Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the
Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"[206]
Alfred Hermann
Fried[14][207]Austria "Journalist; Founder ofDie Friedenswarte"[206]
1968 Ren Cassin[14] France "President of the European Court for Human Rights"[208]
1973Henry A.
Kissinger[14][209]UnitedStates
"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about acease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the
American forces"[210][211]
1978Menachem
Begin[14][212]Israel
"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a
negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[213]
1986Elie
Wiesel[14][214]UnitedStates
"Chairman of "The President's Commission on the
Holocaust""[215]
1994
Yitzhak
Rabin[14]Israel
"to honour a political act which called for great courage onboth sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new
development towards fraternity in the Middle East."[216]
Shimon
Peres[14]Israel
1995Joseph
Rotblat[14]
UnitedKingdomPoland
"for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms ininternational politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such
arms"[217]
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rotblathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Josef_Rotblat_ID_badge.pnghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Pereshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shimon_Peres_World_Economic_Forum_2007.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yitzhak_Rabin_(1986)_cropped.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Wieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elie_Wiesel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Beginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menachem_Begin_2.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accordshttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Kissinger.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rightshttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_Cassin_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Friedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Herrmann_Fried_Foto.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Michael_Carel_Asserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TMCasser.jpg -
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Economics
Year Laureate Country Rationale
1970Paul
Samuelson[14][14][218][219]
United
States
"for the scientific work through which he hasdeveloped static and dynamic economic theory andactively contributed to raising the level of analysis in
economic science"[220]
1971 Simon Kuznets[14][218][221]UnitedStates
"for his empirically founded interpretation ofeconomic growth which has led to new anddeepened insight into the economic and social
structure and process of development"[222]
1972 Kenneth Arrow[14][218][223] UnitedStates
"for his pioneering contributions to general economicequilibrium theory and welfare theory"[224]
1973 Wassily Leontief[218]
RussiaGermanyUnitedStates
"for the development of the input-output method andfor its application to important economic
problems"[225]
1975 Leonid Kantorovich[14][218] SovietUnion "for his contributions to the theory of optimumallocation of resources"[226]
1976Milton
Friedman[14][218][223][227]UnitedStates
"for his achievements in the fields of consumptionanalysis, monetary history and theory and for hisdemonstration of the complexity of stabilization
policy"[228]
1978 Herbert A. Simon[14][218][229] United
States
"for his pioneering research into the decision-making
process within economic organizations"[230]
1980 Lawrence Klein[14][218][229]UnitedStates
"for the creation of econometric models and theapplication to the analysis of economic fluctuations
and economic policies"[231]
1985Franco
Modigliani[14][218][219]
ItalyUnitedStates
"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial
markets"[232]
1987 Robert Solow[14][218]UnitedStates
"for his contributions to the theory of economic
growth""[233]
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Solowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solow_natmedal.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Modiglianihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franco_Modigliani.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Kleinhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simonhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonid_Kantorovich_1975.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Leontiefhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenneth_Arrow,_Stanford_University.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kuznetshttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Samuelson.jpg -
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1990
Harry Markowitz[14][218][229]UnitedStates "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial
economics""[234]Merton Miller[218][229]
UnitedStates
1992 Gary Becker[14][218][229]UnitedStates
"for having extended the domain of microeconomicanalysis to a wide range of human behaviour and
interaction, including nonmarket behaviour""[235]
1993 Robert Fogel[14][218][229]UnitedStates
"for having renewed research in economic history byapplying economic theory and quantitative methodsin order to explain economic and institutional
change"[236]
1994 John Harsanyi[218][229][237] Hungary"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory
of non-cooperative games"[238]
1997Myron
Scholes[14][218][229][239]Canada
"for a new method to determine the value of
derivatives"[240][241]
2001
Joseph Stiglitz[218][229]UnitedStates
"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric
information"[242]
George Akerlof[243]UnitedStates
2002 Daniel Kahneman[218][229]IsraelUnitedStates
"for having integrated insights from psychologicalresearch into economic science, especiallyconcerning human judgment and decision-making
under uncertainty"[244]
2005 Robert Aumann[218][245]
Israel
UnitedStates
"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict
and cooperation through game-theory analysis"[246]
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theoryhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Aumannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F_2010.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kahnemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_KAHNEMAN.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Akerlofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Akerlof.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_E._Stiglitz_-_cropped.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myron_Scholeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myron_Scholes_2008_in_Lindau.pnghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harsanyihttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fogelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_William_Fogel.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Beckerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GaryBecker-May24-2008.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_Millerhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Markowitz -
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2007
Leonid
Hurwicz[218][247][248][249][250]UnitedStatesPoland
"For having laid the foundations of mechanism design
theory"[251]Eric Maskin[218][250][252]
UnitedStates
Roger Myerson[218][250]UnitedStates
2008 Paul Krugman[218][253] UnitedStates
"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of
economic activity"[254]
2010 Peter Diamond[255][256]UnitedStates
"for his analysis of markets with search frictions"[257]
2012 Alvin E. Roth[258] UnitedStates "for the theory of stable allocations and the practiceof market design" [259]
Forced to decline prize
oris Pasternak, a Russian Jew, winner of the 1958 prize for literature, initially accepted the award, butafter
ntense pressure from Soviet authoritiessubsequently declined it.[260][261][262][263]
obel Laureates Boulevard
he Israeli town of Rishon LeZion has a street in it dedicated to honoring all Jewish Nobel laureates. The street,called Tayelet Hatnei Pras Nobel(Nobel Laureates Boulevard/Promenade), has a monument with attached plaque
or each Nobel laureate.[61]
See also
List of Israel Prize recipients
List of Jewish Medal of Honor recipientsList of Nobel laureates
List of Christian Nobel laureates
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Medal_of_Honor_recipientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israel_Prize_recipientshttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishon_LeZionhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Pasternakhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_E._Rothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alvin_E._Roth_3_2012.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_matching_theoryhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Diamond_cropped.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th,_2008-8.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Myersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myerson_roger_b_print.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Maskinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:05N3441_emaskin.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_designhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwiczhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg